儿童英语短文
老婆婆和老公公都一百多岁了,可他们连一个孩子也没有。没有孩子围着他们欢笑和歌唱;没有孩子爬到他们的腿上,一边叫着爸爸、妈妈,一边和他们拥抱;也没有孩子来帮他们干活。
一个冬天的傍晚,老婆婆和老公公围着火炉剥蚕豆,准备明天的饭 食。他俩在桌子两边面对面地坐着,剥着豆荚,然后把剥好的蚕豆投进一只盆子里。
老婆婆看着盆子里的蚕豆,叹了口气说:“唉!如果这些蚕豆都是孩子,那该多好啊!”谁知,她的话音刚落,所有的蚕豆都变成了小孩子。
白蚕豆变成了小男孩,彩色的蚕豆变成了小女孩。
这些蚕豆孩子跳出了盆子,有的走到桌子上,翻筋斗、做游戏;有的沿着桌子的腿滑下来,在地上奔跑。于是,四面八方都能听见他们的叫喊声:“妈妈,我饿了,给我一片果酱面包。”“爸爸,我渴了,给我一杯果汁饮料。”
他们一会儿要这个,一会儿要那个,吵成了一锅粥。老婆婆和老公公被吵得耳朵都快聋了。
“这么多孩子我们怎么应付呀?如果他们能重新变成蚕豆该有多好。”他们有点犯愁了。
话音刚落,那些在桌子上的孩子都跳进盆子,变回了蚕豆。那些在地上的孩子却爬不上桌子,但都被老公公和老婆婆捡起来,扔进盆子里,重新变成了蚕豆。
老婆婆看着盆子里的蚕豆,叹了口气说:“唉,我们剥得真慢。刚才如果我们留下一个孩子,帮我们剥蚕豆该有多好!”
这时,他们听到一个小小的声音在说:“妈妈,您别担忧,还 有我呢!”说着,他就从躲藏的地方跑出来,出现在老公公和老婆婆面前。他是一个小男孩。两个老人高兴极了,便把他放在两人中间。这孩子很会剥蚕豆,一眨眼的工夫,便把蚕豆全剥完了。
老公公和老婆婆有了这样一个孩子,很是高兴。他们就给他取名叫豆约翰。
豆约翰整天活动,不是游玩,就是做事。他还 帮老公公和老婆婆操持家务,锯木柴、生火、烧菜、照看母牛,什么都会。
一次,豆约翰帮两个老人去买东西。他把钱递给掌柜说:“掌柜,请您给我三个圆形的大面包。”
“我明明听见一个声音,明明看见钱在摆动,怎么看不见人呢?”女掌柜感到很奇怪。
她看了半天,终于发现了豆约翰,便把面包给了他。在回家的路上,豆约翰把面包当做游戏用的木环,一个接一个地滚着。
村里的人见到了,都惊奇地问道:“这些面包怎么会自己滚到老人家里去呀?”
一个晴朗的日子,老公公要去耕田。豆约翰很想到田里替老人家干活,可老公公不放心,说什么也不让他去。当老婆婆准备给老公公送午饭 时,他坚决地要代她去送。
豆约翰在牧童的帮助下渡过了小溪,来到田边,喊他的爸爸吃饭 。他说:“您吃饭 的时候,我来替您耕田。您把我放在马的耳朵里,把马鞭子放在我手里就行。”
老公公把豆约翰放到马耳朵里,于是他开始叫喊:“吁--驾--驾--”把马鞭子抽得很响。
几个小偷路过这里,看见这匹马独自在耕地,鞭子则随着吆喝声在挥动。
他们说:“啊,这真是一匹好马。我们把马带走吧。”他们想牵走马。可豆约翰对他们高声喊道:“不要走过来,要不然我就用鞭子抽你们。”
他又喊着老公公:“爸爸!爸爸!快,小偷来了!”
老公公赶到了。小偷感到很惊奇,问他是谁在说话。于是老公公把豆约翰介绍给了他们。
小偷说:“请你把他借给我们几天,让他帮我们做些事情。”
豆约翰想捉弄一下他们,于是向老公公说:“让我跟他们去吧。”
晚上,小偷们带着豆约翰到富裕的田庄主家里去偷东西。他们让豆约翰从锁眼里钻进去,让他挑最值钱的东西,从窗子里扔给他们。
豆约翰到了屋里,把一扇窗子轻轻地拉开,然后向小偷们高声叫着:“这里有金子、银子、珠宝。小偷们,告诉我,你们要些什么东西?”
