ted英语演讲稿开头

ted英语演讲稿开头（精选7篇）

ted英语演讲稿开头 篇1

When you are a kid, you get asked this one particular question a lot, it really gets kind of annoying. What do you want to be when you grow up? Now, adults are hoping for answers like, I want to be an astronaut or I want to be a neurosurgeon, you’re adults in your imaginations.

Kids, they’re most likely to answer with pro-skateboarder, surfer or minecraft player. I asked my little brother, and he said, seriously dude, I’m 10, I have no idea, probably a pro-skier, let’s go get some ice cream.

See, us kids are going to answer something we’re stoked on, what we think is cool, what we have experience with, and that’s typically the opposite of what adults want to hear.

But if you ask a little kid, sometimes you’ll get the best answer, something so simple, so obvious and really profound. When I grow up, I want to be happy.

For me, when I grow up, I want to continue to be happy like I am now. I’m stoked to be here at TedEx, I mean, I’ve been watching Ted videos for as long as I can remember, but I never thought I’d make it on the stage here so soon. I mean, I just became a teenager, and like most teenage boys, I spend most of my time wondering, how did my room get so messy all on its own.

Did I take a shower today? And the most perplexing of all, how do I get girls to like me? Neurosciences say that the teenage brain is pretty weird, our prefrontal cortex is underdeveloped, but we actually have more neurons than adults, which is why we can be so creative, and impulsive and moody and get bummed out.

But what bums me out is to know that, a lot of kids today are just wishing to be happy, to be healthy, to be safe, not bullied, and be loved for who they are. So it seems to me when adults say, what do you want to be when you grow up? They just assume that you’ll automatically be happy and healthy.

Well, maybe that’s not the case, go to school, go to college, get a job, get married, boom, then you’ll be happy, right? You don’t seem to make learning how to be happy and healthy a priority in our schools, it’s separate from schools. And for some kids, it doesn’t exists at all? But what if we didn’t make it separate? What if we based education on the study and practice of being happy and healthy, because that’s what it is, a practice, and a simple practice at that?

Education is important, but why is being happy and healthy not considered education, I just don’t get it. So I’ve been studying the science of being happy and healthy. It really comes down to practicing these eight things. Exercise, diet and nutrition, time in nature, contribution, service to others, relationships, recreation, relaxation and stress management, and religious or spiritual involvement, yes, got that one.

So these eight things come from Dr. Roger Walsh, he calls them Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes or TLCs for short. He is a scientist that studies how to be happy and healthy. In researching this talk, I got a chance to ask him a few questions like; do you think that our schools today are making these eight TLCs a priority? His response was no surprise, it was essentially no. But he did say that many people do try to get this kind of education outside of the traditional arena, through reading and practices such as meditation or yoga.

But what I thought was his best response was that, much of education is oriented for better or worse towards making a living rather than making a life.

In 2006, Sir Ken Robinson gave the most popular Ted talk of all time. Schools kill creativity. His message is that creativity is as important as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status.

A lot of parents watched those videos, some of those parents like mine counted it as one of the reasons they felt confident to pull their kids from traditional school to try something different. I realized I’m part of this small, but growing revolution of kids who are going about their education differently, and you know what? It freaks a lot of people out.

Even though I was only nine, when my parents pulled me out of the school system, I can still remember my mom being in tears when some of her friends told her she was crazy and it was a stupid idea.

Looking back, I’m thankful she didn’t cave to peer pressure, and I think she is too. So, out of the 200 million people that have watched Sir Ken Robinson’s talk, why aren’t there more kids like me out there?

Shane McConkey is my hero. I loved him because he was the world’s best skier. But then, one day I realized what I really loved about Shane, he was a hacker. Not a computer hacker, he hacked skiing. His creativity and inventions made skiing what it is today, and why I love to ski. A lot of people think of hackers as geeky computer nerds who live in their parent’s basement and spread computer viruses, but I don’t see it that way.

Hackers are innovators, hackers are people who challenge and change the systems to make them work differently, to make them work better, it’s just how they think, it’s a mindset.

