模具论文中英文对照

模具论文中英文对照（通用7篇）

模具论文中英文对照 篇1

Accuracy of panel punching part is display the press accuracy of the die exactly.But the accuracy of any punching parts’ linear dimension and positional accuracy almost depend on the blanking and blanking accuracy,.So that the compound mould of compound punching’s accuracy, is typicalness and representation in the majority.Analyse of the die’s accuracy

For the analyse of pracyicable inaccuracy during production of dies to inactivation, we could get the tendency when it is augmentation in most time.From this we could analyse the elements.When the new punch dies pt into production to the first cutter grinding, the inaccuracy produced called initial error;if the die grinding more than twenty times, until it’s discard, the inaccuracy called conventional error;and before the dies discard, the largest error of the last batch permit, called limiting error.at job site, the evidence to confirm life of sharpening is the higher of the blanking, punched hole or punched parts.Because all finished parts had been blanked ,so it is especially for the compound dies.Therefore, the analyse of burr and measurement is especially important when do them as enterprise standardization or checked with <>.The initial error usually is the minimal through the whole life of die.Its magnitude depend on the accuracy of manufacture, quality, measure of the punching part, thickness of panel, magnitude of gap and degree of homogeneity.The accuracy of manufacture depend on the manufacture process.For the 1 mm thicked compound punching part made in medium steel, the experimental result and productive practice all prove that the burr of dies which produced by spark cutting are higher 25%~~30% than produced by grinder ,NC or CNC.The reason is that not only the latter have more exact machining accuracy but also the value of roughness Ra is less one order than the formmer, it can be reached 0.025μm.Therefore, the die’s initial blanked accuracy depends on the accuracy of manufacture, quality and so on.The normal error of the punch die is the practicable error when the fist cutter grinding and the last cutter grinding before the die produce the last qualified product.As the increase of cutter grinding, caused the measure the nature wear of the dies are gradual increasing, the error of punching part increase also, so the parts are blew proof.And the die will be unused.The hole on the part and inner because the measure of wear will be small and small gradually, and its outside form will be lager in the same reason.Therefore, the hole and inner form in the part will be made mould according to one-way positive deviation or nearly equal to the limit max measure.In like manner, the punching part’s appearance will be made mould according to one-way negative deviation or nearly equal to limit mini measure.For this will be broaden the normal error, and the cutter grinding times will be increased, the life will be long.The limit error in punching parts are the max dimension error which practicable allowed in the parts with limit error.This kind of parts usually are the last qualified products before the die discard.For the all classes of dies, if we analyse the fluctuate, tendency of increase and decrease and law which appeared in the die’s whole life, we will find that the master of the error are changeless;the error that because the abrade of the cutter and impression will be as the cutter grinding times increased at the same time.And that will cause the error oversize gradually;and also have another part error are unconventional , unforeseen.Therefore, every die’ s error are composed of fixed error, system error, accident error and so on.1.fixed error

At the whole process when the New punching die between just input production to discard, the changeless master error that in qualified part are called fixed error.It’s magnitude is the deviation when the die production qualified products before the first cutter grinding.Also is the initial error, but the die have initial punching accuracy at this time.Because of the abrade of parts, the die after grinding will be change the dimension error.And the increment of deviation will oversize as the times of cutter grinding.So the punching accuracy after cutter grinding also called “grinding accuracy” and lower tan initial accuracy.The fixed error depend on the elements factor as followed :(1)the material , sorts, structure,(form)dimension, and thick of panel

the magnitude of punching gap and degree of homogeneity are have a important effect for the dimension accuracy.Different punching process, material, thick of panel, have completely different gap and punching accuracy.A gear H62 which made in yellow brass with the same mode number m=0.34, 2mm thick and had a center hole, when the gap get C=0.5%t(single edge), and punched with compound punching die, and the dimension accuracy reached IT7, the part have a flat surface ,the verticality of tangent plane reached 89.5°, its roughness Ra magnitude are 12.5μm, height of burr are 0.10mm;and the punching part are punched with progressive die, the gap C=7%t(single edge), initial accuracy are IT11, and have an more rough surface, even can see the gap with eyes.In the usual situation, flushes a material and its thickness t is theselection punching gap main basis.Once the designation gap haddetermined flushes the plane size the fixed error main body;Flushesthe structure rigidity and the three-dimensional shape affects itsshape position precision.(2)punching craft and molder structure type

Uses the different ramming craft, flushes a precision and the fixederror difference is really big.Except that the above piece gearexample showed, the essence flushes the craft and ordinary punching flushes a precision and the fixed error differs outside a magnitude,even if in ordinary punching center, uses the different gap punching, thefixed error difference very is also big.For example material thickt=1.5mm H62 brass punching, selects C <= the 40%t unilateral I kind ofsmall gap punching compared to select C <= 8%t(unilaterally)III kindof big gap punching, will flush a fixed error to enlarge 40% ~ 60%, theprecision at least will fall a level.Side in addition, whether thereis picks builds a row of type side, flushes a error to have far to bebigger than has builds a row of type to flush.Side not builds a rowof type to flush.Side not builds a row of type to flush a precisionto be lower than the IT12 level side, but most has builds a row oftype to flush a precision in IT11 between ~ IT9 level, material thickt > 4mm flushes, the size precision can lower some.Different die’s structure type, because is suitable the rammingmaterial to be thick and the manufacture precision difference, causesto flush a fixed error to have leaves.Compound die center, multi-locations continuous type compound die because flushes continuously toduplicate the localization to add on the pattern making error to bebigger, therefore it flushes a fixed error compound punching die to wantcompared to the single location Big 1 ~ 2 levels

(3)the craft of punching die’s manufacture

the main work of punching die namely are raised, the concave moldprocessing procedure, to operates on the specification not to behigh, can time form a more complex cavity.But its processing surfaceapproximately is thick > 0.03 ~ 0.05mm is the high temperatureablation remaining furcated austenite organization, degree ofhardness may reach as high as HRC67 ~ 70, has the micro crack, easilywhen punching appears broke the cutter or flaking.The Italian CorradaCorporation's related memoir called “the line cut the processing contruction to have the disadvantageous influence to the superficialgold, in fact already changed the gold contruction.We must use theJin'gang stone powder to grind or the numerical control continual pathcoordinates rub truncate(cut to line)to make the precision work ”.In recent years country and so on Switzerland and Japan, has conductedthe thorough research to the electrical finishing equipment and abigger improvement, makes function complete high accuracy NC and theCNC line cutter, the processing precision may reach ±0.005 ~ 0.001mm,even is smaller.The processing surface roughness Ra value can achieve0.4 mu m.According to the recent years to the domestic 12 productionlines cutter factory investigation and study, the domesticallyproduced line cutter processing precision different factory differentmodel line cutter might reach ±0.008 ~ ±0.005mm, generally all in±0.01mm or bigger somewhat, was individual also can achieve±0.005mm, the processing surface roughness Ra value was bigger than1.6μm.However, the electrical finishing ablation metal surface thus the change and the damage machined surface mental structure character can not change, only if with rubs truncates or other ways removes this harmful level.Therefore, merely uses electricity machining, including the spark cutting and the electricity perforation, achieves with difficulty punching, especially high accuracy, high life punching die to size precision and work components surface roughness Ra value request.With precisely rubs truncates the law manufacture punching die, specially makes the high accuracy, the high life punching die, such as: Thin material small gap compound punching die, multi-locations continuous type compound die and so on, has the size precision high, the work component smachined surface roughness Ra value is small, the mold life higher characteristic.Its processing craft at present changed the electrical fire by the past ordinary engine bed rough machining spark cutting or the electricity puncher rough machining, finally precisely rubs truncates, also from takes shape rubs, optics curve rubs, the manual grid reference rubs gradually filters the continual path grid reference to rub and NC and the CNC continual path grid reference rubs, Processing coarseness may reach ±0.001 ~ 0.0005mm, the processing surface roughness Ra value may reach 0.1 ~ 0.025 mu m.Therefore, with this craft manufacture the die , regardless of the size precision, the work components surface roughness, all can satisfy die, each kind of compound request, the die is especially higher than the electrical finishing craft manufacture scale.(4)gap size and degree of homogeneity