小偷们忙说:“别喊!别这样大声叫喊!你再喊我们就被人家抓住了。”
可豆约翰叫得更响了,他的喊声把田庄里的人都吵醒了。大家赶来把小偷们赶跑了。豆约翰怕人们把他当小偷抓了去,便躲藏在一束稻草里。他忙了一天,很累,不一会儿便在稻草里睡着了。
早晨,田庄里的小姑娘来给母牛喂食。她把藏着豆约翰的那束稻草放在了食槽里,母牛把稻草和豆约翰一同吞了下去。
豆约翰在牛肚子里醒来的时候,想:“如果再给牛喂草,我就要被闷死;如果再给牛喝水,我就要被淹死。”于是,他高声喊道:“不要给我稻草吃了,我不饿;不要给我水喝,我不渴!”
小姑娘吓了一跳,“母牛怎么会说话啦?”她连忙跑去向庄主报告。
庄主赶到仓库,拿起稻草给母牛吃。这时,他也听见了:“不要给我稻草了,我不饿。”
庄主惊讶地说:“牛一定是着了魔。我们把牛杀死吧!”
他们当天就把母牛杀了,把藏着豆约翰的肚肠丢了。谁知,母牛的肚肠被一只正在田庄四周寻食的饿狼吞了下去,连豆约翰也被狼吞进了肚子里。
“如果狼再吃东西,我会被闷死的。”于是,当那只狼每次溜到羊群旁边,准备去吃小羊的时候,豆约翰就高声大叫:“牧童,牧童,把你的狗放过来。大灰狼来了,大灰狼来了。”
牧童们马上把狗放出来,狼只好逃走了。
那只狼因为什么东西都吃不到,便一天天瘦了下去。狼向他的好朋友狐狸请教。狐狸让狼来到一棵枝丫交叉的树木前,把身体顶在叉开的枝丫间,用力挤。就这样,豆约翰便被挤了出来。他来到一个小潭里,去洗脏兮兮的身子。忽然,他听见有脚步声,连忙躲在一束细树枝下面。
一个老太婆挽着一个篮子走了过来,她拾起藏着豆约翰的细树枝放在篮子里,要拿回去当烧火用的木柴。
老太婆拾好木柴往家走。豆约翰从篮子的缝隙里看见了那个老太婆正从他家门口走过,就大声叫喊起来:“老婆婆,你的篮子里有一个魔鬼。”
老太婆吓得把篮子丢在地上,急急忙忙地跑掉了。
一、审题
即按题目指定内容范围确定中心思想, 采用恰当文体, 在规定时间内完成作文。例如, 文题“TV:a good thing or a bad thing”, 先抓关键词——TV, 再考虑如何围绕其展开议论, 阐明看法;另从题目看, 文体应属议论文。确定这两点, 头脑中便形成明确框架, 不致走题或不知如何阐述观点。
二、编写提纲
写提纲, 就是为了安排好文章层次和段落, 确定选材, 逻辑系统地组织文章, 更有效地表达所思所想。如果是议论文, 提纲中心需包括论点、论据和结论三部分。例如:
Topic:Should older people live with their adult children?
Central idea: It is a good practice for older people to live with their adult children.
Supporting ideas:
1) Older people and their adult children can get comfort and help from one another.
2) Housing problems can partially solved.
3) Living expenses can be reduced.
Conclusion: Older people are expected to live with their adult children for their own as well as their children’s sake.
三、成文写作
短文写作要从每个基本步骤扎实练起, 方能水到渠成。下面从句、段、篇章分别谈谈写作技巧。
1.句
句子是构成段落的基础;成功段落一般包含三种句子:主题句、展开句和结论句。
a.主题句。提示或说明段落主题的句子叫主题句, 特点是句式简洁, 中心突出, 具有概括性, 且一次只能表达一个议题。没有主题句, 段落就缺少中心, 段落意义也含糊不清。下面是题为Career Change in Middle -life的文章中的四个主题句, 哪一个更为合适?
1) I had always wanted to change my career.
