定语从句考点和反思 (中学英语教学论文)（精选10篇）
考点一：考查关系代词which引导的定语从句
1.which 引导的非限制性定语从句。
1）Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play ,_____ ,of course ,made the others unhappy.(NMET)
A.who B.which C.this D.what
解：这道题考查which 引导的非限制性定语从句，从句被插入语of course所割开，答案选B.
2）：Whenever I speak to him, _____was fairly often ,he would talk on and on without giving me a chance to speak.
A. which B. what C. that D.when
解：可以把题目还原成Whenever I speak to him, he would talk on and on without giving me a chance to speak, ____ was fairly often.很容易判断这是由which 引导的非限制性定语从句，答案选A.
注意：which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个句子时，有可能置于句中，将指代的完整的句子分割开。
考点二：考查关系代词as引导的定语从句.
1. as引导的限制性定语从句。
例如：These houses are sold at such a low price _____people excepted.(Shanghai 2000 spring)
A. like B. as C .that D. which
解：这道题考查是such -----as 句型在定语从句中的运用，答案选B。
注意：关系代词as在限制性定语从句中常运用于句型such -----as 和the same ----as----句型。
2. as引导的非限制性定语从句。
例如：_____is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month.(NMET )
A.It B.As C.That D.What
解：这道题要求学生搞清楚两个句型It is known to everybody that ------（everybody knows that------）和As is known to everybody ( as指代整个句子the moon travels around the earth once every month) 的区别。答案选B.
思考：which和as作为关系代词引导定语从句有何区别？
（1） as 作为关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，起先行词必须是整个句子，而Which作为关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句， 其先行词既可以是整个句子也可以是名词
（2） 当as和which都指代整个句子时，as可以置于主句的前、中、后,位置较灵活；但which 不能引导定语从句置于句首。
考点三：考查关系代词whose 的用法。
例如：1)Have you seen the film “Titanic”, ______leading actor is world famous? (Shanghai 2000 spring )
A.its B.it’s C. whose D.which
解： 这道题考查这一考点：whose 在定语从句中充当定语，其先行词为物，(等同于所修饰的名词+of which)。原句可以转化成：Have you seen the film “Titanic”, the leading actor of which is world famous? 答案选C.
2) His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ____family was in the country.
A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose
解：这道题考查这一考点：whose 在定语从句中充当定语，其先行词为人，(等同于所修饰的名词+of whom)。原句可以转化成: His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone, the family of whom was in the country.答案选D.
注意：whose 在定语从句中充当定语时，其先行词既可以为人也可以为物。
考点四：考查关系副词where
例如：He’s got himself into a dangerous situation _____he is likely to lose control over the plane. (Shanghai 2001)
A.where B.which. C.while D.why
解：在这一定语从句中，其先行词不是表示一个具体地点的名词，而是一个抽象名词situation。那么这道题考查where 在从句中表示抽象概念的情况，其常见的先行词有 situation，point, position ,condition 等。
考点五：考查关系副词when
例如：1）The film brought the hours back to me ____I was taken good care of in that far –away village. (NMET 2001)
A. until B. that C. when D. where
解：这道题 when 作为关系副词，引导限制性定语从句，.意为“-----的时候”。常用的先行词有moment,day, time ( hour, week, month, year)。
2）It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ______ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.(2000 spring)
A.that B.while C.which D.when
解：从从句的意思“这是他们队多年来第一次赢得世界杯”。可以推知：从句是对表示时间的先行词加已说明，先行词是an exciting moment，所以这道题考查 when 作为关系副词，引导非限制性定语从句，.意为“在那时”“届时”。
考点六：非谓语动词在定语从句中的运用。
例如：1）The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year.(NMET 2000)
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
解：可以把原句这一复杂句转化为两个简单句
1． The manager discussed the plan.
2． They would like to see the plan carried out the next year.很显然，运用了see sth done 这个结构。所以选C.
2)A-------- The electrical fan she ________in town yesterday works well again.
B-------- Thanks to the repairman ,it does work well again.
A. repaired B. had repaired C. has repaired D. had had repaired
解：这道题解题的关键在于分析句子的成分。A句可以分解为
1) The electrical fan works well again.
2) She had it repaired in the town yesterday. 很显然have sth done 这个词汇运用其中，所以选B.
由此可见，只要学生在平时加以归纳和总结，定语从句这个考点一定会不难攻破。
配套练习[参考答案1]A 2] D 3] B 4] A 5] B 6] C 7] D 8] A 9]C 10] D 11] D 12] B 13] C]
1.______ is known to all ,China has set up good relations with all the neighboring countries.
A. As B. It C. What D. Which
2.It is better to have someone smoke outside than indoors, ____there is less space for smoke to disappear.
A. which B. at which C. that D. where
3.Please think up a situation ____you can use the daily expression.
A. which B. where C. on which D. there
4.These countries would join one another against terrorism, ____ was agreed to at the international conference.
A. as B. it C. that D. what
5.A: Are you familiar with the music?
B: Yes. There was a time ____this kind of music was quiet popular.
A. that B. when C. with which D. about which
6.You are quite right on this point, ______ most of us were lacking understanding.
A . while B. but C. where D. to which
7.We must learn to deal with the condition ______ there is neither weight nor gravity ,neither up nor down.
