词汇本格式(共5篇)
题目(你所选文章题目)
开头:(第一自然段)
结尾:(最后一自然段)
好词:(最少写4个好词,选自己认为是好的词语)
好句:(最少写2句,选自己认为是好的句子)
文章分段:(不管对错,请自己试着为文章分段。)
中心思想:是作者在文章中要表达的的贯穿全文的核心,是提纲挈领的道理,是作者在文章中努力通过各种细节来阐明的中心议题。简单地说,作者要告诉我们的道理和内涵。其实中心思想并非唯一的,仁者见仁,智者见智。其实作者真正要说什么,只有作者本人清楚,我们只能说看到一个方面,大家比较公认的一面。特别是古文,更是仁者见仁,文章为时而作,我们很难知道古人作文章时的背景跟故事,于是只能分析浅显的意思,大背景下的意思。
注:摘抄本可以摘抄报纸的好文章,更可以摘抄自己看的课外书的文章。素质读本那些也可以,摘抄文章不限制,但是请别摘抄课本文章。
以下以21课为例子
圆明园的毁灭
开头:圆明园的毁灭是祖国文化史上不可估量的损失,也是世界文化史上不可估量的损失!
结尾:1860年10月6日,英法联军侵入北京,闯进圆明园。他们把园里凡是能拿走的东西,统统掠走;拿不动的,就用大车或牲口搬运;实在运不走的,就任意破坏、毁掉。为了销毁罪证,10 月18日和19日,三千多名侵略者奉命在园里放火。大火连烧三天,烟云笼罩了整个北京城。我国这一园林艺术的瑰宝、建筑艺术的精华,就这样化成了一片灰烬。
好词:瑰宝、亭台楼阁、众星拱月、诗情画意、奇珍异宝、玲珑剔透
好句:
1、圆明园中,有金碧辉煌的殿堂,也有玲珑剔透的亭台楼阁;有象征着热闹街市的“买卖街”,也有象征着田园风光的山乡村野。
2、漫步园内,有如漫游在天南地北,饱览着中外风景名胜;流连其间,仿佛置身在幻想的境界里。
文章分段:
第一段(1)概括地写圆明园的毁灭是中国和世界文化史上不可估量的损失。
第二段(2~4)介绍圆明园的位置与总体布局,写当年的圆明园不但建筑宏伟,还收藏着最珍贵的历史文物。
第三段(5)写英法侵略军毁灭了圆明园。
要掌握一门语言,就必须要掌握一定的词汇量。英语词汇学习是英语学习的重要环节,然而对于小学生来说,枯燥无味的机械记忆唤不起他们的兴趣和主动学习,家长总会反映:“我家孩子昨天晚上单词明明会背了,但是第二天早上又记不得了。”更有甚者,即使背诵了若干单词却也无法学好英语。原因在哪里呢?笔者认为,在背诵单词时,一边看着它的英文形象,一边在大脑中想着它的中文意思,记忆过程要经过几次转化才能实现,容易遗忘。另外,对单词在句子中的用法更是无法形成本能的反应。自然,这些词汇要么被遗忘,要么变成了应付考试中的“死”词汇。
教师可以利用广播电视、英语报刊、图书馆等多种资源拓展学生自主学习的渠道和空间,增加学生接触英语的机会,扩大英语的输入量。笔者认为,色彩鲜艳、图文结合的绘本能激发小学生的兴趣,适合小学生阅读,可以成为他们自主学习英语的突破口。就英语儿童绘本来说,押韵或反覆句型的形式重复率高,促使他们通过大量的听和读感受英语的发音韵律和语言的整体结构。绘本提供给学生鲜活饱满的语境,在语境中反复出现的词,学生不需要借助中文,就可以直接理解、消化,并且记忆。
2.如何使用绘本
(1)精心选择,形成系列。对于学龄前的幼儿和一二年级的学生,教师应带领他们读一些节奏感强、句式简单且重复次数较多的绘本,如“Brown bear,brown bear,what can you see?”,故事中的棕熊到处行走,在旅行的过程中见到了不同的动物,这些不同的动物拥有缤纷的色彩与不同的外形特征及各自的名称。随着教师的引导:“Brown bear,brown bear,what can you see?”学生回答:“I can see a red bird looking at me.”教师接着问:“Red bird,red bird,what can you see?”学生答:“I can see a yellow duck looking at me.”这样的文字有韵味,朗朗上口,学生读了还想读,在读的过程中认识很多动物类单词和颜色类单词,并且认知了句型“What can you see?I can see...”,由此句型还可以创作新的儿歌。