2) At my fortieth birthday, I made a career decision that I have made when I was twenty.
3) Every day I dreaded going to work.
4) My present job was giving me ulcers.
不难看出2) 是正确答案, 而3) 、4) 太具体, 1) 没提换工作, 只是可能要换。句1) 、3) 、4) 可作其他段落而非全文主题句。
b.展开句。其功能为支持主题句所陈述的思想观点, 这类句子给出各种细节或例证, 以阐述或证明主题的各个方面。
c.结论句。概括、总结性的句子, 一般具有概括性、启迪性等特点, 是对段落主题的总结。其最佳形式是主题句别具一格、匠心独运的翻版, 从而合乎逻辑、顺理成章地结束全文。
2.段
篇章不论长短须分成若干段落, 并围绕中心议题相互紧密连接。段落与篇章的关系既紧密相依又独立成体, 段落包括起始段、论述段、结尾段。
a.起始段。要告诉读者想阐述的观点, 一般来说不宜太长, 言简意赅、直接了当为好。主要可采用设问法、质疑法。
1) 设问法, 要增加文章感染力, 直接切入主题, 可采用直接提问的方法。如题为 Good Health的文章可以这样开头:Why is good health necessary to happiness and success?
2) 质疑法, 是对某些或大多数人的观点提出疑问, 从而道出自己的看法。例如:
Although most persons believe that males are physically stronger than females, this belief is not based on fact. Studies have shown that females have a biological precocity that is evident from birth onward. The skeletal development of girls is superior to that of boys at birth, and this physical superiority continues until maturity.
这段文章用科研成果说明, 男人比女人结实的观点是错误的。
b.论述段, 是围绕论点展开论述的段落。要使论述有说服力, 可采用以下方法:用事例发展主题句;用比较—对比法发展主题句。
1) 事例法, 也称列举法, 常用连词有:first, second, third或 For one thing…for another等。如:Looking forward to the decade of 1980’s, one wonders what personal qualities will be needed for success. Possibly the four most essential attributes are:flexibility, honesty, creativity, and perseverance.First, our rapidly changing society requires flexibility—the ability to adapt oneself to readily to new ideas and experiences.Next, honesty, the capacity both to tell and to face the truth courageously, will be important in all aspects of personal and public relations. In addition, creativity will be required to meet the constantly changing world around us.Finally, perseverance , the ability to hold on at all costs, will be required in a society where it is full of competitions for space, food and shelter.
2) 比较与对比, 包括两种写法。
①类比法, 即将两种不同事物间的相似点进行比较。如:Li Yin and Lu Ping have many things in common. To begin with, both girls have the same background, Li Yin was born and raised in the South, and so was Lu Ping. In addition, both girls are interested in the same kinds of subjectsin college. Li Yin likes English, math, and computer science. Similarly, Lu Ping has great interest in these three subjects. Furthermore, both girls want to be engineers. Li Yin plans to become an electrical engineer; Lu Ping wants to be a military engineer. As you can see, the two girls are almost like twins.
②对比法, 即强调事物间的不同之处。如:In Europethere are very few wooden houses being built today. This is partly because wood is no longer as it once was, and partly because wooden houses catch fire quite easily. On the other hand, there are many wooden houses in the US. This is because the first settlers wanted to build houses quickly and inexpensively. Since the country was covered in many places with forests, some trees had to be cut down to make room for houses.
c.结尾段, 是一篇文章必不可少的部分。结尾部分草草收场, 会使人感到悬而未决, 以致全文软弱无力;反之, 严谨完整的收尾则会深化主题, 给读者以完整感。通常采用综合结论法, 即在总结全文的例证、事实等基础上最后得出结论。如:By setting a good example for your children, you are not only giving them a good model to imitate, you are also helping them to increase their chances for survival. It is not too soon to help your children begin to appreciate, understand, and respect the environment in which they live.