A. which B. by which C. that D. where
8.He reached London in ,______some time later, he became a famous actor.
A. where B. when C.which D.that
9.The result of the experiment was very good , _____ we hadn’t expected.
A. when B. that C. which D. what
10.Don’t trust such people ____ praise you to your face but speak ill of you behind your back.
A. who B. that C. whoever D. as
11.He has reached the point ____ a change is needed.
A. which B. on which C. that D. where
12. More and more people would like to live in the countryside ________ there is fresher air and lower price of housing.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
13. My father bought an old Chinese painting, _______ was very reasonable.
A. the price of whose B. which price C. the price of which D. its price
一、 考查关系代词与关系副词的区别
解析 1～3题答案分别为D、B、C。第1题“position”为先行词，关系词在从句中做地点状语，因此，应该使用关系副词“where”来引导定语从句。句意：在销售总监的职位上，交际能力与销售能力同等重要。第2题when引导定语从句，在从句中做时间状语，修饰先行词an age（时代），此处的when=in which。第3题story shows the most imagination修饰先行词writer。而先行词writer和story有所属关系，所以用whose表示“作者的故事”。句意为“这个奖项将颁给写的故事充满想象力的作家。”
【命题透视】 选择关系代词与关系副词的关键取决于关系词在从句中所担当的句子成分。如果关系词在从句中做主语、宾语、表语、定语，只能用关系代词；如果关系词在从句中做状语（地点、时间、原因）则用关系副词。
二、 考查非限制性定语从句
解析 4～6题答案分别为A、A、C。第4题中，依据后面的closing time“停止营业时间”可以得知此句是在谈时间，但是此句中缺少主语，前面又有一个逗号，所以可以确定这里是一个非限制性定语从句，用which。第5题如果选择B或D就出现了两个并列句子了。本题考查非限制性定语从句，as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，都指主句所表达的整个意思，as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。在本题中，has been为系动词，而且非限制性定语从句在句中，所以应该选as，代替A lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life。第6题所填词前有逗号，是非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，关系词在从句中做主语，用which引导。其余选项与题干不符。
【命题透视】 非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明，与限制性定语从句区别的明显标志是与主句之间用逗号分开，不能用that引导；非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词， 对其进行修饰， 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数；由as， which 引导的非限制性定语从句中，as和which可代替整个主句；as引导的定语从句可放在主句之前、之后或插在句中，有“正如”、“就像”之意；而which引导的从句不能放在句首。
三、 考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
解析 7～9题答案分别为D、C、C。第7题in which引导非限制性定语从句，which替代前面的process。第8小题前后两句话之间无连词，故不能用人称代词them，而应用关系代词whom引导定语从句，在46个学生当中，表所属，应用of。故答案选C。第9题考查“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句。句中的先行词是two novels，而且后面是一个非限制性定语从句，因此用both of which引导。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，也不能跟在介词后面；如果选them，则逗号后面需要有并列连词and或者是独立主格结构，即both of them made into...。
【命题透视】 在“（名词、数词、代词+）介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用whom（指人）和which（指物）。在这种结构中，“介词”的选择可依据下列几点：（1）某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以与关系副词when 和where，why互换。如第7题。（2）表示“所有关系”或整体中的一部分时常用of，如第8、9题。
四、 考查分隔式定语从句
解析 10～11题答案分别为B、B。第10题中who引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中做主语，修饰先行词Ellen（人名）。which引导先行词是物的定语从句；whom先行词为人，且在从句中做宾语的定语从句；where修饰先行词是地点名词的定语从句，且在从句中做地点状语，均不符合语境，故排除；因从句太长显得句子不平衡，故置于句末。第11题中，指人的先行词people在非限制性定语从句中充当主语，所以用关系代词who引导。故选B项。但由于非限制性定语从句太长，为了避免主句头重脚轻，故放在句末，被主句谓语were suffering in that area隔开。
【命题透视】 定语从句被其他成分隔开，没有直接位于被修饰的中心词即先行词之后，这种现象被称为分隔现象，这种从句叫做分隔式定语从句。出现这种现象有的是由于后置成分较长，为了使句子结构保持平衡，将定语从句移至其他成分之后，有的是出于修辞上的需要，以避免那种千篇一律的语言模式。因此，我们在使用关系词时，要找准中心词，在翻译这类复杂的句子时要正确地理解和分析句子的各种成分。
五、 考查定语从句与相关句型的区别