在学习完译林版小学英语三年级下册Unit 6What time is it?单元中时间的英文表达后,可以带学生阅读绘本Telling the time,绘本中不仅复习了时间,而且还有故事情节:This is Apple Tree Farm.Mrs.Boat lives here with her two children,Bobby and Sam and their dog,Rusty.Poppy and Sam are learning to tell the time.在这么有趣的故事书的陪伴中学习英语,旧的单词可以在新的语境中重现,新的语境还会带来新的单词、句型,学生在感知单词和句型的同时肯定会有更多的兴趣和收获。
还有绘本The hungry caterpillar,对中级段的学生来说也是个不错的选择。它的作者是美国作家艾瑞克·卡尔,三十多年来,这条虫子从美国爬向了世界若干个国家,成为家喻户晓的明星。
高年级的绘本应该较低中年级有一个较大的跨度,理解上的难度也应该加大。现在国内外有许多英文绘本的分级阅读,如“牛津树”系列、I can read系列、培生英语分级阅读等。教师和家长可以根据学生的喜好和实际情况进行选择。
(2)整体感知,把握主旨。绘本将词汇和语境紧紧联系。绘本常常演绎着经久不衰的主题,蕴含着深刻的内涵,绘本的画面精美,语言地道精炼。然而不正确的教学方法常常会使绘本失去原有的趣味性和吸引力,如枯燥无味的反复朗读,字、词、句的结构、语法分析,不断地提问“What we can learn from the story?How do you know that?”这样的教法使得学生望而却步。但是如果教师一味地旁观,不引导,不点拨,不启发,会使学生处于一个无助、无序的状态,也会使绘本教学的效果大打折扣。
现在的很多绘本都有配套的光盘,我们可以通过播放光盘或朗读带领学生先整体感知绘本所带来的故事内容,继而通过深入阅读,探讨故事内涵和人物的精神世界。在对故事有了整体感知后再对句式、单词进行讨论。这样的讨论可以先由教师主导发展为生生自主。最后可以通过故事表演、续写结尾、改编故事情节等方式来加深对文本结构和句式、单词的印象,并可以学以致用。
(3)提供背景,指导学习。一本优秀绘本的阅读过程,除了再现、再认和感知新识单词、句型,也是一次珍贵的审美经历。也许学生分辨不清那些色彩的名字,更不懂画面的经营布局,但学生的眼睛会为美丽而闪亮,会将眼睛的感受立即传达到内心,从而形成一种逐渐成熟的视觉经验,美好的经验会积极影响到学生在成长过程中乃至一生的美感与情操。在学生阅读之前,教师或家长应及时提供与课文内容相关的背景知识,指导学生预习,以适当地降低课文的难度,帮助学生理解课文和拓宽一定的知识面,开阔视野,为顺利阅读绘本做好心理和知识上的准备。
(4)因材施教,怀揣童心。同一本绘本,对于不同的教师和不同的学生,应有不同的教学设计。不同形式的教学内容对于不同的师生,应有不同的话题形式。如果我们接触到绘本时,都能联系学生的年龄特征、语言基础,都能研究教学对象的生活背景,都能潜心思考,那么灵感一定会迸发,绘本的作业也一定会得到淋漓尽致的发挥。
词汇教学是小学英语课堂教学内容中十分重要的组成部分。当前小学英语词汇教学中存在着教师无视儿童生活经验、 教师经验代替学生经验和教材忽视儿童生活经验的问题,本文通过基于儿童生活经验的自编绘本开发与应用,来改进小学英语词汇教学,创设真实的语境,增强学生的学习兴趣,促使学生更好地在情境中理解词汇并加以运用。
【关键词】
儿童生活经验 绘本 词汇教学
