英语作文词汇升级（通用6篇）
1. Important=crucial a.至关紧要的(extremely important), significant (amount or effect large enough to be important)
2. Common=universal a.普遍的, ubiquitous adj.普遍存在的(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere)
3. Abundant=ample (enough and usually extra), plentiful (enough for people’s needs and wants)
4. Stick=adhere a.粘附, cling (hold on something tightly)
5. Neglect v.忽视=ignore. (Difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention.)
6. Near=adjacent (two things next to each other), adjoin (the same as adjacent)
7. Pursue=woo (man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek (if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. FORMAL)
8. Accurate=precise (precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact (correct in every detail)
9. Vague a.含糊的=obscure (unknown or known by only a few people)
10. Top=peak, summit
11. Competitor=rival, opponent (especially in sports and politics)
12. Blame n. /vt.责备，过失 =condemn (if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable)
13. Opinon=perspective, standpoint (means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)
14. Fame=prestige (describe those who are admired), reputation
15. Build=erect (you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL), establish
16. Insult n. /vt. 侮辱，凌辱=humiliate (do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)
17. Complain=grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way)
18. Primary=radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental
19. Relieve=alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)
20. Force=coerce sb into (coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to), compel
21. Enlarge=magnify (magnify means make something larger than it really is)
22. Complex=intricate (if something is intricate, it often has many small parts and details)
23. Lonely=solitary a. 孤独的 (if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her)
24. Small=minuscule (very small), minute
25. Praise=extol (stronger than praise), compliment (polite and political)
26. hard-working=assiduous (someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly)
27. Difficult=arduous (if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)
28. Poor (soil) =barren n.荒地, infertile (used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it)
29. Fragile=brittle a.易碎的，脆弱的, vulnerable (someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically)
30. Show=demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means to make it clear to people.)
31. Big=massive (large in size, quantity, or extent), colossal (use this word, you emphasize something is large), tremendous (INFORMAL)
32. avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately a.故意的 avoid that something or keep away from it.)
33. Fair=impartial (someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.)
34. Attack=assault (physically attack someone), assail (attack violently)
35. Dislike=abhor (abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons), loathe (dislike very much)
36. ruin v.使破产，使毁灭 n.毁灭=devastate(it means damage something very badly, or utterly a.完全的，彻底的 destroy it.)
37. Disaster=catastrophe (a catastrophe is an unexpected event that cause great suffering and damages)
38. finally=eventually(especially after a lot of delays), ultimately adv.最后，终于(after complicated series of events)
39. Always=invariably (the same as always, but better than always)
40. Forever=perpetual (a perpetual state never changes), immutable (something immutable will never change or be changed)
41. Surprise=startle (it means surprise you slightly), astound (surprise you to a large degree), astonish (the same as astound)
42. Enthusiasm n.狂热，热心=zeal(a great enthusiasm), fervency(sincere a.诚挚，真诚and enthusiasm)
43. Quiet=tranquil (calm and peaceful), serene (calm and quiet)
44. Expensive=exorbitant (it means too expensive that it should be)
45.luxurious=lavish adj.浪费的 vt.浪费，慷慨给与(impressive and very expensive), sumptuous(grand and very expensive)
46. Boring=tedious (if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and frustrating)
47. Respect=esteem (if you esteem someone, you respect and admire v.赞美him/her. FORMAL)
48. Worry=fret (if you fret about something, you worry about it)
49. Cold=chilly a.寒冷的(unpleasantly cold), icy (extremely cold)
50. Hot=boiling (very hot)
51. Dangerous=perilous (very dangerous), hazardous (dangerous, especially to people’s safety and health)
52. Nowadays=currently
53. Only=unique (the only one of its kind), distinctive a.与众不同的
54. Stop=cease (if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)
55. Part=component (the components of something are the parts that it is made of)
56. Result=consequence (the results or effects of something)
57. Obvious=apparent, manifest a.显然的 58. Based on=derived from 得自, 由来, 衍生
58.Awful=nauseous (if something makes you nauseous, you want to vomit)
59. Remarkable=conspicuous (if something is conspicuous a.显著的, people can see or notice them very easily)
60. Quite=fairly
61. Pathetic=lamentable (very uncomfortable and disappointing)
62. Field=domain (a particular field of thought, activities or interest)
63. Appear=emerge (come into existence)
64. Whole=entire (the whole of something)
65. Wet=moist (slightly wet), damp (slightly wet), humid (very damp and hot) 66. Difficult=formidable
66.Happy=jovial (if someone is jovial, s/he is happy and behaves in a cheerful way)
67. Sad=inconsolable (extremely sad and cannot be comforted)