文章主要讲述父母有责任帮助孩子了解林木花草、山川河流, 学会欣赏与保护美丽的大自然。结尾段通过概括总结, 更加深化主题, 同时也给读者留下完整印象。
摘要:写好一篇短文, 需要几个关键步骤:审题、编写提纲、成文写作。短文写作要从每个基本步骤扎实练起, 方能水到渠成。
一、 脱离baby English的成熟风格
1. 抛弃“以我为中心”
我们很容易在学生的作文中看到多个以I为主语的句子,这使得整篇文章看上去“我”的地位非常突出,不仅行文上给人感觉非常单调,而且显得观点的表达太过主观,孩子气太重。例如一篇以Friends为题的习作就出现了这样的问题:
(1) I’ll talk about the topic on how to make friends. I think it’s important for everyone to make friends because we need someone to turn to when we are sad or in trouble. I also think that friends can help us succeed.
这样的文章好似一家之言,不太具有说服力,如果我们将主语做些修改,文章的口吻将更客观:
(2) There seems to be quite a lot for me to say about the topic how to make friends. It’s important for everyone to make friends because we often need someone to turn to when we are sad or in trouble. Friends, sometimes, can help us succeed, as many examples have shown.
2. 合并句子
太过简单的单句组合让文章显得零散、不成熟,一些简单的手段便可实现句子的整合,比如使用标点、连接词、介词或从句等手段。例如(1)的原文与修改过的(2):
(1) In the first place, you should be kind to others and wear smile in your face. Smile is the magnet to attract others. In addition, you should try your best to remember other’s name. When you disagree with others, don’t argue with them, try to cool down.
(2) Try to be kind to others with smile on your face which is the magnet to attract others and always try to remember other’s name. When you disagree with others, don’t argue with them but cool down.
修改过后,四句变成了两句,通过使用介词with、 定语从句、连词and与but等手段,该段变得更为紧凑与利落。
二、 接近real English的个性风格
学生作文中的英语之所以看起来不太地道,一是和他们的语言基础有关,另外,语言的组织太四平八稳、缺少新意也是一个原因,他们更喜欢或习惯使用简单的主 + 谓 + 定 + 宾 + 补 + 状等正常语序的陈述句。实际上,通过行文方式的改变,作文可以使人耳目一新。
1. 颠倒主谓
倒装是一种语法手段,英语中最基本的倒装句为主、谓倒装,倒装有时是出于语法结构的需要,有时是出于修辞的需要,起到了突出或强调等作用,这就带来了表达效果的差异,也改变了我们的语言风格。例如:
On the playground shouted the PE teacher, “Boys and girls, come back!”
此句中,状语提前,主谓颠倒,读起来新颖,不落俗套。
2. 以介词短语开头,例如:
With the hope for being admitted to college, he studied much harder than his classmates.
3. 以形容词开头,例如:
(1) Sally was Betrayed. She fell into despair and sat in the dark for the whole night.
(2) Betrayed, Sally fell into despair and sat in the dark for the whole night.
例(1)中,第一句话省略主谓,只留下过去分词便形成(2),过去分词有时弱化分词功能,形成形容词。
4. 以副词开头,例如:
(1) People usually think that westerners are opener than Asains.
(2) Usually, people think that westerners are opener than Asains.
5. 以不定式开头,例如:
(1) The two generations can do something together at least once a week to get a closer relationship.
(2) To get a closer relationship, the two generations can do something together at least once a week.
6. 以从句开头,例如:
(1) We should do what we can do even though the current situation will not change in a short time.
Y:I like to live in the city.W:What are the advantages of living in the city ?
Y:Oh ,Yes.You know, life in the city is easier and more convenient, In the city,there are more schools, more hospitals, more shops and more changes for each of us to get a good job.So the living standards are higher.What do you think about it ?
W:Yes, In the suburb, the air is fresh and there is a lot more space for us.There are not
as many people in the suburb , and there are a lot more fresh vegetables and fruits , But in the city , there is more loud noise around us , and there is more people there.Frequently we have to wait for a long time to do something , for example, shopping , going to the hospitals , even going to the toilets,and so on.Y:Well ,there are few changes for the young people to get a better job , and it isn’t
convenient to life , for example , going to schools , going to see a film ……
W:Oh , I think you have your own opinions , and I don’t think I can convince you.Y:Yes ,Neither can I.W:Hello.Y:Hello.W:Would you like to live in the city or in the Suburb?
Y:I like to live in the city.W:What are the advantages of living in the city ?
Y:Oh ,Yes.You know, life in the city is easier and more convenient, In the city, there are
more schools, more hospitals, more shops and more changes for each of us to get a good job.So the living standards are higher.What do you think about it ?
