口译英语翻译
英语口译翻译原则
一、英语口译翻译原则:时态原则
1)考生在翻译动宾短语的时候,应先考虑宾语的成分。宾语可能为名词、名词词组和句子。不同成分的宾语决定了谓语的使用。比如在以下例子中“希望”的选择面很大,既可以用hope连接句子,也可以用hope for,look forward to等连接名词词组,那么考生就得考虑宾语更容易翻译成词组或句子。因此,动宾连接原则的核心思想是“先宾语,后谓语”,翻译会豁然开朗。中国人民始终希望天下太平,希望各国人民友好相处。
The Chinese people are always looking forward to global peace and friendship among all nations.The Chinese people are always hoping that the world is at peace and people of all nations will coexist friendlily.2)时态原则
时态在翻译中比不像想象中那么简单,往往是考试中的一个难点。时态有时可以体现一种感情因素,特别是进行时的使用,比如在第一个例子中现在进行时的使用体现出对中华民族的一种褒扬、赞美的口吻,翻译出了这句话的“精、气、神”,最后一个例子中过去进行时时常表示一种“特有的行为”,通常是偏向于 negative的口吻,所以我们发现这句话十有八九是美国人自己写的。中华民族历来爱好自由和和平。
The Chinese people have always been cherishing freedom and peace.The Chinese people always cherish freedom and peace.The Chinese people are always cherishing freedom and peace.中国过去是、现在是、将来是„„ China was and remains to be …
中国人民更深感自由与和平的珍贵。
The Chinese people have cherished freedom and peace than ever.届时,„„ At that time, ……
到2007年,上海市人均国内生产总值预计达到7500美元。
By 2007, the per capita GDP in Shanghai is expected to reach US$7500.As a result we were going to be living in a fundamentally unmanaged economic system.从而我们可能要生活在一个根本无法掌控的经济体制中。
After all, China and Cuba and other targets of U.S.–led criticism in the committee were always going to vote and lobby against Washington.毕竟中国、古巴等一些在人权委员会中受到以美国为首批评的国家,总是投票或游说反对美国政府。
二、英语口译翻译原则:主语确定原则
由于英语是主语显著语(subject-prominent language),构建在主谓轴(subject-predicate pivot)上,主语决定了句法结构;汉语为语义性语言,其中主语的重要性相对较低,无主语的现象比比皆是。因此在汉英转化中最重要的就是确定主语,主语选择成功了,句子越翻越顺;选择失败,考生越翻越累。主语的确定归根结底有三种方法:使用原主语;重新确定主语;增补主语。这一目标的实现,最直接的应该是老百姓住得更宽敞了,更舒服了。
The citizens will live more spaciously and comfortably, benefiting most directly from achieving the goal.The idea of a national ID, however, was locked out of earlier drafts of legislation by a coalition of civil rights and ethnic groups, who opposed a requirement that all non-citizens carry identifying documents.新东方口译:http://edu.21cn.com/kcnet440/
然而,持自由论观点的民众和少数民族反对一切美国公民必须随身携带身份证的规定,他们结成联盟,推翻了立法的最初几次草案中关于实施全国统一身份证的主张。
其实,撇开数学,绕过那一大堆公式,一门学科的基本思想还是可以被我们理解和欣赏的。
To be frank, if we leave aside mathematics and bypass the abundant formulas, the basic principles of the discipline(of science)are understandable and appreciable.They cannot control who crosses their borders either physically or culturally.无论是外人入境,或是文化入侵,政府都已无能为力。
They have been increasingly chagrined by Washington’s tendency to ignore the international consensus on issues ranging from the use of land mines to the Kyoto climate change treaty.从地雷禁用条款到京都防止气候变暖条约等一些列问题,美国政府总是对国际舆论置若罔闻,使得这些(倒戈)国家越来越失望/懊恼。
三、英语口译翻译原则:谓语最小化原则
谓语最小化原则
在汉译英中,动词的考察是必然的。其中动词和其他成分的转换也是重中之重。如果考生把所有的动词都翻译成动词的话,只能说明其还属于“入门”境界。因此在第一个例子中共出现7个动词,而在译文中只保留了4个动词。所以我们在翻译中一定要注意动词和其他词性的转换,常见减少谓语的方法有:
a)把动词变成名词
b)使用介词短语
c)使用分词短语
d)多使用to表示目的的状语
e)把并列谓语中最后一个谓语处理成“,which”的非限制性定语从句 虽然以上这些方法从本质上讲都是些小打小闹的“噱头”,但是不重视谓语的省略一定不会取得理想的成绩。
今年的亚太经济贸易合作组织会议将主要侧重两个方面:一是加强亚太经合组织成员之间的合作,共同应对可能出现的经济衰退,重树信心;二是继续推进亚太经合组织贸易投资自由化进程,推动世界贸易组织尽早开始新一轮谈判。
The APEC meeting in this year will focus mainly on two aspects: one is on strengthening the cooperation among all APEC members to cope with the possible economic recession with rebuilt-up confidence;the other is on promoting the liberalization of trade and investment among all APEC members for the start of a new round of negotiations by WTO.显然,许多美国的传统支持国家没有投票支持美国,以此对美国奉行单边主义表示不满。
Many traditional U.S.supporters clearly withdrew their votes to signal displeasure over U.S.unilateralism.动宾换序原则
在英译汉中,遇上特别长的宾语,初学者总是根据语法习惯亦步亦趋地处理主、谓、宾,结果造成庞大的宾语,头轻脚重,特别不符合汉语的习惯,汉语之所以不喜欢宾语从句,在于汉语喜用主谓短句,对于较长的宾语,一般有两种处理方式:一是把谓语变成直接能够接宾语的表达形式,如react to不必翻译成“对„作出反应”,可变成“面对„”,这种方法在口译中常常出现,因为口译往往无暇考虑句式的大变动;二是把宾语先译出,然后再译出主谓,如第一个例子,或使用谓语的相反含义,再接上原主语,如第二个例子,sustain表示“决定了”,那反义短语就是“取决于”。
The rest of the world will have to react to this millennial economic shift to Asia, and to the rising power of 新东方口译:http://edu.21cn.com/kcnet440/
China.在新千年,经济重心将向亚洲转移,中国将迅速崛起,世界其他地区将不得不对此做出反应。
The project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of the university.研究生是否存在,大学是否存在资金偿还能力,这些都取决于项目预算。
四、英语口译翻译原则:句群逻辑关系原则
汉译英中的疑点就是处理句群关系,从逻辑上区分通常有六种: a)表示原因关系
“因为„所以”,“因此„”,“由于„” b)表示转折关系
“虽然„但是„”,“然而(不过)„”
c)表示条件关系
“如果„”,“假如„”,“只要„就„”,“一旦„”
d)表示让步关系
“尽管„”,“就算„也„”,“即使„也„”
e)表示时间先后关系
“„之后”,“接着„”
f)表示结果关系
“从而„”,“导致„”
经过二十多年的快速发展,中国西部地区已奠定了一定的物质技术基础,社会保持稳定,市场经济体制正在逐步建立和完善,为西部经济持续快速增长创造了有利的市场环境。
Thanks to the rapid development in the past 20-plus years, a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology has been laid in the western region of China.The rapid development in the past 20-plus years witnesses a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology in the western region of China 中国将致力于建设国家创新体系,通过营造良好的环境,推进知识创新、技术创新和体制创新,这是中国实现跨世纪发展的必由之路。
Through creating a favorable background, China will be devoted to building a national system for innovation to promote the innovation in knowledge, technology and system, which is the only path/indispensable/essential for China to achieve cross-century/trans-century/century-crossing/turn-of-the-century development.五、英语口译翻译原则:连接原则
连接原则
高口翻译难度的侧重点在近几年发生了一个转换:从以前追求成语、俗语到现在语体、语言风格的怪异,比如老舍和钱钟书的“自传”。语言的绝对难度不难,但是形式游散,不容易连接成逻辑感强 新东方口译:http://edu.21cn.com/kcnet440/
烈的英语。英语重形合,汉语重意合。所以连接原则首先要求考生具备强烈的“逻辑”使命感,多加连词,两三句之内就要考虑句群的关系,其次考生还要具备合句和缩句的能力,抓住主要谓语,最后换序译法也是考生必需的技能,有时突出重点,调整句序,也是必不可少的。书无所不读,全无所惑,并不着急,教书做事,均甚认真,往往吃亏,也不后悔。
Not vexed by reading comprehensively though futilely, I deal seriously with teaching and handling affairs and have no regret for suffering losses.中国加入世界贸易组织的谈判已经进行了15年了。中国的立场始终如一。
China has been engaged in the talks for entry into the WTO for 15 years with its consistent stance.减少of原则
汉译英中,一出现“„的”许多学生立马想到of„的架构,这种思维模式主要是受到了所属关系的影响。of在英语当中主要是所属关系,而“„的” 不仅有所属关系,而且有包含关系等,因此我们在翻译中要看清句子的主主语——真正意义上的主语,而不必选择句子的次主语——语法上的主语。比如在第一个例子中,主主语是“楼”,而次主语才是“质量”,因此如把此句翻成The quality of the building is poor.虽然也没有错,在考试中也不一定会扣分,但还是显得比较业余。另外在最后一个例子中,译文如译成The development of our relations has made us not only close fiends but also brothers,就显得特别地功利,好像表示我们关系的发展使我们成为兄弟了,而不是我们的关系。总而言之,我们并不是要刻意地减少of架构,而是把一些非定语关系的of架构转化为其它成分。
楼的质量不好。
The building is not well built.经济全球化的深入发展和科学技术的迅猛进步
the furthering economic globalization and rapid/swift/speedy/prompt development of science and technology 中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。
A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries.我们之间关系的发展,使我们不仅成为亲密的朋友,而且成为兄弟。
Our relations have so grown that bind us not only as close friends but also as brothers.六、英语口译翻译原则:名词词组与分句互译原则
汉语中的两大成分地位较低,分别是宾语和定语。在英译汉中,较长的宾语从句常常会转化为名词词组,比如在第一个例句中的“how”如果翻译为“ 如何化去税款”这个宾语从句,在汉语中就显得不伦不类,所有一些5W1H的疑问词基本上都有可能转化为名词,如when(时间),where(地点),who(人选),why(原因)。此外,对于修饰语较多的名词性短语,汉语也不喜欢用定语进行堆砌,而偏向用简单的主谓短语,如第二个例子中把 “the most skeptical Gates”翻译成“一个持怀疑态度的盖茨”,就不如变成主谓短语“盖茨对此持怀疑态度”。
They provide a means by which wealthy people and corporations can in effect decide how their tax payments will be spent.基金会提供了一种方式,可以让有钱人和大公司能实际支配花去税款的方式。
But the most skeptical Gates of the new millennium is someone who evinces a passion for giving and government aid.但新千年盖茨对此持怀疑态度,热衷于施舍和政府援助。新东方口译:http://edu.21cn.com/kcnet440/
Now, the debate has shifted away from the ethics of baby-making and toward the morality of cloning embryos for their cells and tissues, which might be used to treat diseases.现在,争论已经从制造婴儿是否违背伦理,转到为提取用于治疗疾病的细胞和组织而克隆胚胎是否违背道德。
But such self-interest is hardly enlightened.但这种做法只考虑个人利益,自然难以获得支持。