解析 12～15题答案分别为B、D、B、B。第12题句意为：会议将被延期的通知大约下午两点钟来的。空格后的句子是解释说明名词the notice，作同位语从句，引导词在从句中不做任何成分，所以用that引导。第13题考查定语从句与主语从句的区别，此句是occur to sb.（想到； 想起）的典型句式，是学习单词occur的一个重点方面。that这里是做主语从句的连接词。第14题考查地点状语从句与定语从句的区别，定语从句有被修饰的名词，而本句中没有从句所修饰的名词，where引导的地点状语表明主句动作发生的地点，即：你最好呆在原地。故选B。第15题句子虽然比较长，但是其主干为强调句型，是对“80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic”进行了强调，由此可知，空白处应该填写“that”。
班级：高一（16）班 教师：朱丽娟
语法教学一直以来，主要以教师的讲解为主，通过教师的讲解，学生了解和掌握语法现象，进而通过演绎法和大量的机械训练，完成知识的传输。而随着新课改的深入推进，新课改思想和理念正逐步与教学实践结合起来。新课标要求教师在教学中鼓励学生通过体验、实践、讨论、合作和探究等方式，自主尝试，因而在课堂教学中，提倡任务型学习和合作探究的学习，在情景交际的运用中学，即“学中用，用中学”。
一、设计理念
这节课试图采用新课标提倡的“语言接触---语言体会---语言聚焦---语言运用”这一教学模式。定语从句作为高中阶段第一个接触的比较重要的语法点，是英语教学的重点，也是学生学习的难点，同时又是高考考查的热点。而新课标提倡对定语从句的考查不单纯考查其语法结构，而是把它融入到一定的语境中，考查考生的实际综合运用能力。在语法项目上新课标要求用适当的语法形式描述人、物及事件。因而在教学中，就要充分调动学生的积极性，让学生感知语法现象，体会其表达意义，学会总结语法规律，并能在情景中利用语法现象。此节课的具体构思如下： 1.教学目标
使学生对定语从句的功能和作用有清晰的认识；使学生掌握九个关系代词和关系副词的用法。使学生能够在真实的语境中正确使用定语从句描述人，物和事；促进学生自主分析，概括以及合作能力。使学生充分体验定语从句的强大功能，进而激发其使用此项语法工具的兴趣。
2.教学重点：让学生自主观察、分析、总结关系代/副词的选取规则。
3.教学难点：在具体的情景中学会简单运用所学的定语从句的知识描述人或事物。二． 课堂操作
1.以猜谜的形式导入话题并回顾定语从句的基本概念 2.利用课前完成的代表性习题归纳关系代/副词的选取规则 1）学生课前自主完成历年高考中定语从句的代表性例题并以小组为单位核对、商讨、形成小范围的共识。
2）各小组展示本组答案，对有分歧的例题要求各组说明理由并展开讨论。教师在学生讨论的过程中发现问题，有针对性地点拨提示。
3）以小组为单位，完成关系代词/副词选取规则的总结任务并填写表格。
3.在具体的情景中运用定语从句描述人或事物
1）假设学生在和来自国外的网友谈论校园生活，要求在对话中尽量使用定语从句描述学校、老师、同学。2）对话展示 三．课后体会
1.教学设计比较符合学生的现有的经验和知识水平；在步骤安排上，环节之间跨度小，注意环节之间的相互铺垫、搭配，在知识和能力要求上，逐层提高，因而学生基本能够通过自己体验、观察分析句子结构，简单归纳定语从句的基本形式，基本达成了预定的教学目标。
2.课堂教学操作中，能够根据预定的教学设计，恰当引导学生自主体验、尝试自己观察定语从句，归纳定语从句规律，一定程度上锻炼了学生的思维，促使学生相互交流，共同学习提高。3.课堂教学中，力求让学生通过复现句子，分析结构，相互讨论，自主把握定语从句规则，学生较好地完成了任务，对下面的难点克服很有帮助。
定语从句是一个从属分句，在句中作形容词。可以给出更多关于句中名词或代词的信息。
Sometimes the information given by the adjective clause is essential. An essential adjective clause is one that is needed for the sentence to make sense. If you took it out, you would not know all the information that you need to know.
有时，定于从句提供的信息至关重要。句中需要这一从句使句子的意思更完整。如果缺少此从句，就了解不到完整的信息。
At other times, the information given by the adjective clause is nonessential. A nonessential adjective clause is one that is not necessary. The sentence still makes sense and you know everything you need to know even without the clause. So, you could take it out.
有些时候，定语从句提供的信息不是那么重要。没有这一从句，句子也有意义，而且意思完整。因此可以删掉这一从句。
When a sentence has a nonessential adjective clause, the clause is set apart with commas. This shows that it is not essential.
如果一句中有不必要定语从句，就会用逗号把从句隔开，表示这句话并不是必须的。
1、她就是那个努力学习数学的女孩。
She is the girl who studies math hard.
2、他就是我们刚才谈论的那个人。
He is the man whom/that we talked about just now.
3、这就是那个爸爸是警察的女孩。
This is the girl whose father is a policeman.
4、他们住在一座窗户朝南的房子里。
They live in a house whose windows face south.
5、我仍然记得我第一次来到这座城市的那一天
I still remember the day when we first arrived in the city.
6、这就是我们以前住过的房子
This is the house in which/where we used to live.
7、他们来到一所农舍，农舍前面坐着一个小男孩
They arrived at a cottage, in front of which sat a little boy.
8、我花10元钱买的钢笔丢了
I lost the pen that cost me 10 yuan.
9、那个女人住在楼下，她是个音乐家
The woman lives downstairs, who is a musician.
10、他考试通过了，这使他父母很高兴
He passed the exam, which made his parents happy.
11.、众所周知，中国将在2008年举办奥运会As we all know, china host the olympic games in 2008. china host the olympic games in 2008, which we all know.
12、我永远记得我参军的那一天
I will always remember the day when I joined the army.
13、我们班有50个学生，三分之二是女生
There are 50 students in our class, 2/3 of whom are girls.
14、我们期望的那一天将很快来到
The day (that/which we expect) will come soon.