在小学英语教学中,词汇教学是相当重要的内容,而基于儿童生活经验的词汇教学是英语教学的发展趋势,这就要求教师必须重视儿童的体验和感受。《英语课程标准》建议:教师要积极开发并合理利用校内外各种课程资源,贯通于教材的内容选择与编写,切实与儿童生活相结合。因此,基于儿童生活经验的自编绘本促进词汇教学也是课程资源拓展的一种有效补充。
一、小学英语词汇教学的现状和问题
(一)教师无视儿童生活经验
受传统教学观影响,很多小学英语教师还是不自觉地认为词汇教学中重要的是学生如何把所有的单词读会、背出,而不是将这些词汇与学生的生活经验相结合并促进学生进行知识的积累。这些老师认为教材中的内容要比儿童自己的经验重要得多,这样儿童个人生长的特点就被完全忽视,儿童生活经验变得毫无用处。显然,这样的词汇教学是严重忽视学生的生活经验的。
(二)教师经验代替学生经验
有些教师在小学英语的词汇教学中也重视经验的作用,但是对儿童生活经验的理解有所偏差,认为我的经验就是你的经验,往往把教师自己的生活经验与学生的生活经验混为一谈,从而不知不觉就忽视了学生经验独有的特点,最终无形地把教师的经验强加给了学生,而教师还不自知。
(三)教材忽视儿童生活经验
课程的实施与儿童生活经验脱节的现象也不罕见。在一些小学英语课本中有不少词汇是没有基于儿童生活经验的,是脱离学生实际生活的,再加上有些教师根本没有把儿童生活经验当一回事,或注意到了儿童生活经验的重要性但不能运用合适的教学方法,无法让儿童生活经验与教材相联系。
二、基于开发儿童生活经验的自编绘本的意义
从学科特点来看,英语对中国孩子而言是一门全新的语言,孩子几乎毫无英语方面的经验。所以,教师要充分挖掘学生已有的生活经验,设计适合自己学生的绘本,从而让学生在学习过程中有兴趣,有意义。
从学生学习特点来看,绘本阅读是符合小学生心理年龄特征的,基于儿童生活经验的自编绘本本身就具备图文并茂,情景交融的特点,恰好符合学生的认知水平。
从教学法来看,情景教学在小学英语词汇教学中具有十分重要的地位。自编绘本都是以故事为主要内容,故事内容包含新学的词汇,让学生在故事中去学习和运用词汇,不仅贴近学生的生活,而且符合学生的年龄特征。
因此,基于儿童生活经验的自编绘本是十分理想的小学英语词汇教学资源。
三、基于儿童生活经验的自编绘本开发与应用
小学英语词汇教学可以分为新授课和复习课,教师可以根据不同的词汇课型开发不同程度的基于儿童生活经验的绘本资源。
(一)词汇新授课的自编绘本开发与应用
例如在教学PEP小学英语三年级上册第四单元B部分的动物词汇“panda, tiger, monkey, bird,elephant”时,学生才刚刚学习英语三个单元,没有什么基础。笔者根据小学生喜欢演一演的特点,开发了名为《In the Zoo》的绘本,主要内容如下:
Bird: Hello. Zoom. I have a gift for you.
Zoom: Thank you. Follow me.
Panda: Hello. Zoom. I have a gift for you.
Zoom: Whats that?
Panda: Look. Its pencil.
Zoom: Thank you. Follow me.
Monkey: Hello. Zoom. I have a gift for you.
Zoom: Whats that?
Monkey: Its a ruler.
Zoom: Thank you. Follow me.
Tiger: Hello. Zoom. I have a gift for you.
Zoom:Whats that?
Tiger: Look. Its a book.
Zoom: Thank you. Follow me.
Elephant: Hello. Zoom. I have a gift for you.
Zoom: Whats that?
Elephant: Look. Its an eraser.
Zoom: Thank you. Follow me.
Elephant: Oh, no! My nose!