The project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of the university.研究生是否存在,大学是否存在资金偿还能力,这些都取决于项目预算。
七、英语口译翻译原则:要词原则
无论是中口还是高口翻译篇章中,都有一些貌似十分简单的词,但这些词往往是这篇文章的杀手锏,难度往往高于那些成语、俗语和专业词。比如在第一个例子中的collectively,一般的译者马上会理解为“总而言之”“概括起来”的意思,只有当读完整句的时候,才明白是把亚洲国家整体经济规模“累加 ”起来,其中进行了转性译法,把副词转换为形容词或名词。这种词在每次考试中至少会有一个,可以被认为是拉开差距的地方。考生如能发现其中的“弦外之音 ”,将会极大的鼓舞自己的士气。
Collectively, the Asian Countries will have a larger economy than the rest of the world put together.亚洲国家的经济总量将超过其他国家地区的总和。
From a small beginning at the turn of the century „„
本世纪初,基金会的数量并不多。
Inside these nations there will be mass prosperity, but with a large minority in serious poverty, and a small number who are very rich.这些国家虽然呈现出欣欣向荣的态势,但其中还有许多处于极端贫穷的弱势人口,还有少部分人口极端富有。
l The major feature of project money, whether its source is government or business, is that it is given on a contractual basis, a different contract for each project, so that the investigator’s independence rests upon his capacity to secure a succession of contracts.无论来自于政府或商界,项目资金的重要特点是其建立在契约上,即不同的项目可以争取相同的项目资金,因此调研人员要取得独立,就必须得到连续的研究项目。
The resulting patchwork of laws, people on all sides of the issue say, complicates a nationwide picture already clouded by scientific and ethnical questions over whether and how to restrict cloning or to ban it altogether.在克隆问题上各方人士认为,关于是否限制克隆、如何限制克隆或索性禁止克隆的科学及伦理问题,已经使全国性立法变得扑朔迷离。而如今各种东拼西凑的法律,只会使全国性立法形成步履维艰。新东方口译:http://edu.21cn.com/kcnet440/
一口译及口译教学方法
口译 (Interpretation) 是这样的一种活动:译员 (Interpreter) 在听取源语后, 通过口头表达的方式以目标语向听众传达讲话人的意思。按口译的方式可以分为:交替传译 (Consecutive Interpretation) 、同声传译 (Simultaneous Interpretation) 、耳语传译 (Whisper Interpretation) 、联络口译 (Liaison Interpretation) 。根据口译服务的场合和内容还可分为:会议传译、陪同传译、社区传译、法院传译、医疗传译等。
口译能力的造就首先需要具备三个条件:双语能力、言外知识、口译技能。业界一般认为, 口译的标准为:信、达、雅。真实为信, 流利为达, 动听为雅。对于英语口译的教学, 主要分为:英语口译听辨、口译记忆、口译笔记、口译转换以及口译教学综合技巧。
英语口译的听辨:口译中的“听”是对说话人希望表达的真实意义的听辨过程。在教学过程中, 主要用例句体现这样的学习要点:
第一, 抓住关键词、意群和意义单位。在一个句子里, 关键词通常包括核心主语、主要动词、宾语、数字、表时间地点的词, 以及表强调的词语。
第二, 抓时态。时态在口译中非常重要, 因为时态在英语中是一项必不可少的表意工具。抓住动词的时态, 给中文翻译的准确性提供保证。
第三, 听出句群之间的逻辑关系。从逻辑上区分, 句群之间常有六种关系: (1) 原因关系:“因为……所以……”, “因此……”, “由于……”; (2) 转折关系:“虽然……但是……”, “然而……”; (3) 条件关系:“只要……就……”, “如果……”, “假如……”; (4) 让步关系:“即使……也……”, “尽管……也……”, “就算……”; (5) 时间先后关系:“之后……”, “接着……”; (6) 结果关系:“从而……”, “导致……”。
第四, 听出四字词组和富含文化底蕴的表达的实际含义, 了解讲话人的弦外之音。
口译记忆:在口译过程中, 译员要充分调动和协调感官记忆、短期记忆和长期记忆的各项资源, 才能保证口译工作的顺利进行。培养学生专项技能的具体方法如下: (1) 信息组织。在听取信息的过程中, 教导学生尽可能找出信息内容的组织方式和下文之间的逻辑关系, 这对提高学生短期记忆的效率有帮助。 (2) 大脑重复。对同一信息有意识的重复可以延长其在短期记忆力的存储时间。让学生有意识地反复重复所听到的信息, 并作比对实验。 (3) 信息视觉化。将听到的内容在大脑里以画面的形式呈现出来, 这样可以有效强化学生对于叙述性和描述性的信息材料, 如自东向西描述中国地形分布图。
口译笔记:口译笔记不是一种特殊的信息记录方法, 不同于速记、课堂笔记等。它包括对信息的加工处理, 为的是最终将信息的源语形式转化成目的语形式。其内容多为数字、人名、地名、时间等, 反映发言人主要观点的关键词和意群, 动词的时态, 逻辑关系词, 发言人列举的一系列实物。
口译笔记的方法因人而异, 主要的方法: (1) 多采用自上而下的“阶梯结构”记录。每个意群作为单独的一行, 一行之内的字尽量精简。 (2) 译入语和源语并用, 文字与符号混合。 (3) 简短书写, 笔画可少, 明确界定每一段的分界。
这个环节要注意指导学生由简到难, 循序渐进地做多个练习, 让学生逐渐掌握记录口译笔记的重点、要点和格式。
口译转换是口译过程中的重要环节。英语和汉语分属于西方语言和东方语言, 两者在句法结构等方面都有很大的差异, 如果不熟悉这两种语言之间的转化规则, 会导致译员在知识处理上花费很长时间, 并影响口译输出的质量。
二口译转换的规则
在教学的过程中, 要让学生感受到英、汉语之间的明显的差异:与汉语不同, 英语是通过词语本身形态的不同变化来表示语法关系, 英语中动词和名词词尾变化都比较多, 而且不同的变化会有不同意义的产生, 而汉语则要是通过虚词、词序的变化等手段来表现。此外学生们还应掌握一些转换上的规则:
1. 汉语“意合”到英语“形合”
有不少语言学者对英、汉进行比较研究, 总结出汉语“意合”到英语“形合”的特点。所谓“形合”就是指语言组织主要靠语言本身的语法手段;所谓“意合”就是指语言组织主要靠句子内部的逻辑联系。
英语中是“显性连接”, 而汉语中是“隐性连接”。因此, 我们在进行英汉转换时, 一个常见的策略就是要有意识地根据英语“形合”的特点在语句衔接与连贯之处添加连接词。
2. 汉语“主题突出”到英语“主语突出”
汉语中位于谓语之前的成分可能是一个主题、话题但不是主语。而且汉语中有很多没有主语的句子。而英语里, 除祈使句外, 都必须有一个主语。也就是说, 汉语是“话题凸显的语言”, 而英语是“主语凸显的语言”。因此, 在教授学生时, 要重点教授如何找到或者确定主语, 并在汉语的合理位置出现。
3. 汉语中“多种词类均可充当谓语”到英语中的“谓语结构以动词为中心”
汉语中, 能充当谓语的绝不仅仅是动词, 形容词也是典型的谓语词, 甚至名词也可以。而在英语中, 充当谓语的一定是动词。在授课过程中, 要指导学生抓住句子的谓语动词就是抓住了句子的灵魂。举例练习时, 重点训练, 英语句子的主谓之间有一种语法的对应关系。
4. 汉语中“修饰语+中心词”到英语中的“中心词+修饰语”
在英语中, 一个典型的语法现象就是“中心词”出现后, 其后面的修饰语是开放的, 可以加上多个短语、从句等。而汉语中则刚好相反。在复合句中, 英语的主句为主要部分, 一般放在句首, 即“重心在前”;而汉语则一般按照逻辑和时间顺序将主要部分放在句尾, 即“重心在后”。
在各教学环节, 要采用不同的句式来锻炼学生理解不同的语法位置, 使翻译更加自如。
最后, 在多年的教学过程中, 我对学生在口译学习中出现的常见问题做一些归纳: (1) 对英语无法即时理解, 原因是反应速度慢。无法在听完录音后及时在脑海里迅速映现英语的中文含义。 (2) 对外国口音不熟悉。我在选题时, 往往采用英语母语国家各种人员的录音, 由于学生平时听得最多的是老师的口音, 所以会感觉不适应。 (3) 对生词放大, 一段录音练习中往往总是有一些词对考生来说是陌生的, 许多考生就“卡”住了, 没有跳过去听完全文, 而继续停留在这一个词上, 根本没听完全部内容, 更何况翻译。
三口译教学技巧
做好课前准备工作。具体的准备工作如:术语准备、收集相关的资料, 在每次录音口译练习之前, 要提供相应的背景资料和术语, 让学生具有最起码听懂大意的基础, 否则难度过大, 或者生词过多, 会打击学生的学习积极性。
在上课时, 根据每次上课的知识要点, 选择具有代表性的材料, 让学生进行针对性较强的练习, 这样可以让学生充分了解老师的设计用途和口译每一个环节的重点技巧。每次练习之后, 要帮助学生总结问题所在, 然后给出好的建议。
多和学生一起分享一些时事新闻, 这样可以让学生们对新的事情和资讯有兴趣, 同时不断地扩大他们的知识面。
虽然每次是专题训练, 可最后都要有几段英汉互译的练习。这样会使得学生学习的知识连贯, 不会是一节一节的。因为毕竟从事口译活动是很多方面技巧的综合体。应多提供实战练习的机会, 培养学生良好的心理素质。
口译能力的提高没有捷径可走, 而要在短短几星期内全面提高口译能力几乎是不可能的。我认为, 要学好外语必须有扎实的基础, 而这一积累要靠长年累月的苦学得来。
坚持操练。与学其他知识一样, 学习英语必须要有一丝不苟和打破砂锅问到底的精神, 对于学到的东西努力做到知其所以然, 这样才能保证每天的学习都有收获, 掌握的英语知识才会越来越多, 水平才会越来越高。特别是当自己所学的知识能在生活中得以应用时, 那份喜悦是没有经过努力学习的人难以体会的。
参考文献
[1]Gile, D.Basic Concept and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training, Amsterdam and Philadelphia;John Benjamins, 1995[1]Gile, D.Basic Concept and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training, Amsterdam and Philadelphia;John Benjamins, 1995
[2]Gillies, ANote-takingFoeConsecutiveInterpreting.Manchester:St.Jerome Publishing, 2005[2]Gillies, ANote-takingFoeConsecutiveInterpreting.Manchester:St.Jerome Publishing, 2005
[3]仲伟合、刘绍龙.英语口译实务 (二级) [M].北京:科学出版社, 2008.4[3]仲伟合、刘绍龙.英语口译实务 (二级) [M].北京:科学出版社, 2008.4
[4]许均、何其莘.基础口译[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2009[4]许均、何其莘.基础口译[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2009
[关键词]口译教学 口译考试 口译实践
一、引言
《上海市外语口译岗位资格证书》(中、高级)是上海市紧缺人才岗位资格培训项目之一,目的是为上海培养一批既懂英语又懂专业的复合型人才。该考试突出综合应用能力的评估,是对我国目前大学英语教学和英语专业教学的有力补充和提高。由于其培训与考试项目以市场需求为导向,目标性和操作性较强,便于科学评估,市场的认可度在不断提升之中;同时它和高校英语专业开设的口译课程互为补充,对口译教学产生了明显的反拨作用。该考试含金量高,为学生在日趋激烈的人才市场上增加了一个就业砝码,多了一份职业竞争力,因此倍受高校学生和社会上英语爱好者的青睐。目前该项目(以下简称口译考试)已走出上海,辐射长三角地区,成为一项重要的岗位资格证书。
而口译考试作为对英语爱好者和相关工作人士口译能力的一项检测手段,其过程本身和考生未来可能或已经从事的口译实践工作既有共性和趋同性的一面,也存在着诸多差异。科学比较对照二者的异同,有助于师生在教学上有的放矢,借助教学实践平台,更好地实现近景目标(提高口译能力,通过考试,获取证书)和远景目标(出色完成口译任务)。
二、口译考试和口译实践之比较
(一)共性
“口译是一种通过口头表达形式,将所听到(间或听到)的信息准确而且快速地由一种语言转换成另一种语言,进而达到传递与交流信息之目的的交际行为,是人类在跨文化、跨民族交往活动中所依赖的一种基本的语言交际工具”。(梅德明,2002:6)就其主要工作程序而言,口译是听、理解和正确表达。听是第一个步骤,听不懂或不能完全听懂就无法顺利进入下面两个阶段;没有对原语的准确性理解,表达也就不太容易实现。另外,口译作为一项特殊的语言交际活动,具有口语性、瞬间性及难以预测的即席性等特点,它要求口译人员具备较高的双语理解能力,高效记忆和快速笔记方法、临场应变能力,流利的语言表达能力以及对口译现场的自我掌控、强大的高压氛围承受能力等,对译员的专业素质和心理素质都是一个严峻的考验。
口译活动自身的特点决定了口译考试和口译实践的共性,即二者的实质和程序相同、对考生/译员素质的要求也相似。我们日常的口译教学也就是基于这样的共性基础之上进行的,在学生已具备一定的语言技能和知识的前提下,科学、系统地培养和训练他们口译应具备的各项语言和非语言技能,如听力、分析、预测、判断、记忆、笔记、思维、表达等技能,这些技能的培养和形成也是一个长期教学和实践的成果,因为“口译的理解过程是分析综合的过程,可以分为语音听辨、语法层次分析、语义和篇章分析、文体修辞分析、文化分析、社会心理分析、意义推断和综合。”(刘和平,2001:7)另外,还要帮助学生增强个人素质,尤其是综合素质的培养,这些素质不仅仅是语言方面的,也包含了文化知识结构、社会知识、科学素养等一系列的非语言知识;同时帮助学生建立自信心以降低考试和临场焦虑,甩掉不必要的思想包袱,轻装前进,有助于他们在口译考试和口译实践中的出色发挥。
仔细观察比较口译考试和口译实践,不难发现二者之间还存在着许许多多的不同之处,这其中有语言形式和内容上的,也有听众因素方面的。
(二)差异
1.形式和内容
口译资格证书考试分为笔试和口试两个阶段,笔试合格者方有资格进入口试阶段。而口试又由口语和口译两部分组成。根据《上海市英语中级口译岗位资格证书考试大纲》(修订版)要求,口译考试采用段落翻译的方式进行,翻译量一般为4段,英译汉、汉译英各两段组成。要求考生逐句翻译,每一句段长度在10-25词左右,每一句段英语或汉语后有15-30秒间隙停顿供口译,考试总时间长度约12分钟。选材一般在致辞、讲话、讲座等口语体的文字材料中选取,题材带有普遍性,紧扣社会、时代与日常生活,深度和难度一般适中。
在口译考试中,原语的形式是预制的录音材料,通过录音机播放给考生,材料的语音是按照英语国家人士的标准读音,考生在语音听辨过程中不存在口音的干扰;选材虽然紧扣大纲,但依然有其不可预测性,考生难以为此做针对性很强的准备。因此,考生必须熟练掌握和牢记各种题材和文体的从字词到句法直至篇章的语言板块。在考试时间限定的情况下,这种对号入座式的操作是高效准确口译的途径之一。尤其是政论、时事新闻、外交接待等特定内容、用词和结构反复性大的文体及习语等,搭建句子时,可按照语法规则将这些板块移入其位(张振梅,2003:137)。这样在口译时不仅能减轻记忆负担,而且能增强对语篇主题的预见性,缩短口译时间,提高口译效率和准确性。