68. Change=convert (change into another form)
69. Typical=quintessential (this word means represent a typical example of something)
70. Careful=cautious (very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent (careful and sensible)
71. Ability=capacity, capability (the same as ability)
72. Strange=eccentric (if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her opinion is different from most people)
73. Rich=affluent (if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)
74. Use=utilize (the same as use)
75. Dubious=skeptical (if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)
76. Satisfy=gratify (if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and satisfaction)
77. Short=fleeting, ephemeral (if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time)
78. Scholarship=fellowship
79. Angry=enraged (extremely angry)
80. Smelly=malodorous (used to describe an unpleasant smell)
81. Ugly=hideous (if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)
82. Attractive=appealing (pleasing and attractive), absorbing (something absorbing can attract you a great deal)
83. Diverse=miscellaneous (a miscellaneous groups consists of many different kinds of things)
84. Disorder n.杂乱，混乱 v.扰乱=disarray v.混乱, chaos n.混乱，混沌
85. Crazily=frantically (used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way)
86. Rapid=meteoric (ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)
87. Ordinary=mundane (very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)
88. Despite prep.尽管=notwithstanding (FORMAL)
89. Best=optimal (used to describe the best level something can achieve)
90. Sharp=acute (severe adj.严厉的，剧烈的and intense)
91. Unbelievable=inconceivable (if you deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen)
92. Puzzle=perplex (something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it)
93. Method=avenue (a way of getting something done)
94. Famous=distinguished (used to describe people who are successful in their career)
95. Ancient=archaic (extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)
96. Decorate=embellish (embellish means make something look more attractive via decorating it with something else)
97. Possible=feasible (if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)
98. So=consequently, accordingly
99. Rare=infrequent (does not happen often)
100. Greedy=rapacious (greedy and selfish) 短语
101. In my opinion=from my perspective
102. Very much=a great deal
103. For example=to give a demonstration
104. However=as a matter of fact, it is the other way around
105. Agree with=uphold (support and maintain v.维持，主张)
106. be full of=be saturated with (be filled with sth completely)
107. By=via
108. According to=in the light of
109. When it comes to=in terms of
110. From a XXX perspective=in XXX sense
111. Find a job=land a job 112. Latest=up to date
112.Think over=contemplate (think carefully), ruminate on (think carefully)
113. Achieve a goal=attain an accomplishment
114. At the same time=simultaneously
115. At the start of=on the threshold of 在……的开头，在……的前夕
116. Certainly=to a certain extent
117. Without doubt=indubitably adv.无疑地
118. In XXX means=via XXX avenue
119. Disagree with=be the last one to uphold
120. As fast as=apace with 单词
在写作考试中，用词是很重要的一部分。
学会使用不同的替换词是提高写作的一个小技巧。
以下是120组高大上的词汇替换表，希望能对大家有所帮助!
1. Important=crucial a.至关紧要的(extremely important), significant (amount or effect large enough to be important)
2. Common=universal a.普遍的, ubiquitous adj.普遍存在的(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere)
3. Abundant=ample (enough and usually extra), plentiful (enough for people’s needs and wants)
4. Stick=adhere a.粘附, cling (hold on something tightly)
5. Neglect v.忽视=ignore. (Difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention.)
6. Near=adjacent (two things next to each other), adjoin (the same as adjacent)
7. Pursue=woo (man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek (if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. FORMAL)
8. Accurate=precise (precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact (correct in every detail)
9. Vague a.含糊的=obscure (unknown or known by only a few people)
10. Top=peak, summit
11. Competitor=rival, opponent (especially in sports and politics)
12. Blame n. /vt.责备，过失 =condemn (if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable)
13. Opinon=perspective, standpoint (means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)
14. Fame=prestige (describe those who are admired), reputation
15. Build=erect (you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL), establish
16. Insult n. /vt. 侮辱，凌辱=humiliate (do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)
17. Complain=grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way)
18. Primary=radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental
19. Relieve=alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)
20. Force=coerce sb into (coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to), compel
21. Enlarge=magnify (magnify means make something larger than it really is)
22. Complex=intricate (if something is intricate, it often has many small parts and details)
23. Lonely=solitary a. 孤独的 (if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her)
24. Small=minuscule (very small), minute
25. Praise=extol (stronger than praise), compliment (polite and political)
26. hard-working=assiduous (someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly)