the flange and other sheet forming sgene rally all must first punching(fall material)the plate to launch the semi finished materials, after also has the forming to fall the material, the incision obtains the single end product to flush.Therefore punching the work, including is commonly used punching hole, the margin, cut side and so on, regarding each kind of sheet pressing partall is necessary.Therefore punching the gap to flushes a out form in chprecision to have the decisive influence.punching the gap small and is even, may cause punching the size gain high accuracy.Regarding drawability, is curving and so on mould, the gap greatly will decide increases flushes the oral area size error and the snapping back.The gapnon-uniformity can cause to flush a burr enlarges and incurs cutting edge the non-uniform attrition.(5)ramming equipment elastic deformation In the ramming process After the punch press load bearing can have the certain elastic deformation.Although this kind of distortion quantity according to flushes the pressure the size to change also to have the obvious directivity, but on the pressing part, mainly is to has the volume ramming archery target stamping, embosses, the equalization, the pressure is raised, the wave, flushes crowds, the shape, the flange, hits flatly, thinly changes draw ability and so on the craft work punching forming flushes, has the significant influence to its ramming aspect size precision

普通全钢冲模的冲压精度分析

板料冲压件的精度准确显示出其冲模的冲压精度。而任何冲件的线性尺寸精度与形位精度主要取决于冲模冲裁和立体成形冲压件展开平毛坯的落料精度。因此，多工步复合冲压的单工位复合模、多工位连续模的冲压精度，在普通冲压的众多种类与不同结构的冲模中，最具典型性和代表性。

冲模的冲压精度分析

对冲模投产至失效报废各个时期冲件的实际误差分析，可以看出其增大的时期及趋向，从而分析其增大的因素。新冲模投产至第一次刃磨前冲制冲件的误差即所谓的初始误差；冲模经过20次左右刃磨至失效报废前冲制的冲件误差称之为常规误差；而冲模失效报废前冲制的最后一批合格冲件的允许最大误差称之为极限误差。在现场，确定冲模刃磨寿命的依据是冲件冲孔与落料的毛刺高度。由于任何成形件都具有冲裁作业（毛坯落料或冲孔），对于复合模尤为如此。所以，冲件毛刺高度的触模检查和测量并按企业标准或JB4129-85《冲压件毛刺高度》对照检测就显得十分重要。

冲模的初始误差通常是冲模整个寿命中冲件误差最小的。其大小主要取决于冲模的制造精度与质量及冲件尺寸、料厚以及间隙值大小与均匀度。冲模的制造精度及质量又取决于制模工艺。对于料厚t≤1mm的中碳钢复合冲裁模冲件，实验结果与生产实践都证明，电火花线切割制造的冲模冲件毛刺高度比用成型磨或NC与CNC连续轨迹座标磨即精密磨削工艺制造的冲模冲件要高25%～30%。这是因为后者不仅加工精度高，而且加工面粗糙度Ra值要比前者小一个数量级，可达到0.025μm。因此，冲模的制造精度与质量等因素决定了冲模的初始冲压精度，也造就了冲件的初始误差。

冲件的常规误差是冲模经第一次刃磨到最后一次刃磨后冲出最后一个合格冲件为止，冲件实际具有的误差。随着刃磨次数的增加，刃口的自然磨损而造成的尺寸增量逐渐加大，冲件的误差也随之加大。当其误差超过极限偏差时，冲件就不合格，冲模也就失效报废。///////冲件上孔与内形因凸模磨损尺寸会逐渐变小；其外形落料尺寸会因凹模磨损而逐渐增大。所以，冲件上孔与内形按单向正偏差标允差并依接近或几乎等于极限最大尺寸制模。同理，冲件外形落料按单向负偏差标注允差并依接近或几乎等于极限最小尺寸制模。这样就使冲件的常规误差范围扩大，冲模可刃磨次数增加，模具寿命提高。

冲件的极限误差是具有极限偏差的冲件所具有的实际允许的最大尺寸误差。这类冲件通常是在冲模失效报废前冲制的最后一批合格冲件。对各类冲模冲件误差在冲模整个寿命中出现的波动、增减趋向及规律等进行全面分析便可发现：冲件误差的主导部分是不变的；因刃口或型腔的自然磨损而出现的误差增量随冲模刃磨冲数增加而使这部分误差逐渐加大；还有部分误差的增量是非常规的、不可预见的。所以，各类冲模冲件误差是由因定误差、渐增误差、系统误差及偶发误差等几部分综合构成。

1、固定误差

新冲模在指定的冲压设备上投入使用至失效报废的整个（总）寿命过程中，其合格冲件误差的主导部分固定不变即所谓固定误差。其大小就是新冲模第一次刃磨前冲制的合格冲件的偏差，也即冲模的初始误差，而此时的冲模具有初始冲压精度。刃磨后的冲模，因其工作零件（凸、凹模）磨损而改变尺寸误差，使冲件识差增量随刃磨次数增加而逐渐加大，故冲模刃磨后的冲压精度亦称“刃磨精度”比其初始精度要低。冲模冲件的固定误差取决于以下各要素：（1）冲件的材料种类、结构（形状）尺寸及料厚

冲裁间隙的大小及其均匀度对冲裁件的尺寸精度有决定性的影响。不同冲裁工艺、不同材料种类与不等料厚，间隙相差悬殊，冲压精度差异很大。同一种模数m=0.34的2mm的料厚、中心有孔的H62黄铜材料片齿轮复合模冲件，当取间隙C=0.5%t（单边），用复合精冲模冲制，冲件尺寸精度达到IT7级，冲件平直无拱弯，冲切面垂直度可达89.5°，其表面粗糙Ra值为0.2μm；而用普通复合模冲制，间隙C=5%t（单边），冲件初始误差亦即冲模的初始冲压精度为1T9级，冲切面粗糙度Ra值为12.5μm，毛刺高度为0.10mm；还是这个冲件用连续模冲制，间隙C=7%t（单边），初始冲件精度为IT11级，冲切面更粗糙，甚至有肉眼可见的台阶。通常情况下，冲件材料及其厚度t是选取冲裁间隙的主要依据。一旦选定间隙就确定了冲件的平面尺寸的固定误差的主体；冲件结构刚度及立体形状则影响其形位精度。

（2）冲压工艺及冲模结构类型 采用不同的冲压工艺，冲件的精度及固定误差相差甚大。除上述片齿轮实例说明，精冲工艺与普通冲裁的冲件精度与固定误差相差一个数量级之外，即便在普通冲裁中，采用不同间隙冲裁，固定误差相差也很大。例如料厚t=1.5mm的H62黄铜冲裁件，选用C≤40%t单边Ⅰ类小间隙冲裁比选用C≤8%t（单边）Ⅲ类大间隙冲裁，冲件固定误差将加大40%～60%，精度至少降一级。此外，采有无搭边排样，冲件的误差要远大于有搭边排样冲件。无搭边排样冲件。无搭边排样冲件的精度低于IT12级，而多数有搭边排样的冲件精度在IT11～IT9级之间，料厚t＞4mm的冲件，尺寸精度会更低一些。不同冲模结构类型，由于适用冲压料厚及制造精度的差异，导致冲件的固定误差有别。复合模中，多工位连续式复合模由于冲件连续重复定位加上制模误差较大，故其冲件的固定误差比单工位复合冲裁模要

