语法练习(分词和从句)（共7篇）
1.The speed _____ light travels is very high.A.which B.at which C.in which D.with which 2.Does he have difficulty _____ English? A.to speak B.speak C.speaking D.spoke 3.In winter we go _____ on the hill.A.skiing B.to ski C.ski D.for ski 4.Asked about the new play, ____.A.his answer was confident B.he was confidently answered C.he answered confidently D.his answers were confident 5._____ black clouds covering the sky, he stopped his work and went home.A.To see B.Having been seeing C.Seeing D.having to see 6._____ , the inhabitants fled.A.The city taken B.The city having been taken C.Having taken the city D.The city being taken 7._____ , he works very late at nigh.A.Having been choosing director B.Choosing director C.Having chosen director D.Being chosen director 8.She apologized for _____ the party.A.not her being able to attend B.her not being able to attend C.her being able not to attend D.her being notable to attend 9.I advised _____ , but he turned me a deaf ear.A.him not to smoke again B.him to smoke not again C.him to not smoke again D.not him to smoke again 10._____ a satisfactory answer,so he had to writhe to them again.A.As he hadn’t received B.Not having received C.Having not received D.He hadn’t received 11.The reason _____ I can’t come is that I have to prepare for the coming exam.A.for B.as C.because D.why 12.She studied hard at school when she was young;_____ contributes to her success in her career.A.that B.so that C.so D.which 13.I’ve got a bottle of beer, but I haven’t got anything _____ I can open it with.A.that B.what C.where D.which 14._____ the day went on，the weather got worse.A.With B.Since C.While D.As 15.It wasn’t such a good present _____ he had promised me.A.that B.as C.which D.what 16.The person _____ you were talking to was an American.A.who B.whom C.which D.as 17.She _____ playing volley-ball very much.A.has B.wants C.lets D.enjoys 18.Most of the people _____ to her party were her old friends.A.Invited B.to invited C.being invited D.inviting 19._____ from the moon, the earth with water _____ seventy percent of its surface.A.See/covered B.Seeing/covering C.Seen/covering D.To see/to cover 20.The fact _____ doctors recommend that children with hypertension（过度紧张）drink coffee is surprising.A.what B.is that C.that D.of 21.I can never forget the day _____ I first came to college.A.when B.in which C.at which D.which 22.I can never forget the day _____ we spent together.A.when B.in which C.at which D.which 23.The reason _____ he failed the exam was _____ he had not worked hard.A.why„„if B.why„„that C.that„„why D.why„„what 24.When you called me this morning, I _____ the newspaper.A.read B.was reading C.reads D.have read 25._____ to get there on time，we walked as fast as we could.A.hoping B.to hope C.hoped D.being hoped 26.Walking along the river, he heard someone _____ for help.A.shouting B.shout C.shouted D.having shouted 27.My vacation begins next Tuesday, _____ I will leave for Flofida.A.which B.that C.while D.when 28.He has made another wonderful discovery, _____ of great importance to science.A.which I think it is B.of which I think is C.I think which is D.which I think is 29.I decided to buy a car because we had sold _____ we had in England before