W:Yes, In the suburb, the air is fresh and there is a lot more space for us.There
are not as many people in the suburb , and there are a lot more fresh vegetables and fruits , But in the city , there is more loud noise around us , and there is more people there.Frequently we have to wait for a long time to do something , for example, shopping , going to the hospitals , even going to the toilets,and so on.Y:Well ,there are few changes for the young people to get a better job , and it isn’t
convenient to life , for example , going to schools , going to see a film ……
初一上册英语短文
Every year students in many countries learn English.Some of the students are children.Others are young people.Some learn at school.Others teach themselves.Why do all these people learn English? In China many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their school subjects.Many people learn English because it is very useful in their work or they have to read books in English.They want to learn a lot from foreign countries.每年在许多国家的学生学习英语。一些学生是孩子,其他的是年轻人。一些人在学校学习。剩下的一些人自学。这些人们为什么学习英语? 在中国许多男孩和女孩在学校学习英语是因为它是学校的一门课程。许多人学英语是因为它非常有用,他们在工作中需要用到英语或他们必须阅读英语书籍。他们想要更多的了解其他国家
B.October
C.A or B()2.Families eat _____and drink_____.A.mooncakes ,coffee B.nuts,milk C.mooncakes,Chinese tea()3.People often tell the story of ______.A.Chang’e
B.Diao Chan
C.Qu Yuan()4.Then moon is ______that night.A.round
B.bright
C.A and B()5.is the Mid-Autumn Festival a Chinese festival? A.Yes,it is
B.No,it isn’t
C.I don’t know
(二)This is Changsha South Railway Station.A high-speed Train called Hexie Hao is going to move out of the station.Wang Jun is going to go to Guangzhou.He will visit his uncle and aunt.He is very excited.He likes to travel by train!A)阅读短文,将正确答案的序号填在括号内。()1.What is the best title(标题)for this passage? A.A Travel
B.A Picnic()2.What is the name of the station? A.Changsha North Railway Station.B.Changsha South Railway Station.()3.Can the train called Hexie Hao go very fast? A.Yes,it can.B.No,it can’t.4.Is Wang Jun very excited about the travel? A.Yes,he is.B.No,he isn’t.B)阅读短文,回答下列问题。1.Where is Wang Jun going?
Wang Jun is going to ________________.2.Will he visit his uncle and aunt?
__________________________________________.(三)
Christmas is coming.The shopping centres are very busy(忙碌的).Some people are buying Christmas trees.Some people are buying gifts for their families or relatives.I’m going to buy a computer for my little brother.He can draw pictures on the computer.Our family usually gets together(团聚)on Christmas Eve.My elder brother(大哥)lives in London.Last year,he didn’t come back because it was snowing very hard.I hope we are going to be together again this year.My elder brother will drive here on Christmas Eve.We will decorate our Christmas tree with colourful balls and lights.We will put the gifts under the tree.We don’t open them until Christmas morning.()1.Before Christmas , the shopping centres are very_____.A.high
B.lovely
C.busy
()2.I’m going to buy a _____for my little brother.A.computer
B.football
C.schoolbag()3.My elder brother lives in _______.A.London
B.New York
C.Beijing()4.My elder brother will come home by_______.A.bus
B.car
C.bike()5.We put the gifts ______ the tree.A.in
B.on
C.under
(
四)
Daming and his friends will go for a picnic next Sunday.They will go to the park.Everyone will bring some food and drinks.Amy will bring some peanuts and candies.Tom will bring some fruit.Xiaogang will bring a few cans of Coke.Tingting will bring some cookies and apples.How about Daming? He will bring a box of cakes and a football.So they can play football in the park.They will meet at the park at 9:30 a.m.They’re so excited about the picnic next Sunday.1.判断正误,正确的打“√”,错误的画“×”。
()1.Amy will bring some peanuts and candies for the picnic.()2.Xiaogang will bring a few cans of Coke.()3.Daming will bring a basketball and some cakes.2.根据短文选择正确的答案。
()1.When will Daming and his friends go for a picnic? A.Next Saturday.B.Next Sunday.()2.What will Tom bring for the picnic?