(由于大象身高太高,鼻子撞到了Zoom家的房子。)
该绘本不但贴合学生的认知水平,而且还符合学生的心理年龄。整个故事生动有趣,学生们抢着争当大象,原本现实生活中大家都不愿意当“倒霉的家伙”,但此刻学生们却是抢着来表演。
(二)词汇复习课的自编绘本开发与应用
词汇复习课的自编绘本,教师一般先给学生一个范本,在此基础上让学生根据自己的知识水平和生活经验来创编属于自己的绘本,因为课程资源需要及时更新,整齐划一的枯燥知识远离儿童生活,给学生在词汇复习课中创编自己的绘本,获得的经验是连续的一个整体。
例如,PEP小学英语四年级上册第四单元的词汇复习课,主要是复习房间类单词以及本单元的重点句型,笔者根据学生的心理特点,设计了《Where is Doraemon?》的绘本,绘本通过几个小伙伴在大雄家捉迷藏的故事来进行词汇和句型的复习,绘本的主要内容如下:
Daxiong: Where is Jingxiang? Is she in the study?
Doraemon: No,she isnt.
Daxiong: Is she in the living room?
Doraemon: Yes,she is.
(学生扮演大雄和机器猫,创编新对话,可以猜一猜其他人在哪里?)
以上是绘本的第一板块,学生通过绘本进行同桌之间的一问一答,来进行单词的巩固和复习。
绘本的第二板块,《机器猫》故事中的五个主人公都来了客厅,突然蹿出了一只大老鼠,机器猫被吓跑了,接下来的绘本故事就请学生编写。其中有一个组是这么编写的:
Daxiong:Is he in the study?
Xiaofu: No, he isnt.
Jingxiang: Is he in the kitchen?
Panghu: No, he isnt.
Mouse: Haha, he is in the basement.
该组学生独立编写了属于自己的绘本故事,更值得一提的是他们组生成了一个新词汇“basement”,其他组的同学也在他们的绘本中学到了这个新词。
就目前而言,小学生学习英语缺少外在的语言环境,作为一名小学英语教师,通过基于儿童生活经验的自编绘本的开发,让学生对小学英语词汇的学习更加亲近,更有兴趣,在理解上和运用上也更加自如。
【参考文献】
【1】 陈桂生.普通教育学纲要.华东师范大学出版社,2009(1)
【2】拉尔夫·泰勒 .课程与教学的基本原理.中国轻工业出版社,2014(1)
【3】杜威.民主 经验 教育.上海人民出版社,2009(4)
【4】英语课程标准研制组 .义务教育英语课程标准.北京师范大学出版社,2012
本、专科社会调查报告的书写格式要求
1.5倍行间距,标准字间距,页边距上下为3.5cm,左右为3.17 cm,中文半角状态,页码居中。统一使用A4纸打印。具体操作如下:
进入word状态,设定字体为中文宋体、字号为四号,下拉文件菜单,在“页面设置”确定页边距,下拉格式菜单,在“字体”确定字间距、在“段落”确定行间距(如上),版面会自动生成为20行、每行30个字;下拉插入菜单,在“页码”确定页码为宋体四号并居中。
² 文章的结构层次用下列符号表示:
一、(一级标题,宋体、四号)
(一)(二级标题,宋体、四号)
1、(三级标题,宋体、四号)
² 文章正文中:
(1)题目---宋体、三号(加粗),居中。
(2)姓名----宋体四号。
(3)正文(宋体、四号)
² 范文如下页
对深圳庆发公司经营状况的调查
张明明
2004年1月10日至2月15日,本人对深圳庆发公司的经营状况进行了较为详细的调查。
一、公司概况
深圳庆发公司是一间小型的个体服装生产销售企业,该公司以生产、销售服装为主,兼营针棉织品和针织小商品。公司本部设综合办公室、人力资源部、计划财务部、经营管理部等四个职能部门。目前,公司共有各类人员2000多人,经营面积3000多平方米,另有一间实验服装厂,职工50人;公司年营业额4000多万元,实现利润500多万元。
二、公司的成长过程
MIDDLEMARCH by George Elliot
19世纪的小说并不适合所有人阅读,但这些小说普遍具有的特点就是对提升GRE词汇量很有帮助。当然读这类小说建议大家最好结合方便查词的工具进行阅读,因为生词量是比较大的。George Elliot的小说文字优美,笔下人物虽然性格多有缺陷并不完美却栩栩如生,其勾勒出的生活色彩让小说具有很强的可读性和吸引力。
LOLITA or PNIN by Vladimir Nabokov
Nabokov出生于俄罗斯,是一名俄裔美籍作家,虽然英语并非他的母语,但他却是公认的词汇量最为惊人的英语作家之一。Lolita是他的经典作品,也是在英语写作上较为完美的一部小说。虽然文章主题较为黑暗充满争议性,但其本身从写作角度具有的文学价值却是不容忽视的。当然如果大家觉得不合口味,也可以读一下他的另一部作品Pnin,这部小说是他作品中最为温和有趣的一本,讲述了一名俄国教授在美国大学教书的故事。
PRIDE AND PREJUDICE by Jane Austen
《傲慢与偏见》这本书应该是鼎鼎大名的了,相信中文版小说或是电影大家都看过,至少名字都曾经听说过。这本小说在故事情节上充满乐趣,而作者对人性和当时社会风气的敏锐洞察和准确描述也令人赞叹。所以虽然这本书题材上是一些人并不兴趣的爱情喜剧,而且时间也有些久远,但从可读性上还是值得推荐的,另外英国作家的文字功底让这本书中许多用词保留至今,并且成为了GRE考试的核心词汇,所以阅读原版《傲慢与偏见》也会为大家提升词汇量做出不小的贡献。
TO THE LIGHTHOUSE by Virginia Woolf
和LOLITA同为20世纪的经典名著之一。这本小说有比较多的意识流写法,所以初看可能会觉得有些看不懂。但大家一旦开始深入其中逐渐理解小说所有表达的内容,就会被其情节深深吸引,而作者在用词方面也相当讲究,很多精准的词汇运用完全可以当成词典中的例句来看,大家在阅读过程中也可以学到很多GRE考试的核心词汇。
THE HOUSE OF MIRTH by Edith Wharton
如果你对美国内战后镀金年代的纽约感兴趣,那么这本小说就是很适合你阅读的一本好书。作者对当时社会环境和人们衣着的描述很有看点,用词也相当犀利到位。如果你对小说本身的故事情节兴趣不大,那么不妨从学习用词造句的角度来读,这本小说在描述人物行为举止和性格特点上的遣词造句都是非常具有GRE特色值得参考的。
以上就是小编为大家带来的GRE阅读提升词汇量5本经典小说推荐,如果各位考生背GRE单词觉得太过枯燥,那么选择阅读经典小说这种既能放松压力又能获得提升的学习方式也是不错的选择。
攻破新GRE逻辑阅读
In the United States between 1850 and 1880, the number of farmers continued to increase, but at a rate lower than that of the general population.