比较而言,在口译实践时译员可以最大程度上做好必要的前期准备工作,诸如主题、范围、涉及内容、面临对象等各方面,以力求做到有的放矢。通常,工作中所译主题往往比较确定,或商务谈判或会议招待、发言,或学术论坛,译员必须具备一定的专业知识,在翻译前就相关主题大量翻阅文献和资料作好充分的准备工作。但不利因素乃是说话人可能带有的口音和方言等语音问题所造成的听辩困难,或者有些是超出预先设定和想象范围的,因此译员还需对发言人的背景进行一定调查,了解其发音特点和当地口音以及讲话风格等。口译时间长度随讲话者、讲话内容等因素而变化。为喜欢即兴发挥的讲话者、艰苦的商务谈判活动等做口译在工作时间及灵活度上对译员的挑战性更强。
2.听众因素
奈达主张源语讲话的翻译必须充分考虑译语听众的接受。为了帮助译语听众确立源语的意义,译员不应只专注于源语信息的接收、理解、阐释和转述发布,还应充分关注译语听众,了解他们的构成、需要、智力水平、接受能力、接受方式、审美价值取向等,并根据听众对不同时段译语的反应,选择其母语文化所特有的思维和表达方式(包括字词、句式、语体风格、修辞手段、意象等)发布译语,将译语听众的受益或效果视为翻译活动的终极目的,并根据他们交互式的反馈,对译文进行调整(刘宓庆,1999)。张吉良(2004)就现场口译的听众大致分为三类:以理解为目的的普通听众(出现在宴请酒会、礼仪庆典、讲座报告、宣传推介之类的中外交流场合的人员)、专业听众(出现在大型国际会议、研讨会、讲座、报告、谈判等场合或工厂、实验室等场所,包括专家学者、企业高管和专业技术人员等)或特殊听众(领导嘉宾、双语听众或译员同行)。他们赞许、迷茫、怀疑或窃窃私语的目光、表情及语言反馈都会影响译员对译文进行调整。
Paragraph one
China will earn 42.6 billion dollars in foreign exchange revenue with the annual average growth of nearly 8% and it is expected to be ranked third worldwide.1.69 billion tourists will travel in china, representing an average 8% increase annually;the revenue from the domestic tourism will reach 881 billion Yuan with an increase of 11% on the average every year;the tourism earnings will total 1.226 trillion Yuan ,up 10%, representing 7% of GDP;tourism will create 9.8 million direct and 49 million indirect job opportunities.中国旅游创汇将达426亿元,年均增长8%左右,有望居世界第三位;国内旅游人数16.9亿人次,年均增长8%;国内旅游收入8810亿元,年均增长11%左右,旅游业总收入12260亿元,年均增长10%左右,相当于全国国内生产总值的7%;旅游带动直接就业980万人,间接就业4900万人。
Paragraph two The eleventh five-year plan is a crucial strategic period for upgrading china‟s tourism which will be faced with new opportunities and challenges.The tourism industry is continuously raising its status in the national economy.Currently, 24 provincial-cities have promoted tourism as their pillar, pioneering or crucial industry with the further optimization of the macro-environment of tourism.Accompanied by the progress of the development of the well-of society, the per capita GDP in china will jump from 1000 dollars to 3000 dollars, thus leading to a dramatically increased demand for tourism consumption.This constitutes the paramount driving force behind the sustainable bloom in china‟s tourism.“十一五”是中国旅游业发展的重要战略提升期,面临着新的发展机遇和挑战。旅游业在国民经济中的地位不断提升,目前全国有24个省区市把旅游业定位为支柱产业、先导产业或重要产业,旅游业发展的宏观环境将进一步得到优化。随着全面建设小康社会的推进,中国人均生产总值将由1000美元向3000美元跨越,旅游消费需求将大幅度提升。这是中国旅游业持续兴旺的重要动力。
Paragraph three
随着旅游业综合功能的进一步加强,在扩大内需、拉动投资、带动脱贫,促进区域经济发展和城镇化建设等方面也将发挥更为积极的作用。“十一五”期间,中国将促进旅游产业体系建设,全面提升旅游产业素质,综合发挥旅游产业功能,把旅游业培养成为国民经济的重要产业。为建设世界旅游强国夯实基础,为全面建设小康社会,构建和谐社会作出积极贡献。
While seeing its strengthened comprehensive functions, tourism industry has a further active role to play in expanding domestic demand, attracting investment, helping shake off the poverty and giving impetus to regional economic development and urbanization development, etc.In the run of the eleventh Five-year Plan, china will push forward the development of the tourism industry system, improve the comprehensive tourism quality and give full play to tourism industrial function.In 1
this way, tourism can become an important industry in the national economy,which lays a solid foundation for developing a world tourism power and contributes a great deal to creating a well-off and harmonious society.Paragraph 4
徐霞客是中国明代伟大的地理学家,探险旅行家和游记文学家。他探人所未知,达人所未达,写下了不朽的《徐霞客游记》,被誉为东方的“马可波罗”,其传奇生涯对中国旅游产生了巨大影响。由中华人民共和国国家旅游局和江苏省人民政府主办“中国徐霞客国际旅游节”于2006年5月19日至5月26日在徐霞客故里中国无锡举行。
Xu Xiake ,the great geographer, explorer and writer in the Ming Dynasty of China ,spent his life in travelling and discovering the vast land of china with the spirit of “traveling without boundaries” and finally accomplished the immortal masterpiece , the xuxiake travelogue.Acknowledged as the “ Marco Polo” in the east , his legendary life have left great influence on china‟s tourism.“ the china xuxiake international tourism festival “was held in wuxi ,the hometown of xuxiake ,from may 19 to may 26,2006.this festival was co-hosted by the national tourism administration of people‟s republic of china and Jiangsu people‟s government.Unit 2 Paragraph1
There are a large number of different service companies involved in the convention and exhibition industry including stand constructors, insurance companies, freight forwarders , travel agents, and hotels.However , the central role played by event organizers in bring together all these services makes them the most important industry service providers.In general the larger international organizations have a wide variety of shows whereas the smaller organizers tend to specialize in organizing similar shows in different locations.This enables them to leverage more business from exhibitors and establish themselves as experts in the field.会展业务中有很多不同的服务公司,如展位搭建商、保险公司、货代、旅行社以及酒店等。但是由于展会组织者扮演着将各种服务提供商聚集在一起的角色,因而展会组织者是展会业务中最重要的服务提供商。总的来说,大的组展商会组织一系列不同主题的展会,而小的展会组织者则趋向于在不同的地方组织类似的展会。这样使得他们能从参展商中获得更多的业务,并建立其特定的行业专家地位。
Paragraph2
The growth of the internet as a learning and information resource completely changes everything the exhibition industry has had before.customers no longer rely upon exhibitions to determine what their options may be.they can gather information independently from us ,often information of quality and depth that is better than anything we could ever hope to deliver.this means that we must create unique and valuable information resources about the industry that our events serve.we must truly understand what is important to our customers.we must assist our customers by pointing them in many different directions to gather the information that they want and need.因特网作为学习和信息资源的发展彻底改变了展会业以前的面貌。客户不再依赖展会来2
决定他们的选择。他们可以独立的从我们这儿得到信息,并且所获得信息的质量和深度比我们想象的还要好得多。这意味着我们必须能够提供展会所服务行业的独特并富有价值的信息。我们必须了解对客户来说哪些是真正重要的东西。我们必须向我们的顾客指出获取有用信息的不同的方式。Paragraph3
香港是亚太地区重要的会展中心城市,一直以来也在发挥着内地与海外经贸联系的桥梁作用,每年举办的专业展览会80多项,吸引参展企业2万家,举办大型会议420多个,吸引来自世界各地的与会代表多达3.7万人和世界各地超过330万观众到港。会展业已成为香港的重要支柱产业之一。随着去年年底亚洲博览馆的投入使用,香港的会展业竞争力又有了一个新的提升。
Hong Kong is an important exhibition and conference center in Asia Pacific Region , and always plays as the bridge for economic and trade exchanges between the Mainland and overseas areas.There are more than 80 exhibitions and 420 conventions held every year ,attracting more than 20000 exhibitors, 37000 delegates and 3.3million visitors from all over the world.convention and exhibition industry is one of Hong Kong „s pile industries.along with the opening of Asia World-Expo in the east of last year ,the competitiveness of the conference and exhibition industry of Hong Kong has been upgraded.Paragraph 4
展览业的国际化是展览业走向成熟的标志,展览会是推动国际贸易和经济技术合作的重要平台,展览业的国际化是展览业发展的必然趋势。国际贸易和经济技术合作的发展需要展览业的国际化,展览业的国际化又助推国际贸易和经济技术合作的发展,两者相互依存,又互相促进。
The internationalization is the symbol of the maturation of the exhibition sector ,exhibitions are very important platforms of promoting the international business ,and cooperation of economy and technology ,the internationalization is the necessary trend of the development of the exhibitions.The development of the international business and the cooperation of economy and technology urges the internationalization of the exhibition sector , in the meanwhile the internationalization of the exhibition sector also promotes the development of the international business and the cooperation of the economy and technology ,the two depend on each other and promote each other.Unit3
Paragraph 1