leaving.A.that B.the other C.which D.the one 30.The investigation, _____ will soon be published, was made by John.A.at which the results B.the results on which C.whose results D.at whose results 31.They did not discover until later _____ the car had been destroyed.A.as B.than C.which D.that 32.They overcame all the difficulties and fulfilled the plan ten days ahead of schedule, _____ was something we had not expected.A.that B.this C.it D.which 33.That’s the reason _____ Ann could not do her part of the job.A.that B.of C.because D.why 34.The company official _____ I thought would be fired received a raise.A.whom B.whoever C.who D.of whom 35.In 1990 he caught a serious illness from _____ effects he still suffers.A.that B.which C.what D.whose 36.His brother had become a teacher, _____ he wanted to be.A.who B.what C.which D.that 37._____ I saw was two men crossing the street.A.What B.Whom C.Who D.That 38.The time will come _____ man can fly to outer space freely.A.that B.when C.in that D.what 39.Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai,_____ she belonged.A.which B.to where C.to which D.at which 40.The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _____ are separated from the others by land or water.A.them B.that C.which D.those 41.Crude oil is refined in a refinery, _____ makes it possible to get many grades of oils for different uses.A.as B.that C.this D.which 42.I am sure that _____ you said is wrong.A.which B.all C.this D.how 43.He arrived late for the tea party, _____ made us all very disappointed.A.which B.this C.it D.that 44.The people at the party were worried about John because no one was aware _____ he had gone.A.where that B.where C.of the place where D.the place 45.Is there anyone you can think of _____ may know her address? A.which B.that C.who D.what 46.It was raining, _____ was a pity.A.what B.that C.as D.which 47.This is the reason _____ an aeroplane can’t fly in space.A.which B.why C.where D.for that 48.We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, _____ completely waterproof.A.no of which B.none of which C.some of that D.neither of which 1.B which代替先行词在后面的定语从句中作 at 的宾语。“以什么速度传播”应该是travel at...speed。2.C 他在学习英语上有困难吗？have difficulty（in）doing 干什么有困难；其中in 可以省略．固定短语，故Ｃ正确．
3.A 冬季我们去山上滑雪． go skiing 去滑雪.4.C 被问及这次新的演出时，他回答得很自信。Confidently 是副词，修饰动词answer，放在动词前面后面都可以。过去分词做状语，含被动意义，这里asked的逻辑主语是he, 而不是his answer.故A, D排除，再看：B, C , “他回答”是主动语态，所以B项被动形式错误，正确答案为：C。
5.C 看到乌云遮盖了天空，他就停下工作回家了。现在分词做伴随状语，其逻辑主语是主句主语：he.主动语态，故Ｃ正确．Ｂ被动形式排除．选项A是不定式形式，表目的，将来要发生的动作，译为：为了要看乌云遮盖天空，他．．．．．．显然不合题意。D.没有这种用法． 6.B fled 的原形是：flee , 意思是＂逃走，逃避＂；这个城市被占领了，居民们就四处逃生了．这是一个独立主格结构，两句的主语不是一个．
7.D 由于被选为主任，他晚上工作到很晚．Being chosen director现在分词短语作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句：Because he was chosen director.8.B 她为没能参加那次聚会而道歉。apologize for 为„„而道歉；for 为介词，后跟名词或动名词，动名词的否定式是其前面直接加否定词not，故B正确。9.A 我再次建议他不要再吸烟了，但他好像没有听到一样。turn sb a deaf ear 不听某人的话。advise sb(not)to do sth 建议某人（不要）做某事。注意：不定式的否定式也是其前面直接加否定词not, 故A正确。10.D as表示“因为”，不能和 so 连用。So是并列连词，连接两个句子，B、C 都是分词短语，无法做句子的谓语。11.D 我不能来来的原因是我必须得为马上来临的考试做准备了．reason 原因，why 引导原因状语从句。12.D 年轻时她在学校学习很用功，这对她在以后的职业生涯中取得成功有很大贡献。这是非限制性定语从句，前面整个句子做先行词，则定语从句只能用关系代词which，故选D。13．D 我买了一瓶啤酒，但是我没有什么东西用来打开它。句子“I can open it with”中缺少宾语，关系代词前有介词时：指人就用whom，指物就用which，故选择：D。