27. Difficult=arduous (if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)
28. Poor (soil) =barren n.荒地, infertile (used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it)
29. Fragile=brittle a.易碎的，脆弱的, vulnerable (someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically)
30. Show=demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means to make it clear to people.)
31. Big=massive (large in size, quantity, or extent), colossal (use this word, you emphasize something is large), tremendous (INFORMAL)
32. avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately a.故意的 avoid that something or keep away from it.)
33. Fair=impartial (someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.)
34. Attack=assault (physically attack someone), assail (attack violently)
35. Dislike=abhor (abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons), loathe (dislike very much)
36. ruin v.使破产，使毁灭 n.毁灭=devastate(it means damage something very badly, or utterly a.完全的，彻底的 destroy it.)
37. Disaster=catastrophe (a catastrophe is an unexpected event that cause great suffering and damages)
38. finally=eventually(especially after a lot of delays), ultimately adv.最后，终于(after complicated series of events)
39. Always=invariably (the same as always, but better than always)
40. Forever=perpetual (a perpetual state never changes), immutable (something immutable will never change or be changed)
41. Surprise=startle (it means surprise you slightly), astound (surprise you to a large degree), astonish (the same as astound)
42. Enthusiasm n.狂热，热心=zeal(a great enthusiasm), fervency(sincere a.诚挚，真诚and enthusiasm)
43. Quiet=tranquil (calm and peaceful), serene (calm and quiet)
44. Expensive=exorbitant (it means too expensive that it should be)
45.luxurious=lavish adj.浪费的 vt.浪费，慷慨给与(impressive and very expensive), sumptuous(grand and very expensive)
46. Boring=tedious (if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and frustrating)
47. Respect=esteem (if you esteem someone, you respect and admire v.赞美him/her. FORMAL)
48. Worry=fret (if you fret about something, you worry about it)
49. Cold=chilly a.寒冷的(unpleasantly cold), icy (extremely cold)
50. Hot=boiling (very hot)
51. Dangerous=perilous (very dangerous), hazardous (dangerous, especially to people’s safety and health)
52. Nowadays=currently
53. Only=unique (the only one of its kind), distinctive a.与众不同的
54. Stop=cease (if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)
55. Part=component (the components of something are the parts that it is made of)
56. Result=consequence (the results or effects of something)
57. Obvious=apparent, manifest a.显然的 58. Based on=derived from 得自, 由来, 衍生
58.Awful=nauseous (if something makes you nauseous, you want to vomit)
59. Remarkable=conspicuous (if something is conspicuous a.显著的, people can see or notice them very easily)
60. Quite=fairly
61. Pathetic=lamentable (very uncomfortable and disappointing)
62. Field=domain (a particular field of thought, activities or interest)
63. Appear=emerge (come into existence)
64. Whole=entire (the whole of something)