Which of the following statements directly contradicts the information presented above?
A The number of farmers in the general population increased slightly in the 30 years between 1850 and 1880.
B The rate of growth of the United States labor force and the rate of growth of the general population rose simultaneously in the 30 years between 1850 and 1880.
C The proportion of farmers in the United States labor force remained constant in the 30 years between 1850 and 1880.
D The proportion of farmers in the United States labor force decreased from 64 percent in 1850 to 49 percent in 1880.
E The proportion of farmers in the general population increased from 68 percent in 1850 to 72 percent in 1880.
Explanation
The given sentence indicates that the proportion of farmers in the general population decreased from 1850 to 1880. Choice E says exactly the opposite — that this proportion increased — and therefore it contradicts the passage and is the correct response. Choice A is incorrect because it agrees with the given sentence, and Choices B, C, and D are all incorrect because they refer to the labor force, about which the given sentence says nothing.
攻破新GRE逻辑阅读
Observations of the Arctic reveal that the Arctic Ocean is covered by less ice each summer than the previous summer. If this warming trend continues, within 50 years the Arctic Ocean will be ice free during the summer months. This occurrence would in itself have little or no effect on global sea levels, since the melting of ice floating in water does not affect the water level. However, serious consequences to sea levels would eventually result, because __________.
22. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
(A) large masses of floating sea ice would continue to form in the wintertime
(B) significant changes in Arctic sea temperatures would be accompanied by changes in sea temperatures in more temperate parts of the world
(C) such a warm Arctic Ocean would trigger the melting of massive landbased glaciers in the Arctic
(D) an ice-free Arctic Ocean would support a very different ecosystem than it does presently
(E) in the spring, melting sea ice would cause more icebergs to be created and to drift south into shipping routes
Explanation
To logically complete the passage’s open-ended “because,” something is needed that will explain why the continuation of the warming trend would have serious consequences for sea levels. The passage explains that the melting of the Arctic Ocean ice will not affect sea levels because the contribution that the water contained in that ice makes to sea levels is the same whether the water is frozen or liquid. But Choice C points to a way in which increasing temperatures in the Arctic could add water to the ocean, namely by melting ice on the land. So Choice C logically completes the passage and is the correct answer.