14.D as意为“随着”表示伴随动作，as the day went on“随着白天的过去”，类似的表示还有 as time went on“随着时间的推移”。
15.B 这个礼物并不像他曾许诺我的那样好。such„„as„„ 如此„„像什么一样； 16.B 那个你刚才跟他说话的那个人是个美国人。先行词是指人，在句子中充当的是宾语(通过：you were talking to，我们看出句子缺少宾语。)，故用whom.17.D 她非常喜欢打排球；enjoy doing sth 喜欢干什么事．
18.A 大多被邀请去她晚会的人都是她的老朋友．过去分词做定语，放在所修饰词的后面，具有被动的概念．
19.C 从月亮上看，地球有百分之七十被水覆盖．第一个空：主句主语是地球，那么从月球上看地球这个空，由于主语是地球，地球是被看的，故用过去分词形式，表被动．第二个空：现在分词短语放在所修饰词的后面，具有主动的含义，水覆盖地表的百分之七十，所以用covering，如果用covered就表示水被百分之七十的地面所覆盖，这显然不符合现实．故答案Ｃ正确．
20.C 事实上医生建议过度紧张的孩子们喝些咖啡是很有效的。21.A 我永远忘不了第一次去上大学的那一天．从句主，谓，宾成分完整，只需要时间状语．先行词：the day是表示时间的词，用引导词when来引导，作为从句的时间状语． 22.Ｄ
我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那天．这句话中，从句缺少宾语，而that或者which在从句中作主语或宾语． 23.B 他考试失败的原因是他工作不够努力．名词reason后的定语从句由why引导，表语从句由that引导．
24.B 当你今天早上叫我的时候，我正在读报纸．一般过去进行时态，读报这个动作在你叫我时正在进行，而你叫我这个动作是过去式，故用一般过去进行式． 25.A 我们走得尽可能地快，希望能准时赶到哪儿．分词短语作伴随状语
26.A 他沿着河边走时听到有人叫喊求助．分词短语shouting for help置于被修饰词someone的后面,做宾语补足语．Hear这个动词后面可以跟宾语再跟现在分词做宾语补足语，分词短语的动作是由宾语做的．
27.D 我的假期从下一周二开始,那时我将去佛罗里德.非限制性定语从句,关系代词引导的是时间状语从句,故用when.28.D 他实验出了另一项伟大的发明,我认为这对科学界有重大意义.非限制性定语从句,先行词是another wonderful discovery,关系代词在从句中充当宾语.所以用which.29.D 我决定买一辆车,因为我们把在英国那辆在离开之前给卖了.我们注意这个句子主句还不完整,缺少宾语,用代词the one来做宾语,从句也少宾语,我们用引导词which来引导这个限制性定语从句,所以应该填补: the one which.但是我们在讲语法时讲过,在限制性定语从句中,引导词做宾语时可以省略.故D正确.30.C 那个结果很快将被公布出来的调查是由John主做的.非限制性定语从句,关系代词在从句中做定语,只能用whose来引导,C正确.31.D 至到最后,他们才发现车已经被毁坏了.that在这里引导宾语从句.that the car had been destroyed这个宾语从句做的是主句谓语动词discover的宾语.32.D 他们克服了所有的困难并且提前十天完成了计划,这是我们不曾预料到的.这个非限制性定语从句中,从句缺少主语,用which或者 that来引导,但是我们注意到: 关系代词代指的是前面一句话, 故一定要用which来引导.33.D
这就是Ann不愿意做兼职的原因.Why引导原因状语从句.34.C 我认为将被解聘的那个公司经理升职了.先行词为人,关系代词在从句中充当主语,故用who来引导.35.D 1990年他患过一场严重的疾病,他现在依然承受着那场病留下的后遗症带来的痛苦.引导词在句子中充当定语,能做定语的关系代词只有whose。
36.C 他的哥哥已经成为一名老师,这正是他所想要的.非限制性定语从句,关系代词在从句中充当宾语,只能用which.37.A 我所看到的是两个男人穿过了那个街道．这是一个由what引导的主语从句，what做的是saw的宾语，What I saw，我所看到的，这部分做句子的主语． 38.B 我想这个时代将会来临，人类能够自由地飞出太空．这是一个由when引导的时间状语从句．
39.C 在她出嫁之前，她花了很多时间在上海，那个生她养她的地方.Belong to 属于„„;这是一个非限制性定语从句,从句缺少宾语,并且从句谓语belong是一个不及物动词,接宾语时要带上介词to, 所以由which来引导(当指物,并且关系代词前有介词时,要用which,而不能用that).40.C 美国由五十个州组成,其中两个州与其它州完全由陆地或水隔开.这个非限制性定语从句中,关系代词代指的是fifty states, 并且前面有介词,所以要用which。
1.____ the house on fire, he dialed 119.A.To see
B.Seeing
C.Having seen
D.Being seen
2.I fell down and broke three of my teeth.I wonder how many times I have to come here and get my falseeeth ____.A.fix
B.fixing
C.fixed
D.to fix 3.___________a post office, I stopped___________ some stamps.A.Passed, buying
B.Passing, to buy
C.Having passed, buy
D.Pass, to buy 4._________with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem gh at all.A.Comparing
B.To compare
C.Compared
D.Having compared 5.Here are some new computer programs ____for home buildings.A.designing
B.design
C.designed
D.to design 6._________a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely new lamp.A.To save
B.Saving
C.Saved
D.Having saved 7.The teacher came into the classroom ____by his students.A.following
B.to be following
C.folwed ed
D.having followed 8.With the money ________, he couldn’t buy any ticket.A.to lose
B.losing
C.lost
D.has lost 9.There was so much noise in the room that the speaker couldn’t make himself ____.A.being heard
B.hearing C.heard
D.hear 10.The result of the test was rather _____.A.disappointed