15、他们正在谈论在公园里看到的人和物
They are talking about the people and things that they saw in the park.
16、这是30年代写的最著名的剧本之一
This is the one of the most famous scripts that was written in the 30s.
17.这正是我要为她买的礼物
This is the very present that I want to buy for her.
18、正在看电视的女孩是Kate.
The girl who is watching TV is Kate.
19、她就是照顾这些孩子的护士.
She is the nurse that took care of these children.
20、我遇见了告诉我这个消息的史密斯先生.
I met Mr. Smith, who told me the news.21、你认识我们在学校里遇见的老师吗?考试及答案
Do you know the teacher whom we met in the school?
22、她就是我们正在寻找的人.
She is the person we are looking for.
23、书包丢了的那个男孩叫Tom.
The boy is Tom who lost his bag.
The boy is tom whose bag was missing.
24、被叫到名字的男孩们站起来.
The boys whose names are called stand up please.
25、这就是你要的那本书。
This is the book you want.
26、那是我所见过的最大的地图.
This is the largest map that I have ever seen.
27、七八月份是天气很热的月份。
July and august are the months that are very hot.
28、它发生在我出生的那天。
It happened the day when I was born.
29、他昨天去了他曾经上过学的学校。
He went to the school where he used to studied.
30、你知道我们为什么早走吗?
Do you know the reason why we left early?
二、定语从句翻译句子
1.我们在医院一直照顾take care of的老太太死了.
The old lady whom we had taken care of in the hospital last year died.
2.你想娶marry的姑娘昨天偷了我的钱包。
The girl whom you want to marry stole your wallet yesterday.
3.孙老师写的书是世界上最好的书。
The book that Mt. Sun wrote is the best book in the world.
4.你喜欢女孩就是我喜欢的女孩。
The girl who you like is the girl who I like.
5.昨天被我家的狗咬的人bite今天又被你家狗咬了。
The man who was bit by my dog was bit by my dog today again.
6.你知道他打算娶reason你的原因吗?
Do you know the reason for which he is going to marry you?
Do you know the reason why he is going to marry you?
7.我讨厌hate我住过的那个旅馆hotel。
I hate the hotel where I lived.
I hate the hotel in which I lived.
I hate the hotel I lived in.
8.我永远也忘不了我们共同生活和学习的那个秋天autumn。
I will never forget the autumn when I studied and lived with you.
I will never forget the autumn in which I studied and lived with you.
9.他爱了20年的那个女孩昨天嫁marry人了。
The girl whom he had loved for 20 years married someone yesterday.
10.她是我见过的最漂亮的女孩。
She is the beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
11.有什么事我能帮你吗?
Is there anything that I can do for you?
12.昨天死的那个老太太留下了100万美圆。
The old lady who died yesterday left one million.
13.昨天那个医生告诉我他为我爹什么也做不了了。
The doctor told me yesterday that there is nothing that he could do for my father.
14.这就是你能在上面找到答案的那一页.
This is the page ,where you can find the answer.
This is the page ,which you can find the answer on.
15.正像老师昨天说的那样，他没有通过考试。
As the teacher told me yesterday, he didn’t pass the exam.
16.正像我们刚才讨论的那样，学习英语很容易。
As we was discussing just now, it’s easy for us to study English.
17.正像我妈昨天告诉我的那样，我的女朋友根本不爱我。
As my mother told me yesteray , my girlfriend didn’t love me at all.
18.正像你知道的那样钱是非常重要的。
As you know, the money is very important.
19. 我们现在学的商务英语非常有用。
We are studying the business English, which is very useful for us In the future.
20.你知道你们家狗要死的原因吗?
Do you know the reason why your dog is going to die?
21. 她就是那个到明年年底，会攒一万美圆的那个女孩。
She is the girl who will have made ten thousand dollars by the end of nest year.
22. 你认识那个警察一直在找的小偷吗?
Do you know the thief whom (who) the policeman has been looking for?
23. 昨天他告诉我，是谁吃了我的苹果，那个苹果是我妈妈给我买的。
Yesterday, He told me who had eaten my apple which my mother bought for me.
24. 自从她出生以来她就从未见过她爸爸。
She has never seen her father since he was born.
25. 她昨天告诉我，自从他去年见到她父亲，就再也没有见过了。
Yesterday, she told me that she had never seen her father sine she was born
26. 你知道你们班长喜欢的那个是贼的女孩吗?
主语 Who which that
主语 Whom which that
宾语 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which)
例1：This is the detective who came from London.
例2：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
例3：The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
例4：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
2.关系代词的用法
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：
All the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：
(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：
1.定从分类有奥妙, 限与非限看逗号;
定语从句分为两大类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，区分它们有两个标准：1）从内容上看，限制性定语从句与它所修饰的先行词关系紧密，不可去掉，去掉后意思就不完整了；非限制性定语从句只对先行词起补充说明的作用，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。2）从形式上看，限制性定语从句与先行词之间没有逗号隔开，而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。请看例句：
The girl who is wearing a blue necklace is Mary.(限制性)
The girl, who is also a student, is planting trees in the field.(非限制性)
解析：第一句中的who is wearing a blue necklace是限制性定语从句，没有逗号，不那去掉，否则意思不完整。
定前必有先行词，名代两类最适宜；
例句：
1)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.