大1～2级。

（3）冲模制造工艺

冲模主要工作零件即凸、凹模的加工程序，对操作上的技术要求不高，能够一次成形较复杂的模腔。但其加工表面约厚＞0.03～0.05mm为高温烧蚀的残余树枝状奥氏体组织，硬度可高达HRC67～70，有显微裂纹，容易在冲裁时出现崩刃或剥落。意大利Corrada公司的有关研究报告称“线切割加工对表面金相结构产生不利的影响，实际上已经改变了金相结构。我们必须用金刚石粉研磨或数控连续轨迹坐标磨削（对线切割件）作精加工”。近年来瑞士和日本等国，对电加工设备进行了深入的研究和较大的改进，制造出功能齐全的高精度NC和CNC线切割机，加工精度可达±0.005～0.001mm，甚至更小。加工表面粗糙度Ra值能达到0.4μm。根据近年对国内12家生产线切割机工厂的调研，国产线切割机加工精度各别厂家的各别型号线切割机可达±0.008～±0.005mm，一般都在±0.01mm或更大一些，个别也能达到±0.005mm，加工表面粗糙度Ra值均大于1.6μm。然而，电加工烧蚀金属表面从而改变和损坏加工面金相结构的特性不会改变，除非用磨削或其他加工法去除这一有害层。所以，仅仅用电加工法，包括电火花线切割与电穿孔，难以达到冲模，尤其高精度、高寿命冲模对尺寸精度与工作零件表面粗糙度Ra值要求。

用精密磨削法制造冲模，特别是制造高精度、高寿命冲模，诸如：薄料小间隙复合冲裁模、多工位连续式复合模等，具有尺寸精度高、工作零件加工面粗糙度Ra值小、模具寿命高等特点。其加工工艺目前已由过去的普通机床粗加工改为电火花线切割或电穿孔机粗加工，最后精密磨削，也由成型磨、光学曲线磨、手动座标磨逐步过滤到连续轨迹座标磨及NC与CNC连续轨迹座标磨，加工粗度可达±0.001～0.0005mm，加工表面粗糙度Ra值可达0.1～0.025μm。所以，用该工艺制造的冲模，无论尺寸精度、工作零件表面粗糙度，都能满足冲模，尤其各种复合模的要求，比电加工工艺制造的冲模高一个档次。（4）间隙的大小与均匀度

模具论文中英文对照 篇2

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模具论文中英文对照 篇3

这篇用词铿锵、掷地有声的演说辞,是3个人的心血结晶。其中,有记者出身的戈尔本人,有戈尔的策略顾问罗伯特·索伦,但人们都把目光放在戈尔的首席演说撰稿人艾里·阿提(Elli Attie身上。阿提是哈佛大学毕业生,长期以来是克林顿、民主党众议院领袖格普哈特等重量级政治人物的一级“写手”。及后选战起风云,戈尔将他拉到麾下,声势立时不同凡响。本刊在此独家刊登戈尔这篇将千古不朽的“认输讲话”(原载于港报),读者可从这中英文对照的精彩文章中细细领略英文写作的典范笔法,包括其整个运筹帷幄的立意、精妙的造词用句等。

向失败者致敬!

戈尔认输演说中译文

晚上好。

我刚跟乔治·W·布什谈过话,祝贺他成为合众国第43位总统;我向他保证,这回绝不会再打电话给他追回原话了。

我提议尽快和他会面,尽快消除过去的竞选运动和官司所带来的分歧。

差不多一个半世纪前,参议员道格拉斯对总统选举击败自己的林肯说:“党派的门户之见必须让路给爱国主义。我支持你,总统先生,愿主保佑你。”

那么,在这样的精神下,我对候任总统布什说,我们一定要将党派之争结下的仇恨抛诸脑后,愿主保佑他好好管治这个国家。

“这条路是那么崎岖漫长”

他和我谁都料想不到这条路是那么崎岖漫长。当然,我们谁也不希望这些事会发生。不过,事情到底来了,现在结束了,而且果然通过我们民主政体的机制解决了。

我国一所法律学院的图书馆上镌刻着这样的一句格言:“听命于法与主,而非听命于人”。这是美国自由的核心原则,也是民主自由之滥觞。在投票日之后的五个星期里,我以此为鉴,这也是美国独立以来所有复杂事件的引鉴。

现在,美国最高法院终于做出了决定。让我说得清楚一点,在我极为不同意的同时,我接受了最高法院的决定。我接受了最终的结果,下星期一,这个结果会在选举人团会议上得到确认。今天晚上,为了国人的团结和美国民主,我认输了。

我也负起责任,无条件支持新的候任总统,尽我所能帮助他团结美国人民,实现我国《独立宣言》中所标举的广袤视野,实现宪法中允诺和保障的一切。

让我向那些支持我和支持我们所捍卫的理念的人衷心致谢。蒂佩尔和我对利伯曼夫妇铭感五中,他们为我俩的伙伴关系带来恳切的热诚和崇高的心志,不仅为竞选活动开辟了新径,也为我国开辟了新径。

这次大选的确是非比寻常的一次大选。不过,在天意难料的崎岖路途上,几经蹉跎,竟然把我们带到一个崭新的境地。正是由于选举结果如此接近,反而提醒了我们原来大家同是一个族群,有着一样的历史、一样的命运。

“我们把国家放在政党之上”

是的,那段历史给了我们许多成败浮沉的前车之鉴,在面对公众意愿的两难之下展开激烈的辩论、无情的抗争。

有些争论在缠讼几个星期后才得以解决。每一次,胜方和被征服的一方都心平气和地接受结局,带着重归于好精神接受结果。

因此,就让这种精神永远和我们一起吧。

我知道很多支持我的人都很失望。我也失望。但失望必须让给我们对国家的热爱。我也对世界各国说,不要把这次争论看成是美国趋弱的症状。通过克服这一连串困难,毕竟彰显了美国民主的力量。

也有人担心,这次选举凸显的反常状况,势必影响新一任总统的施政举措。我不相信那是势所必然。

候任总统布什要管治的美国,是一个国民都愿意在他肩负的重任上帮一把的国家。我个人随时候命,也呼吁所有美国人,尤其是那些曾经站在我这一边的人,团结在新总统的领导下。这就是美国。愈是危急关头,我们的斗志愈高昂;输赢一定,我们捐弃嫌隙,携手合作。

要辩论我们之间的歧异,那是来日方长了。现在要认清的是团结我们的力量比拆散我们的力量更大。

我们对本党的信念虽然不离不弃,眼前到底还有比党务更高远的责任要负起。这就是美国,我们把国家放在政党之上。我们会团结支持新总统。

我接着会做什么,我还不知道。像你们一样,我希望和家人及老朋友度假。我也会在家乡田纳西州修补一下篱笆——真实和象征的篱笆。

失利跟胜利一样

有人问我曾否遗憾,是的,我有一桩憾事:我没有机会在未来4年为国人打拼,尤其是亟欲抛开负担、排除困难的一群;尤其是感到没有人听到他们的声音的一群。我听到了你们的呼声,我永不会忘记。

我看到了大选中的美国,我很喜欢看到的那一切。那是值得一拼的,我不会罢休。

至于今晚偃旗息鼓的一役,我坚信父亲说过的一句话:不论败得多惨,失利跟胜利一样,涤荡心灵,光耀千秋。

因此,对我而言,大选的结束和开始时一样:照样拥有妻子家人的爱;拥有对主的信念;拥有对这个我为它出征越南一直到做副总统的国家;拥有努力奔走的竞选义工和工作人员,包括36天来在佛罗里达州奋力工作的人们。