B.disappointing
C.being disappointed
D.disappoint 11.I’ve never heard the word ____in spoken English.A.use
B.used
C.using
D.being used 12._____how to do the homework, I went to ask my teacher for help.A.Not to know
B.Not knowing
C.Knowing not
D.Not known 13.Deeply _________, I thanked her again and again.A.being moved
B.move
C.moving
D.to be moved
14.With winter _____on, it’s time to buy warm clothes.A.came
B.comes
C.come
D.coming
15.____the office, the foreign visitors were shown round the teaching building.A.Having shown
B.Showing
C.Has shown
D.Having been shown
16.He went from door to door, ____waste pars and magazines.A.gathering
B.gathered
C.gather
D.being gathered 17.The student corrected his paper carefully, _______the profess’s suggestions.A.follow
B.following
C.followed
D.being followed 18.The ________price will save youne dollar for each dozen.A.reduce
B.reducing C.reduced
D.reduces
19.People ____in the city do not know the pleasure of country life.A.live
B.to live
C.lived
D.living 20.The foreigner tried his best, but he still couldn’t make his point ________.A.understand
B.understanding C.to understand
D.understood 21.The scientists were waiting to see the problem ____.A.settle
B.settled
C.to settle
D.settling
22.The libra”s study room is full of students _____for the exam.s study room is full of students _____for the exam.A.busily prepared
B.busy preparing
C.busily prepare
D.are busilyreparing 23.The ground is ________ with_______ leaves.A.covering, falling
B.covered, falling
C.covered, fallen
D.covering, fallen 24.Lessons ____easily were soon forgotten.A.to learn
B.learn
C.learned
D.learning
25.The wlet ____several days ago was found ____in the dustbin outside the building。
A.stolen, hidden
B.stealing, hiding
C.stealing, hidden
D.stolen, hiding
27.A person _____a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language, ______all about his own.A.to learn, to forget
B.learning, to forget
C.to learn, fgetting getting
D.learning, forgetting
28.___different kinds of pianos, the workers farther improved their quality.A.To produce
B.Being produced
C.Produced
D.Having produced 29.The students in the university are all taking courses ___a degree.A.coming to
B.going to
C.leading to
D.turning to
30.Many things _____impossible in the past are very common today.A.consider B.considering C.considered
D.be considered 31.___many times, he still couldn’t understand.A.Having been told
B.Having told
C.He having been told
D.Telling
32.The old sick lady entered the hospital, ____her two sons.A.to support
B.supporting
C.suppoed by
D.having supported
33.China is one of the largest countries in the world, _____9.6 million square kilometres.A.to cover
B.covered
C.covers
D.covering
34.____and happy, Tonstood up and accepted the prize.A Surprising
B.Surprised
C.Being surprised
D.To be surprising
35.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A.having added
B.to add
C.adding
D.adding
36“Can you read?” Mary said ____to the notice.A.angrily pointing
B.and point angrily C.angrily pointed
D.and angrily pointing
37._____ the composition, John handed it to the teacher and wt out of the room.A.Writing
B.Having written
C.Written
D.Being written 38.Were you ____when you saw that wild animal ?