有人要和你讲话。
2)Those who were for the plan raised their hands.
那些赞成计划的举起了手。
3)This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
解析：例句中somebody、those是代词，novel是名词，是被定语从句修饰的词，叫做先行词，可以做先行词的是名词和代词两类。
定从先行很紧密，代副两词拉关系；
定语从句都在先行词之后，连接定从和先行词的词，叫做关系词。关系词有两类：关系代词和关系副词。关系词要注意两点：1）它的人称、数和意思完全等同于先行词，2）关系词在定语从句中做一定的句子成分。
例句 1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
正在踢足球的男生们是一班的。
解析：who＝boys , 在定语从句中做主语，所以其后谓语用are。
例句 2) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
足球是大多数男孩子喜欢的运动。
解析：which=game, 在定语从句中做主语。
例句 3）I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
我仍然还记得第一次到学校的那一天。
解析：when是关系副词＝on the day, 在定语从句中做时间状语。
例句 4）The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
十年前我居住的房子已经被拆了。
解析：where是关系副词＝in the house, 在定语从句中做地点状语。
例句 5）Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
请告诉我你没赶上飞机的原因。
一、«高中英语课程标准»分析： 国家英语课程标准明确地指出：“基础教育阶段英语课程地总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力。综合语言运用能力地形成建立在学生语言技能，语言知识，情感态度，学习策略和文化意识等素养整体发展的基础上。”因此，语言知识，包括语法结构知识,，是综合语言运用能力的重要基础，可以说没有语法就没有语言能。在以“二期课改”教改的全面推进下，教师应该置学生于一种动态，开放，主动，多元的语言学习环境中，让学生在观察、讨论、合作、探究、角色体验中创造性地掌握并自如应该语法结构的同时，体会英语语法之美并产生进一步探究的冲动。
定语从句是新课标高一英语中最基本也是最重要的语法知识之一, 同时也是高考重要语法考点之一。在日常交际口语中,定语从句被经常使用，尤其对于初学者来说,它是理解和解释一些新概念或者复杂概念的有效工具。
二、学情分析：
我所在的学校是一所山区高中，学生英语学习习惯差，语法知识混乱。很多学生学习英语困难，基础知识不扎实，在实际做题时常常无从下手，不能灵活运用。学生们掌握定语从句的结构和功能却并不简单,尤其是从句中关系代词的选用及句型的构建，时常困扰着学生。
由于学生在初中阶段,已经接触过了一些定语从句结构,但仍然很难将语法转化为“学用结合”阶段。定语从句是英语中最基本也是最重要的从句结构之一,同时也是高考重要语法考点之一.在日常交际口语中,定语从句被经常使用尤其对于初学者来说,它是理解和解释一些新概念或者复杂概念的有用工具.但是,学生们掌握定语从句的结构和功能却并不简单,尤其是从句中关系代词的选用及句型的构建时常困扰着学生,导致有些学生害怕定语从句,不敢也不能流利地使用它来表达.本次教学活动,通过研究型学习模式,在教学的各个环节创设情境及任务, 强调学生在学习过程中的主体性, 在各个小组成员的合作下，运用已经学过的语言和本节课学习的新的语言项目完成任务。
三、教学目标：
知识与技能knowledge to gain ：
了解定语从句的位置、结构以及翻译，学习并掌握定语从句的规则，尤其是关系代词的选择。进一步了解关系代词which，who和that的用法和功能。熟悉掌握定语从句中关系代词which，who 和that的使用方法及定语从句句型。
To help the students review the relative pronouns ,including which, who and that and have a clear idea of the concept of the grammar item.过程与方法Skills to develop：
能够使用正确的定语从句句型描绘人物或事物。
To help the students practice the skills at describing the people and further develop the ability in communication especially when the attributive clause is used.情感态度价值观Character to build: 培养学生自主性学习,享受完成任务的过程,乐意与组员合作学习.To help the students form the habit of independent learning and become willing to cooperate with the members in the group activity.四、教学重难点：
1.教学重点：通过创设情景和看图说话的语言活动,帮助学生了解定语从句的基本结构和用法，巩固该语法知识,并锻炼以简单的定语从句结构进行表达。并尽量学会在书面表达中合理地利用定语从句；根据学生的实际情况和授课时间，本堂课我只让学生了解定语从句、先行词、关系代词的概念，初步掌握先行词以及关系代词的选择。以及了解that, which, who, whose引导的定语从句。2.教学难点：帮助学生将已学习的知识转化为技能,从而培养其对该语法知识点的综合运用能力。
五、教学和学法方法： 教法：讲授法、情景教学法、任务型教学法。以学生为主体，用多媒体辅助教学，通过帮助学生理解、归纳、总结、讨论等方式学习定语从句，由于本节课是学生第一次系统学习定语从句，要达到让学生初步掌握定语从句这一目的。六：教学手段： 多媒体辅助教学
七、教学过程：
step1 Leading in教学导入
step2 Presenting
八、教学反思：
英语著名语言学家Dick Allwright曾经说过：如果语言教师能组织一些活动来吸引学生把注意力放在意义上，使用所学的外语，通过交流来解决问题，那么，语言学习就会自然发生。通过口语活动学习语法知识就是要促使学生在语法学习中进行语言交流，让学生在交流活动中，自觉地把注意力从语言形式转向语言意义，转向信息和情感的交流，主动运用语言结构进行意义的表达，使语法符号传递有意义的信息，也使语法学习的最终目标—交际任务得以实现。其中，不但可以使判断、推理、综合等思维能力得到锻炼，而且语法学习也不再显得枯燥乏味。
提倡任务型教学活动，是为了让学生们在教师的指导下，通过感知，体验，实践，参与合作等方式，力求最大限度地把语言能力的培养落实到教学过程的每一个环节，逐步实现预定的任务目标并感受成功。本堂课的设计是按照学生对知识的接受水平由浅入深层层设计的，我在设计里要求自己新颖别致，突出环节的完整性，要有一气呵成的感觉，重点落实，定语从句自始至终贯穿每个环节，活而不乱，生动有趣，贴近生活，气氛活跃。能发挥学生们的主体互动性和能动性，在完成任务的过程中能积极参与。课后感觉任务型教学有所体现，学生们积极性高，参与面广，训练量较大，能初步运用定语从句。在本人看来它的几个闪光点在于：
一、导入环节的新颖，导入部分能力激发学生的学习兴趣。一堂好课应该是由教师引导学生发挥主体作用的一个过程，教师在课前五分钟就要通过各种手段来最大限度的调动学生的积极性，本着这个原则，本人在设计时一开始就通过一个flash动画进行导入.动画画面的生动有趣和情节的幽默打破了传统语法课堂中比较枯燥的引入.二、任务型教学的呈现。教师通过 “语言复习、任务呈现、任务完成、任务反审”这一过程让学生对所学语言(定语从句)进行巩固强化，并主要复习完成任务所需要的语言，复习的主要目的是提高学生运用语言的正确性。在本课例中，本人通过学生原有的定语从句的知识，用学生潜在的知识或经验完成各项任务。
三、自主学习能力的培养。教师在不给出语法规则的前提下，让学生通过有关定从句例句的阅读，讨论，帮助学生在不知不觉中发现归纳定语从句这一语法结构的句法作用、意义和关系代词的基本用法，培养了学生自主学习的能力，从而真正的做到“让学生成为课堂的主人,让学生动起来。”
四.小组合作学习的倡导。在最后一个教学环节中，我尝试将英语定语从句的教学融化于竞赛活动中，通过创设一个合理且有趣的学习情境，使得学生将语法知识与实际运用联系起来，培养了学生语感，达成了教学设计的中的预期：学习英语语法时的知行统一。值得一提的是,在最后的小小写作训练中，各个学习小组，通过小组组员的任务分配，共同探讨并完成写作。不用教师的总结，引导学生亲身体验将会使他们对写作技能和合作学习留下最深刻的印象。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语
which 指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略)
who 指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语
whom 指人在从句中作宾语
whose 指人或物在从句中作定语
as 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语
but 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语
注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which或 of which+the+名词
as 的用法
常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as
注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个
the same…that 表示同一个
as与which的区别
1. 位置不同
as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。
2. as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。
Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。
注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above,
as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。
3. 在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。
二、只用that不用which的情况
