英语四级写作常用句型（通用8篇）
① As the graph depicts,…
② From the picture we can see that…
③ According to the statistics shown in the first/second graph,…
④ The table shows/indicates/reveals that…
⑤ It can be seen/concluded from the picture/table/figures that…
2. 用于句首提出论点或现象的句型
① Recently,…has become the focus of society.
② …has been playing an increasingly important role in our daily life.
③ Nowadays, there is a growing concern for…
④ Nowadays, it is common to hear/see…
⑤ …has become a common occurrence in our daily life.
⑥ Nowadays, more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of…
⑦ It is only during the last/past few years that men have become generally aware that…
⑧ There is an old/a popular saying/proverb that says/goes…
⑨ In recent years, there is a general tendency…
⑩ Nowadays,…has become a problem we have to face.
3. 用于比较、阐述不同观点的常用句型
① Some people like/prefer…, while others feel/are inclined to…
② There are different opinions among people as to…
③ Some people claim that…is superior to… Others, however, disagree with it.
④ Some people believe that… Others maintain that… Still others claim that…
⑤ Some people suggest… Others, however, hold the opposite opinion.
⑥ On the one hand, people tend to… On the other hand, they feel…
⑦ Some people argue that… Others, in contrast, believe that…
⑧ Although more and more people come to believe that…, there are still others who insist that…
⑨ On the contrary, there are people in favor of…
⑩ There are some people who hold different opinions about…
4. 用于陈述个人观点的句型
① My own experience tells me that…
② In my opinion, we should attach more importance to…
③ As for my own idea about…, I believe…
④ As far as I am concerned, I plan to…
⑤ Personally, I prefer…
⑥ In my view, both sides are partly right in that…
⑦ But for me, I would rather…
⑧ My point of view is that…
⑨ In conclusion, I support the statement that…
⑩ As for me, I tend to choose…
5. 用于结尾的常用句型
① From what has been discussed/mentioned above, we may conclude that…
② Therefore, it is not difficult to draw/come to the conclusion that…
③ It is high time that something was done about…
④ From all the reasons/considerations above, it is evident/clear/obvious that…
⑤ Taking all these factors into account, we may reach the conclusion that…
⑥ Given the reasons I have just outlined/discussed/presented, I strongly recommend that…
英语四级写作三大正文段
1.段内并列
分析某事物时，用此句型说明其主要原因或者多方面原因
例如：Why…? For one thing …For another …There are many reasons for this problem. First /For one thing …Second / For another …Third/ Still another …
2.段内延伸
例如：In involves some serious consequence for …
3.段内对比
(1)肯定其中一个
The benefits gained from B are much greater than that of A.
(2)二者有共同点
A and B have several things in common .They are similar in that…
英语四级写作如何避免跑题
英语四级写作指导：1个宗旨
一般建议在作文的最后一段点出作文的宗旨，也即我们所说的”点题“。文章最后一段重申和强调作文主题，使阅卷老师非常轻松地找到文章的主旨，判断考生是否”切题“，给阅卷老师节省了时间，自然会得到一些额外的”好感分“。
英语四级写作指导：2个范围
任何一个作文题目，如果能够成为一个”可以让人探讨的话题“，势必需要”事关人“或者”事关物“，也许不要”事关重大“，但是必须是有话可说的。
”人“或”物“，就是四六级作文的两个命题范围：
(1)关于”人“的文章，一般涉及”个人成长成功、心态、哲理话题、价值观、品质、习惯“等”较为抽象“的话题。这种话题重在强调人的”内在品质“，强调”积极意义、教育价值“，命题旨在教育考生”做一个什么样的人“。因此，与人有关的”成长类、心态类和哲理类话题“是第一个命题的范围。
【真题链接】Sorry, I am too busy now.If Ihad time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.