A.fright
B.frightening
C.frightened
D.frighten 39.Properly _____wh numbers, the books can be easily found.A.marked
B.mark
C.to mark
D.marking
40.The child sat in the denti”s chair ____.A.tremble
B.trembling
C.embled embled
D.to trembled
A.inform
B.informing
C.informed
D.being informe
II.用适当的非谓语动词形式填空(25%)
A
(1) It was last year when you taught me how to drive.
(2) It was last year that you taught me how to drive.
这两句有一句是错误的，你发现了吗?如果找到了，
那么你就掌握这个知识点了
开讲了!!!
A组中的(1)句是错误的。因为之前讲过when=in which
没有in last year，这个短语。(2)句是强调时间状语
B
(1)It is on the island that they spent 10 years.
(2)It is the island where they spent 10years.
B组 第一句是强调句，强调地点状语on the island
第二句是定语从句，先行词为the island
方法
把It is/was........that......去掉后句子意思、结构完整则是强调句;
如果去掉It is/was .....引导词.....后成分短缺为定语从句。
making it difficult to travel from place to place 是结果状语。
现在分词作结果状语表示一种必然性(自然结果)。(making 可以改为 which makes，相当于一个前因后果的非限制性定语从句。)
﹡He comes home late every evening, making his wife very angry.
他每天回来得很晚，这是他的妻子很生气。
=He comes home late every evening, which makes his wife very angry.
=He comes home late every evening, and it makes his wife very angry.
﹡Mary failed all her exams, making both her parents very angry.
玛丽未能通过一门考试，这是她父母非常生气。
﹡European football is played in more than80countries,making it one of the most popular games in the world.
﹡The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.
﹡Her husband died ten years ago, leaving her with three children to look after.
﹡Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.
﹡She threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
﹡The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song
①--ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。
②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。
Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。
5. -ing分词的复合结构：
-ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如：
His coming made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。
He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。
1. Cing分词作主语和表语时与不定式的区别：
-ing分词和动词不定式作主语和表语的主要区别在于：在表示比较抽象的一般的多次性行为时多用-ing分词;在表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。如：
Smoking is forbidden here. (泛指吸烟)这里禁止吸烟。
It’s not good for you to smoke so much. (指你吸烟)吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。
My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。
My job is to teach you English this term. 我这一学期的工作是教你们英语。
2. 高中阶段能接-ing分词作宾语的常见动词：
mind(介意), suggest(建议), enjoy(欣赏，), admit(承认), appreciate(感激，欣赏), avoid(避免), delay(推迟), dislike(不喜欢，厌恶), escape(逃脱), finish(完成), forgive(宽恕), imagine(想象), keep(保持), miss(错过), practise(训练), resist(抵抗，抵制), risk(冒险), deny(拒绝，否认), consider(考虑)等。
3. 有些动词既能接不定式，又能接-ing分词，含义有所不同。如：
①forget, remember, regret等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作，而后接-ing分词作宾语表示分词动作先于谓语动作。如：
Do you remember seeing me before? 你记得以前见过我吗?
Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时要记得锁门。
②动词mean, stop, try, go on等动词后面接分词和接不定式作宾语，意思也有所不同。如：
I try not to think about that. 我尽量不去想那件事。
Would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好吗?