A.some fruit
B.Cookies and apples
()3.Are they excited about the picnic? A.Yes,they are.B.No,they aren’t
3.根据短文,回答问题。1.Where will they go for a picnic?
They will_____________________.2.What time will they meet at the park? They will_____________________.3.What will Tingting bring for the picnic? She will__________________________.(五)Dear Peter,I’m very happy to receive your email.Yesterday I went to Nanjiao Park with my friends.In the park,the tress are green and flowers are blooming.Some birds are singing and dancing in the trees.We played many games in the park.We had a happy time all day.Now I’m gong to answer some of your questions.You asked me about the weather in Changsha in summer,It’s very hot in summer.The most of people in Changsha usually go to the swimming pool(泳池)to swim.I like swimming ,too.And I’m a good swimmer.I like summer best.You asked me when the best time to come to Changsha is.I think the best time to come to Changsha is spring or autumn.It’s often too hot in summer and it’s too cold in winner.I have a finish this email now.Welcome to Changsha now.Yours,Li Ping 根据短文内容选择正确答案。()1.The email is from________ A.Peter
B.Li Ping
C.Mary()2.Li ping went to __________with her friends.A.Zhongshan
B.Beijing Park
C.Nanjiao Park()3.In the park ,some _____are singing and dancing.A.birds
B.girls
C.boys()4.The most of people in Changsha go to the _____to swim.A,sea
B.river
C.swimming pool()5.The best time to come to Changsha is ______.A.spring or autumn
B.winter
C.summer
(六)It’s autumn now,The weather is sunny and cool.I’m going to have a picnic at the beach with my friends tomorrow.Mum made some cookies for us this morning.I will bring them.And I will bring some candies.Tom will bring some apples and pears.They’re from his grandpa’s garden.Peter will bring two bottles of orange juice.We are going to play beach volleyball together.We will have fun.()1.In autumn,the weather is______.A.very had
B.nice
C.not good()2.We will have a picnic________.A.at the beach
B.in the park
C.at school()3.Mom made some_______for us this morning.A.cakes
B.biscuits
C.cookies()4.Tom’s grandpa has a _______.A.park
B.garden
C.zoo()5.Peter will bring ______bottles of orange juice.A.two
B.four
一、出题方式
高考英语短文改错一般以记叙文为主,多有书信形式、励志性的小品文,也有较简单的议论文和说明文。篇幅较为短小,一般不超过300字,语言运用相对简单,很少有长且复杂的句子。而且多为学生的习作,重在考查考生的英语基础和熟练运用语言的能力。从2013年的考题中我们可以看到两种考题,一种是十行句子考查,其中九个需要改的,一行没有错误需要打对号。另一种是从头开始找出十个错误为止。就这两种题型而言,第一种比较定位,但是没有第二种题型灵活性。改的都是单个儿的词,主要分为三类,替换词、去掉词和补上词。针对这三种出题方法,考生需要根据考题要求使用正确改错符号,每套试题前都有说明,这儿不再强调。
