英语语法高中英语定语从句解题六关（精选8篇）
一.选准关系代词和关系副词 在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分，如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语，就要用关系代词来连接从句；如果从句中缺少状语，就得用关系副词来连接从句。例如：
（1）I still remember the days which / that we spent together.（2）I still remember the days when we worked together.二.了解仅用that 引导限制性定语从句的几种情况
that 在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情况下，只能用that 来引导定语从句：
1.先行词是all , much , few , little , everything , anything , nothing 等不定代词时。例如： Is there anything that you want to buy ?
2.先行词被all , few , little , much , every , some , no 等词修饰或被the only , the very , the same , the last 等限定词修饰时。例如： These are all the pictures that I have seen.This is the very dictionary that is of great help.3.先行词既指人又指物时。例如：
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.4.关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。例如： Our school is not the one that it used to be.5.先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。例如： This is the best English film that I have ever seen.The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.6.主句是who 或which 引导的特殊问句时。例如： Who is the girl that is standing under the tree ? Which is the machine that we used last Sunday ?
三.把握“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选用 介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。例如： That”s the reason for which he was late for school.This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.注意：
1.定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时，介词应放在动词之后，不能拆开放在关系代词前。
例如：This is the key which you are looking for.This is the baby whom you will look after.2.该结构中，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which.四.弄清as 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别
1.位置上的区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，还可插在主句的中间；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如： As is known to us all , the earth turns around the sun.The earth , as is known to us all , turns around the sun.The earth turns around the sun , as is known to us all.The earth turns around the sun , which our parents once told us when we were very young.2.词义与联系上的区别：
as 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系，as本身含有“正如”之意；
而which引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句，which本身表示“这”或“这一点”之意。例如：
Light travels faster than sound , as we all know.Jack came late for school , which made his teacher angry.五.注意定语从句的主谓一致性
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如： Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.Tom is the only one of the the boys who is from the USA.六.保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠
1.在定语从句中，不管出现任何情况，主句的结构必须完整，即主句必须有主语和谓语，缺一不可，否则，整个主从复合句就无法成立。试比较：（1）Is this factory _____________ we visited last week ?（2）Is this the factory ____________ we visited last week ? A.which B.where C.what D.the one 分析：
第一题缺少表语，只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性，而其他的选项均为干扰项。第二题主句本身完整，应填的关系代词在从句中作visited 的宾语，故应选A项。
2.从定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分，因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代（副）词重叠的成分。例如：
1. 定语从句的概念
定语从句又叫关系从句，是一个句子作定语修饰一个名词性成分。被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。因为定语从句较长，所以总是放到所修饰词的后面，较短的一个名词或代词无论作主语、宾语或其它成分，后面带了个结构完整的句子难免有些突兀。这就需要把先行词和后面的定语从句连起来，起这种链条作用的连接词叫关系词。
2. 定语从句的重要组成部分
2.1 定语从句：
定语从句是由关系词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.2 先行词：
被限制或修饰的名词或代词。
2.3 关系词：
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词引导定语从句都起着三重作用：一是链条作用，二是代表先行词，三是在定语从句中充当一个成分。
2.3.1 指人的关系代词有who, whose, whom, that。
Eg:The old man whom we visited yesterday is a famous artist.
2.3.2 指物的关系代词有which, whose, that。
(注意：指物时，下列情况只能用that，不能用which。)
Ⅰ.先行词是anything, few, all, some等不定代词，或有不定代词修饰。
Eg:All the books that you offered has been given out.
Ⅱ.先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身就是序数词、形容词最高级。
Eg:The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
Ⅲ.先行词被the very, the only等修饰。
Eg:The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.
Ⅳ.主句中有who, which等wh-开头的特殊疑问词。
Eg:Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
Ⅴ.先行词既有人也有物。
Eg:This is the scientist and his theory that we have learned.
Ⅵ.有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that。
2.3.3 关系副词引导定语从句时作定语从句的状语，where表示地点，when表示时间，why表示原因。
Ⅰ.Where:
Eg:Cook went to Canada, where the war was being fought.
Ⅱ.When:
Eg:At the time when I saw him, he was very busy.
Ⅲ.Why:
Eg:The reason why he didn’t come yesterday is not convincing.
2.3.4 由其他词引导的定语从句。
Ⅰ.as可以作关系代词，引导定语从句，主要和such或same连用。
Eg:They felt such heat in the jungle as they had never felt before.