I mean to change it for another one. 我想换成另外一个。
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。
Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.
做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。
After a short rest, they went on working. 短暂地休息以后，他们又继续工作。
He stopped talking when the bell rang. 铃响的时候，他停止了讲话。
While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. 工作的时候，他不时地停下来和汤姆谈话。
注意：有时人们把stop后的动词不定式理解为目的状语。
③动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如：
Please permit me to say a few words. 请允许我说几句话。
We don’t permit smoking here. 我们这儿不允许吸烟。
④动词need, require, want作“需要”解时，后面接-ing分词或不定式的被动式。如：
The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。
These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.
这些小孩需要细心地照料。
⑤动词like, hate, prefer等后面，如表示一般性动作，多用-ing分词;如指特定的具体的某次动作，多用不定式。如：
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you. 我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。
I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去学校。
I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。
⑥动词begin, start后面，如表示有意识地开始做某事，常用-ing分词，否则用不定式更多一些。如：
We began to do that job last year. 我们去年开始做那工作的。
They started talking about the film at once. 他们立刻开始谈论那部电影。
注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语：
a. 当start, begin本身用于进行时态时。
When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents.
老师走进教室的时候，他正开始写信给他的父母亲。
b. 当start, begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。
Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.
一听到消息，他就开始考虑一个好办法来解决这个问题。
c. 当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。
We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我们正准备离开，天开始下雨了。
4. -ing分词作表语的两种不同含义：
①-ing分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如：
Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的问题是了解人民的需要。
②-ing分词作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如：
This story is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。
The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。
①Cing分词作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如：
reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 鱼杆
flying suit 飞行服 writing table 写字台 listening practice 听力训练
②-ing分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：
developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家
a growing city = a city that is growing 发展着的城市
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子
a touching story = a story that is touching 一个动人的故事
working people= people who are working 劳动人民
6. 不定式和-ing分词作宾语补语的区别：
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用-ing分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing分词时，表示动作正在进行;用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。如：
Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.) 有人在敲门你听见了吗?
Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.) 你听见有人敲门了吗?
7. 高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。如：
admit to(承认), contribute to(捐助、贡献), get down to(着手做), give way to(让位于)，keep to (坚持、遵守), lead to (导致),look forward to(期待), take to(从事), turn to (求助于), stick to(忠于、坚持), point to(指向、表明), see to (注意、处理), be used to (习惯于), devote oneself to (献身于), be equal to (胜任的、等于), be familiar to (为……熟悉).
高中阶段有一些固定的-ing分词短语，如generally speaking(一般来说), judging from…(根据……来判断), considering…(考虑到……), talking of…(谈到……，提到……), supposing…(假如……)等，它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如：
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.
一、定语从句的基本概念：
定语从句即在句中有一个具有主谓结构的完整的句子来充当定语，修饰前面的名词短语或者代词。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：
This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party？
I still remember the night when I first came to the village.This is the place where Lily once lived.二、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
三、关系代词和关系副词的功用
关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词可以做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。
1.关系代词：主要有that, which, who, whom, whose等，它们在句子中可用作主语（如that, which, who等）、宾语（如that, which, whom等）和定语（如which, whose）。例句：I found the book which I was looking for.我找到了我要找的书。（做宾语）
She is the woman whose car was stolen.她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。（做定语）She is the woman whom I gave the money to.她就是我给她钱的那位妇女。（做宾语）Is he the man that sells dogs? 他就是卖狗的人吗?（做主语）She is the girl who won the prize.她就是获奖的姑娘。（做主语）
注意：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。2.关系副词：主要有where, when, why等，它们在句子中主要用作状语。（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：
This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
四、关系代词的用法
1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）The coat（that）I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）The film（which）we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）