65. Wet=moist (slightly wet), damp (slightly wet), humid (very damp and hot) 66. Difficult=formidable
66.Happy=jovial (if someone is jovial, s/he is happy and behaves in a cheerful way)
67. Sad=inconsolable (extremely sad and cannot be comforted)
68. Change=convert (change into another form)
69. Typical=quintessential (this word means represent a typical example of something)
70. Careful=cautious (very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent (careful and sensible)
71. Ability=capacity, capability (the same as ability)
72. Strange=eccentric (if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her opinion is different from most people)
73. Rich=affluent (if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)
74. Use=utilize (the same as use)
75. Dubious=skeptical (if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)
76. Satisfy=gratify (if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and satisfaction)
77. Short=fleeting, ephemeral (if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time)
78. Scholarship=fellowship
79. Angry=enraged (extremely angry)
80. Smelly=malodorous (used to describe an unpleasant smell)
81. Ugly=hideous (if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)
82. Attractive=appealing (pleasing and attractive), absorbing (something absorbing can attract you a great deal)
83. Diverse=miscellaneous (a miscellaneous groups consists of many different kinds of things)
84. Disorder n.杂乱，混乱 v.扰乱=disarray v.混乱, chaos n.混乱，混沌
85. Crazily=frantically (used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way)
86. Rapid=meteoric (ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)
87. Ordinary=mundane (very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)
88. Despite prep.尽管=notwithstanding (FORMAL)
89. Best=optimal (used to describe the best level something can achieve)
90. Sharp=acute (severe adj.严厉的，剧烈的and intense)
91. Unbelievable=inconceivable (if you deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen)
92. Puzzle=perplex (something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it)
93. Method=avenue (a way of getting something done)
94. Famous=distinguished (used to describe people who are successful in their career)
95. Ancient=archaic (extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)
96. Decorate=embellish (embellish means make something look more attractive via decorating it with something else)
97. Possible=feasible (if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)
98. So=consequently, accordingly
99. Rare=infrequent (does not happen often)
100. Greedy=rapacious (greedy and selfish) 短语
101. In my opinion=from my perspective
102. Very much=a great deal
103. For example=to give a demonstration
104. However=as a matter of fact, it is the other way around
105. Agree with=uphold (support and maintain v.维持，主张)
106. be full of=be saturated with (be filled with sth completely)
107. By=via
108. According to=in the light of
109. When it comes to=in terms of
110. From a XXX perspective=in XXX sense
111. Find a job=land a job 112. Latest=up to date
112.Think over=contemplate (think carefully), ruminate on (think carefully)