如今,政治上的斗争已成过去,我们转过头去为了美国人民的幸福而奋斗不懈,为全世界追求自由而对我们有所企望的人们而奋斗不懈。

在我们的赞歌《亚美利加,亚美利加》里说的:“让我们以兄弟之爱为称的善行加冕,从大海到闪亮的波涛。”

好了,朋友们,用我以前讲过的话,“这是我该走的时候了。”谢谢你们,晚安,主佑美国。

戈尔认输演说全文

good evening.

just moments agoi spoke with george .w.bush and congratulated him on becoming the 43rd president of the united statesand i promised him that i wouldn＇t call him back this time.

i offered to meet with him as soon as possible so that we can start to heal the divisons of the campaign and the contest through which we just passed.

almost a century and a half ago senator stephen douglas told abraham lincolnwho had just defeated him for the presidency“partisan feeling must yield to patriotismi’m with you mr.president  and god bless you.”

well in that same spirit i say to president-elect bush that what remains of partisan rancor must now be put aside  and may god bless his stewardship of this country.

neither he nor i anticipated this long and difficult road. Certainly neither of us wanted it to happen. Yet it cameand now it has ended resolved as it must be resolvedthrough the honored institutions of our democracy.

over the library of one of our great law schools is inscribed the motto “not under man but under god and law.”that’s the ruling principle of american freedomthe source of our democratic liberties. I’ve tried to make it my guide throughout this contest as it has guided america’s deliberations of all the complex issues of the past five weeks.

now the u.s supreme court has spoken. Let there be no doubt while i strongly disagree with the court＇s decision i accept it. I accept the finality of this outcome which will be ratified next monday in the electoral college and tonight for the sake of our unity as a people and the strength of our democracy  i offer my concession.

i also accept my responsibilitywhich i will discharge unconditionally  to honor the new president-elect and do everything possible to help him bring americans together in fulfillment of the great vision that our declaration of independence defines and that our constitution affirms and defends.

let me say how grateful i am to all those who supported me and supported the cause for which we have fought.tipper and i feel a deep gratitude to joe and hadassah lieberman who brought passion and high purpose to our partnership and opened new doorsnot just for our campaign but for our country.

this has been an extraordinary election. But in one of god’s unforeseen paths this belatedly broken impasse can point us all to a new common ground  for its very closeness can serve to remind us that we are one people with a shared history and a shared destiny.

indeed  that history gives us many examples of contests as hotly debatedas fiercely fought with their own challenges to the popular will.

other disputes have dragged on for weeks before reaching resolution.and each time both the victor and the vanquished have accepted the result peacefully and in the spirit of reconciliation.

so let it be with us.

i know that many of my supporters are disappointed.i am too . But our disappointment must be overcome by our love of country.

and i say to our fellow members of the world community let no one see this contest as a sign of american weaknessthe strength of american democracy is shown most clearly through the difficulties it can overcome.

some have expressed concern that the unusual nature of this election might hamper the next president in the conduct of his office. I do not believe it need be so.

president-elect bush inherits a nation whose citizens will be ready to assist him in the conduct of his large responsibilities.

i personally will be at his disposaland i call on all americans -i particularly urge all who stood with us to unite being our next president. This is america. Just as we fight hard when the stakes are highwe close ranks and come together when the contest is done.

and while there will be time enough to debate our continuing differencesnow is the time to recognize that that which unites us is greater than that which divides us.

while we yet hold and do not yield our opposing beliefsthere is a higher duty than the one we owe to political party.this is america and we put country before party.we will stand together behind our new president.

as for what i’ll do nexti don’t know the answer to that one yet . Like many of you i’m looking forward to spending the holidays with family and old friends.i know i’ll spend time in tennessee and mend some fencesliterally and figuratively.

some have asked whether i have any regrets and i do have one regret that i didn’t get the chance to stay and fight for the american people over the next four years especially for those who need burdens lifted and barriers removedespecially for those who feel their voices have not been heard i heard you and i will not forget.

i’ve seen america in this campaign and i like what i see. It’s worth fighting for and that’s a fight i’ll never stop.

as for the battle that ends tonight  i do believe as my father once said  that on matter how hard the lossdefeat might serve as well as victory to shape the soul and let the glory out.

so for me this campaign ends as it beganwith the love of tipper and our family with faith in god and in the country i have been so proud to servefrom vietnam to the vice presidencyand with gratitude to our truly tireless campaign staff and volunteersincluding all those who worked so hard in florida for the last 36 days.

now the political struggle is over and we turn again to the unending struggle for the common good of all americans and for those multitudes around the world who look to us for leadership in the cause of freedom.

in the words of our great hymn“america  america”“let us crown thy good with brotherhoodfrom sea to shining sea.”

and now my friends in a phrase i once addressed to othersit’s time for me to go.

外资模具英语(中英对照) 篇4

2. Are part dimensions to print plus shrink? 请检查内模尺寸有否乘缩水?

3. All wires protected from sharp corners? 凡有电线通过的角位要改为R角，是否完成?

4. All replaceable components must be standard components. 所有替换的元件必须是标准件。

5. Add shot counter? 是否加啤塑总计器?

6. A complicated mould with thorough design consideration toovercome the numerous design contraints. 一个复杂的模具，设计经过周详考虑，成功地克服了各种设计上的限制。

7. All moving components should use hardened steel : all slidesshould be installed with hardend or lubricated alloy wear plates and gibs, andwith positive slide retainer. 所有移动的零件应使用硬钢料，行位必须用硬垫板和硬线条，而且必须有限位及定位锁。

8. BOM including water fittings,ejectors&custom components. BOM的内容应包含运水接头,顶针和自制的零件。

9. BeCu for lifters if w/o water circuits。 若没有运水回路，斜顶为铍铜。

10. Corresponding components mirrored at core&cavity. 对应的部件在前、后模平面视图中镜像。

11. Check polish for line of draw finish? 有否省光就出模?

12. Core pull slot mechanism installed and O.K.

13. Crane capacity and loading clearance. 模具须用多大吊机才可搬动。

14. Conduct moldflow&mold warp analysis. 经流道及变形电脑模拟分析。

15. Component and/or 3D mould design drawing. 散件图或3D模具图。

16. Cooling less important when dimensions are not important. 若尺寸不重要，适量冷却也可。

17. Combine a traditional 4 cavity edge gate and a 4 cavitiesreverse gate mould which help to double the moulding capacity and reduceproduction cost. 将一个标准四模腔大水口模具与一个四模腔倒转大水口模具结合成为一套可于同一大小的注塑机，生产量可增加一倍的层板模具，并且可降低成本。

18. Can be seperated into two individual moulds for moulding in twodifferent mould shops. 此模具最大的特式是，可将模具分开变成两套，在不同地方生产，增加生产的灵活性。

19. Consists of all standard mould components which facilitatesmould maintenance. 由于全套模具均利用模具标准零件制成，在维修及换零件上比较方便。

20. Die draw called out 出模方向的标示

21. Dimension all the opening , travel & clearance. 标出前、后模距离，滑动部件滑动距离和塑件脱离的位置。

22. DME egr. Water fittings recessed and marked? 是否使用DME运水接头及编号?

23. Delivery right side up , or in two halves? 开箱后是否容易吊出模具及是否分开前/后模运输?

24. Eyebolt size and balance in 2 sides. 吊模孔尺寸，平衡，4边都要有。

25. Ejection stroke & slide, lifter travel dimensioned. 出行程、行位、斜顶行程的标注。

26. Ejection study if lifteradopted. 若有斜顶，做出分析。

27. Ejection extended at the most. 顶出到极限位置。

28. Ejector guide pins installation. 顶针导柱的安装。

29. Eyebolts for inserts more than 50lbs. 重量大于50lbs的镶件必须要有吊模孔。

30. Edge gate or sprue gate requiring secondary operationacceptable. 边缘型或直入型水口都可以接受。

31. 4 point in HRC different to lifters contacting or cavity steel. 斜顶和与其接触的内模或镶件在硬度上有4度的差别(HRC)。