Given that the passage has already explained that melting sea ice does not affect sea levels, the formation of sea ice described in Choice A does not explain why there would be consequences for sea levels.
Choices B, D, and E all describe possible consequences of increased temperatures in the Arctic, but none of these consequences suggests a mechanism by which sea levels would change. So none of these options provides a logical completion for the passage.
攻破新GRE逻辑阅读
Saturn’s giant moon Titan is the only planetary satellite with a significant atmosphere and the only body in the solar system other than Earth that has a thick atmosphere dominated by molecular nitrogen. For a long time, the big question about Titan’s atmosphere was how it could be so thick, given that Jupiter’s moons Ganymede and Callisto, which are the same size as Titan, have none. The conditions for acquiring and retaining a thick nitrogen atmosphere are now readily understood. The low temperature of the protosaturnian nebula enabled Titan to acquire the moderately volatile compounds methane and ammonia (later converted to nitrogen) in addition to water. The higher temperatures of Jupiter’s moons, which were closer to the Sun, prevented them from acquiring such an atmosphere.
According to the passage, Titan differs atmospherically from Ganymede and Callisto because of a difference in
A rate of heat loss
B proximity to the Sun
C availability of methane and ammonia
D distance from its planet
E size
Description
The paragraph discusses Titan’s thick atmosphere and explains the conditions under which a body can have a thick atmosphere.
Explanation
According to the last two sentences of the paragraph, Titan was able to acquire an atmosphere because of a prevailing low temperature, but Ganymede and Callisto could not because they were at a higher temperature. Because the reason for this difference in temperature was their respective distances from the sun, Choice B is correct. The passage says nothing about differences in rate of heat loss, availability of methane andammonia, or distance from their planets, and it explicitly states that the three moons are the same size.
攻破新GRE逻辑阅读
Sparva, unlike Treland’s other provinces, requires automobile insurers to pay for any medical treatment sought by someone who has been involved in an accident; in the other provinces, insurers pay for nonemergency treatment only if they preapprove the treatment. Clearly, Sparva’s less restrictive policy must be the explanation for the fact that altogether insurers there pay for far more treatments after accidents than insurers in other provinces, even though Sparva does not have the largest population.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
(A) Car insurance costs more in Sparva than in any other province.
(B) The cost of medical care in Sparva is higher than the national average.
(C) Different insurance companies have different standards for determining what constitutes emergency treatment.
(D) Fewer insurance companies operate in Sparva than in any other province.
(E) There are fewer traffic accidents annually in Sparva than in any of the provinces of comparable or greater population.
Description
The passage tells us that in Sparva automobile insurers pay for far more medical treatments after accidents than they do in Treland’s other provinces. The passage concludes that the explanation is to be found in the difference in legal requirements for insurers in Sparva as compared to other provinces.
Explanation
The question asks you to identify among the answer choices a fact that would support the passage’s argument. The explanation offered in the passage can be supported by ruling out other explanations that might, given the information presented in the passage, appear likely. One obvious explanation for there being more medical treatments in Sparva is that there are more accidents there. Choice E rules out that explanation. So Choice E strengthens the argument in the passage and is the correct answer. Choices A and D each present consequences that are likely results of insurers in Sparva having to pay for more medical treatments. But neither bears on the cause of insurers having to pay for more treatments. Choice B does not strengthen the argument and may weaken it. A higher cost of medical care provides additional motivation for people to seek insurance payments to cover whatever post-accident care they receive. So Choice B might weaken the argument by providing an alternative explanation for insurers paying for more medical treatments in Sparva. According to the passage, whether treatment is emergency treatment is, in other provinces, an important criterion in determining insurers’ responsibility. But since this criterion does not apply in Sparva, Choice C is not directly relevant to the point that the passage is trying to establish.
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