注意：关系词只能用that，不能用which的情况：
a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例：He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all，any，much，many，everything，anything，none，the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？ c.先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例：This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d.先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
例：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
d.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that 例：Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？ f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。注意：关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况： a.先行词为that，those时，用which，而不用that.例：What’s that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？ b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例：This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that.例：Tom came back，which made us happy.汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
3、who，whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。
例：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）
Who is the teacher（whom）Li Ming is talking to？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语，可省略）注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。
例：This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例：his is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。
（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例：The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
五、关系副词的用法
1、When的用法：
关系副词when在定语从句中用作状语，表示时间，用以修饰表示时间的先行词；在许多情况下可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价)，其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含义与搭配来确定。例：1988 was the year when he was born.1988是他的出生年。
句子分析：句中的when he was born为修饰the year的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于in which。表示在某一年，英语习惯上用介词in，如in 1988, in 2008等，所以此处用in which。
例：I’ll never forget the day when I first met you.我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。句子分析：句中的when I first met you为修饰the day的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于on which。表示在某一天，英语习惯上用介词on，如on that day, on Friday等，所以此处用on which。
例：Don’t forget the time when the wedding will start.不要忘记婚礼开始的时间。句子分析：句中的when the wedding will start为修饰the time的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于at which。表示在某一时刻，英语习惯上用介词at，如at that time, at the moment等，所以此处用at which。
2、where的用法：
关系副词where在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示地点，用以修饰表示地点的先行词；在许多情况下也可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价)，其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。
例：What is the name of the town where you live? 你住的那个城市叫什么名字? 句子分析：句中的where you live为修饰the town的定语从句，关系副词where在此相当于in which。表示住在某城市，英语习惯上说 live in a city，所以此处用 in which。例：This cross marks the spot where she died.这个十字符号标明她死去的地点。句子分析：句中的 where she died 为修饰 the spot 的定语从句，关系副词 where 在此相当于 at which。表示在某一地点，英语习惯上说 at a spot，所以此处用 at which。
3、why的用法：
关系副词why在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示原因；why引导定语从句时，其先行词只有一个，那就是the reason；在许多情况下why也可以理解为for which。例：These are the reasons why we do it.这些就是我们这样做的理由。
句子分析：句中的why we do it为修饰the reason的定语从句，关系副词why在此相当于for which。
例：Do you know the reason why she doesn’t like me? 你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗? 句子分析：句中的why she doesn’t like me为修饰the reason的定语从句，关系副词why在此相当于for which。
why是一个比较特殊的关系副词，它引导定语从句时，除可换成for which外，有时也可换成that，甚至省略。如：
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
充当补足语
1．宾语补足语
现在分词常放在感官动词see， look at， hear， listen to， feel， smell， notice， observe， watch， find后以及使役动词get， have， keep， set， send， leave后作宾语补足语。
过去分词常放在see， hear， watch， get， keep， leave， have， like， want， wish， order等词后作宾语补足语。
例句： My students found the book enlightening：it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.（第24题）
分析： 该句是并列句，冒号后内容对其前内容做进一步说明。
译文： 我的学生发现这本书很有启发性，因为它向学生提供了这一科目的大量信息。
例句： Canada?s premiers(the leaders of provincial governments)， if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting， might spare a moment to do something， together， to reduce heath?care costs.（选自Part B）
分析： 该句是复合句，主句部分为Canada?s premiers might spare a moment to do something，together，to reduce heath?care costs；after complaining about...的完整形式为after they are complaining about...。
译文： 加拿大省府的官员们如果在7月下旬年会上对中央政府大发牢骚之后还有力气的话，他们应该花一点时间来做一些实事，尽量减少健康福利的支出。
2．主语补足语
把主动语态转换成被动语态，原先主动语态中的`宾语补足语也相应地转变为主语补足语。
例句： I was left wondering what he was driving at by his equivocal remark.
分析： 该句是复合句。what he was driving at作wondering的宾语，wondering作主语补足语成分，其中短语drive at意为“企图，意图，暗示”。
译文： 他模棱两可的言语不禁使我纳闷：他到底是啥意思。
例句： I am kept informed by Professor Richard of the latest developments in genetic engineering in his country.