32. 4X size section , dimensioned to reflect the actual size. 水口及水口顶针的4倍放大视图，按实际尺寸标注。

33. General ,safety and handling. 常规、安全和搬运要求。

34. Guided ejection recommended for mould above 100 tons clampcapacity, ejector pins of 1.5mm or smaller, or ejector stroke longer than 50mm. 建设模具用于锁模力超过100吨的注塑机，或有1.5mm以下的顶针或顶出行程超过50mm时，应装上顶针板导柱。

35. Guide pin cleared and vented? 边钉插入模板有否顶着及加疏气空?

36. Hot manifold wired to print and checked? 热咀电线接位有否编号?

37. Horn pin clearance hole? 斜边与行位有否空间?

38. Hydraulic actuated slide together with electrical limit switch. 行位采用油压推动，配合安全电制。

39. Heaters fitted+0.002/-.000, leads tagged and connected toterminal. 热嘴装配，电线源头、尾有否安装稳固。(+0.002/.000)。

40. Inserts keyed and numbered to prevent incorrect assembly. 镶件定位和编号以防止不正确的组装。

41. Jaw angle 3 deg.more than angle pins(<25 degree). 斜面角度要比行位斜边角度大3度(<25度)。

42. Keep enough space to run waterline at slide /lifter/majorinserts. 在行位、斜顶、主要镶件处保留足够位置(空间)布置水槽。

43. Lifter angle less than 15 degree. 斜顶角度小于15度。

44. Limit switch in tact and protected. 是否已安装限位制?

45. Moldbase and steel dimensioned. 模坯和钢料号的标注。

46. Minimum 5 deg.for shut-off. 斜顶镶件最小5度插穿。

47. Mechanism for sequence? 动作机构是否正确?

48. Mold safety straps installed and painted red? 是否已安装安全带及喷上正确颜色在模坯上?

49. Mould flow and simulation should be carried out for the bestgate location, filling analysis, pressure distribution and heat distribution. 适宜应用模拟的模具注塑过程，注射分析、压力分布及温度分布以确定最佳入水位置、流道尺寸和疏气位置等。

50. Mould should be designed with maximum cooling and withappropriate amount of ejection points. 模具在设计上要做到尽快冷却，上、下内模高温点应该有个别的冷却，应有适量顶针。

51. Mould should be able to run fully automatic. Large part shouldbe picked up by robot. 模具能够全自动生产，大的零件应由机械手拿出。

颜色中英文对照 篇5

Natural color;begin color 自然色

Primary color，fundamental color 原色

Pure color 纯色

Complementary color 补色

Fashion color;trend color 流行色

Inter color 国际流行色

Essential color 基本色

Similar color 同类色

Multicolor 多种色彩

Full color 彩色

Plain color 素色

Secondary color 混合色

Contract color 对比色

Cold color 冷色

Warm color 暖色

Neutral color;intermedium color 中间色

Soft color 柔和色

Rich in color 浓色

Advancing color 前进色

Receding color 后退色

Expansive color 膨胀色

Contracting color 收缩色

Ground color 底色

Surface color 表面色

Transparent color 透明色

Metal color 金属色

Accent color 强调色

Color matching;color combination 配色 Color mixing 调色

red 红色

vermeil, ponceau 朱红

pink;soft red;rose bloom 粉红色

plum;crimson;梅红

rose 玫瑰红

peach blossom;桃红

cherry 樱桃红

salmon pink 桔红色

garnet石榴红

purplish red;date red 枣红色

lotus red 莲红色

fuchsia pink 浅莲红

bean red 豆红

capsicum red辣椒红

Kaoliang red 高梁红

poppy red 芙蓉红

lake;rouge red胭脂红

salmon 鲑鱼红

hawksbill turtle red 玳瑁红

cadmium orange 海螺红

ruby red 宝石红

agate red 玛瑙红

coral珊瑚红

bronze red金红

iron oxide red铁红

rust red铁锈红

chrome red铬红 brick red砖红

reddle 土红

purplish red;wine red;紫红（酒红）

prune;mulberry深紫红

henna棕红

dark red;dull red暗红

fresh red;blood red;bright red鲜红

scarlet绯红

silver pink米红

deep red深红

light red 淡红

橙色 orange 黄色 yellow 深桔黄 deep orange

浅桔黄 light orange;clear orange 柠檬黄 lemon yellow;lemon 玉米黄 maize 橄榄黄 olive yellow 稻草黄 straw yellow 芥末黄 mustard 杏黄 broze yellow

蛋黄 york yellow;egg yellow 藤黄 rattan yellow 象牙黄 nude 日光黄 sunny yellow

土黄 earth yellow;yellowish brown;砂黄 sand yellow 金黄 golden yellow;gold 深黄 deep yellow 棕黄 tan

青黄 bluish yellow 灰黄 sallow;grey yellow 米黄 cream 嫩黄 yellow cream 鲜黄 cadmium yellow 鹅黄 light yellow 中黄 medium yellow

浅黄 light yellow, pale yellow;buff 淡黄 primrose;jasmine

绿色 green

豆绿 pea green;bean green 浅豆绿 light bean green;橄榄绿 olive green;olive 茶绿 tea green;plantation 葱绿 onion green;苹果绿 apple green 森林绿 forest green 苔藓绿 moss green 草地绿 grass green 灰湖绿 agate green 水晶绿 crystal 玉绿 jade green 石绿 mineral green 松石绿 spearmint;viridis 孔雀绿 peacock green 墨绿 green black;jasper 墨玉绿 emerald black

深绿 petrol;bottle green;Chinese green 暗绿 deep green 青绿 dark green 碧绿 azure green;viridity 蓝绿 blue green 黄绿 yellow green 灰绿 grey green;褐绿 breen

中绿 medium green;golf green 浅绿 light green 淡绿 pale green

靛青 ingigo 蓝色 blue

天蓝 蔚蓝 sky blue;azure 月光蓝 moon blue 海洋蓝 ocean blue 海蓝 sea blue 湖蓝 acid blue 深湖蓝 vivid blue 中湖蓝 bright blue 冰雪蓝 ice-snow blue 孔雀蓝 peacock blue 宝石蓝 sapphire;jewelry blue 粉末蓝 powder blue 藏蓝 purplish blue;navy 海军蓝 navy blue 宝蓝 royal blue 墨蓝 blue black 紫蓝 purplish blue 浅紫蓝 dutch blue 青蓝 ultramarine 深灰蓝 blue ashes 深蓝 dark blue;deep blue 鲜蓝 clear blue 中蓝 medium blue 浅蓝 light blue

淡蓝 pale blue;baby blue

紫色 purple;violet 紫罗兰色 violet 紫水晶色 amethyst 葡萄紫 grape

茄皮紫 wineberry;aubergine 玫瑰紫 rose violet 丁香紫 lilac 墨紫 violet black 绛紫 dark reddish purple 暗紫 violet deep;dull purple 乌紫 raisin 蓝紫 royal purple 鲜紫 violet light 深紫 modena 浅紫 grey violet