Many years ago the world may have worried about the rise of china.now it welcomes this as truly an opportunity for us all.china‟s engagement in the world economy is strengthening ,as well as the partnership between our two nations.British trade with china has doubled over the last year alone.This growth is faster than that of any other G8 countries.British is also the largest European investor in china.许多年前世界担心中国的腾飞,现在事实上,中国的经济发展对我们所有人来说都是一个机遇。中国再进一步参与全球经济,而我们两国的伙伴关系也进一步加深。中英贸易在过去5年中翻了一番,这一增长在八国集团国家中是增长最快的。英国在中国的投资也居欧洲3
国家之首。
Paragraph2
The cooperation is a natural step for both companies as they both share the same science-based culture as well as a common vision concerning the future of the industry.the benefits are many.for example , it will be able to deliver the full potential of the existing and future products through the joint strength and worldwide presence of the global sales and marketing operation of two companies.本次合作对两家公司而言都是自然的发展步骤,因为双方享有同样的以科技为本的文化,并对本行业发展有着相同的理念。这一举措带来的收益是很大的。例如,通过联合双方在全球范围内的销售和市场营销运作的强势,可以充分挖掘现有和未来产品的潜力。
P3
澳大利亚有着丰富的资源、发达的经济和先进的技术,中国有着众多的人口、巨大的市场和发展潜力,经济互补性很强。建立中澳长期稳定的经贸合作关系,符合两国和两国人民的根本利益。今天,我同霍华德总理进行富有成果的会谈,就发展中澳21世纪互利共赢的经贸合作关系达成广泛共识。我们一致同意扩大在贸易、投资、能源、矿产资源等领域的合作加快中澳自由贸易区的谈判进程,实现互利共赢。
Australia enjoys rich resources, a developed economy and advanced technology , whereas china has a larger population, a huge market and tremendous potential for development.our economies are highly complementary.a long-term and stable business cooperation between china and Australia serves the fundamental interests of both countries and peoples.prime minister john Howard and I had fruitful discussions today and we reached broad agreement on developing china-Australia business cooperation for mutual benefit and win-win outcome in the 21st century.we both agreed to expand our cooperation in trade ,investment ,energy ,mining resources and other fields to accelerate the China-Australia FTA negotiations for mutual benefit and common progress.P4
中美经贸合作发展迅速,中国已成为美国第三大贸易伙伴和增长最快的出口市场,美国则是中国第二大贸易合作伙伴和最大外资来源地。中美经贸合作不仅给两国人民带来了巨大的实惠,也促进了世界经济增长。中国大量价廉物美的产品出口到美国,缓解了美国的通胀压力,每年为美国消费者节省近200亿美元。美国的资金、技术和管理经验为中国经济注入了活力。中国很多年轻人打的是摩托罗拉手机,用的是戴尔、康柏笔记本电脑,与朋友相聚在星巴克、麦当劳或肯德基。
With the rapidly growing Sino-U.S.economy cooperation ,china has become the third largest trading partner and the fastest-growing export market of the United States, while the U.S.is now china‟s second largest trading partner and top source of FDI.Such cooperation has not only delivered enormous tangible benefits to the two peoples but also boosted economic growth across the world.the import by the U.S.of larger amounts of Chinese products of good quality and low prices has alleviated the inflation pressure and saved American consumers nearly U.S.$20 billion every year.American capital ,technology and managerial expertise, in turn ,have instilled vitality into the Chinese economy.many young Chinese are making calls with Motorola cell phones , working with Dell or Compaq laptops ,and hanging out with friends in Starbucks ,McDonald‟s or 4
KFC.Unit4 P1
The current global environment is ,taken as a whole ,as promising as it has been for the last few years.last year‟s growth performance was impressive by any standard.and low inflation globally has provided a significantly improved environment for economic policymaking.But there are clouds on the horizon : continuing geopolitical uncertainly;the global payments imbalances;uncomfortably high energy prices.The old adage is true---it really does make sense to fix the roof while the sun is shining.Longer term stability will only come if governments follow prudent fiscal polices and undertake reforms during good times.总体来说目前的国际环境与过去的几年一样令人乐观。无论用什么标准来看,去年的经济增长都很出色。全球的低通货膨胀率为经济政策的制定显著改善了环境。然而天边也有阴云:地缘政治的不确定性持续不断,全球收支失衡依然存在,高昂的油价令人担忧。古话说得好,未雨绸缪很有必要。只有政府采取谨慎的财政政策并在经济景气的时候进行改革才能获得长期稳定。
P2
Last year was the best year for global GDP growth in decades.most parts of the world recorded improved growth performance.the prospects for this year remain favorable , although growth is likely to be at a slower, more sustainable pace : it is projected to fall from about 5% to under 4.5% this year.global trade has also recovered strongly since the downturn in 2001,and continues to be an important engine of growth: it is currently expanding at something close to twice the rate of growth of the world GDP.去年是十几年来全球总值增长最快的一年。世界大部分地区都有进一步增长。今年的前景看来也很乐观,尽管增长速度可能会稍微慢一些,持续性会更强一些。预计今年的增长率会从5%下降到不足4.5%。全球贸易自从2001年低迷时期以后也反弹强劲,并且继续成为增长的重要动力:目前的增长速度几乎是全球国内生产总值的两倍。
P3
亚洲有49个国家和地区,大部分是发展经济体。全球经济化,有利于它们更多地获得资金,尤其是跨国公司的直接投资,加快经济发展和结构调整;有利于他们更好的利用自身优势,开拓国际市场,发展对外经济贸易;有利于他们更快的得到先进技术、管理经验,发挥后发优势,实现技术跨越。
There are 49 countries and regions in Asia , and most of them are developing economies.economic globalization will benefit them in the following manner : it will facilitate their access to more capital ,especially direct investment from multinationals ,which will enable them to speed up their economic development and restructuring.it will encourage them acquire and exploit new markets and develop foreign trade and economic cooperation with other countries by giving full play to their advantages.Furthermore , it will enable them to acquire advanced technologies and management expertise more quickly so that they will be able to make better use of their advantages as late starters and attain technological progress by leaps and bounds.5
P 4
同时也必须看到,经济全球化是一把双刃剑。由于不合理、不公正的国际政治经济秩序没有得到根本改变,经济全球化加剧了各国各地区发展不平衡性。尤其是使南北的发展差距,贫富差距进一步扩大。经济全球化也使发展中国家更容易受到外部经济波动和金融危机的影响。上个世纪90年代末发生的亚洲金融危机,就是亚洲一些国家和地区受到猛烈冲击。
At the same time ,it must be noted that economic globalization is a double-edge sword.as the unfair and unreasonable international political and economic order has not been fundamentally changed yet.,economic globalization has exacerbated the uneven development among countries and regions and widened ,in particular ,the gap between the North and the South and between the rich and the poor.it has also made developing countries more vulnerable to the impact of external economic turmoil and financial crisis , as evidenced by the grave impact of the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s on some Asian countries and regions.Unit 5
Mr.President, Madam Liu, Laura and I are honored to welcome you and your delegation to the White House.It‟s a pleasure to have you here, along with our other distinguished guests.// In 2008, China will welcome athletes from all over the world as your great nation hosts the summer Olympics.Beijing will showcase China‟s transformation and demonstrate China‟s commitment to the international institutions that make fair and peaceful competition possible for all nations,// Mr.President, I think you for the constructive and candid conversations we had this morning.I appreciate the opportunity to expand the dialogue between our two great nations.And Mr.President, I‟m pleased to offer a toast to you and to your gracious wife, and to the people of China.主席阁下,刘女士,劳拉和我非常荣幸欢迎您和您的代表团来到白宫。非常高兴您还有其他尊贵的朋友能来到白宫。2008年中国举办奥运会,届时来自世界各地的运动员将齐聚中国。北京将向世人展示中国的转变,展示中国致力于建立一个对于所有国家都公正和平的竞争环境的承诺。主席阁下,感谢您今天早上与我进行了坦诚并富有建设性的谈话。我十分珍惜在我们两个伟大国家之间进一步拓宽对话的机会。主席阁下,让我们为您、为您的尊贵的夫人、为中国人民干杯!
P 2
Today, I am delighted to have this opportunity to attend the Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum , and discuss with distinguished statesman ,entrepreneurs and scholars from many countries the prospect of the world economy in the 1990s.Please allow me to extend my greetings to the President to the President of the Annual Meeting and all the ladies and gentlemen present here.My greetings also go to government and people of our host, the Swiss Confederation.我今天十分高兴有机会参加世界经济论坛年会,与来自各国的政治家、企业家和学者们讨论90年代世界经济形势展望,请允许我向大会主席,以及与会的女士们、先生们致意;同时还要向东道主瑞士政府和人民致意。