【句型解读】该句型表示与现在、过去, 及将来事实可能相反的假设。其if从句的谓语形式分别为“过去时 (be用were) ”“had+过去分词”和“动词的过去时”/“should+动词原形”或“were to+动词原形”;主句谓语形式分别为“would/should/might/could+动词原形”“would/should/might/could+have+过去分词”和“would/should/might/could+动词原形”。
【温馨提醒】
●“If it were not for…I/they…would...”句型意为“如果不是……/如果没有……/要不是……, 我/他 (它) 们……就会……”。其中, “If it were not for...”是表示与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句, were不能用was来代替。主句用“would+动词原形”表示虚拟语气。
●“If it had not been for…I/they…would/should/might/could+have+过去分词”句型意为“ (过去) 如果不是……/ (过去) 如果没有……/要不是 (过去) ……, 我/他 (它) 们……就 (可能) 会已经……”。其中, “If it had not been for...”是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。主句用“would/should/might/could+have+过去分词”表示虚拟语气。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.如果不是因为她不会唱歌, 我将会邀请她来参加聚会。
If___________the fact that she can'tsing, I would invite her to the party.
2.如果我的汽车性能更可靠些, 去年夏天我就会开车去拉萨而不是坐飞机去了。
If my car___________more reliable, I____________to Lhasa instead of flying last summer.
Keys:1.it were not for 2.had been;wouldhave driven
句式二、用介词短语表达虚拟条件的句型
【句型解读】在英语中, 除了用if从句表示虚拟的情景外, 还可以用but for“要不是”和without“没有”等介词 (短语) 来表达虚拟的条件, 相当于条件状语从句。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
没有你的慷慨帮忙, 我不可能熬过那段痛苦的日子。
I couldnt have gone through that bitterperiod_____________your generous help.
Key:without/but for
句式三、宾语从句使用虚拟语气的句型
【句型解读】表示“建议 (suggest, advice, propose, recommend) 、要求 (demand, request, re-quire) 、命令 (order, command) ”等主观意向的动词后的宾语从句使用虚拟语气, 其谓语动词由“should+动词原形”构成, 其中的should可以省略。
【温馨提醒】
●动词wish后接宾语从句时, 从句谓语动词可以根据对现在、将来、过去的虚拟愿望分别采用过去式 (be动词用were) 、“would/could+动词原形”“had+动词过去分词或could/would+have+动词过去分词”等形式。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.他们要求给予每个成年男子选举权。
They demanded that the right to vote__________ to every adult man.
2.彼得希望他读大学时学的是法律, 而不是文学。
Peter wishes that he__________lawinstead of literature when he was in college.
Keys:1. (should) be given 2.had studied
句式四、“it be+adj.+for/of sb.+to dosth.”句型
【真题链接】I thought it would be useful forrhim to learn Chinese at an early age.
【句型解读】结构中, 如果不定式前面的形容词说明不定式的特性, 其逻辑主语一般由for引出;若形容词是描写人的品德、素质的, 说明逻辑主语的特征, 如kind, honest, clever, wise, sensible, nice, thoughtful, brave, bold, foolish, stupid, wrong, cruel等, 则不定式的逻辑主语就用of引出。
【温馨提醒】
●有时不定式的动作执行者不是句子的主语, 此时就需要在不定式前面加一个名词或代词来充当其逻辑主语, 构成不定式的复合结构。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.我打算在大学学习艺术史, 因此访问法国对我来说是很重要的。
I plan to study history of art at university soit is important___________France.
2.我们认为他问那位女士的年龄是不礼貌的。
We think it impolite___________thelady her age.
Keys:1.for me to visit 2.of him to ask
句式五、“be+形容词+不定式”句型
【真题链接】Wewere astonished to findthe temple still in its original condition.
【句型解读】该句型中, 不定式位于作表语、表示心理活动或情绪的形容词后面, 作原因状语。
【温馨提醒】
●这样的形容词主要有:happy, kind, surprised, frightened, angry, shocked, glad, delighted, disappointed, sorry, anxious, proud, clever, safe, dangerous, lucky, pleased, fortunate, right, astonished等。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
虽然看到我们很惊讶, 但是教授给了我们一个热烈的欢迎。
Though____________us, the professorgave us a warm welcome.
Key:surprised to see
句式六、“动词+it+宾语补足语 (adj./n) . (+for sb.) +不定式 (动名词或从句) ”句型
【真题链接】The fact that she was foreignmade it difficult for her to geta job in thatcountry.