113. Achieve a goal=attain an accomplishment
114. At the same time=simultaneously
115. At the start of=on the threshold of 在……的开头，在……的前夕
116. Certainly=to a certain extent
117. Without doubt=indubitably adv.无疑地
118. In XXX means=via XXX avenue
119. Disagree with=be the last one to uphold
人在学语言的时候是不可能不犯错误的。Co rder (1967, 引自E llis, 1999:48) 认为, 错误具有一定的意义:可以为教师提供了学习者语言发展水平的信息, 同时也能反映语言学习的过程。Yang Huizhong和Weir (1998) 认为“写作文是检查语言学者对于该语言运用程度是否良好的一个最好的检验方法。因此, 通过分析学习者在作文中所犯的错误是检验他们是否在语言学习的过程中取得进步的试金石”[2]。
二、理论背景
1. 错误分类。
Burt和Krashen (1982) “描述错误的最简单的方法就是从语言学的角度进行描述, 例如:词汇、句法、篇章等”[3]。本文所关注的词汇层面的错误是指语言学习者在运用语言时, 使用了错误的语言形式。
2. 错误原因。
每一种错误的原因都很复杂。James (2001) “在探究错误原因时, 可以分为以下几类:语际语言错、语内语言错误、文化影响引发的错误、认知及个性引发的错误、不当教学引发的错误等”[5]。
3. 词汇错误。
Hatch和Brown (2001) “语言学习者声称词汇是他们学习过程中重要的一部分, ……正是词汇, 才使得最基本的交际目标得以实现”[6]。Gass (1967) 也认为“词汇已经在语言学习者的学习过程中占有了极其重要的地位[7]”。本次研究中, 笔者就选取了这一角度, 运用相关理论对词汇错误进行分析, 并试图找出原因。
三、研究方法
笔者收集了大连东软信息学院大一学生上下学期的期中、期末4次考试中的写作作为研究对象, 本次选取的学生作文都是来自B班, 所以这就保证了研究数据的客观性。另外, 笔者运用了定性以及定量2种分析方法, 充分保证了研究结果的科学性。
四、错误描述与分析
笔者选取了100份学生作文作为研究对象从而进行词汇错误方面的分析。最终, 一共发现了416个词汇方面的错误, 详见表1。
1. 词汇错误种类分析。
(1) 拼写错误。在某种程度上讲这种错误和汉语本身有一定的关系。除此之外, 类似于焦虑、记忆力有误以及粗心大意都有可能是导致这种错误的原因。例如:*reflecte (reflect) 。
(2) 词汇选择错误。这一方面的错误主要分为3类。一类词的拼写和发音都颇为相似, 但是事实上意思不同。例如*considerate (considerable) .另一类根据James (2001) 所阐述“他们意思相同, 但是用法完全不同。他们并不是像lift/elevator这样的真正的同义词”[8]。例如:a specia*smell (scent) 。
(3) 搭配错误。主要包括形容词与名词搭配错误, 例如:*white snow.动词与名词搭配错误, 例如:We*study (learn) knowledge.名词与名词搭配错误, 例如:bring the*class books (textbooks) .副词与形容词搭配错误, 例如:*more perfectly.动词与形容词搭配错误, 例如*lazily (leisurely) .具体比例请见图1。
(4) 直译错误。这类错误在学生的作文中非常普遍。当他们在运用语言时, 遇到不确定的表达, 他们就会用他们的母语———汉语, 对其进行翻译。例如:*oilgate. (filling station) 。
2. 词汇错误原因分析。
对于每一个词汇方面的错误都找出一个对应的原因是很困难的。Taylor (1986) 指出“某些错误的原因可能是心理语言学、认知语言学多方面原因共同作用的结果”[9]。基于Taylor以及其他语言学家对此问题的看法, 笔者将从以下角度分析词汇错误的原因。
(1) 语际错误。这类错误主要是因为学习者母语干预的结果。例如:I like watching*English TV. (English Program) 。这个句子中, 学习者显然是受到了汉语的影响。
(2) 语内错误。这类错误主要是由于对于目的语的掌握不精所导致的。例如:If I*meet a difficulty in the life, ...Meet后面如果接人, 可以直接接;但是如果后面接一个名词, 必须要有个介词with。
(3) 缺乏练习。学生在英语课上要做很多事情, 比如说听力、阅读、语法讲解等。所以真正留给写作练习的时间很少, 很少有学生会重视, 从而也就达不到真正练习的目的。
(4) 不当教学。在一定程度上, 教师也应该对学生作文中的词汇错误承担一定的责任。大多教师只是给出单词的读音、中文解释以及少量的用法, 这就会学生一种误解, 两种语言的词汇是一一对应的。
五、结语
综上所述, 学生在作文中词汇方面的错误是极具研究性的。主要分为拼写错误、错误选词、搭配错误、直译翻译等。而导致这些错误的原因, 则分别是语内错误、语际错误、缺乏练习、不当教学等。笔者也发现, 错误分析与语言教学有着密切的联系。在教学中教师应该改变教授词汇的方法, 采取不同的应对策略以引导学习者循序渐进, 逐步减少语言中的词汇错误。
参考文献
[1]Dulay, H.&M.Burt Error Analysis.London:Longman, 1974:95.
[2]Corder, S.P.The significance of learners'errors.New York:Oxford University Press, 1967:169.
[3]Dulay, Burt and Krashen.International Review of Applied Linguistics.London:Longman, 1982:89.
[4]Littlewood.Foreign and Second Language Learning.Great Brain:Cambridge University Press, 1984.
[5]James, C.Errors in Language Learning and Use:Exploring Error Analysis.London:Longman, 2001.
[6]Hatch, E.&C.Brown.Vocabulary, Semantics and Language Education.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[7]Gass.The Classroom and Language Learner.London:Longman Press, 1988.
[8]James, C.Errors in Language Learning and Use:Exploring Error Analysis.London:Longman, 2001:150.