I’m growing up in a world that needs more people with the hacker mindset, and not just for technology, everything is up for being hacked, even skiing, even education. So whether it’s Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg or Shane McConkey having the hacker mindset can change the world.

Healthy, happy, creativity in the hacker mindset are all a large part of my education. I call it Hackschooling, I don’t use any one particular curriculum, and I’m not dedicated to any one particular approach, I hack my education.

I take advantage of opportunities in my community, and through a network of my friends and family. I take advantage of opportunities to experience what I’m learning, and I’m not afraid to look for shortcuts or hacks to get a better faster result. It’s like a remix or a mash-up of learning. It’s flexible, opportunistic, and it never loses sight of making happy, healthy and creativity a priority.

And here is the cool part, because it’s a mindset, not a system. Hackschooling can be used anyone, even traditional schools. Soo what does my school look like? Well, it looks like Starbucks a lot of the time, but like most kids I study lot of math, science, history and writing. I didn’t used to like to write because my teachers made me write about butterflies and rainbows, and I wanted to write about skiing.

It was a relief for my good friend’s mom, started the Squaw Valley Kids Institute, where I got to write through my experiences and my interests, while, connecting with great speakers from around the nation, and that sparked my love of writing.

I realized that once you’re motivated to learn something, you can get a lot done in a short amount of time, and on your own, Starbucks is pretty great for that. Hacking physics was fun, we learned all about Newton and Galileo, and we experienced some basic physics concepts like kinetic energy through experimenting and making mistakes.

My favorite was the giant Newton’s cradle that we made out of bowling balls, no bocce balls. We experimented with lot of other things like bowling balls and event giant jawbreakers.

Project Discovery’s ropes course is awesome, and slightly stressful. When you’re 60 feet off the ground, you have to learn how to handle your fears, communicate clearly, and most importantly, trust each other.

Community organizations play a big part in my education, High Fives Foundation’s Basics Program being aware and safe in critical situations. We spent a day with the Squaw Valley Ski Patrol to learn more about mountain safety, then the next day we switched to science of snow, weather and avalanches.

But most importantly, we learned that making bad decisions puts you and your friends at risk. Young should talk, well brings history to life. You study a famous character in history, and so that you can stand on stage and perform as that character, and answer any question about their lifetime.

In this photo, you see Al Capone and Bob Marley getting grilled with questions at the historical Piper’s Opera House in Virginia City, the same stage where Harry Houdini got his start.

Time and nature is really important to me, it’s calm, quiet and I get to just log out of reality. I spend one day a week, outside all day. At my Fox Walkers classes, our goal is to be able to survive in the wilderness with just a knife. We learn to listen to nature, we learn to sense our surroundings, and I’ve gained a spiritual connection to nature that, I never knew existed.

But the best part is that we get to make spears, bows and arrows, fires with just a bow drill and survival shelters for the snowy nights when we camp out. Hanging out at the Moment Factory where they hand make skis and design clothes, has really inspired me to one day have my own business. The guys at the factory showed me why I need to be good at math, be creative and get good at selling.

So I got an internship at Big Shark Print to get better at design and selling. Between fetching lunch, scrubbing toilets and breaking their vacuum cleaner, I’m getting to contribute to clothing design, customizing hats and selling them. The people who work there are happy, healthy, creative, and stoked to be doing what they are doing, this is by far my favorite class.

So, this is why I’m really happy, powder days, and it’s a good metaphor for my life, my education, my hackschooling. If everyone ski this mountain, like most people think of education, everyone will be skiing the same line, probably the safest and most of the powder would go untouched.