P3
在这个美好的夜晚,我很高兴同大家在这里相聚,参加2005年北京《财富》全球论坛6 的开幕式。首先我谨代表中国政府,并以我个人的名义,对各位朋友的到来表示诚挚的欢迎!向论坛主办方美国时代华纳集团表示衷心的祝贺!这次论坛确定以“中国和新的亚洲世纪”为主题,充分表达了大家对中国和亚洲发展前景的关注,表达了大家对中国及亚洲的发展对全球经济增长所发挥的作用的关注。
I am very delighted to be with you here to join in the opening ceremony of the 2005 Fortune Global Forum in Beijing on this beautiful evening.To begin with , I‟d like to , on behalf of the Chinese government ,and also in my personal name , to express my sincere welcome to all of you , and congratulations to the forum sponsor , Time Warner Inc.!The forum , themed “china and the new Asian Century” , shows the great concern over the prospects of the development of china and Asia ,and the roles of china and Asia in the global economy.P4
下午好!欢迎大家来到这个、闪耀钻石光彩的“美白十进制”的世界,参加OLAY净白莹采系列大型新闻发布会,见证OLAY净白莹采系列新品——OLAY透白美肌水凝粉底乳在中国正式全面上市。在此,我谨代表宝洁公司,对各位的光临表示热烈的欢迎,感谢各位朋友对OLAY玉兰油品牌的一贯支持。
Good afternoon.welcome to the perfect whitening and crystal shining world of “ Decimal System”.thanks for attending the press conference of OLAY white radiance.We‟ll witness the launching of a new product of white radiance series——OLAY Translucent Fairness Aqua Foundation in China.please allow me , on behalf of P&G , to extend our warmest welcome to all the guests presenting here today.Unit 6 P1
Not only are historic stories about food ,wine ,art ,people ,personality, heroes and tragedies all important in making up the cultural map , when presented in a particular way, they can form the basis for many ,many interpretations of the culture and its value thus preserving it and also presenting it in an accessible and understandable way , true to its history ,but relevant to the future.these are exciting concepts and a major opportunity for those seeking to create films , animated presentations and interpretation of historic events , literature and the arts.关于饮食、酒类、艺术、民族、人性、英雄和悲剧的历史故事对于文化构成都是非常重要的。不仅如此,一旦以特别的方式呈现,这些因素将构成对文化和价值多种解读的基础,保存其价值并以人们可认识和理解的方式呈现出来,既要忠实历史真实,又要联系未来。对于致力于电影创作、动画设计和历史事件、文学和艺术表现的人来说,这些无疑是激动人心的概念和巨大的机遇。
P2
Knowing who you are creates a confident basis on which to move forward in the future.And each society needs to have the opportunity to see and sense the important of these exhibits and to have the privilege of knowing who they are by building their sense of identity based on their cultural history.There are opportunities for both the public and private sector to fund these important areas of work and successful business models can be established so that at the very least they are self supporting and in some instances profiting.了解自己的身份形成了自信的基础,在此基础上可以更好的向未来前进。每个社会都需7
要有机会来观看这些文化陈列品,并理解其重要性,从而有权利在其文化历史基础之上建立身份感,以此来认识自己是谁。这位政府和私营部门提供了机会,为这些重要领域进行融资。可以建立成功的商业模式,至少是自给自足。甚至在某些情况下还可以盈利。
P3
中国京剧是中国的国粹,已有200多年历史。其剧目之丰富,表演艺术家、剧团、观众之多、影响之深均为全国之冠。自1919年京剧艺术大师梅兰芳先生东渡日本演出后至今,京剧的足迹遍及全球,对促进中西方文化交流,人民友好往来,增进团结、友谊做出了卓越的贡献。
Beijing opera of china is a national treasure with a history of 200 years.its richness of repertoire , great number of performing artists ,troupes and audience, and profound influence are incomparable in china.since Mei Lanfang , the grand master of Beijing opera ,visited Japan in 1919, Beijing opera has become known all over the world ,and has made remarkable contributions to cultural exchanges between china and the West ,and to the solidarity as well as friendship of the human kind.P4
中国少数民族歌舞团友甘肃省甘南藏族自治州歌舞团,云南省红河哈尼族彝族自治州歌舞团、甘肃省民族民族歌舞团、云南省歌舞团的25名演员共同组成,来自中国8个民族。中国少数民族歌舞团为观众呈现精心创作、富有浓郁民族风格的节目。您将领略到来自中国西部少数民族艺术家的风采,感受到那里淳朴的民俗、民风和民情。
China Nationalities Song &Dance Troupe is made up of 25 excellent actors and actresses from Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Song & Dance Troupe in Southern Gansu Province ,Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture Song & Dance Troupe in Honghe in Yunnan Province ,Gansu Nationalities Song &Dance Troupe.these performers belong to eight nationalities.China Nationalities Song &Dance Troupe will present audiences with wonderful performances that are carefully produced and have a strong flavor of ethic style.These performances will enable you to appreciate the graceful artistic presentations by ethnic minority artists in western China and understand the unsophisticated customs and ethnic cultures there.Unit 7 Dialogue and cooperation among cultures and civilizations are some of the best ways to further understanding and tolerance among peoples.They help to avoid misunderstandings due to ideological , economic and cultural differences.Mistrust and ignorance among cultures and civilizations can be the source of tensions undermining peace in the world.Given the richness ,diversity and long history of their respective cultures ,Europe and Asia ,determined to promote unity in diversity ,are particularly committed to developing dialogue among their cultures and to protecting and promoting cultural diversity in order to meet positively new globalization related challenges.在文化和文明之间开展对话与合作是不同民族间增进理解和包容的最好方式之一,它有助于避免意识形态、经济以及文化差异引起的误解。不同文化和文明间的互不信任和缺乏了解往往会造成紧张局面,危及世界和平。欧洲和亚洲各自都有丰富多彩、历史悠久的文化,有鉴于此,双方都坚定地在多样化中推动统一,致力于在文化间展开对话,保护和弘扬文化多样性,以积极面对全球化带来的新挑战。
P 2 Indian and Iranian civilizations enjoy an ancient coexistance.The two nations have experienced friendly relations at least 3500 years.Both civilizations , with their shared racial origin , descending from the Arany tribes, and the abundant cultural affinities ,played an active role in developing human civilization and neither was considered a “marigal civilization”.In fact ,the civilizations‟ commonalities are unique and the frequent exchanges of visit by both countries‟ educated people and common people have led to close relationship between the nations.印度文明和伊朗文明自古以来就相安共处。3500多年以来,两国一直保持着良好的关系。这两种文明拥有共同的种族渊源——都起源于亚利安部落和众多的文化相似性,在人类文明的发展中起到了积极的作用,都不是“边缘文化”。事实上,印度文明和伊朗文明有着许多独特的共性,两国知识分子和平民大众间频繁互访也在也在两国间建立起了密切联系。
P 3 中国和南非的友谊源远流长,可以追溯到公元16世纪。自1998年1月1日在中南两国建立外交关系以来,双边经贸合作和文化交流受到两国政府的高度重视;各种投资及合作项目雨后春笋般地在两国生根发芽。在经济全球化发展的格局中,中南两国之间的巨大互补性使得两国之间的交往和交流不仅成为一种可能,而且成为一种必然。
The friendship between china and south africa can be traced back to the sixth century.after the establishment of the formal diplomatic relationship between china and south africa on january 1,1998,both governments have paid special attention to the bilateral trade cooperation and cultural exchanges.many investment and cooperation projects have been rapidly set up in both countries.with the globalization of the world economy ,the complementation of south africa and china not only makes the cooperation and exchanges between them possible , but also offers a definite historical choice..P 4 金秋十月,肯尼迪中心将带给您崭新的中国表演艺术和文化体验。拥有上下五千年悠久历史和13亿人的中国,正以惊人的步伐迈入21世纪。正当这充满活力的中华文明升起并闪耀在世界舞台之时,肯尼迪中心的“中国文化节”将向您展示这个国家传统与崭新的面貌,熟悉与神奇的风采。
Your Honor Mr.Mayor, My Chinese friends, Ladies and Gentlemen,I feel honored to come here on my first visit to your beautiful city.On behalf of all the members of my mission(使团、代表团), I would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to our host for their earnest invitation and gracious hospitality we have received since we set foot on this charming land.I am also very happy that this visit has given me an excellent opportunity to convey to you and to the people of Shanghai warm greetings and sincere good wishes of the government and people of my country.Although we live with a distance of thousands of miles between us, “Long distance separates no bosom friends,” as one of your Tang poets said.市长先生阁下,中国朋友们,女士们先生们:
这是我首次访问你们这座美丽的城市,我为此深感荣幸。我愿借此机会,代表我们代表团的全体成员,向我们东道主的诚挚邀请,对我们一踏上这块充满魅力的土地便受到的友好款待,向东道主表示真诚的感谢。与此同时,我很高兴这次访问给予我一次极好的机会,向市长先生和上海人民转达我国政府和人民的热烈问候和诚挚的良好祝愿。虽然我们远隔万里,但贵国唐朝的一位诗人说得好,“海内存知己,天涯若比邻。”
Last but not least, I would like to extend in person our official invitation to the mayor of Shanghai.We would like His Honor to visit our city at his earliest convenience, so as to give us an opportunity to return the warm reception and hospitality we enjoy here.最后,我此行的又一项重要任务是向上海市长面呈来访我市的正式邀请,希望市长阁下在其方便的时候尽早访问我市,以便使我们能有机会来回报我们在这里受到的热情款待。
篇2 外宾答谢
外宾答谢1 Mr.Prime Minister and all of your distinguished guests this evening,On behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world // I particularly want to pay tribute,not only to those who prepared the magnificent dinner,but also to those who have provided the splendid music.Never have I heard American music played better in a foreign land.//
外宾答谢2
Mr.Prime Minister, I wish to thank you for your very gracious and eloquent remarks.At this very moment,through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other such occasions in the whole history of the world.// Yet, what we say here here will not be long remembered.What we do here can change the world.//
篇3 21世纪的中国
主题导入:爱尔兰企贸部长马丁在科克大学举办的“21世纪的中国”国际研讨会上的致辞。Lord Mayor, President Murphy, Ambassadors, Professors, Ladies and Gentlemen,I would like to extend a very warm welcome to you all today.// And I want to say what a great pleasure it is to open this very singular Conference on China in the 21st Century in my beloved alma mater and in Cork, my home place.// Uniquely on this occasion, we are honored also to welcome our friends from the great and ancient land of China, including the distinguished former Ambassador to Ireland Shah Hilan and scholars of international renown from China’s foremost Universities.// I am also delighted to welcome world-acclaimed representatives from the academic, sporting, cultural, legal and business sectors – a veritable United Nations of excellence – from France, Germany, Great Britain, United States, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland and Indonesia.// China, the most vibrant and discerning market in the world, will continue to be a key target for Irish companies.And let the record show, that this Cork International Conference on China in the 21st Century marked a renewed impetus in the relationship between our two countries.// I warmly welcome this ground-breaking conference and I congratulate the organizers in bringing this to fruition.I would like to conclude by thanking everyone for attending the Conference and again express my personal thanks to all who come from afar.// I wish you a successful conference and a fruitful outcome to your deliberations.Thank you.//
篇4 新加坡总理欢迎温家宝总理
欢迎温总理1 Your Excellency Premier Wen, Distinguished guest, Ladies and Gentlemen, Let me extend a very warm welcome to Premier Wen and his delegation to Singapore.// I am glad to have this opportunity to reciprocate the warm hospitality I received during my first official trip to China in 2005.//
欢迎温总理2 Singapore’s bilateral economic linkages with China are strong and growing.Trade and investment flows are large and increasing rapidly.Many Singaporeans have set up businesses in China and serve the Chinese market.// At the same time, many Chinese businesses are coming to Singapore.We are home to more than 2,500 companies from China, with 100 listed on the Singapore Exchange.//
欢迎温总理3 Meanwhile, people-to-people exchanges are also growing in both directions, facilitated by unlimited number of flights between Singapore and any city in China.// Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, may I now invite you to rise and join me in a toast to the good health and success of His Excellency Premier Wen Jiabao, to the peace and prosperity of China, and to the enduring friendship between our contries.//
篇5 告别晚宴
告别晚宴1 Dear Mr.Johnson, First of all, on behalf of the company, I congratulate you on your successful business trip.Your company is a world-class business.We are much honored to be your parener.We will sustain our rigorous management to ensure the qualitu of our products in accordance with the terms for time of delivery,quality and quantity.尊敬的Johnson先生:
首先,我代表本公司,对您此次的考察活动取得圆满成功表示热烈的祝贺!//
贵公司是业内知名的世界级企业,我们很高兴能有这个机会与您合作。我们将一如既往地加强生产管理,保证产品质量,优先满足贵公司的订单,按时按质量地完成生产计划,不断深化我们之间的合作。
告别晚宴2 Tomorrow you will leave Zhejiang province.We cherish this limited time with you.But our friendship will be ever-lasting.As a Chinese saying goes, “a bosom friend from after brings a distangt lang near”.We are looking forward to your mext visit to Zhejiang.We believe our partanership will continue to shtrengthen in the future.Now, I wish Mr.Johnson a smooth journey and all the best of luck in the future.明天,您就要离开浙江,踏上回国的行程了。在即将分别得时刻,我们的心情依依不舍,大家相处的时间是短暂的,但我们之间的友好情谊是长久的。// 中国有句古话讲得好,“海内存知己,天涯若比邻”,我们期待您在方便的时候再次来浙江做客,相信我们之间的合作会日益加强!//
最后,祝Johnson先生一路顺风,万事如意!//
篇6 鲍威尔致辞
主题导入:美国前国务卿鲍威尔在欢迎温家宝总理宴会上的讲话节选。
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the State Department.// Mr.Premier, I welcome you to the State Department this evening, and I think it’s useful to let everybody know that you and I have one thing very much in common, even though we are just meeting for the first time, we are both geologists.// You actually went off and practiced geology.All I ever did was hiding behind rocks during my military career.// Mr.Premier, I know that the President is looking forward very much to your meeting tomorrow in the White House, where you and he will have many important issues to discuss.// But this evening here at the State Department is an opportunity for us to relax, to get to know one another, and to extend to you and your party some of Washington’s hospitality.// Mr.Premier, if, as the Chinese proverb says, a thousand-mile journey begins with the first step, then we’re well on our way to building a productive relationship between our two great countries.// And so I would like to propose a toast to the Premier, and to our Chinese colleagues: To the continued advancement of relations between the United States and China,// to a bright future four our nations and our neighbors, and to the work ahead of us to build a secure, prosperous and peaceful world!Ganbei!//
篇7 新年宴会致辞
主题导入:某公司领导在新年宴会上的致辞。亲爱的来宾、女士们、先生们,你们好!
值此新年即将来到之际,我谨代表销售班子,向长期以来支持和关心公司工作的领导致以美好的祝愿和深深的感谢!向支持我们业务的国内外合作伙伴致以新年的祝福!向公司全体员工及家属致以诚挚的慰问!祝大家新年快乐,身体健康!// 即将过去的2007年,是公司保持良好发展势头的一年。一年里,我们通过积极推进代理商制度,构建了和谐团队,使整个企业生产赢利及行业内地位得到了大大的提高。// 回顾一年来的工作,我们前进的道路上离不开领导的关心爱护,离不开兄弟单位和业务伙伴的理解支持,更离不开公司全体同仁的努力奋斗。在此,我代表公司销售班子向所有同志们表示崇高的敬意和诚挚的感谢!// 新的一年开启新的希望,新的历程承载新的梦想。2008年,正是我们创造梦想、扬帆起航的关键之年,我们将以更积极地态度,更真诚的服务,为公司开拓更美好的未来。谢谢大家!//
新年宴会1 Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, good evening!On this New Year’s Eve, on behalf of our sales team.I would like to extend our best wishes and sincere thanks to all our executive managers for their constant guidance and support.Our regards also go to the clients from home and abroad, to the company’s colleagues and their families.We wish you all happy new year and good health!