【句型解读】当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时, 通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语it, 而将真正的宾语移至句末, 构成该句型。
【温馨提醒】
●该句型中的动词通常是think, find, feel, believe, take, consider, make, suppose等。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.我们觉得让我们的国家成为一个更加美好的地方是我们的责任。
We____________our country a betterrplace.
2.这两个女孩长得很相似, 不熟悉的人很难将她俩区分开来。
The two girls are so alike that strangers_________ one from the other.
Keys:1.feel it our duty to make 2.find itdifficult to tell
句式七、“动词 (have, take, put, like等) +it+that/when (if) 从句”句型
【真题链接】Legend has it that the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival is to recall the soul of Qu Yuan. (江苏卷)
【句型解读】“动词 (have, take, put, like等) +it+that从句”“动词 (enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer等) +it+when (if) 从句”“动词 (see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, answer for, rely on等) +it+that从句”三类结构中的形式宾语it无实际意义, 由于英文句法结构的需要, 其后没有宾语补足语。
【温馨提醒】
●“动词 (take it for granted, bring it tosb.’s attention, owe it to sb.等) +that从句”结构中的形式宾语it也无实际意义, 其后也没有宾语补足语。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.如果你愿意教我如何使用电脑我将非常感谢。
I’d____________you would like to teachme how to use the computer.
2.你放心, 他会来接你的。
You may____________he’ll come to meetyou.
Keys:1.appreciate it if 2.rely on it that
句式八、“状语 (方向、地点、时间副词或表示方位、地点的介词短语) +不及物动词+主语 (名词) ”句型
【真题链接】There remainsa certain doubtamong the people as to the practical value of theproject.
【句型解读】主语是名词、谓语动词是be, remain, live, come, stand, lie, exist, go, run, rush, flee, walk等不及物动词时, here, there, out, in, on, up, down, away, back, now, then等表示方向、地点、时间的副词放在句子的开头, 引起全部倒装, 描述一个生动的情景。
【温馨提醒】
●当谓语动词为be, come, sit, live, stand, lie, exist等不及物动词, 表示方位、地点的介词短语作状语置于句首时, 或当主系表结构中由表地点的介词短语所作的表语置于句首时, 也使用该句型
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.有一会儿什么也没发生, 接着就有一阵欢呼声。
For a moment nothing happened, ____________all shouting together.
2.山脚下坐落着一个村庄。
_____________a village.
Keys:1.then came voices 2.At the foot of the mountain lies
句式九、以“only+状语”开头的句子使用倒装语序的句型
【句型解读】当only位于句首, 修饰、强调状语 (副词、介词短语、从句) 时, 句子的主体部分要用部分倒装语序, 即把其中的助动词或者情态动词提到主语的前面。
【温馨提醒】
●在强调句中, 被强调部分是only所修饰的状语时, 句子的主体部分不用倒装。例如:
It wasonly when I reread his poems recent-ly thatI began to appreciate their beauty.只是在最近我重读了他的诗, 我才开始欣赏他们的美。
●如果only修饰的是句子的其他成分, 则句子的主体部分也不用倒装。例如:
Only Cinderella’s foot fitperfectly and sothe prince chose to marry her.只有灰姑娘的脚完全吻合, 于是王子娶她。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
只有那时我才真正开始感谢爸爸和他的信仰。
____________I truly begin to appreciate Dad and his faith.
Key:Only then did
句式十、“It is/was+强调部分+who/that+其他成分”句型
【真题链接】It was in New Zealand thatElizabeth first met Mr.Smith.
【句型解读】该句式是强调句型。其中, it, that/who无词汇意义, it为强调词, 引出强调成分, that/who只起语法连接作用。
【温馨提醒】
●如果被强调的部分在句子中作主语且指人时, 用who或that来连接都可以, 如果是其他成分, 则一律用that来连接。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
首先想到骑车从沿湄公河源头到终点旅游的是我的姐姐。
_______________first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.
Key:It was my sister that/who
巩固练习:
根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.事实上, 如果我们今天听到的话, 我们当然不能理解。
2.要不是约翰最近受伤了, 我们昨天就把他的名字填在比赛名单里了。
We would have put Johns name on the racelist yesterday___________his recent injury.