accelerated aging test 加速老化试验
acceleration lag 加速滞后
acceptance test 验收试验
Access Control List (ACL) 访问控制列表
access flap 接口盖
accessory apparatus 辅助设备
access time 存取时间
account policies 账号封锁
accumulator charge 记账策略
accumulator railcar 蓄电池充电
accuracy of measurement 电瓶机动车
accuracy of reading 测量准确度
acidproof 耐酸的
acoustic material 吸音材料
acoustic signal 音响信号
activated substance 激活物质
active component 有效部分
active load 有效负载
administrator account 管理员账号
analog computer 模拟计算机
ascent/descent stage 上升/下降段
batch processing 成批处理
binary code 二进制码
binary digit 二进制位，二进制数字
border gateway 边界网关
broadband access 宽频接达
buffer storage 缓冲存储器
call instruction 呼叫指令
card reader 读卡机
circuit switched data 电路关键所在数据
code division multiple access (CDMA) 码多分址
combustion analyzer 压力传感器
command line 命令行
command module 指令舱
commercial online service 商业联机服务
com port 串行接口
computer-aided design (CAD) 计算机辅助设计
control unit 控制器
cyber citizen/netizen 网民
cyber city 网络城市
cyber crime 网络犯罪
data processing 数据处理
default route 缺省路由
denial of service 拒绝服务
dictionary attack 字典式攻击
digital business 数字化商业
digital control 数字控制
digital divide 数字鸿沟
directional antenna 定向天线
directory replication 目录复制
domain name application and registration 申请注册域名
earthing transformer 接地变压器
elastic collision/control/deformation/scattering 弹性碰撞/控制/变形/散射
electric apparatus 电气装置
electric control 电力控制
emergency oxygen apparatus 应急供氧装置
fixed-line penetration 固定电话普及率
gaseous pollutant 蒸发排放物
gene pool 基因库
gene recombination 基因重组
genetic code 遗传密码
genetic map 遗传图
gene transfer 基因转移
geostationary/synchronous satellite 地球同步卫星
Global Positioning System (GPS) 全球定位系统
GPRS: general packet radio service 通用分组无线业务
global system for mobile communications (GSM) 全球移动通信系统
hacking attacks 黑客攻击
headset amplifier 头载式放大器
hematopoietic stem cell 造血干细胞
high-contrast 高对比度
highly-sophisticated technology 高尖端技术
第一，掌握词汇的基本含义。
词汇的基本含义是指对含有多个释义的词汇中构意能力最强的一组互相独立的含义。考生在第一轮单词复习中要注意强化记忆词汇的基本含义。
因为考研试题中常出现的词汇，其释义多为该词的基本含义，同时，只有熟练掌握词的基本含义才能达到在不同语境下进行词汇释义的全面记忆，进而才能理解考研英语文章所表达的准确含义。例如，occupy为大纲词汇，它的基本含义为1.占领，占用。2.使忙碌，使从事。关于这个单词，大部分考生往往会忽略第二个含义，但是在真题中确是比较重要的一个含义。因此，考生在复习词汇的时候，词义要掌握全面。
第二，掌握词汇生成的基本知识。
一个英语单词并不是一些毫无意义的鼓励的字母的随意排列，而是由一些含有具体意义的词根词缀所构成的有意义的整体。因此，要记忆一个单词，就不能按照一个个字母排列顺序去记，而是按照词根、词缀的意义去记。同时，《大纲》已经非常明确的给出了考研所涉及到的.词根词缀表，考生要引起注意。
第三，掌握词汇之间的搭配关系。
1.为了让学生更好地了解中国传统文化，我们学校将于下周三下午3点到5点在体育馆举行中国传统艺术展览会。
2.我想邀请你参加这次周年庆典并发表讲话。
3.学生会将为你提供免费的水和午餐。
4.如果你对这次夏令营感兴趣，请于6月15日前报名。
5.我在英语学习方面有困难，我希望你能给我一些帮助和建议。
6.我最喜欢的学科是英语，它能让我扩宽视野，增长见识。
7.我对英语非常感兴趣，并且在英语口语竞赛中获得过一等奖。
8.我想申请这份兼职工作，我相信我一定能胜任这职务。
9.我想对我的老师表示感谢，因为他的鼓励帮助我增强自信。
10.父母应该和孩子多交流和多倾听。
11.学生可以通过锻炼身体和听音乐来缓解压力（relieve the stress）。
12.这所大学位于市中心，有300年的历史。
13.这些费用包括学费吗（tuition fee）
14.我们班关于学生能否带手机到校进行了热烈的讨论。
15.过度使用手机不仅有害我们的视力，而且伤害我们的健康。
16.80%的学生支持成年人应该戒烟的观点。
17.然而，20%的学生反对这个观点。
18.中秋节是中国的传统节日。在这一天，家人团聚在一起吃月饼并赏月。
19.我们可以回收利用课本，这样可以节约许多资源。
典型例句： Ill help you 。
替代语 accomodate E.g: Ill endeavour to accomodate you。
垃圾词汇2: helpful
典型例句：Sth is helpful (to sb)
替代语 conducive E.g Sth is conducive to sb
再给出两个有用的短语：
time-honored 时代赋予的
do credit to our forbears 继承先辈的优秀传统
垃圾词汇3: show
典型例句：as it shows in the picture
替代语 betray
垃圾词汇4: think
典型例句： i think ---- ----
替代语deem
垃圾词汇5: ugly
典型例句： is ugly
替代语 hideous
垃圾词汇6: by the way
典型例句： by the way,...。
替代语 incidentally,...。
垃圾词汇7: because
典型例句： because
一、对高级词汇的误解
“高级词汇”这个术语, 对于高三学生来说已经耳熟能详。但是, 究竟什么样的词汇才是高级词汇呢?大多数学生的理解是:考纲外的、生僻难写的词汇。可见, 学生对高级词汇的认识存在误区。
二、对高级词汇的正确理解
1.这里所说的“高级词汇”, 指的是大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求, 但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇, 比如frustration, awkward, awfully, confusing, access, fascinate, fiercely, competitive, focus, sustainable, avail-able, incredibly, 等词, 都可以算作是“高级词汇”。学生若能够适当地运用这些高级词汇, 定会给阅卷老师留下深刻的印象。例如:
例1这个问题很难理解。
一般表达:The question is really difficult to understand.高级表达:The question is really confusing.