新年宴会2 Year 2007 saw a remarkable progress in our company.In 2007 we dramatically increased pur profits and lifted our status in the industry by developing a united team of agents.We would never have made such an achievement if there were not support from our executives, understanding from parents and joint efforts from all colleagues.Soonce again, a big thank-you to all our friends.A new year means new hope, a new journey, a new dream.2008 is a key year for us to begin this new journey towards our dream.With great energy and dedication, we are determined to create a more beautiful future.Thank you!
套语翻译及背诵
致欢迎词
尊敬的Johnston先生,尊敬的各位美国朋友,女士们,先生们:
今天,非常荣幸也非常高兴在这里设宴欢迎David Johnston先生以及美国友好代表团一行。// 中国有句古话:“有朋自远方来,不亦悦乎。”所以首先让我代表浙江省委、省政府和浙江人民,向我们远道而来的各位贵宾表示热烈的欢迎。// 我相信友好代表团的此行一定能够进一步增进相互了解,加深友谊,推进双方在经贸、教育等领域展开更为深入和广泛的合作。
最后,我祝代表团的所有朋友浙江之行愉快!// 在此,让我们共同举杯,祝此次访问圆满成功!祝我们的友谊地久天长!谢谢。
Respected Mr.Johnston, Distinguished American guest, Ladies and Gentlemen: It’s my great honor and pleasure to hold this banquet in honor of Mr.Johnston and all American friends in the Good-Will Delegation.An ancient saying in China goes that it is such a delight to meet friends coming afar.So, hereby, on behalf of Zhejiang Provincial Government and our people, I would like to extend our warm welcome to our American friends.I am convinced that your visit to Zhejiang will deepen our understanding, enhance friendship between our people and promote more extensive cooperation in economy, trade, education and other fields.In closing, I will all of you a pleasant stay in Zhejiang!May I have the honor of inviting you to join me in a toast? To the success of this visit!To the ever-lasting friendship between us!Thanks!
套语翻译及背诵
致感谢词
Governor Li, distinguished guests, our Chinese friends, ladies and gentlemen, It is a special honor for me to have this opportunity to speak on behalf of all the members of our delegation.First of all, I would like to express our sincere thanks to Governor Li for inviting us, and all the hard work you’ve done to the arrangement of our visit.We are also grateful for such a marvelous dinner tonight.// Every member of our delegation and I hope that we shall enjoy the friendly contact and exchanges in the following days.We are convinced that this visit will surely help enhance the understanding and friendship between us.// I am very impressed by the hospitality and warmth we have received here.You must have had a very busy time making all the preparations, which deserves our sincere appreciation.// I hope that Mr.Li and other Chinese friends will be able to visit our country in the future, so that we will have the opportunity to return some of your kindness as a host.// We are convinced that our cooperation will become more extensive through frequent mutual visits and exchanges.Now, we are making the first step.Well begun is half done, as we said.So this visit will pave the way for our further cooperation.// In closing, I would like to invite you to join me in a toast.To the friendship between us!To the health of our Chinese friends!Cheers!Thank you.李省长,各位嘉宾,中国朋友们,女士们,先生们:
非常荣幸代表我们代表团的所有成员上台致词。首先我要向李省长表达我们衷心的谢意,谢谢您的邀请,也感谢你们为我们此次浙江之行所做的精心准备。我们也非常感谢你们今晚为我们准备得如此丰盛的晚宴。我以及代表团的所有成员都衷心希望在接下来的几天中能和我们的中国朋友进行友好的交流。我们相信此次的浙江之行一定能增进我们之间的理解和友谊。
你们的盛情款待和悉心安排让我难以忘怀。你们一定为此忙碌准备多时,在此我们再次表示感谢。我也期望李省长和我们的中国朋友能来美国访问,这样我们就有机会回馈你们的盛情款待。我相信随着双方频繁的互访,我们的合作一定会更加深入广泛,现在我们就迈出了第一步。俗话说,好的开始就是成功的一半,那么我们此次的浙江之行也将为我们今后进一步合作奠定基础,开辟道路。
1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
美国的经济基本是以私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的,在这种经济下,消费者在市场上为那些他们想要的货品和服务付费,在很大程度上决定了什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
因此,在美国的经济体系中,个体消费者的需求、商人试图化其利润的欲望、个人想化其收入效用,这三种欲望相结合,决定了什么应该被制造出来,也决定了如何用资源来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
另一方面,如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降,那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能的供给,这样反过来又降低了价格,让更多的消费者购买产品。
4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
在美国经济中,私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权,也指其他一些特定的权利,如制定一个产品价格的权利、与另一个私人个体(经济单位) 自由签定合同的权利。
5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
同时这些计算机记录下哪些时段是忙的,哪些员工工作效率,这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且计算机也能找到促销活动的对象顾客。
6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
从剧院到杂志出版商,从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂,不计其数的其他商业企业,都通过使用计算机给消费者带来更好、更高效的服务。
7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
残疾儿童在许多方面都与其同龄人十分不同。为了让这些孩子在成长过程中充分发展潜能,他们的教育必须适应这些不同。
8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
在过去的30年中,公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪,那就是所有的公民,不管其情况有多特殊,都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。
9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.
它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格迅速分销出去,这样(公司)可以建立稳固的国内市场,同时也使提供更具有竞争力出口价格变成可能。
10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
即使议会没有27条规范广告的法案,任何一个正式的广告商也都不敢推销一种无法兑现其在广告中承诺的商品。
11. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.
一些机构终于松了一口气,但是其他一些机构——包括教堂,倡导生命权利的团体和澳大利亚医学协会——都尖锐地抨击这个法案,指责法案的通过过于匆忙。但是似乎大势已定,不可逆转了。
12. In Australia - where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part - other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.
在澳大利亚,人口老龄化、延长寿命的技术、变化着的社会态度都在发挥作用。其他的州也会考虑制定类似的有关安乐死的法律。
13. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
当然,例外是存在的。在美国,心胸狭窄的官员、粗鲁的餐厅服务员、没有礼貌的出租车司机也并不少见。然而这样的情况太多了,值得人们探讨这些问题。
14. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
我们生活在一种药品(药物)的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛的社会里: 用一片阿司匹林止头痛,用葡萄酒来社交,早上喝咖啡提神,抽一支烟来定神。
15. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量,要想得到同样的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越大,然后表现为停止用药后,出现令人不适的停药症状。
16. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”
上星期参议员罗博特多尔质问时代华纳公司的高级管理人员们:“难道这就是你们想要成就的事业?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂,但是难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家,威胁到我们的孩子们吗?”
17. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be...”
“对任何一个民主社会的考验,”他在《华尔街杂志》的一个专栏文章中写到,“不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达,而在于这个社会是否能给予尽可能广泛的思想自由和表达自由,无论有时这种结果是多么容易引起争议,多么令人不快…”
18. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.
在上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中,莱文宣称说:“音乐不是社会问题的根源”,他甚至还用他的儿子作为例子。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的教师,用说唱音乐与学生们进行沟通。
19. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” of “a touch on the brakes” , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.
有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇,例如“触动经济刹车”以“操纵经济软着陆”,这样货币政策听起来像是一门的科学。没有什么比这样描述货币政策更远离事实的了。
20. They have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack.
一、英语技能训练与技巧
1、听力。
在口译过程中,只有听懂了,才可以完成口译任务,因此很好的听力水平是进行口译的先决条件。词汇量是影响听力的一个重要因素,在听的过程中,译者会遇到很多专业词汇,生词,长词,因此首先要积累词汇。其次,口音。讲话者不一定都是以英语为母语国家的人,有可能带有印度口音,巴基斯坦口音等,这就要求口译训练者在平时的听力练习中不仅仅只听BBC、VOA这样的标准英语,还要通过看美剧、电影等习惯非标准英语。同时也可以掌握关于口音的理论区别。
2、逻辑性思维训练。
只有通过逻辑性思维去分析所听到的内容,然后将其以最快的速度在大脑中分出层次,才会有条理地表达出,并且不会遗漏信息。在训练时,有意识地注意长句的停顿,把握每句话的主语,分清理清顺序,特别注意人物、时间、地点、人物行为、事件经过,尤其是数字,一定要注意。
3、记忆力训练。
记忆包括理解记忆、强记忆、形象记忆、短时记忆等。在口译训练的初期,应不要依靠笔记帮助记忆,试着仅仅依靠脑力记忆,然后复述,进行对照,如此反复练习,方可提高短时记忆,加强强记忆。遇到长难句时,应理解结合记忆方可达到效果,将注意力放在分析句子成分,而不是单纯记忆词组短语句子,长此以往方可锻炼理解记忆。
4、跨文化语境。
译者不仅要有扎实的语言能力和翻译技巧以外,还需要掌握文化差异。翻译的本质是跨文化的交流。比如,在中国文化中,“龙”是尊贵,吉祥,权利的象征,而在西方文化中,“龙”则是邪恶力量的代表,因此说到“四小龙”时,不能直译为“four dragons”, 而应转译为“four tigers”。同样,在一些俚语、俗语中差异更为突出。
5、笔记训练。
5.1、译者需要良好的脑记忆力,但是在遇到长段落,数字群,复杂结构时,依靠笔记是必要的。在交传或者同传的过程中,依靠笔记可以避免弄混内容的逻辑关系,漏译,错译的情况,可以延长所听信息在大脑中的停留时间,增强记忆效果。但是需要注意的是,口译笔记并不是速记,它是不同于速记的,口译过程中每分钟记录的字数在170到180个单词,而速记可以达到220到240个单词。口译笔记着重记录的是关键词,关键信息,即能够起到绝对提醒作用的单词,特别是数字、人名、地名、机构名称;还有表示逻辑结构的连词、逻辑词等,可以帮助理清条理,使译文通畅。在口译笔记中,提倡使用简易符号、缩略形式来记录,这些符号具有个性化的特点,并不是约定俗成的符号,而是每个议员根据自己的习惯制定的一套本人已经熟练掌握的符号体系,只有自己可以识别。笔记也没有统一的格式,是依据现场情况和译员的习惯而定的。
一般情况下,我们提倡使用目的语进行记录,但是也可以随着具体情况而变化。
5.2、笔记的形式。通常,我们建议译员使用易持的硬皮上翻的由环形链装订的笔记本,硬皮可以方便笔记,而上翻会节省时间,也方便记录。在笔记时,在纸的中间画一条线,多进行纵向笔记。一个意群或者语义完整时,划一条横向的直线以表示一个层次的结束。表达并且的信息,或是对立、连续的信息时,提倡用条列式纵向记录。笔记间要留有空隙,以便于再回补信息,也为了避免带来阅读困难,不应字字紧挨。
二、对模糊信息的处理
英语中有很多模糊限制语,诸如more or less, around, nearly, approximately等,而一些量词也没有表明确切的数目,如little, some, a number of, thousands of等。而中文中也有很多表意不明确的词语,如“基本满足需求”,“适当采取措施”等。同时,不同的两种语言之间都存在巨大的对应空白,不具有完全的等值关系。
1、直译
用目的语的模糊语去翻译源语中的模糊语;
The approximate number of protesters in front of the Palace of the National Assembly was 650.在国民议会大厦门前聚集的抗议者大约有六百五十人。
2、意译
遇到模糊表达,不必拘泥于语言,而应进行延伸;
His sister is a thorn in his flesh.