3.简苍白的脸色表明她生病了, 她父母建议她做一次体检。
Janes pale face suggested that she___________ ill, and her parents suggested that she ____________a medical examination.
4.医生认为您最好休个假。
The doctor thought it would be good_________a holiday.
5.我们认为他们在几周内完成生产计划是可能的。
We think it possible__________their production plan within a few weeks.
6.当她1960年来到贡贝时, 对女性来说住进大森林是件罕见的事情。
When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, itwas unusual___________in the forest.
7.我讨厌人们满嘴含着食物说话。
I_________people talk with their mouthsfull.
8.我喜欢秋天清爽明朗的日子。
I__________in the autumn_________theweather is clear and bright.
9.在长江和嘉陵江的交汇处是重庆——中国最大的城市之一。
10.重要的不是谁是对的, 而是什么才是对的。
1. it作形式主语。
In fact, it is certain that we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today.
【句型分析】该句子中的第一个it是形式主语,that引导主语从句。当句子的主语由动词不定式、动名词或从句担任,且较长时,可将主语调至句末,而原来主语的位置用it替代。另外,当no good,no use, useless, a waste of等作表语时,用动名词作主语比较符合习惯。当谓语是seem, appear, be said, be reported, be hoped, be believed等时,应该用从句做主语。
【翻译练习】
(1) 课后经常锻炼身体对我们来说是非常重要的。
(2) 与他争吵是没有用的。
(3) 她撒谎似乎是为了获得这份工作。
2. it作形式宾语
His dream was that the Olympic Games would make it possible for countries and people to live peacefully side by side.
【句型分析】该句子中的it是形式宾语,possible是宾语补足语,for...by side才是真正的宾语。当动词不定式、动名词、从句作宾语,且后面跟有宾语补足语时,宾语必须要放在宾语补足语之后。当宾语补足语是no good, no use, useless, a waste of等时,宾语用动名词。
【翻译练习】
(4) 他们觉得在这么短的时间完成工作非常困难。
(5) 我认为又阅读而不理解是没有用的。
(6) 我认为我们队必胜。
Once out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop.
【句型分析】 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致且从句的谓语含be动词时,从句的主语和be动词可以省略。如果从句的谓语是实义动词的主动形式,该动词则可以改为现在分词的主动形式。
【翻译练习】
(7) 小的时候,玛丽与奶奶住在一起。
(8) 在北京逗留期间,我拜望了好几位知名教授。
I found the homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school.
【句型分析】 what I used to get在该句子中作由as引导的比较状语从句中的主语,其意思相当于the homework that I used to get。what可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等,其意思为“什么”或“……的”。如:
I don’t know what has happened. 我不知道发生了什么事情。
What he says is often not the same as what he does. 他经常表里不一(他所说的经常和他所做的不一样)。
what表示“……的”根据具体语境可以理解为“……的话”、“……的想法”、“……的事情”、“……的东西”等。
【翻译练习】
(9) 你需要的东西在教室里。
(10) 我看不清黑板上所写的东西。
We will not give up until we find convincing evidence.
【句型分析】 否定形式的动词与until/till连用表示“直到……(动作)才(开始)”,肯定形式的动词与until/till连用表示“直到……(动作结束)”。
【翻译练习】
(11) 你不会知道你可以做什么,直到你尝试了。
(12) 他们一直谈到凌晨四点。
After the Norman Conquest, upper class people spoke French while common people spoke English.
【句型分析】 当我们在书面表达中需要对两个句子所表达的内容加以对比时,要用到上句中的while。此处的while表示“而”,可以连接两个句子。
【翻译练习】
(13) 我喜欢音乐而他喜欢运动。
(14) 有些人浪费食品而有些人不够吃。
Not all ads play tricks on us though.
【句型分析】当all, both, each, always, every及其复合词等与否定词not, never连用时表示部分否定。
【翻译练习】
(15) 并非我们每个人都为考试做好了准备。
(16) 他并非总是第一个到校。
Not only is every step of climbing Mount Qomolangma felt by the viewer, but also...