I look at this, and see a thousand possibilities, dropping the corners, shredding the spine, looking for a churning from cliff-to-cliff. Skiing to me is freedom, and so is my education, it’s about being creative; doing things differently, it’s about community and helping each other. It’s about being happy and healthy among my very best friends.

ted英语演讲稿开头 篇2

TED是1984年建筑师理查德.S.沃曼创办的一家非盈利性的机构, TED三个字母分别是英语单词技术 (Technology) , 娱乐 (Entertainment) 和设计 (Design) 的首字母。创立之初, 该机构邀请世界各地的这三个领域的突出人物进行18分钟的演讲, 分享自己的创新思想和人生感悟, 后来, 演讲扩大到了经济、医学、心理学、文学和艺术等各个领域, 时间上也不再限制在18分钟, 由几分钟到十几分钟不等。2006年6月开始, TED演讲可以在互联网上免费观看和免费下载, 这使TED演讲得以更快速的广泛传播。TED演讲以它短小精干的形式, 通俗易懂的内容向世界各地的人们介绍着创新的思想和科技的前沿, 成为普通大众了解社会最新动态的一个窗口。

二、TED演讲用于英语教学的可能性

1. 演讲语言的可模仿性

TED演讲不是即兴演讲, 而是演讲者经过精心准备的展示, 所以语言是经过反复斟酌的, 甚至语气、停顿和重读都经过了演讲者的精心设计, 所以生动的演讲语言, 可以是英语学习者模仿的语言材料。学生们可以模仿演讲者的发音和语调, 也可以以演讲词为蓝本, 学习英语的词汇、句型并模仿演讲稿中的行文结构。

2. 内容的多样性

语言是内容的载体, 大学生在学习英语的同时, 也通过语言了解内容的本身。现在的大学教育, 在强调专业知识的同时, 也越来越注重全面教育, 希望学生既能有扎实的专业基本功, 又能有较宽的知识面, 而TED演讲内容的多样性则可以满足不同学习目的的学生的需求。需要了解专业前沿的同学, 可以在TED演讲里面找到与专业相关的最新前沿研究;而想要扩充知识面的学生则可以在演讲里面找到自己感兴趣的话题。内容的多样性为学生们提供了更多的学习选择。

3. 翻转课堂

“翻转课堂”是指“通过颠倒知识传授和知识内化, 来改变传统教学中的师生角色并对课堂时间的使用进行重新规划的新型教学模式”[1]。换句话说, 就是把知识的学习放在课下, 而把知识的巩固和问题的讨论放在课堂上进行。而正是由于网路资源的迅猛发展, 使翻转教学成为可能, 也成为教师纷纷采用的教育模式。

学习型组织之父彼得.圣吉早在20世纪90年代就预言, “未来唯一持久的优势, 是有能力比你的竞争对手学习得更快”[2]。随着互联网的发展, 大量的网络学习资源给学生快速的学习提供了便利条件。当下, 中国学生就可以轻松在网易公开课中看到中英文双字幕的TED演讲, 这就为大学英语的翻转课堂教学提供了资源准备, 学生可以在课下去学习TED的演讲, 而教师通过布置作业并在课堂检查的方式在课堂上让学生巩固知识。

三、TED演讲在大学英语教学中的应用

1. 从内容上看

现在各个高校的大学英语读写课一般都是有固定的教材, 而上课也是以教材内容展开。教材的每个单元都有固定的话题, 但是教材中选择的文章一般都是几年前的内容了, 这就缺少及时性, 有些内容甚至已经与现实脱节, 而TED演讲一般都是最新的研究成果和观点, 而且涉及的范围广, 这正好弥补了教材总是走在时间的后面这一问题。教师可以在TED演讲里寻找到与教材内容相关的话题。而找到相关的内容后, 教师可以把观看TED的内容放在某个单元的导入部分, 让学生先在课下观看, 然后课堂中通过提问的方式引起学生的思考;也可以把相关的TED演讲放在上完课文以后让学生进行进一步的学习以扩充知识。以《新视野大学英语》第二册第七单元为例, 单元的主题是压力, 而课文中给出的是传统的观念, 压力过大会对身体有害, 并指出了减轻压力的一些方法;而在TED演讲中, 教师以压力为关键词可以搜索到标题为“和压力做朋友”的视频, 而里面的观点很新颖, 演讲者指出, 只要自己不认为压力有害, 那压力对身体就没有害处, 然后还指出多拥抱和帮助别人的人压力会活得很轻松。演讲中给出的观点和课文内容不一样, 而且给出的减轻压力的方式也和书本互为补充。在课后观看TED演讲以后, 学生了解到了新的科学前沿, 而且在解决问题的方法上也得到了更多的信息。教师还可以有的放矢, 针对压力这个话题, 让学生写一篇作文。笔者在学生观看完TED视频后就布置了一篇与“压力”有关的作文, 结果大多数学生都能用到演讲中的观点。这证明TED演讲中的内容引起了他们的注意, 扩大了他们的视野, 给了他们思考问题的全新角度。