1. .先行词为 all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时
2. 先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时.
3. 当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
4. 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
5. 当先行词是数词时.
6. 当先行词既指人又指物时。
7. 如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用 that。
8. 主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。
9. 被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。
10. 先行词为what，关系代词用that。
11. 有时为了避免重复而使用that引导定语从句。
三、只用which不用that的情况
1. 当介词放在关系代词之前时。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中。
3. 当关系代词指整个主句的概念时。
四、只用who不用that的情况
1.当先行词是one, ones,anyone或those时。
2. there be 结构中。
3. 当先行词是人，后面有较长修饰语时。
4. 为了避免重复或引起歧义。
5. 当先行词是I,you,he,they等时(常用于谚语中)。
6. 先行词是指成员的集体名词。
7. who可以引导非限制性定语从句。
8. 先行词是拟人化的名词。
1、了解定语从句的位置、结构以及翻译；
2、学习并掌握定语从句的规则，尤其是关系代词的选择。ii.teaching points:（教学重点）
1、定语从句，先行词以及关系代词的概念；
2、关系代词的选择。
iii.teaching methods:（教学方法）
1、歌曲引入法，小魔术引导法；
2、举例讲解，说明定语从句的用法；
3、以讲练结合的方法加深学生印象。iv.teaching steps:（教学步骤）step one: lead-in（导入）
firstly，enjoy the music “take me to your heart”.t: what’s the name of the song? ss: it is take me to your heart.t: do you like the song whose name is take me to your heart? ss: i like the song whose name is take me to your heart very much.secondly, show the students your favorite sentence:“ all i need is someone who makes me wanna sing.do you know how to sing this sentence? 引出这句你最爱的歌词，具体是什么样的句型结构，留个悬念，大家拭目以待！最后揭晓。step two: 引入定语从句概念
老师拿出两根绳子，要求学生想个办法将两根绳子合二为一，学生提出各种方案，由此引出重要的概念：定语从句，先行词，关系词。
在复合句中作定语，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词，定语从句通常置于先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词主要有关系代词(who, whom, which, that, whose)和关系副词(when, where, why)。注意：本堂课重点讲解关系代词的选择。eg2: harry porter is a boy.harry porter has magic power.harry porter is a boy who has magic power.（哈利波特是个有魔法的男孩.）step three: 详细讲解定语从句语法知识
1.以实例分析定语从句的结构，进一步强调定语从句，先行词以及关系词的概念；
2.列出常用关系词，主要是关系代词。表格展示。说明如果关系词在从句中
做宾语，可以省略； 3.关系词的选择：（1）确定先行词；（2）关系词所替代的先行词是指人还是
指物；（3）关系词在从句中所充当的成分； 4.实例巩固；
5.游戏：a guessing game 根据描述猜人（姚明）。然后根据中文简介，自己
练习使用定语从句；
6.定语从句的翻译。不管引导词是哪一个，都翻译为“„„的”； 7.基础练习关系词的选择；
8.attention: 虽然that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换, 但在下列情
况下, 只用that不用which。
(1)先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。
(2)先行词是序数词、最高级或被序数词、最高级修饰时。
(3)先行词被the only, the very(恰恰), the same, the last修饰时。(4)先行词同时含有人和物时。9.have a try!练习巩固； 10.高考链接。
summary:（小结）让学生自己进行总结，老师适时给出一定的引导。homework:（作业）1.预习关系副词的使用；
2.每人造五个定语从句的例句，可以描述人，物体以及事情。teaching reflection:(教学反思)总的来说整堂课的气氛基本达到我的预想，教学内容也得以输出。但是却未能准确把握上课时间，由于内容偏多，导致后半节课有些许赶进度，这就影响了整个教学效果，我想这是经验不够的缘故。此外，课件部分的声效似乎不是非常适合，有些过于突兀。但还是要给自己鼓励，因为没有出现预想的紧张等情绪。继续努力！篇二：高中英语定语从句精华版教学案
定语从句
导入：
e.g.she is a beautiful girl.she is a beautiful girl who drives me crazy.（一）定语从句定义
1.定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子（做这个名词或代词的定语）叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，2.先行词：被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词。3.用来引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。
关系代词的种类：
关系代词that, which, who, whose, 关系副词： when, where, why 4.定语从句结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。
1.there she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.2.in japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.4.the park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of asia.5.visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.6.oprah winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.（二）定语从句分类
限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，对先行词起修饰限定
作用，从句与先行词紧密相连缺少它，则句义显得不完整，一般不用逗号隔开。
非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词关系松散，用
逗号隔开。
1.the man who gave me this book is tom.(限定性)2.tom,who is reading a book ,is my classmate(非限定性)
（三）关系代词 1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语，口语中可做宾语；that 也可指人，但多用 who.e.g.the man who is sitting under the tree is a german.2.whom指人，在句中做宾语，可省略，但在做介词的宾语是只能用whom,不
能用who.关系代词前有介词时不能省略。
e.g.the man(whom)you look for has left.i know the girl(whom)the teacher is speaking to.i know the girl to whom the teacher is speaking.3.whose, 作定语，可指人或物
e.g.everyone heplps the child whose parents are dead.they are the lazy students whose homework wasn‘t handed in.针对练习
2011全国卷i)the prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.a.that b.which c.whose d.what 2011the school shop, ________ customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays.a.whichb.whosec.when d.where 3.〖10山东〗that‘s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.a.thatb.whichc.whosed.what 4.〖10陕西〗the old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.a.where b.which c.its d.whose 5.〖10北京〗children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.a.what b.whose c.whichd.that 6.〖10重庆〗in china, the number of cities is increasing ________development is recognized across the world.a.whereb.whichc.whosed.that 7.〖09天津〗a person ______ e-mail account is full won‘t be able to send or receive any e-mails.a.who b.whom c.whosed.whoever8.〖09安徽〗many children, parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village． a．theirb．whose c．of themd．with whom 9.〖09湖南〗i was born in new orleans, louisiana, a city name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.a.which b.of which c.that d.whose 4.that 指人或物，多指物，作主语（不能省略）或宾语（可省略）this is a plant that grows in the north.5.which ,指物，在句中做主语（不能省略），或宾语（可省略）。e.g.this is a plant which grows in the north.? 常用that不用which的情况