【句型分析】 否定词never, not, hardly, seldom, little, neither, nor, not until, not only, no sooner放在句首时句子要部分倒装。
【翻译练习】
(17) 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。
(18) 如果汤姆不去,那么他的妹妹也不去。
He found several important ones. Inside the tombs, he found jewels, gold and the preserved bodies of dead kings.
【句型分析】 inside the tombs在第二个句子中作地点状语。一般来说,地点、时间状语等应该置于句子末尾。但如果为了强调或出于使上下句连接得更加紧密的目的,可以将其调到句首。
【翻译练习】
(19) 我看到一棵大树。一些年轻人正在树下读书。
(20) 他找到了那所房子。然后他走了进去。
However, police found that Justin did in fact return home on Friday night at about 11 p.m..
【句型分析】该句子原来的形式为:However, police found that Justin in fact returned home on Friday night at about 11 p.m.. 为了加强谓语动词的语气,在该句子谓语动词之前加了助动词did。一般现在时、一般过去时的肯定陈述句和肯定形式的祈使句均可以通过加助动词do, does, did的方法来加强谓语动词的语气。
【翻译练习】
(21) 她的确经常帮助同学学习英语。
(22) 上课时务必将老师的话记下来。
Follow the suggestions above, you will look and feel much better in no time at all!
【句型分析】 该句子原来的形式为:If you follow the suggestions above, you will look and feel much better in no time at all!当if引导肯定形式的条件句,主从句主语均为第二人称,且当主从句谓语动词都表示将要发生的动作时,可以更换为:祈使句+and+陈述句。如果其他条件不变,只是if引导否定形式的条件句时,可以更换为:祈使句+or/or else+陈述句。
【翻译练习】
(23) 这些单词如果你多读几遍,就可以把它们记住了。
(24) 不要迟到,否则会受到惩罚。
由于篇幅有限,教材中的经典句型难以一一列出。不过,本文可以作为积累句型的开始。在今后的学习中,同学们可以不断将其完善。
参考答案
1. It’s important for us to do/that we do some exercise after class regularly.
2. It’s useless/no use arguing with him.
3. It seems/appears that she told a lie in order to get this job.
4. They found it very difficult to finish the work in such a short time.
5. I think it useless/no use reading without understanding.
6. I think it certain that our team will win.
7. When (she was) young, Mary lived with her grandma.
8. While(I was) staying in Beijing, I visited several famous professors.
9. What you need is in the classroom.
10. I can’t see clearly what was written on the blackboard.
11. You never know what you can do until you try.
12. They talked on and on until four o’clock in the morning.
13. I like music while he likes sports.
14. Some people waste food while others have not enough to eat.
15. Not every one of us is ready for the exams.
16. He is not always the first to get to school.
17. Never before have we seen such a sight.
18. If Tom doesn’t go, neither/nor will his sister.
19. I saw a big tree. Under it, some young men were reading.
20. He found that house. Then, he went in.
21. She does often help her classmates with their English.
22. Do write down what the teacher says in class.
23. Read these words more times, and you will keep them in mind.
24. Don’t be late, or (else) you will be punished.
小笼包 Juicy Steamed Buns生煎锅贴 Pot Stickers
素锅贴 Vegetable Pot Stickers春卷 Spring Rolls
糖烤子鱼 Honey Glazed Phoenix Tail Fish红油抄手 Spicy Won Ton
麻辣豆鱼 Spicy Vegetarian Fish酸辣汤 Hot and Sour Soup
黄鱼羹 King Fish Chowder三鲜锅巴汤 Seafood Sizzling Rice Soup
火腿冬瓜汤 Winter Melon aand Ham Soup馄吞汤 Won Ton Soup
西湖牛肉羹 West Lake Chowder鸡丝鱼翅羹 Chicken Shark’s Fin Soup
蟹肉鱼翅羹 Crabmeat Shark’s Fin Soup什锦砂锅 Seafood & Meat Clay Pot
狮子头砂锅 Lion’s Head Clay Pot白菜豆腐砂锅 Cabbage Clay Pot
葱爆牛/羊肉 Scallion Beef or Lamb姜葱牛/羊肉 Ginger Beef or Lamb
蒙古牛/羊肉 Mongolian Beef or Lamb上海粗炒面 Shanghai Chow Mein
1）主语从句
It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy.It is well-known that…
It is self-evident/ conceivable / obvious / apparent that…
It goes without saying that… It is universally acknowledged that…
It is / that
2）宾（表）语从句
We cannot understand why he was so cruel to his roommates.The problem is not who will go, but who will stay.3）定语从句（限定性和非限定性）
As is shown/ demonstrated/ illustrated/ depicted/ described…in the cartoon/ picture/ graph/ table…,There are many reasons why I want to study in your university.It is estimated that tens of billions of pounds spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste.4）状语从句（时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等）
When the man is enjoying the cigarette, the smoke becomes a monster（怪物）which will devour him.Whatever the reason, there are with student use of computers.5）分词短语做定语或状语
Prof.Kang came to our university, giving us a lecture on how to acquire English better.6）倒装句
Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem.Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.7）被动句
Some measures should be taken to deal with the problem.He is said to have accomplished a lot of great deeds.Many people believe that…（It is believed that…）
8）设问句
two possible
人民生活状况的改善原因有两点。首先，我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次，国民经济正在迅速发展，而且出生率已经得到控制。
There are two reasons for the improvement in people’s living conditions.Inthefirst place,we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy.Secondly,there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy .Further-more,the birth rate has been put under control.