淡紫 pale purple;lavender 淡白紫 violet ash 青莲 heliotrope 雪青 lilac

墨绛红 purple black 暗绛红 purple deep 浅绛红 purple light

黑色 black

炭黑 carbon black;charcoal black 暗黑 pitch-black;pitch-dark 漆黑 dull black

白色 white 象牙白 ivory white 牡蛎白 oyster white 珍珠白 pearl white 玉石白 jade white 银白 silver white 羊毛白 wool white 乳白 milky white 米白 off-white;shell 雪白 snow-white 灰白 greyish white 纯白 pure white 本白 raw white;off white 粉红白 pinky white 浅紫白 lilac white

灰色 grey 银灰色 silver grey 炭灰色 charcoal grey 烟灰 smoky grey 雾灰 misty grey 黑灰 grey black

金色 gold 银色 silver

青古铜色 bronze;bronzy

驼色 camel;light tan 米色 beige;cream;gray sand 卡其色 khaki 奶油色 cream 豆沙色 cameo brown 水晶色 crystal 荧光色 iridescent 彩虹色 iris;rainbow 棕色 brown 茶褐 umber;auburn 淡褐 light brown 咖啡 coffee 琥珀色 amber

Taupe 浅灰褐色

lavender 浅紫

mushroom pistachio 淡黄绿色（开心果的颜色）

hunter green 森林绿色

fanion aquamarine 海蓝宝石的蓝色

palomino chestnut 栗褐色

mocha 咖啡色 burgundy 葡萄酒红

配件中英文对照 篇6

Earthquake load 地震荷载32 Elevation n.海拨，立面33 Embedment 预埋件34 Engineering n.工程35 Equal angle a.等边角钢36 Equivalent a.等于37 Examined 审定

Example n.例子，样本

EXPANSION BOLT膨胀螺栓40 Downward a.向下的41 Exterior a.外部的42 Detail n.详图

Exposed frame a.明框44 Detection n.探知，发现45 Definition n.定义，精确度46 Deflection n.挠度47 Deform v.变形48 Deformation n.变形49 Density n.容重，密度50 Depth n.深度

Derivation n.引出，导出52 Description n.描述53 Development n.发展

Fin glass(stiffen fin glass)肋玻璃55 Double Skin Wall双层幕墙56 Extrusion n.挤压57 Diagonal 对角线58 Die n.冲模

Difference n.不同，差异60 Dimension n.尺寸

Direct a.ad.直接的，v.指挥62 Distance n.距离

Distributed a.均匀的，分布的64 Double glazing 双层（中空）玻璃65 Design n.设计

glass curtain wall 玻璃幕墙67 fillet weld 角焊缝68 Foreword n.序言69 Formula n.方程

Free stand type 坐（落）地式71 Function n.函数

Galvanization n.镀锌73 Galvanize v.镀锌

GALVANIZED BOLT镀锌螺栓75 Folded 折叠的，拦杆76 Glass n.玻璃

FOAM ROD泡沫填充棒78 Glazing n.玻璃窗，玻璃装饰79 Global a.通用的,全球的,球形的80 Granite 花岗石

Granite cladding 花岗岩围护，干挂石82 Gravity n.重量83 Grille n.格子84 Grout n.水泥浆

Grouting（填塞的）水泥砂浆86 Gutter n.天沟，排水沟87 galvanizing镀锌

Contact surface n.接触面89 Fabrication n.加工

Facial glass(facade glass)面玻璃91 Facial(fa?ade)a.脸部的，表面的92 Fastener-Stainless Steel 不锈钢紧固件93 Fatigue n.v.疲劳

Feature 装饰物，特征95 Figured glass 压花玻璃

Fillet n.带子，带形的97 Force n.力，力量；v.强迫98 Fin n.鳍，鳍状物99 Fabricate v.加工

Finish n.完成，装饰101 Fire prevention防火102 FIRE STOP防火棉103 Fix v.固定

Fixing lug n.摩耳105 Flange n.凸缘，翼缘

Flashing n.防水板，遮雨板107 Flashing泛水108 Float glass 浮法玻璃109 Deduction n.折减，扣除110 Be equivalent to等于111 Architect n.建筑师112 Architecture n.建筑

Artificial a.人造的,虚假的114 Assume v.假设115 Assumption n.假设116 Average =AVG.平均117 Axial a.轴向的118 Axis n.轴向的119 Bottom n.底部

Base level 基本平面,海平面

Anti-corrosive zinc paint 防锈白漆122 Bear 负荷

Bend v.n.弯曲,屈服124 Bituminous a.含沥青的125 Bituminous paint 沥青油126 Board n.板127 Bolt n.螺栓

Bond v.接合,搭接129 Bonding n.搭接,接合130 Continuous beam 连续梁131 Backer rod 加强棒,泡沫棒132 Analysis n.分析

5mm THK.ALUMINUM PLATE 5厚单铝板134 Accessories 附件135 According to 根据136 Acid a.酸，酸性的137 Across ad.prep.横过，交叉138 Allowable 允许139 Alloy 合金

Alum bracket 铝角码141 Alum.panel 铝板142 Approval 承认,审批143 Aluminum 铝，铝材144 Appendix 附录

Analyze(analyse)v.分析146 Anchor 锚固

ANCHOR BOLT锚拴148 Angle steel 角钢

Annealed glass 退火玻璃150 Annealed glass浮法玻璃151 Annealed glass浮法玻璃152 Anodizing n.阳化153 Bracket n.支托

154 Aluminium alloy 铝合金155 Content n.内容156 Complete v.完成157 Composite a.n.混合物，混合158 Compression n.压，压迫159 compressive a.受压的160 Concrete n.混凝土161 Condition n.条件162 Consider v.认为163 Constant n.常数164 Booklet n.小册子165 Increase V.增加166 Column n.柱

167 Gyration n.回转，旋转168 Contractor n.承包商169 Copper n.铜

170 Cracked a.开裂的171 Criteria n.标准，要点172 Critical a.危险的，临界的173 Curtain wall 幕墙174 Curved a.弯曲的175 Data n.数据176 Contact n.a.接触177 Cement n.水泥

178 Buckle vi.使弯曲,使屈服179 Built-up a.有组织的,密集的180 butt weld 对接焊缝181 Butt welding 焊缝182 Canopy n.天蓬,雨蓬183 Canopy雨棚

184 Cantilever beam 悬臂梁185 Capacity n.能力,容量186 Caption n.说明,标题187 Comparison n.比较188 Catalogue n.目录,总目189 Combined a.组合190 Certificate Vt.n.证明,证明书191 Channel n.槽,频道，通道

192 Check v.检查，查阅

193 Circular hollow section n.圆通194 Clear glass 透明玻璃195 Client n.客户，委托人196 Code n.代码，法规197 Coefficient n.系数198 Dead load 恒荷载199 Cast-in 埋入

200 stainless steel不锈钢201 Imposed a.应用的，利用的202 Sleeve n.袖子，套筒203 Slope n.v.倾斜204 Span n.跨度

205 Specification n.规格，详述206 Spider fixing（玻璃）固定爪207 Splice Vt.n.接合,连接,结婚208 Square hollow section方形管209 Site-ground 室外地面210 Stainless steel 不锈钢

211 Single glass.temperd 单层钢化玻璃 212 Stainless steel bolt 不锈钢螺栓213 Standard n.标准

214 Steel bracket 钢角码215 Stiffen v.使变硬216 Strength n.强度

217 Stress n.压力，应力218 Structural a.结构的219 Structural silicone 结构胶220 Structure n.结构221 Stability n.稳定性222 Sealant n.密封胶223 Resistance v.抵抗224 Restrain n.约束225 Result n.结果