他的妹妹使他伤透脑筋。
3、补充(增词)
有些中式的表达法,具有鲜明的中国特色,但是外国人不一定可以理解,因此需要补充全意思以便于理解。
中国人口多,底子薄。
China has huge population and weak economic basis. (其中底子薄是特指经济基础弱,因此要增词作以必要的补充)
三、结语
综上所述,口译明显是一门具有跨学科性和实践性的学科。因此对译员的要求也很高,我们在平时的训练中要扎实地进行练习以真正提高基本功底,同时在训练技巧时,不能忘记积累知识,拓宽视野,努力成为合格的口译人员。
参考文献
[1]、杨承淑.口译教学研究:理论与实践[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005.
[2]、刘宓庆.口笔译理论研究[M].北京:中国对外翻译译出版公司, 2004.
级别与难度分析
一、全国外语翻译证书考试
此项考试由北外和联合国同声传译处联合举办,由北京外国语大学和其他院校的著名英语学者、国际口译协会成员共同出题,难度十分大。接受全国范围内报名,无学历要求。全国外语翻译证书考试分为笔译和口译两部分,并设有初级、中级、高级三个级别。一般说来,各级别对应的英语水平分别为:初级,北外英语专业本科二年级或二年级以上水平;中级,北外英语专业本科毕业或研究生水平;高级,北外高级翻译学院毕业生或以上水平。获得此证书者有机会在相关部门受训完毕后前往联合国工作,但目前这些派往联合国工作的人员基本还是从北外高级翻译学院研究生中选拔,通常不对外培训招生,具有公务员性质。
二、全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试
此项考试由国家人事部和中国外文局联合举办,由中国外文局统一出题。全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试分别为三级、二级、一级,每个级别也同样设有口译和笔译考试。此项考试接受全国范围内报名,无学历限制,但是其中的一级证书一般不公开招考,也不对社会广大学员开放,而是面对比较有实力和声望的资深翻译人选,例如参加内部翻译资格评定的人选。通常情况下,该项考试三个等级的对应英语水平为:三级,非外语专业本科毕业、通过大学英语六级考试或外语大专毕业生水平,并具备一定的口笔译实践经验;二级,非外语专业研究生毕业或外语专业本科毕业生水平,并具备3~5年的翻译实践经验;一级,具备8~10年的翻译实践经验,是某语种互译方面的专家。
三、上海中、高级口译资格证书考试
此项考试由上海市委组织部、人事部、教育部联合举办,由上海人事局统一出题。该证书在三张证书中最先推广,较好地适应了中国经济的发展,在华东华南地区尤其是长江三角地区影响力最大。报考对象不受限制,在校学生、工作人士都可参加。可以随意选择报考等级,与全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试一样,该考试也不存在必须先考过中级才能报考高级的限制。其中所设级别分别对应的英语水平为:高级,具有大学英语六级或同等英语水平;中级,具有大学英语四级或同等英语水平。
考试类别选择建议
一、一般说来,对于英语水平并不是极其出色或复习时间有限的考生来说,最好不要选择全国外语翻译证书考试和全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试,因为这两种考试的难度十分之大,非专业人士不必过分追求。
二、上海中、高级口译资格证书考试和全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试难度比较:通常情况下,上海中级口译证书考试比全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试的三级证书要相对简单一些,而前者高级口译证书的难度则介于后者三级和二级难度之间。在这里笔者以四、六级考试(旧计分体制)为例,给大家一个明确的参照:大学英语四级70分到大学英语六级70分的考生一般都适合参加上海中级口译资格证书考试;大学英语六级在70分以上的考生则较为适合参加上海高级口译资格证书考试。大家不要忽视这个标准,因为根据主考经验和以往数据统计,上海中、高级口译证书考试(笔试+口试)总体通过率均不超过12%,其中中级口译的笔试通过率大概为40%,高级口译的笔译通过率不到30%,但是口试阶段,中高级的通过率都只在30%左右。可见这张证书的难度和含金量都比较高,即使是成绩较好的英语专业大三、大四考生在高级口译中都未必能顺利过关,因此想要参加上海中高级口译资格证书考试的同学们一定要对自己的英语水平有一个整体认识,以便更高效地复习。
三、 针对各种证书目前流行和推广的区域所产生的问题,笔者建议大家记住如下两点:1、口译能力没有区域的分别。拿下上海中、高级口译证书能够很好地锻炼大家的口译能力,为以后进一步获得全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试(即人事部)口译证书做好准备。2、上海口译证书所涉及的考试内容与当今经济生活关系更加紧密,可以为大家将来所从事的口译工作打下基础,积累经验。
备考策略
一、确定发展道路
如果考生有意挑战翻译、口译资格考试,并且想在今后的就业中以翻译、口译资格证书赢得竞争优势,那么建议你按照如下程序准备:上海中级口译笔试→上海中级口译口试→上海高级口译笔试→上海高级口译口试→全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试二级。在这个过程中,需要注意几点:
1、高级口译的考点并不包括中级口译内容,即很多中级口译考试中所涉及的知识高级口译并不具备。中级口译涉及的内容较为微观实用,高级口译涉及的内容较为抽象玄乎。
2、通过高级口译考试之后,应继续参看人事部口译考试的三级参考书,同时不要松懈对高级口译知识点的理解和巩固。这个过程大概需要一年,有了这一年的巩固,凭借高级口译的证书和能力,市面上已经鲜有竞争对手,同时大小会议都能从容应付。
3、在经过一年的巩固和提高之后,就可以挑战人事部的二级证书了,不管是笔译证书还是口译证书。这个时候已不需要参加任何培训,自己的能力已经完全可以轻松攻克,因为这个阶段的考生其实已经具备了获得二级证书的能力,所缺乏的只是证书本身了。
二、端正态度
翻译、口译资格考试是能力和实力的体现,没有多少考试技巧可言。唯有扎实的功底方能助考生胜出。建议有志于此的同学们首先要好好巩固词汇。鉴于翻译、口译没有专门的词汇,大家可以重点记忆四、六级词汇,把每个词的意思弄懂、弄透就没有问题了。通常情况下,想要顺利通过上海中级口译考试,需要将六级词汇背诵至少5遍;而为了冲击高级口译考试,则需要将六级词汇掌握20遍以上,做到能够熟练准确的运用。口译考试不同于四、六级及考研英语考试,后者有很多的消极词汇(passive vocabulary,即只要在考试时认识,并不需要主动记忆和运用),而前者却要求考生能够随心所欲地运用记住的任何一个单词,可见对于词汇的熟悉程度要求相当高。
三、掌握复习方法
重视考试参考书。笔者在此给大家推荐一套由新东方口译组名师编著的口译系列教材——《中/高级口译考试词汇必备》、《中级口译笔试备考精要》、《高级口译笔试备考精要》、《中/高级口译口试备考精要》。在复习第一步骤中的上海中/高级口译笔试时大家可以参考如下学习方法:
1、以《中/高级口译笔试备考精要》中的听力部分为复习材料。练习时做到一“材”多用,首先将它视为听力教材,在完成这个目的之后,好好研究其内容,做好笔记。在阅读教材的时候需从中英两个方面考虑,即看着英文思考中文的意思,这样一本书看下来,不但能够积累不少经典的口语表达,还锻炼了“译”的能力。
2、重视“译”的能力。不管是中级还是高级考试,对“译”的要求都占到了100%。其次,在口译笔试(尤其是高级口译笔试)中,由于阅读理解量大题难,大部分考生在规定的时间内都看不完,更不用说保证正确率了。所以对此惟一的解决方法就是想办法争取时间。这部分时间只能从翻译部分挤出来。可见如果大家从一开始就重视翻译练习,做到熟练准确,那么在理想状态下至少可以为阅读理解多争取到一倍的答题时间。
3、多多练习阅读部分。阅读理解在考试中的重要性不必多说。而由于翻译、口译考点中融入了太多的中国化成分,久而久之,翻译、口译学习者的语言感觉就会被毒害,因此仔细阅读参考书中的阅读部分有助于定期解毒,时刻调整自己的语感。在阅读这本书的时候速度不应太快,不要把它看作阅读理解题目来做,而要重在欣赏和积累书中英语人士的优美、地道表达。
对于口试这一部分,考生也无需太过恐惧。一般情况下,考官不会太刁难考生,基本表达正确就可以顺利过关,即使考生在口头作文表述过程中被考官打断,这也并不表示此考生表现糟糕,而很可能只是因为时间紧迫。在这里只提醒大家一点:在平时练习翻译、口译时要注意“做笔记”和“听”的比例,最好将70%的精力放在听上,30%的精力放在做笔记上,保证记笔记的速度和磁带朗读速度一致,培养准确筛选中心词的能力。
最后笔者想说的是:翻译、口译工作人人能做,不分专业和天赋,关键看工夫能不能花到家。有时候选择大于努力,选对了考试方向,认清自己的能力再做针对性的复习工作,必将事半功倍!
【口译英语翻译】推荐阅读:
英语口译系统12-17
商务英语论文口译选题01-20
厦门大学英语口译资格证书考试09-27
英语翻译资格考试初级口译模拟试题及答案02-24
中级口译翻译05-25
翻译资格考试初级口译测试题02-03
口译期末论文06-08
实战口译文本07-26
口译句型强化09-12
口译应对策略10-11