2.My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows.In the first place,… Secondly,…Finally… solve
tackle
relieve (提出建议)
我对解决这个问题的建议如下。首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次，有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后，对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。
My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows .To begin with,it is urgent to create nature reserves.Secondly,certain rare wild animals that are goingtobeextinct should be collected,fed and reproduced artificially.Finally ,those who hunter them must be punished severely.
3.Different people have different opinions on this question.Some people believe that …
Others
problem. matter. argue that… Still others assert that…(论述不同看法)
人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败，有人能够经得起考验，从失败中汲取教训，并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而，另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。
People differ in their attitudes towards failure.Faced with it ,some of them can stand up to it .draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfii what they are determined to do.Others,however,lose heart and give in.
4.It is important (nessary, urgent, difficult, easy, expensive, desirable, abvisable,convenient, comfortable)for sb. to do sth. (发表意见)
人们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人民日益增长的需求。
It is desirable to build more hospitals,shopping centres,recreation centres,cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.
5.As a popular saying goes “Everything has two sides.” (分析利弊)
常言道：“事物总是一分为二的”。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面，科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家的人民饱尝公害之苦。
As a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides.” Now people (the public)are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. On the other hand,the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble.Peoplein many countries are srffering from public hazards.
6.For example, … (举例阐述) For instance, … Let’s take …for examlpe.
就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气，而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外，汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。
Les ’ s take cars for example.They not only pollute the air in cities,but make them crowed.Furthermore,they carse a lot of traffic accidents. (…, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents.) The noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.
7.It is generally believed that … accepted (引证观点) thought held
普遍认为，在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善的使死亡率下降了。
It is generally believed (=thought) that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed coutries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.
8. …causes (produces, brings about, leads to, results in …)(因果关系)毫无疑问，需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。
例如：(1)I can’t believe she is right.我相信她是不对的.
(2)You don’t think they will come tomorrow, do you?你认为他们明天不会来,是吗?