226 Revision n.修订，校订

227 RIGID INSULATION刚性绝缘体 228 Rigidity n.刚性229 Rod n.小枝，竿230 Roof n.屋顶

231 Skylight采光顶

232 Screw n.v.螺钉，螺旋浆，拧紧233 Submission n.递呈,提交,服从234 Self-weight 自重235 Serial n.序列，系列236 Setting block 垫块

237 Shading coefficient遮阳系数238 Shape n.v.形状，定形239 Shear n.v.修剪，剪切240 Silicone n.硅树酯

241 Similar n.a.相似的，相同

242 Simply supported beam 简支梁243 Scope n.范围，广度

244 Type 类型，型号，打字245 Tinted 染色的246 Title n.名称，标题

247 Tolerance n.宽容，公差248 Top n.顶部，上总的249 Torsion n.扭转，扭矩250 Total 总的，总数251 Transom n.横梁，横档252 Transom 横梁253 Strut n.支柱

254 Triangle n.三角形255 Thickness n.厚度

256 Unequal angle n.不等边角钢257 U-valueU-值

258 Visible Light Reflectance可见光反射率259 Visible Light Transmittance可见光透光率260 Weather proofing sealant 耐侯胶261 Weep滴水262 weld 焊缝

263 welding line焊缝264 Zinc-plated 镀锌

265 Trapezoid n.梯形，不等边四边形266 Tee n.T字形，T形物267 Reflective glass 反射玻璃268 Suction n.吸力

269 Super-structure 主体结构270 Supplier n.供应商

271 Supply n.v.提供，补充，替代272 Support n.v.支撑，支持

273 Support on four sides 四边支撑274 Support on two sides 两边支撑275 Surface n.表面276 Tile 砖，磁片

277 Technical a..技术的，工业的278 Thread n.纤维

279 Temperature n.温度

280 Tempered a.调节的，钢化的281 Tempered glass 钢化玻璃282 Temporary a.临时的283 Tensile a.拉力的，张力的284 Tension n.v.张力，拉力

285 Terrain n.地带，地域，范围286 The arm of force 力臂287 Sub-contractor n.分包商

288 Symmetry a.对称的289 Material n.材料290 Length n.长度291 Linear a.线性的292 Lips n.薄片，唇293 Load n.v.荷载，加载

294 Local a.局部的，地方性的295 Long a.长的296 Louver n.百叶，百页297 Lug n.耳朵

298 Moment n.瞬间，矩

299 Manufacturer n.制造高，厂商300 Laminated glass 夹胶玻璃301 Maximize v.最大化302 Maximum n.最大值303 Member n.杆件304 Metal n.金属305 Micron n.微米306 Mild steel 钢307 Minimize v.最小化308 Minimum n.最小值

309 Relative Heat Gain相对热增益310 MACHINE BOLT机制螺栓311 Inertia n.惯性312 Hardware n.五金

313 Heat Soak Test引爆处理

314 Heat strengthened glass半钢化玻璃315 Height n.高度

316 Hidden frame 隐框317 Horizontal a.水平的318 Hot-dipped zinc galvan 热浸锌319 Immediate a.当地的320 4mm THK.COMPOSITE MADE OF AL.AND PLASTIC4厚复合铝板321 Lateral a.侧面的，旁边的322 Individual a.个别的323 Laminated glass 夹胶玻璃324 Inertia moment 惯性矩

325 Insulating Glass Unit(IGU)中空玻璃326 Interior a.内部的327 Investigate n.调查,研究328 Issue n.v.发行，发布329 Jointn.连接330 Joist n.托梁，桁

331 Laminated glass 夹层玻璃332 Movement capacity 变形能力333 Include v.包括

334 PVF2 Coating 氟碳喷涂

335 Poisson’s Ratio 泊桑比336 Polished glass 磨光玻璃337 practise n.实行

338 Pre-cast 预埋，预置339 Preliminary a.初步的340 Pressure n.v.压力，压强341 Principal a.主要的342 Protect v.保护343 Modulus n.模量

344 Purposed v.计划，打算345 Plastic a..塑性的，可塑的346 Quantity n.量，数量，总数347 Railingn.扶手，拦杆348 Ratio n.比，比率

349 Reaction n.反应，反作用

350 Rectangle hollow section 矩形管 351 Reduce v.减少，缩小352 Refer v.提交，查阅

353 Reference n.v.参考，引用354 Hanger system 吊挂系统355 Purpose n.目的，企图，论题356 Peak 峰值

357 Mullion n.竖框，竖料358 Mullion 立柱

359 Natural a.n.自然的，360 Negative a.n.否定，负数361 Neutral a.中性的362 Normal a.普通的，法向的363 Nut n.坚果，螺丝帽364 Panel n.板，仪表板365 Parallel a.n.v.平行

366 Podium n.矮墙，女儿墙367 Partial a.部分的368 Plate n.盘子，金属板369 Penetration n.浸透，浸入370 Penetration butt 对接埋入焊371 Period a.句号，周期372 Permissible a.允许的373 Permit v.允许374 Pile n.桩

375 Pin n.a.大头钉，栓

376 Plan n.计划,平面图,设计图

模具论文中英文对照 篇7

关键词：茶文化景区,文化语境,直译,意译

茶叶是世界三大饮料产品之一, 不仅在中国有着悠久的饮茶历史, 而且世界各国都对饮茶这一独特休闲方式情有独钟。茶叶在公元9世纪传入日本, 在16世纪传入欧洲, 成为风靡世界的饮品;品茶在日本已经形成茶道文化, 说明其兼具商业属性和文化属性。因此茶文化景区中英文茶叶名称翻译就成为传播茶文化的主要途径之一, 茶叶名称翻译需要遵守很多规则, 不仅要结合中文语境翻译, 更要考虑英语母语国家语言习惯, 才能使翻译清楚明了的传达。

1 茶文化的语境概念

茶文化语境不是指语言使用环境, 而是以茶叶本身作为符号进行茶文化翻译的研究。不仅是茶文化, 各种文化都有着各自的语境, “语境翻译”是德国语言学家Wegener于1885年提出的。他指出不同的语言在进行转化和翻译的时候, 要充分的考虑其母语中语境因素, 语境因素为母语文化的精华, 应该予以保留。这是继“情景语境” (Context of Situation) 之后, Wegener提出的又一语境, “文化语境” (Context of Culture) , 文化语境对语言翻译研究提出苛刻的标准。“情景语境”为一种文化在外在的具体表现, 也就是文化的起源、发展、具体特征等一系列能够感知和记录的东西, 情景语境为文化的外在载体;“文化语境”为“情景语境”的升华, 也就是文化语境摆脱情景语境的具体形象和外在感知, 而转变为一种玄妙不可感知的文化符号, 这种符号是一种象征, 一种信仰, 指引着人们去探索和发掘。情景语境与文化语境其实属于同一种事物, 都是文化的载体。只不过情景语境属于近距离的观察, 能触摸到实实在在的文化现象;而文化语境属于整体的文化感知, 不属于具体可感的文化物象, 而演变为一种符号, 文化的信仰。而我们的茶叶名称翻译, 就是在茶文化语境的基础上进行的翻译, 既要保存茶文化的韵味和特征, 又要做到翻译的形象具体和可感。

2 文化语境对翻译的启示

语言的相似性促进文化的学习和传播, 语言的沟通促进不同文化的交融与理解。但语言本体的独特性, 比如语言思维方式, 形象意义的独特性, 会造成文化交流的隔阂, 所以我们在进行不同文化翻译时需要综合多方面的因素进行转换。茶文化翻译, 也就是我们所说茶叶名称翻译, 需要考虑茶文化语境和英文文化语境两方面因素。中国的茶文化具有3000多年的悠久历史, 陆羽的《茶经》为我国茶文化的经典著作, 《茶经》中详细讲述茶文化的起源, 采茶用具, 制作方式, 煮茶用具, 饮茶方式和有关茶的典故, 是我国关于茶叶和茶道文化最详细著作。因此在涉及到茶叶名称翻译问题的时候, 需要时常查找古代茶叶发展的相关资料, 才能翻译出茶文化的真正韵味;另一方面要了解英文有关茶叶翻译的相关资料, 英文文献的茶叶名称翻译大多按照英文习惯进行翻译, 因此他们完成保留英文文化的语言方式, 但同时却丢失很多传统茶文化的韵味, 甚至有些翻译严重偏离茶文化的本意, 导致错误百出。所以茶文化翻译最重要是结合茶文化语境的前提下, 进行相关翻译工作。