2. 从语言学习上看

从学习语言上来看, 在网易公开课的网站上, 可以轻松的观看中英文双字幕的TED演讲, 这样学生们可以从演讲词中来学习地道的英语表达。比如, 前面提到的与“压力”相关的话题, 除了书本上的表达方式以外, 学生可以通过TED演讲学到更丰富的语言材料。但是, 在视频中, 语言是转瞬即逝了, 有的学生根本就来不及反应, 好的语言素材就已经过去了, 在这样的情况下, 教师应该发动学生来记录下好的语言材料。教师可以采取分组的方式, 每次请一个小组的同学去记录演讲中的好的表达, 而组内成员记录完后由一位同学负责汇总, 然后把整理好的材料发给同学们分享。那全班的同学看到整理过的材料后, 可以再回看演讲, 再演讲的视频中去加深对好的英语表达的记忆。

参考文献

[1]张金磊, 王颖, 张宝辉.翻转课堂教学模式研究[J].远程教育杂志, 2012 (4) :46-51.

征服 TED讲台的演讲奥秘 篇3

科技界、艺术界、资本市场，还有希望练得一口好英语的人们，都非常期待TED大会。TED何意？T，technology技术；E，entertainment娱乐；D，design设计。这是一场世界顶级的演讲盛会，现场及网络听众将得以聆听最新锐、最前卫乃至最荒诞不经的艺术创意、科技创新、社会改良思路、哲学命题发言。

参加过TED大会的名人很多，包括比尔·克林顿、比尔·盖茨、理查德·布兰森等。名人的发言当然有理由更受欢迎，但不是说名气不大的演讲者就没有机会。事实上，TED大会每一年都会涌现出广受欢迎的创意大师、发明家、社会改良家，这些人会趁热打铁，推出自己的发明创造、新书或商业方案。

什么样的演讲会在TED大会上受到欢迎，乃至会让演讲者变成明星？世界最为著名的沟通力培训教练、演讲家、福布斯网站专栏作家卡迈恩·加洛，对往年的TED演讲进行了深入梳理，概括出开启一场启迪人心的演讲必备的三要素：情感（打动观众的心灵）、新奇（带给观众新的信息）、难忘（演讲方式让观众永远记忆犹新）。

很多人都知道，诉诸情感可以通过讲故事。那么，什么样的故事可以赢得听众的共鸣呢？这就要谈到沟通理论创始人、古希腊哲学家亚里士多德，后者曾阐明，说服力由喻德、喻理、喻情组成，也就是要讲出具备可信度、逻辑上成立、可以唤起他人情感的故事。很多演讲者都喜欢通过个人故事、其他人鲜为人知的故事、产品或品牌的故事来说服听众。当然，需要注意的是，讲故事也常常被用到旨在转移议题、歪曲事实真相的讨论或演讲中，通过简化事实、突出极端化的个例来表达演讲者刻意想达成的误导。最好的演讲，不是“说的比唱的还好听”的演讲，恰恰

相反，如果演讲能够畅达自然，像平时朋友之间的交谈，就更能获得信任，并跟听众之间达成良好互动。书中介绍了如何控制语速、音量、声调、停顿，如何恰当地表现肢体语言等有助于表现出朋友交谈状态的演讲训练技巧。