1 现有外贸函电教材的研究中存在的不足
外贸函电的教学目的除了要求学生掌握国际贸易的基本原理、基本知识和技能外, 更重要的是要掌握商务英语信函的写作原则和用英语处理进出口业务的能力。它们是影响学生实际工作能力的重要方面。目前, 函电教材对这些方面的研究存在两个方面的不足。
1.1 礼貌原则的不足
商务信函写作原则是商务信函要遵循的普遍准则, 尤其是其中的礼貌原则, 秦延梅认为“正确地掌握英美外贸函电的基本礼貌原则是外贸工作人员必须具备的专业技能之一”。但是在外贸函电的教材中, 这一点只在概述部分写作原则的介绍中有讲解, 却很少能在样信中体现出来, 而且样信一般都没有场景的解释, 学生很难单单从样信中体会到应该采取什么样的语气来表达信函写作的态度, 更不知道用什么样的句型来表达这种态度, 这不利于学生在实际工作中对礼貌原则的准确把握和清晰表达。
1.2 对学生英语水平差的解决办法的不足
现今高职学生英语水平差是不争的事实, 即使在商务英语专业内也存在着英语水平参差不齐的现象。怎样在较短的时间内让学生掌握英语函电的常用表达并在实际的工作中灵活应用, 是每个商务函电教师需要思考和研究的问题。现有函电教材中有的英语表达太过复杂, 水平较差的学生学起来很吃力;有的教材虽然在样信和练习中用到了一些常用句型, 但却没有专门进行比较和总结, 知识点很散, 学生也很难掌握。
这两个方面的不足将会影响到学生学习的结果, 进而影响到将来实际工作的效果, 需要在教学中给予足够的重视。因此, 需要首先在教材中解决这些问题。
2 构建常用句型模块
在函电中人们大多是通过敬语和一些常用句子表示感激和尊重的。如果把这些常用礼貌句型集中罗列出来, 在教材中建立一个专门的模块, 就能方便学生进行选择和反复使用, 从而使学生能较快地掌握这些常用句型。
2.1 选作常用句型的依据
首先, 应该本着“实用为主, 够用为度”的原则, 选择实际外贸活动中最常用的、最简洁易学的表达作为常用句型, 避免晦涩的长难句。教材选材是否简洁实用, 直接关系到学生学习的质量, 从而也影响学生未来就业的质量。
其次, 要遵循礼貌原则, 选择礼貌程度不同的表达作为常用句型。礼貌的表达是要依据不同的场景和情况的, 有由衷的感激之情, 也会有出于客套的礼仪。区别礼貌程度不同的表达才能让学生准确表达不同情形下的情感, 有助于学生在实际工作中的操作。
2.2 常用句型模块的构建
常用句型可按礼貌程度和信息类型进行分类。在英语表达上越是长、难的句子意思上就越委婉、越客气。在构建模块时, 可按由短到长, 由易到难, 由随便到委婉的顺序排列。
赵璐把信息分为四大类:肯定信息, 中性信息, 负面信息和说服信息。前三种其实是同属于告知的三种类别。说服信息往往是用委婉的词语提出来的建议和请求。外贸函电作为商务洽谈中维持双方友好协作关系和谈判的工具, 需要用礼貌的语言表达出对现实情况的确认和对买卖双方下一步运作的建议。因此, 我们可以把信息划分为告知类和恳请类。
(1) 告知类:所告知的信息可能是好消息, 也有可能是进展不顺的信息。告知好消息时, 我们可以用表示感谢的句型:Thank you for your L/C…/We are pleased to tell you that…/We take pleasure in…/We acknowledge with thanksreceipt of your letter of June 11, enquiring about…
告知不好的消息时, 可以说:We are sorry to tell you that…/We are afraid…/We are regretted to find that…We presume that there must be some reason for your…等表示遗憾的句型。
(2) 恳请类:恳请类可以用一些疑问句、条件句、虚拟句来表达:
Could you…?
Would you please…?
We would like to…
We wish you would…
We should be thankful if you would…
We should be grateful if you would…
We shall be appreciate it if you can…
We are wondering if you can…
……
常用句型模块可以放在函电概述之后, 与礼貌原则、简洁原则等写作原则相对应, 为后面各个交易环节的函电写作做准备。
2.3 常用句型模块的应用
函电的结构一般包括起承转合四个部分。起:确认交易已进行到哪一步。通常用告知句型来说明已收到对方某月某日的来信、银行信用证或货运公司的装船通知等。承:对贸易现状表示感激或遗憾。转:对对方下一步的工作提出请求, 或对己方下一步的工作提出想法。合:期待对方的回复或行动。
在起承转合四个部分中, 几乎每个部分都要用到告知或恳请类的句型, 学生可以根据函电结构把这两类常用句型与贸易各环节相关的常用表达结合起来。提出己方意见时注意对方的需求, 拒绝对方要求和条件时注意语气委婉。提醒学生注意什么场合运用什么语气、使用什么人称。使他们知道如何站在适合的角度, 运用简洁、恰当的表达, 技巧性地进行业务洽谈。并且, 通过这样的反复应用, 学生能较快地掌握这些常用句型, 做到结构清晰、礼貌得体, 真正掌握好函电这门工具。
摘要：现有高职外贸函电教材中对礼貌原则的具体体现方面存在的不足, 妨碍了对外贸易函电课程的学习。因此, 应该从礼貌程度和信息类型两个维度来构建常用句型模块, 以利于学生真正掌握好函电写作。从常用句型选择的依据、模块构建和模块的应用等方面进行了论述。
关键词：高职外贸函电,教材,礼貌原则,常用句型模块
参考文献
[1]秦延梅.英美外贸函电中的礼貌原则[J].中国市场, 2006, (4) .