只能that用做关系代词的情况（共9种类型）。
1.当先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, none, one等不定代词时，只用that。歌诀助记：不定代词这路货，全用that准没错。pay attention to everything that i do.2.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。
歌诀助记：先行词前被限定，千万不要用which.this is the best novel(that)have read.3.如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用that。歌诀助记：两项并列人与物，引导定从用that.they were talking about the person and things that they remembered in school.4.当先行词被the only, the last, the way, the same等等修饰时。this is the last time that i shall give you a lesson.5.在疑问词which开头的特殊疑问句中,为了避免重复只用that。which of the students that knows something about history.6.当先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，只用that。he has little time that he can spare.7.当被修饰的成分是数词时，（被修饰成分是代名词one，指人时除外）只用that.i‘ve got one that you might be interested in.（3）用which，不用that的情况
①引导非限制性定语从句。
e.g.football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。
carol said the work would be done by october, which personally i doubt very much.卡罗尔说这项工作将在十月前做，对此我个人表示怀疑。dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy.桃乐茜总是吹嘘她在戏剧中的角色，这当然使别人不高兴。
②直接放在介词后作宾语时。a.whichb.wherec.when d.as 2011the old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.a.they b.where c.what d.that a.which b.wherec.what d.who a.who b.wherec.when d.which 5.〖10全国ⅱ〗i refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else‘s fault.a.whob.that c.asd.what
（四）关系副词 1.when 指时间
（1）在定语从句中作状语，先行词主要为一些时间名词（year ,day ,time,week 等）,但时间名词在从句中作主语，宾语时，应用that，which，不能用when 做主语 i‘ll never forget the time 作状语 做主语
做宾语
he rememberes the days when he spent much money on stories.(2)it is the first time that „句型中，that是习惯用法，不用when。e.g.it is the first time that i have been to the great wall.2.where 指地点
（1）指前面的地点，在从句中作状语。
e.g.i know the factory where i worked twenty years ago.(2)指地点，在句中作主语，宾语时不能用where，须用that/which.e.g.this is the house where he has lived for 20 years.this is the house that he has lived in for 20 years.e.g.this is the shool ｛in which /where we study every year.this is the shool that /which we visited yesterday.注：有时when ,where 相当于“介词+at/in +which ”.e.g.he left the room where /in which he lived last year.(3)当先行词为某个方面、情况、阶段、位置等的词时使用关系副词 3.why表示原因
―the reason why „.that„.‖中，不能用because 代替that.the reason why he didn‘t attend the meeting is that he was ill.但reason 在从句中做宾语时，关系代词用that/which ,课省略 e.g.i don‘t believe the reason(which/that)he gave me.关系副词针对性练习
2011between the two parts of the concert is an interval（间隔;幕间, 休息时间;距离）, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream.a.when b.where c.that d.which 2011whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _____ it will keep for two or three weeks.a.when b.which c.where d.while 2011a bank is the place ______ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.a.when b.that c.where d.there 2011the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.a．that b．when c．since d． berore 2011i walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, __________ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.a.whichb.wherec.who d.that 6.〖10福建〗stephen hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually.a.that b.where c.which d.whose 7.〖10江西〗the girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training center with her sister ______ she would stay for an hour.a whereb who c which d what 8.〖10天津〗-----can you believe i had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?-----you should try the barber‘st‘s only 15.a.as b.which c.where d.that 10.〖09四川〗she‘ll never forget her stay there she found her son who had gone missing two years before.a.that b.which c.where d.when 11.〖09福建〗it‘s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.a.that b.when c.whichd.where 12.〖09浙江〗i have reached a point in my life ______ i am supposed to make decisions of my own.a.which b.wherec.how d.why a.whyb.what c.that d.where 14.〖09北京〗—what do you think of teacher, bob？
—i find it fun and challenging.it is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting.a.where b.whichc.when d.that 15.〖08北京〗i‘ll give you my friend‘s home address, i can be reached most evenings.a.which b.when c.whom d.where 16.〖08安徽〗all the neighbors admire this family, like a friend. a.why b.where c.which d.that a.where b.when c.who d.which 18.〖08重庆〗they will fly to washington, a.where b.therec.which d.when 19.〖08山东〗occasionsi have the time to spend a day with my kids.a.who b.which c.whyd.when