TED演讲：关于世界英语热 篇4

关于世界英语热 让我们来谈谈狂热。先从甲壳虫热说起 歇斯底里的少年们，高呼，尖叫，喧嚣的场面。体育热 震耳欲聋的人群。都是为了一个目标，要球进网。还有，宗教热。有欢笑，也有泪水。还有梦想。狂热可以是件好事。狂热也可以使人担心。有时狂热也可以是致命的。

现在世界上有一种新的狂热。学习英语的狂热 听，中国学生在练习讲英语 用高声叫喊的方式练习英语。老师：...改变我的生活！

学生：我要改变我的命运。

老师：我不想让父母失望。

学生：我不想让父母失望。

老师：我从不想让国家失望。

学生：我从不想让国家失望。

老师：最重要的...学生：最重要的...老师：我不想让我自己失望。

学生：我不想让我自己失望。

Jay Walker: 全世界现在有多少人学习英语？ 20亿

学生：一件衬衫。一条裙子。

JW：在拉丁美洲 在印度，在东南亚。和几乎整个中国。如果你是个中国学生 根据法律，在小学三年级你得开始学习英语。这就是 为什么今年 中国会成为全世界最大的讲英语的国家。（笑声）为什么是英语?用一个词来回答：机会。一个获得更好生活，工作的机会。可以上得起学，可以吃更好的食物。想象一个学生用整整三天时间参加一次大考。她的这个考试的成绩 真正地决定了她的前途。她每天学习12个小时 三年间都是如此，就是为了准备这个考试 其中25%的成绩 是由英语决定的 这个考试叫做高考。有8000万的中国高中生 都已经参加过这个“独木桥”考试 学习英语的强度 几乎不可想象。除非你亲自见证过

老师：完美！学生：完美！

老师：完美！学生：完美！

老师：我想讲完美的英语

学生：我想讲完美的英语

老师：我想说--学生：我想说--

学生：完美的英语。学生：完美的英语

老师：我要改变我的命运！

TED中文演讲稿

学生：我要改变我的命运！

JW：那么这股英语热是好还是坏呢？ 英语是海啸吗，席卷其他所有的语言？不见得。英语是世界第二大语言。你的母语是你的生活 但是英语可以让你参与更大范围的讨论。一个全世界范围的关于全球问题的讨论。比如气候改变或者贫穷 或者饥饿，或是疾病 这个世界上还有其他的全球性语言 数学是科学的语言 音乐是感情的语言 现在，英语正在成为解决问题的语言 并不是因为美国促使其如此。而是因为全世界的需要。所以英语热是一个转折点 就像我们城市里的供电系统 或者柏林墙的倒塌，英语代表着希望 拥有一个更好的未来的希望未来全世界将用共同语言 去解决共同的问题

英语演讲稿开头 篇5

my dream is to become a teacher.

you know being a teacher is a thing that is very valuable and very interesting.

i suggest that it must be a great fun to be with children all the day.

and if i am a teacher， i can teach my students a lot of knowledge.

they might become stronger and cleverer because of me.

that is a very contented feeling.

英语演讲稿开头和结尾 篇6

Today I am very happy,Because I can talk about with you.

You see I am a lovely girl,yes!I like laughing,I like studying.

That`s me-- zhuyingjie from Badong shiyan primary school.I am

ted英语演讲稿开头 篇7

关键词：虚假语用预设；TED；语用效果

中图分类号： H030文献标志码： A 文章编号：1672-0539（2015）02-0098-04

一、引言

1984 年，理查德·温曼与哈里·马克思共同创立了TED大会 （Technology， Entertainment， Design 的首字母缩写）。TED大会以“借思想之力，改变世界”为宗旨，邀请各个领域的杰出人物分享他们关于技术、社会、人的思考和探索。TED演讲简短精辟、话题多元、观点新颖、幽默风趣，值得人们分享。自 2002 年TED官网创办以来，TED 大会将演讲的高清视频发布在网络上以供人们自由传播。这些演讲视频受到众多中国观众的喜爱，其中包括一些演讲爱好者、外语学习者和科技工作者。TED中国粉丝团甚至组建了自己的网络社区——TED to China， 通过传播TED资讯、实践TED精神以及支持TEDx活动来促进TED中文社区的繁荣和发展。