二、考查范围
纵观近几年的高考,我们可以发现短文改错着重考查以下几个方面的问题:1动词的各种形式。包括谓语动词和非谓语动词。谓语动词中的时态、语态、第三人称单数。非谓语动词中动名词、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词。2名词。名词的单复数(包括复合名词)、名词所有格以及名词前冠词的使用。3形容词与副词。4固定搭配。主要指一些介词短语和动词短语。5逻辑关系。有的改错题从语法、固定搭配上看不出任何错误,只有通读全文才会发现逻辑关系上不一致,出现张三李四的情况,只有认真阅读、仔细品味才能觉察出,这其实与平时培养语感是有很大关系的。其中包括名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词以及并列句并列词、人称代词和指示代词的乱用以及表示方向性的动词的使用,比方说come和go。
三、应对策略
根据上面我们已经分析过的出题方式和考查范围,我们接下来讨论一下应对策略,为了方便考生的记忆与使用,我把解题技巧用一个口诀写出来。请看:动词形,名词数,注意形和副。固定搭配要牢记,逻辑关系要理清。
现在我们就以2013年的高考题为例,看看到底应该在如何使用。
首先我们来看第一条:动词形。请看新课标全国卷Ⅰ:例1,Sheused to holding me on her knees and sing old songs.从动词的形式上我们很快就发现holding错了,应该改为原形。当然这个从固定搭配上也可以找出错误,used to do表示曾经做。当然也可以从and并列结构入手寻找答案。例2,l was only four when she passesaway. 考查谓语动词,状语从句的谓语与主句谓语同时发生在过去,用一般过去式。再看新课标全国卷Ⅱ:例3,Haveteainthelateafternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner.纵观全文,我们可以看到本文采用的是一般现在时态,说明谓语动词没有问题,但是另外一个动词就有问题了,它处在主语的位置,却用的是动词原形,应改为动名词形式。例4,Tea in China is traditionallydrankfromcupswithouthandles. 传统的中国饮茶当然说的是过去,谓语动词没问题,而饮茶,茶当然是被饮,要用过去分词。drank要改为drunk。
我们再来看第二条:名词数。请看新课标全国卷Ⅰ:例如,Hewas tall,with broad shoulder.一个人两个肩膀,所以shoulder要用其复数形式。再看新课标全国卷Ⅱ:例如,When tea got popular inBritain,there was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit Britishhabits. 在这个句子中已经出现了两个可数名词的复数形式,handles和habits。那与handles对应的cup更应该用其复数形式。再看大纲卷中的这样一个句子:He says if l decide to do something,ittakesmuchtimestostopme.此句中的time不是次数的意思,而指的是时间,是不可数名词,应改为time。
再看第三条:注意形和副。请看新课标全国卷Ⅱ:例如,Interesting,it had a connection to the British porcelain industry. 放在句首,对整个句子起评价作用的我们一般使用副词。比方luckily,fortunately等的用法一样。再看大纲卷中的这样一个句子:Whenthe teacher asks us very difficulty questions,l will think quickly andstanduptoanswer.very副词修饰形容词或副词,形容词修饰名词。所以difficulty应改为difficult。
第四条,固定搭配要牢记。新课标全国卷Ⅰ中考到了turninto,infact.新课标全国卷Ⅱ中考了haveaconnection to/with.大纲卷中考了standup.
第五条,逻辑关系要理清。这个主要关系连接并列句的词如and,but,or,so,for等词以及主从复合句中从句的连接词,还有人称代词、指示代词的不正确使用等。比如新课标全国卷Ⅰ中的setsb apart from中的sb应是宾格形式而不是反身代词。大纲卷中Myfather is hardworkingbut goes to work in the field ever day. 很明显两个并列句没有转折的意思,应使用and。另一个句子,Thisishowlneedtoimprovein thefuture.表语从句引导词要做need的宾语,用what。