[2]赵璐.外贸函电中合作原则与礼貌原则的运用研究[J].长沙大学学报, 2012, (7) .
通过实践归纳，笔者总结出写作中使用频率高、套用范围广的语法及句型，建议考生在写作时优先考虑使用这些“万能”句型，丰富文采。本文将以2010、2011和2012年三年广东高考英语基础写作为例，探讨一下如何整合句子以及润色句子。
笔者归纳的常用整合句子方法如下：
一、定语从句
适用范围：被描述的对象是人、物、时间或地点，且是名词成分时，通常会作为定语从句的先行词，通过定语从句进一步描述该对象。
1. The number of the smokers has already reached 350 million, among which the males hold 75% and the females hold 25%. [2010年广东高考，写作要点——相关数据：(1)吸烟人数：约35亿 (2)分布：男性75％；女性25％”]
2. Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, whose writer is Amy Chua, a Chinese American and professor at Yale University, was published in 2010. [2011年广东高考，写作要点——(1)书名：Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother；(2)作者：Amy Chua，美籍华人，耶鲁大学教授；(3)出版时间：2010年]
二、非谓语动词
适用范围：中文翻译中有合适的动词可作非谓语使用，与句中谓语动词构成并列、伴随等关系。非谓语动词常可由定语从句改写而来，为避免句型单一，若一篇文章中多次使用了定语从句，可考虑把其中一个定语从句改写为非谓语动词短语，反之亦然。
1. My country begins to carry out the policy aiming to forbid smoking in public buildings since January 1st, 2011. [2010年广东高考，写作要点——内容：公共场所禁烟；实施时间：2011年1月1日起；实施范围：全国]
2. Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, written by Amy Chua, a Chinese American and professor at Yale University, was published in 2010. [2011年广东高考，写作要点——(1)书名：Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother；(2)作者：Amy Chua，美籍华人，耶鲁大学教授；(3)出版时间：2010年]
三、状语从句
适用范围：根据因果、时间、条件、让步等逻辑关系，选择适当的连词，连接主、从句的内容。
1. More than 100 thousand people per year die because they are terribly influenced by the second smoke around. [2010年广东高考，写作要点——相关数据 (4)因二手烟死亡人数：超过10万／年”]
2. Surprisingly, most Chinese mothers do not agree with Amy Chua although her 17-year-old elder daughter was recently reported to have been admitted to both Harvard and Yale. [2011年广东高考，写作要点——相关报道：⑵意外反应：多数中国妈妈不赞同作者的做法；⑶最新消息：17岁的大女儿已被哈佛大学和耶鲁大学录取]
四、“so / such +adj./ adv. + that…”结构
适用范围：中文写作内容中涉及相关形容词或副词（或可根据中文写作内容合理增加形容词或副词），并通过该句型表示目的、因果等。
1. About 540 million non-smokers are so severely affected that every year more than 100 thousand people die of second smoke. (2010年广东高考，写作要点——相关数据 (3)受二手烟影响人数：约5 4亿 (4)因二手烟死亡人数：超过10万／年”)
2. The debate was so heated that people began to argue about which way of parenting was better, the traditional way or the American way. (2011年广东高考，写作要点——基本信息：⑸效应：引发中美教育方式孰优孰劣的讨论)
五、“with”结构
指with引出的介词短语或“with+宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。
适用范围：对话题进行补充，或与主句构成伴随关系。
1. With the aim of freeing people from smoke in every public room, the government has taken action to post the sign of preventing smoking. [2010年广东高考，写作要点——目标：所有室内公共场所无烟；措施：张贴禁烟标志”]
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