TED演讲视频在中国的风靡引起不少学者的关注，但学者研究的角度主要集中在TED演讲在外语教学中的应用、跨文化交际以及文本概念功能分析等，如卢婧洁[1]、洪岩[2]等。但从语用预设角度的研究却寥寥无几。演讲是一种使用语言和非语言符号进行交际， 以传达意义或意图并获得一定效果的言语行为。成熟的演讲者会不露痕迹地利用各种语用策略为演讲服务。本文试图探讨虚假语用预设作为一种语用策略在TED演讲中的具体应用及其达到的语用效果，旨在帮助人们更好地在演讲和生活中运用语用策略，从而实现有效的人际沟通。本文所使用的语料均来源于TED-网易公开课。

二、语用预设与虚假语用预设

（一）语用预设

预设，又名“前提”或“先设”，一直是哲学家和语言学家关注的一个重要课题。语言学家首先从语义学角度研究预设，以真值条件为出发点，把预设视为两个语义命题之间的关系。然而，随着研究的深入，他们发现预设并不是一种纯粹的语义关系。因此，人们对预设的研究逐渐转入语用角度。

Stalnaker[3]最先提出语用预设这一概念。他认为，预设不但与语境有关，而且与发话者有关，换言之，预设不是句子与命题之间的关系，而是发话者与语段之间的关系。Jakendoff[3]认为，语用预设是交际双方共有的知识或者背景知识。Fillmore[3]把语用预设看作是“通过一句话来有效地实施某一个言外行为所必须满足的条件”。Keenan[3]提出预设是话语的社会合适性所要求满足的条件。而Yule[3]则把预设当作发话者在说话前所做的一系列设想。这些观点虽然角度不同、措辞各异，但有一点是达成共识的， 即“双方共知性”和“语境适应性”是语用预设的两大特点。

（二）虚假语用预设

虚假语用预设是预设的一种超常操作现象[4]。其特别之处在于，它把非言语交际双方所共有的知识处理为预设信息，这种预设信息至少对于交际中的一方而言是未知的或有争议而不能接受的。虚假语用预设产生的原因可能是无意的，比如发话者错误估计了对方的知识范围或话语意图，也可能是为了某种语用目的而故意为之。支永碧[5]将虚假语用预设定义为：言语交际双方在特定的交际语境中，因为主观或客观原因而导致发话人的既定预设和听话人的假想预设发生冲突的语言现象。

虚假语用预设产生的原因和特征，使演讲者能有效地将这种语用策略应用到演讲中，实现它的语用价值。通过故意“破坏性”地利用常规预设单向性、主观性、隐蔽性等特点，借用语用预设的触发机制，于形同神异中传递对于交际中的一方而言至少是未知的或有争议而不能接受的非言语双方所共有的知识，即虚假预设信息，从而达到演讲目的。

三、TED演讲中虚假语用预设的语用效果

（一） 实现话语控制

预设是谈话的起点，决定了谈话内容的进程和走向[6]。演讲者利用预设的隐蔽性特点，故意打破语篇信息流的常规布局，将非交际双方共知的信息处理为预设信息，即虚假语用预设。观众很容易将这些预设信息当成已知信息接受下来，随着演讲的进一步深入，观众的思维和情感会逐渐朝着有利于演讲者的方向发展。从这个角度而言，虚假语用预设起到了对观众心理上的暗示诱导功能，实现了演讲者对话语的控制权，取得事半功倍的效果。

例1How many people in this room smile more than 20 times per day？ Raise your hands if you do. Oh. Wow！（Ron Gutman： The Hidden Power of Smiling）