当然,除此之外,可能会有其他情况。比方说一些相似词的混淆使用,将never用成ever的情况,也有将similar用成familiar的现象,也可能应该使用special的时候使用了especial。当然对于这些情况,只要我们我熟练掌握了英语语言的日常用法,也会迎刃而解。因此,我们要经常阅读,甚至要达到背诵,以增强英语的语感。有了好的语感,我们甚至在第一遍阅读的时候就会发现其中的写作错误。当然我们也可以通过自己写一篇作文,然后同学或搭档之间交换后相互批阅,也可以达到训练短文改错的目的。因为自己意识不到的错误别人一看往往一目了然。
摘 要:本文将“巧”字贯穿全篇,首先从教育学的角度提出了写对提高记忆力的重要性,从心理学的角度提出教师应解决学生在写作时存在的畏难情绪;其次举出实例,提出教师可根据课上所教的语法知识,所学的重点词汇为学生创立出一种情境来进行写作;进而过渡到让学生自设情境,充分发挥学生的创造力。通过“巧”写短文,让学生养成用词准确,造句合乎规范,作文讲究章法的好习惯,从而不断提高学生的英语写作能力,享受写作的快乐。
关键词:教育 英语写作 巧 情境
《大纲》要求学生用30分钟左右的时间写出一篇语法规范、用词准确、行文流畅的100字左右的短文。那么如何在平时的教学中对学生进行写作能力的培养呢?我认为“巧”写短文不失为一种好的练习方法。
所谓“巧”写短文是指学生根据老师课上所教的语法知识,所学的重点词汇,及时地通过短文写作的形式巩固所学知识,让学生养成用词准确,造句合乎规范,作文讲究章法的好习惯,从而不断提高学生的英语写作能力。
“巧”写短文,巩固学生所学的基础知识。人们常说学英语有五到:心到用脑想,耳到动耳听,口到动口说,眼到动眼看,手到动手写。运动记忆给人留下的印象比听觉视觉更深。记忆力的发挥,直接影响英语学习的效率和成绩。
在日常的教学中,教师让学生掌握了大量的词组和句式,词组介乎于词与句之间,可以说是造句成篇的半成品或预制构件。但是这些词组和句式,学生是否能正确运用了呢?为了让学生加深印象,避免学生在背诵词组句式时的“有口无心”现象,及时进行写作练习是非常必要的。
“巧”写短文,提高学生在情境中运用语言的能力。
1.“巧”写短文,培养学生的自信心
学生的能力千差万别,一开始就搞命题作文,让学生苦思苦想的去“憋”作文,学生往往会憋出许许多多错误百出的句子,会对写作产生畏难、厌烦情绪,影响学生对英语的兴趣。因此在进行写作能力的培养时,教师要帮学生克服心理障碍,要注重对学生写作方法的指导和自信心的培养。
2.“巧”写短文,满足学生的成功欲
为了帮助学生克服写的困难,教师在进行写作练习时要放宽要求,降低难度。初期进行短文写作时教师可以让学生抄写课文中的重点句式或语法例句,也可让学生用新词造句,套用句式。当学生用词准确,造句合乎规范时教师一定不要吝惜夸奖的语言,满足学生的成功欲。
3.“巧”写短文,发挥学生的创造力
巧写短文,关键在于做到一个“巧”字。教师对学生进行写作训练时一定要讲求教学方法,由形式到内容,按照由简到繁,由易到难的原则,及时提高难度,逐步进行训练。
在学生能正确运用所学词组和句式后,教师可为学生设置新的情境,有针对性的指导学生灵活运用所学词汇,将所学知识运用到短文写作中去。现在我以现行人教版高一课本Units 9-10为例,介绍一下短文写作的基本做法。在教师重点教学或复习了devote... to,die out,take measures,call for,make a difference,remind,dare say,break down,depend,in no case,disagree,no matter…等词汇的用法后,我给学生设置了一个新的情境,要求学生进行短文写作。
王教授致力于(devote…to)动物的保护工作。他说:“现在许多动物正濒临灭绝(die out)。不管(no matter…)发生了什么,我们都应该采取措施(take measures)来阻止人们破坏环境。这项工作需要(call for)耐心和勇气。即使是小事也能起到巨大的作用(make a difference)。”他的朋友提醒(remind)王教授注意身体。“你已经取得了巨大的成功。我敢说(dare say)你如果想这样继续工作下去,你的身体将会垮下来(break down)。”王教授不同意朋友们的话。“那要看情况而定(depend)。在任何情况下(in no case)我们都不能放弃。”
对于学有余力的学生,教师应鼓励学生自设情境,最大限度地让学生把自己掌握的词汇,语法,句型运用到作文中去,写出有个人特色的英语作文来。这样做可充分发挥学生的创造性,真正培养学生在“情境中运用英语的能力”,同时教师应鼓励同学之间进行交流,发扬协作精神,共同进步,共同提高。
这里有一点必须注意,不管是老师指定情境还是学生创设情境,要根据题意,展开思路,既不死抠汉语文字,写成汉译英,又不任意发挥,致使错误泛滥。
“巧”写短文,让学生养成作文讲求章法的习惯。写作是综合性很强的语言运用形式,离不开必要的背诵,及时的批改。一篇好的短文除了漂亮的书法,语言的准确外还必须做到讲求章法——说理性的短文要有主题句、关键词,观点归纳;叙事性的短文要注意上下文联系的过渡词,结尾适当进行情感升华……在写作中为避免句式单调合理运用分词、从句、强调、倒装等句式,逐步养成谋篇布局,行文流畅好习惯。
“巧”写短文,学生能巩固知识形成技巧;“巧”写短文,学生能深入分析课文的篇章结构,养成讲究章法的习惯;“巧”写短文,学生的口头表达能力也会随之有潜在性的发展,读和听的能力会间接受益;“巧”写短文,能充分发挥学生的创造性,培养自信心,增加成就感。让我们用心去思考,让学生以练习为乐,以写为乐!
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