3 文化语境与茶叶名称翻译

茶叶不仅具有其商业属性, 进行茶叶相关产品的售卖;同时也具有文化属性, 满足顾客是审美要求, 启迪游客的身心。茶文化景区宣传不仅为出售茶叶获得利益, 更重要作用是带给人美得享受, 使人陶醉在优美的风景和传统文化当中, 因此茶叶名称翻译就成为茶文化景区面临的主要问题之一。茶文化名称翻译面对的主要对象为英语母语地区人群, 翻译要在传统文化的前提下, 争取通俗易懂, 使人能够容易理解其中要表达的意义。我们可以对翻译过的茶叶名称再一次用英文相关词语对他们进行解释, 使其理解其中含义, 从而达到售卖商品和观光游览的目的。茶叶名称翻译主要有直译和意译两种方式, 具体内容如下:

3.1 茶叶名称直译翻译

茶叶名称翻译中只涉及字面意思, 不带有任何的历史文化和茶叶特征的茶叶名称, 可以采用直接翻译的方式翻译。这种方式更能翻译出茶叶本身的特性和茶叶生产制作的方式, 使英语母语地区的消费者能够很容易的理解翻译过去的意义, 目前的很多茶叶名称都采用直译的方式进行翻译。

例1.通常情况, 按照发酵程度和方法的不同茶叶主要分为以下几种:小发酵茶、后发酵茶、部分发酵茶和全发酵茶。在进行茶叶名称直译的时候, “小发酵茶”翻译为Non-fermented, “后发酵茶”被直译为Post-fermented, Partially fermented和Completely fermented则是“部分发酵茶”“全发酵茶”的直译。

例2.在乌龙茶介绍方面, 基本上也是采用直译的方式进行翻译茶叶品名的:“白茶乌龙”直译为White Oolong;CTwistod Oolong意思是“条型乌龙”, “球形乌龙”泽被直译为Pelletod Oolong。这几种茶采用直接翻译方法, 这样的翻译能够更加准确传达茶文化语境中茶的意义。

由此可知, 茶叶名称翻译时候多采用直译的方法进行茶叶品名和种类等类别名称的翻译。由于以上茶叶名称不含有太多茶文化色彩, 因此直译能达到很好的效果, 在原有文化基础上的直译能够有效的传达茶文化的精髓, 这些直译不含有文化语病问题。但有些茶叶名称含有极其浓重的文化意蕴, 采用直译的方式不能达到很好的效果, 因此必须在结合文化语境的情况下, 进行适当的改编和翻译, 才能使翻译更加完整和准确。例如“洞顶茶”直译的时候“洞顶”二字直接采用拼音, 后面加上“茶”字的英文翻译, 洞顶茶直译后显示为Dongding Tea;另外一例子进行对比分析, 我们便可看出茶叶翻译时候采用直译的效果。比如, “龙井茶”有些地方被翻译成The Dragon Well Tea。虽然看起来并没有较大的差错, 但这种翻译严重曲解茶名本身的意义。洞顶茶产自台湾鹿谷附近的冻顶山, 由于山多雾而且路陡滑, 上山采茶都要将脚尖“冻”起来, 因此得名叫洞顶茶;龙井位于西湖之西翁家山的西北麓, 也就是现在的龙井村, 龙井村所产的茶也为龙井茶。以上两种茶都根据中国古代的地名而来, 但国外的翻译显然没有表达出古代中国的文化意蕴, “Dongding”和“The Dragon Well”翻译曲解茶叶本身的意蕴, 使国外的消费者产生疑惑。白毫乌龙 (White Tipped Oolong) 也叫“着延茶”, 英语翻译为“Bitten Tea”, 它以鲜嫩的叶、轻柔的炒茶方式和多重的发酵等优点被称为最高级的乌龙茶, 而“Bitten Tea”只翻译出茶的形态, 没有翻译出茶的历史文化意蕴, 翻译的效果很差。

3.2 茶叶名称意译翻译

英语母语地区消费者的历史政治和文化与华语地区有很大的不同, 这就导致茶叶翻译存在着重重困难。因此我们需要运用意译的方式, 对那些涉及文化意蕴的茶叶名称进行翻译。意译的翻译也就是通过保留传统的文化部分, 删去不符合英文语境的部分, 通过两者结合达到的翻译效果。

例3.“红茶”被翻译为“Black Tea”。这种茶叶名称就是采用意译的方式翻译的, 它和中国茶叶名称有着字面上的区别。中国的红茶就是乌龙茶, 红茶因为它的茶汤颜色是红的, 因此叫做红茶;而国外的翻译“Black Tea”指的是茶叶的颜色, 茶叶颜色是黑的, 这样翻译更容易让国外的消费者理解。而且乌龙本身也是黑色的意思, 所以这样翻译能更好的传达茶文化意蕴。有些茶叶名称有更为具体细致的区分, 比如“红茶”除是“Black Tea”以外, 又被人们细分为Unshredded Black Tea和Shredded Black Tea, 其意思分别是“工夫红茶”和“碎型红茶”。“工夫红茶”原料细嫩, 制工精细, 外形条索紧直匀齐, 色泽乌润, 香气浓郁, 滋味醇和而甘浓, 汤色叶底红艳明亮, 具有形质兼优的品质特征。以上翻译在保存传统茶文化, 形象表明茶叶的颜色和特征。

与上面红茶细分同理, 普洱茶又被人们细分为“陈放普洱”和“渥堆普洱”两者普洱茶叶, 两者茶叶的翻译为Age-fermented Puer和Pile-Fermented Puer, 这两种翻译均是采用意译的方式进行茶叶名称翻译的。“陈放普洱”指的是生茶, 也就是上面英文所说的自然发酵, 它采用云南大叶种晒青毛茶为原料, 经过加工处理成饼状, 于空气中自然氧化而成;“渥堆普洱”指的是熟茶, 但并不仅仅是熟茶。它是将炒制揉捻后的茶青堆在一起, 随着热度的增加和微生物发酵作用, 茶会产生微妙的改变。茶的形态会更加纤细柔软, 颜色变得深红, 茶的口感会更加甘甜柔和, 含水量会大大降低, 茶汤的香气也会更加浓郁。除此之外还有很多意译的例子, 例如:“碧螺春”为“Green Spiral”, “大红袍”为“Robe Tea”。或者为增加茶叶的文化意蕴还可以增加字面的形容词翻译, 例如:“青沱”为“Age Bowl Puer”, “青饼”为“Age Cake Puer”。

4 结语

以上就是茶叶名称翻译的具体内容和策略研究, 不论是直译还是意译的翻译方式, 都不能有效解决茶叶翻译的问题, 最好的解决方式是直译和意义互相结合, 互为补充, 才能很好诠释茶叶名称翻译的意蕴, 以及使英语母语地区消费者清楚了解茶叶的特性和文化。茶叶翻译具有极强的地域属性特征, 翻译要结合具体文化语境来进行, 需要分析茶叶的起源、历史典故、特性甚至有关茶叶特征的诗句, 进行翻译的指导。茶叶翻译传播和交流应该在传统文化语境的前提下进行, 否则茶叶名称翻译将成为空中楼阁, 失去其本身意义和文化价值。

参考文献

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