这一提问中隐含预设信息“There are people in this room who smile more than 20 times per day”。这一命题本身并不具备必然的真实性或正确性，但作为谈话的背景信息出现时，观众则很容易接受，而且谁会留意自己每天微笑的次数呢？自然，观众会对演讲者的提问作出积极响应。这则演讲的主题是微笑的魔力：微笑可以使人长寿、健康和幸福。观众对问题的肯定回答加深了他们对这一主题的认同感，更易产生共鸣。

例2How many of you think there are more females in the world？ Hands up， please. Most of you.（Sheryl WuDunn： Our Centurys Greatest Injustice）endprint

演讲者想告诉人们，性别不公是当今世界上最大的不公。这一提问中隐含信息“Some of you think more females are in the world”，在这一“思维陷阱”的暗示之下，现场不少观众都举起了手。演讲者话锋一转告诉观众，事实上世界上女性数目远比男性少，观众们急于探寻背后的真相，对演讲内容产生了极大的兴趣。演讲者接着娓娓道来，讲述因为女性所遭受的种种不公才导致了这一现象。观众们在同情中，也认识到了性别不公带来的严重社会后果。演讲者精心设计的含有虚假语用预设的提问，让观众“落入圈套”后，激发他们的求知欲，接着又不失时机地陈述论据、渲染主题。

（二）增强说服力

为了达到特殊的语用效果，演讲者会利用虚假语用预设的主观性和单向性，有意加上并不存在的、甚至与事实相反的“前提”（预设），这种强加预设是演讲者缘事析理的基础和依据。

例3If Lehman brothers were Lehman Brothers and Sisters， while all the brothers were busy just being hyper-connected， maybe the sisters would notice the iceberg because she would wake up from 7 and a half or eight-hour sleep and be able to see the big picture.（Arianna Huffington： How to Succeed？ Get More Sleep）（雷曼兄弟公司曾是美国第四大投资银行，但在次贷危机加剧的形势下于2008年9月宣布申请破产保护。）

演讲者运用预设的主观性，预设“Lehman Brothers was Lehman Brothers and Sisters”这一完全背离现实的预设，来力证在男性以睡眠不足而感到自豪的美国社会，拥有充足睡眠的女性更能保持清醒的头脑，注意到冰山一角，拯救企业。演讲者大胆新奇的预设激发了观众的联想，作为有力的论据证明了她的观点——睡眠的积极作用。在演讲或辩论中（包括法庭辩论），背离现实的虚假语用预设往往能帮助人们从对立面认清事物的本质，以谬制谬，直击要害，从而证明演讲者或辩手的观点[6]。

例4…Shakespeare was 7. He was in someones English class， wasnt he？ “Must try harder.” Being sent to bed by his Dad， you know， to Shakespeare， “and put the pencil down. And stop speaking like that. Its confusing everybody.”（Ken Robinson： Schools Kill Creativity）

演讲者告诉观众：学校、社会和家庭无一不在扼杀孩子们的创造力。他为观众“设想”了一幅画面——年幼的莎士比亚像普通孩子那样，被老师和父母劝诫要好好学习，不要去写一些不知所云的东西——这一荒诞的预设，让观众在大笑中体会到演讲者所要表达的观点：自由是孩子们创造力培养的土壤。

（三）传达言外之意

预设是隐藏在话语内部的背景信息，是人们在交流情感中的潜台词，利用好预设有助于演讲者委婉含蓄地表达言外之意，回避敏感话题，避免尴尬。

例5Because we live in such a noisy world. Therere trains and planes and cars and Bill OReilly， hes very noisy.（A. J. Jacobs： How healthy living nearly killed me） （Bill OReilly是Fox新闻频道的一名主持人，据说在一次对Obama的采访中，他打断了Obama有48次之多。）

人们都有关于人和事物种类方面的知识储备。演讲者故意背离这一知识储备，把主持人Bill OReilly和交通工具并排列出，预设了“Bill OReilly是交通工具的一类”，这一违背会话合作原则的虚假预设表达了言外之意：Bill OReilly也是噪音来源之一。借助虚假语用预设，演讲者避免了直接性的批判和抨击，而是在机智幽默中间接表达自己的观点，激发观众的思考。