分析： 该句是简单句。短语keep sb. informed of意为“使某人了解或掌握某事”。
译文： 理查德教授给我讲解了他的国家基因工程的最新进展。
（四）充当状语
分词作状语是分词重要用法，可以表示时间、原因、方式、条件、让步、结果和伴随情况，分词作状语时，其逻辑主语（表示分词动作发出者，是隐含的）与句子主语保持一致，否则就会产生悬垂或荡空结构。
因此得出分词作状语的公式，即：分词（短语）+主谓。在该公式中，“分词（短语）”与“主谓”位置比较灵活，可以前后调换，“主谓”为一完整句子，该句的主语与“分词（短语）”的逻辑主语保持一致，另外，分词在句中作状语，可以根据所表示内容的不同将其改为相应状语从句。
例句： Having read for a long time， his eyes felt uncomfortable.
分析： 句中having read是分词短语作状语表示原因，而该句主语his eyes并不能作它的逻辑主语，即产生悬垂或荡空结构，所以应改为：Having read for a long time (because he had read for a long time)， he felt uncomfortable/he felt his eyes uncomfortable.
分析： 该句是简单句。分词短语having read for a long time在句中作状语表示原因。
译文： 由于长时间看书，他感到眼睛不舒服。
例句： Changing from solid to liquid(When water changes from...)，water takes in heat from all substance near it， and this absorption produces artificial cold surrounding it.
（第29题）
分析： 该句是并列句。介词短语from all substance near it在句中作状语，表示范围（地点），分词短语changing from solid to liquid在句中作状语，表示时间。
译文： 水从固态变成液态时，吸收它周围所有物质的热量，而这种吸收造成了它周围的非自然低温状态。
例句： Continued exposure to stress has been linked to worsened functioning of the immune system， leaving(and this leaves)a person more liable to infection.
（第20题）
分析： 该句是简单句。分词leaving a person...在句中作状语表示结果。
译文： 持续不断地处于紧张状态已经被证明与免疫系统功能下降有关，这样会使人更容易受到感染。
例句： At the end of adolescence， however， the brain shuts down half of that capacity， preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. （选自Text 1）
分析： 该句是复合句。句子主干是the brain shuts down half of that capacity，分词短语preserving only...作状语，表示伴随， that have seemed...是一个修饰modes of thought的定语从句，介词短语during the first decade or so of life是定语从句中的时间状语。
译文： 然而，在人类青春期过后，大脑就会关闭一半的这种能力，仅仅保留那些在人生最初十几年中看起来最有价值的思维模式。
另外，为了明确表示时间、条件、让步等，有时可在分词前加when，while，if，though等连词。
例句： More recently， while examining housing construction， the researchers discovered that illiterate， non?English?speaking Mexican workers in Houston， Texas， consistently met best?practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry?s work. （选自20Text 3）
分析： 该句是复合句。句子主干是the researchers discovered that...，that后是discovered 的宾语从句，while examining housing construction是时间状语从句，相当于while researchers were examining...，介词短语despite the complexity of...作让步状语。
译文： 最近，在检查房屋建设时，研究人员发现尽管建筑行业工作的复杂性很高，但是在得克萨斯州的休斯敦市，那些没受过教育、不会讲英语的墨西哥工人总是可以达到劳动生产率的最高标准。
例句： Though raised in San Francisco， Dave Mitchell had always preferred to record the plain facts of small?town life.
分析： 该句是简单句。Though raised in...在句中作状语表示让步，相当于从句Though he was raised in...。
译文： 尽管戴夫・米切尔出生在旧金山长大，但他总是喜欢记录小镇平凡的生活。
例句： When asked what they want to do， they should be discouraged from saying“I have no idea.” （选自Part B）
分析： 该句是复合句。what they want to do作asked的宾语，When asked...相当于When they are asked...。
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