例2环境保护成为人们越来越关注的事情。
一般表达:Environmental protection is becoming an important thing people pay special attention to.优秀表达:Environmental protection is becoming a focus of people's attention.
2.英语中有些词使用频率十分地高, 比如interesting, different, important, think, like等, 所以表达时往往会先入为主。这些词汇本身并没有什么好坏之分, 但它能显示出学生的词汇量和对语言的使用能力一般。再者, 这些高频词很容易令文章陷入“千人一面”的窘境中, 如反复地出现若干次, 对阅卷老师来说无疑是个痛苦的过程, 阅卷老师感觉会很不爽, 后果就很“严重”, 因为批阅书面表达是个主观性很强的过程, 老师打的是“印象分”。而假如我们能够使用它们相应的同义词 (这些词不是“大词”或超纲词汇, 而是“巧词”“妙词”“地道的词”) , 就可以做到“别开生面”, 给文章带来清新的感觉。
例1这非常有趣。
一般表达:It will be very interesting.高级表达:It will be a lot of fun.
例2我非常喜欢古典音乐。
一般表达:I like classical music very much.高级表达:I am on fire for classical music.
3.适当利用短语取代单词。对于同样的汉语意思, 在单词和短语之间, 我们往往优先考虑短语。这是因为短语的优先使用, 从行文上显得更加流畅, 更加地道。
例1突然, 我想出了一个好主意。
一般表达:Suddenly I had a good idea.高级表达:Suddenly I came up with a good idea.
例2每个人都应该竭尽全力。
一般表达:Everyone should do his or her best.高级表达:Everyone is supposed to do his or her best.
三、指导学生运用高级词汇的课堂教学实践
1.总体设计。书面表达的训练一般多采取整篇训练的方式, 尽管讲评过程中教师也会指导高级词汇的运用策略, 但是会显得分散, 学生听完后印象不深刻。细化英文写作中高级词汇的运用, 目的在于帮助学生形成正确清晰的思路及认识, 掌握有效的技巧, 从而增强备考的信心, 并明确今后努力的方向。贯彻“在做中学, 学中做”的教学策略, 让学生在课堂上通过亲身体验各种写作技巧形成自己的策略, 得到思维的锻炼。具体目标是通过大量的训练实践, 引导学生观察、归纳、思考、运用, 帮助他们熟练, 进而内化, 并能有效地运用高级词汇策略。通常采用归纳法、演绎法、观察法、自主学习与合作学习的方法等教学方法。
2.具体教学过程设计。第一步:独立完成词汇运用的针对性练习 (学生自我反思, 归纳出高级词汇的特征) 。第二步:小组讨论答案及选择的理由 (学生通过与同伴的交流, 对照彼此的观点, 有助于开阔思路, 从而调整或肯定自己的想法) 。第三步:师生共同归纳 (教师参与交流, 引导学生更深刻地领会高级词汇的运用对书面表达的“提神”功能) 。第四步:独立完成三四个单句翻译, 尽量一句多译 (学生可以亲自体验翻译中要精心设计每个句子, 尝试使用高级表达法) 。第五步:小组讨论核实答案 (学生通过与同伴的交流, 调整或肯定自己的想法) 。第六步:师生共同归纳 (教师参与交流, 引导学生思考:写作中怎样才能避免第一想法出现在卷面上?使学生意识到在写作文时, 脑海中最先闪现的词汇应考虑是否可以进行升级替换) 。
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