（四）创造幽默效果

利用虚假语用预设，演讲者不断设置“预设陷阱”，观众在落入陷阱后又恍然大悟，甘受“愚弄”，开怀大笑。虚假语用预设创造了轻松幽默的演讲氛围，使观众在笑声中体会到演讲者的举重若轻和睿智洒脱[7]。

例6I think you can make fun of the have but not the have-nots， which is why you dont see me making fun of Kenneth Lay and his charming wife. Whats funny about being down to four

houses？ （Emily Levines theory of everything）

演讲者告诉大家不要取笑穷人，并且说她就从不取笑Kenneth夫妇。这段话隐含虚假语用预设“Kenneth夫妇是穷人”。台下的观众都明白，Kenneth是安然集团前任CEO，因滥用职权和帐目造假而被指控，这一背离事实的预设信息实现了幽默讽刺的效果。

例7On the week of my 30th birthday， I decided I was going to go to this local open mic and put the fear behind me. Well， when I got there， it was packed. ...There were like 20 people there.（Joe Kowan： How to Overcome Stage Fright？）endprint

演讲者一出场便讲述了自己的怯场与生俱来，难以战胜。30岁的他决定改变这一现状，通过每周登台表演来锻炼自己，第一次到达现场时，他看到“人山人海”。语言的暗示加上夸张的面部表情和语气，激起观众关于音乐会人潮涌动、场面壮观的联想（预设）。停顿了一下，他告诉大家“不过20来人而已”，期待落空后，观众更能体会到演讲者怯场的苦衷，由被“愚弄”变成“同情”，从而哈哈大笑。这段话中，演讲者单方面设置误导性的“思维陷阱”，让观众落入“陷阱”后又如梦初醒，达到幽默的效果。

例8That night I promised myself： I would go back every week until I wasnt nervous anymore. And I did. I went back every single week and sure enough， week after week， it didnt get any better. The same thing happened every week.（Joe Kowan： How to Overcome Stage Fright？）

第一次登台失败后，演讲者毫不气馁，继续坚持锻炼。通过再三重复“每周都登台表演”这一信息，加上预设触发语“理所当然”，观众在“Practice makes perfect”这一信念背景下，自然而然产生这样的预设：经过几周的锻炼，演讲者终于战胜了怯场。但现实正好相反：照常怯场。真相大白后，观众无不感到被“戏谑”了一番，再看到演讲者由自信满满到痛苦无奈的夸张表情，忍俊不住。

例9In his study， Darwin actually cited a French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne， who used electric jolts to facial muscles to induce and stimulate smiles. Please， dont try this at home. （Ron Gutman： The Hidden Power of Smiling）

为了证明微笑的积极作用，演讲者告诉观众，法国神经学家Guillaume Duchenne 通过实验，使用电流刺激脸部肌肉产生微笑。演讲者的“善意提醒”“dont try this at home”隐含虚假语用预设“The audiences will try it at home”，诱发了观众的相关联想（尽管他们不会去尝试），这一联想的荒诞和滑稽不禁让观众捧腹大笑。

四、结语

演讲中的语用策略是一种言语应用艺术。演讲者总是希望采取最佳言语表达方法， 以求达到最佳交际效果。虚假语用预设作为演讲语用策略之一，在演讲中广泛应用，使演讲深入浅出、生动活泼、启人心智、耐人寻味。

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The Analysis of Sham Pragmatic Presuppositions Effects in TED Speech

XU Shan

（English Department， Yunyang Teachers College， Shiyan Hubei442700， China）

Abstract：Sham Pragmatic Presupposition（SPP） is an unusual manipulation of supposition. Based on the properties of ordinary supposition—unidirectivity， subjectivity and latency， TED speakers constantly create “supposition trap” with the help of pragmatic presuppositions triggering mechanism， creating special pragmatic results to increase speech charm： realizing discourse control， increasing persuasiveness， conveying implication and producing humorous effects.

Key words： Sham Pragmatic Presupposition； TED； pragmatic results