（五）．“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
当先行词在定于从句中作介词的宾语时，往往可以把介词放在关系代词之前，构成“介词+关系代词（whom/which）”结构。但一些短语东西如look after 等中的介词不能与动词分开，故不能放在关心代词之前。确定介词时： 篇三：高中英语语法教学设计 定语从句
高中英语语法教学设计：定语从句讲解与练习
定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常
出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：
is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2）whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如： they rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
please pass me the book whose（of which）cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如： a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用。例如： there are occasions when（on which）one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。beijing is the place where（in which）i was born.北京是我的出生地。
is this the reason why（for which）he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介+which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
his father died the year（that / when / in which）he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
he is unlikely to find the place（that / where / in which）he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
this is the mountain village where i stayed last year.这是我去年呆过的山村。ill never forget the days when i worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
判断改错：
（错）this is the mountain village where i visited last year.（错）i will never forget the days when i spent in the countryside.（对）this is the mountain village（which）i visited last year.（对）ill never forget the days（which）i spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1.is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? a.where b.that c.on which d.the one 例2.is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.a.where b.that c.on which d.the one 答案：例1 d，例2 a 例1变为肯定句： this museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： this is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选d。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选a。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。18.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
this is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
the house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：
charles smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理?史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
my house, which i bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
this novel, which i have read three times, is very touching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：
he seems not to have grasped what i meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。18.5 介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。
3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：
this is the house in which i lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。this is the house where i lived two years ago.do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
do you remember the day when you joined our club? 18.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。as一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
as we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
the sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。
典型例题
1）alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.a.it b.that c.which d.he 答案c.此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）the weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.a.what b.which c.that d.it 答案b。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。that 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）it rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..a.that b.which c.as d.it 答案b.as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
（1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
（2）as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为b。as 的用法
例1.the same„as；such„as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和„„一样„„。例如： i have got into the same trouble as he（has）.我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。
例2.as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。例如：
as we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。as is known, smoking is harmful to ones health.as是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
18.7 先行词和关系词二合一
1）whoever spits in public will be punished here.（whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）
2）the parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代替）
18.8 what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever 1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如： what you want has been sent here.你要的动词都送来了。
whatever you want makes no difference to me.不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。
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