Ⅱ.but也可以用作关系代词来引导定语从句，意思接近与that (who)...not(常和否定词连用，用法已经有些过时)。
3. 定语从句的分类
定语从句就其与先行项的语义关系分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句和它的先行项的所指意义有着不可分割的联系。非限制性定语从句和它的先行项之间只有比较松散的联系，仅仅是对先行项提供的一些补充说明。
3.1 限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句在口语中前后没有停顿，在书写中通常不用逗号。
Eg:The man who did the robbery has been caught.
限制性定语从句通常出现在下列搭配中：当名词中心词带有表示类别的不定冠词时，其后的关系分句通常为限制性定语从句。
Eg:He is the man who told me the news.
3.2 非限制性定语从句。
这种分句在书写中常用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句的引导词通常是who, whom, where, when和which等wh-词。
Eg:The chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right.
3.3 介词+关系代词。
在定语从句中一些与动词搭配的介词可以提到关系代词之前，构成“介词+关系代词”结构。要掌握这类定语从句，需注意一下三点。
3.3.1 关系代词的选用
在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom，先行词是物，用which;先行词是人，用whom。
3.3.2 介词的选用
Ⅰ.根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词来确定介词。
Ⅱ.根据先行词来确定介词。
Ⅲ.根据定语从句所表达的意义来确定介词。
3.3.3 介词的位置
介词一般放在关系代词which或whom之前，但也可放在原来的位置上。(注意当介词和从句中的谓语动词是固定词组时，介词一般不前置。例如：care for, deal with, get through, hear from.)。
4. 学习定语从句时常见的错误用法
4.1 定语从句中的主谓不一致。
【误】I, who is your friend, will try my best to help you.
【正】I, who am your friend, will try my best to help you.
【析】当定语从句所修饰的先行词是一个代词时，谓语动词的形式要与该代词的人称保持一致。
4.2 定语从句中that与which的误用。
【误】He doesn’t see things (in) the way which we see things.
【正】He doesn’t see things (in) the way that we see things.
【正】He doesn’t see things (in) the way in which we see things.
【正】He doesn’t see things (in) the way we see things.
【析】that还可以代替“介词(of, with, in等)+which (whom)”，这是一种比较通俗的用法。在way的后面有定语从句，而way在其中充当状语时，有三种表达方式：(A) the way; (B) the way that; (C) the way in which。先行词如果是表示时间、方法之类的名词时，that常常被省略。
参考文献
[1]章振邦.新编英语语法教程.上海外语教育出版社, 2003.
[2]王乐君.高中英语基础知识全书.世界图书出版公司, 2004.
[3]郁明亮, 金惟康, 陈浩.大学英语典型错误解析.上海辞书出版社, 2006.
[4]马德高.教材全易通高中英语必修一.山东省地图出版社, 2008.
【关键词】定语从句 三务必 新课程 语法分析
一、学生对定语从句的掌握情况
众所周知，定语从句在高中英语教学过程中的出现率很高，同时它又是学生在高中学习过程中所接触的第一种从句。可是很多高三的学生都没有彻底弄明白到底何为定语从句，特别是当它与别的从句放在一起时，学生们更易混淆。
二、笔者对定语从句的教学效果
针对这一情况，笔者在讲授定语从句时总是首先让学生明白三个务必，结果证明它们起到两个作用：一是在帮助学生理解定语从句时起到了催化剂的作用，二是不但能帮助学生对各种课内外的阅读材料进行更好的阅读与理解，而且能为他们以后对同位语从句等其他从句的理解与掌握铺平道路，增强信心，从而让他们在整个高中阶段的英语学习中起一个良好开头。
三、笔者对定语从句的教学过程
1.务必让学生完全明白何为定语：在由薄冰主编的《高级英语语法》一书上册的第六页中这样讲到：定语（attribute）它是限定或修饰名词或相当于名词的词，常由形容词或相当于形容词的短语或从句担任，形容词常置于名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句常置于名词之后。
2.务必让学生完全明白何为后置定语：通过对定语这一名词的分析，我們不难发现，定语一般是由形容词或相当于形容词的短语或从句来充当。它们只是位置上有些差别，其中形容词常置于名词之前作为前置定语，而相当于形容词的短语或从句常置于名词之后作后置定语。对于前置定语，学生们在理解方面没有太大的困难，但是对于后置定语。由于学生们在汉语的现代文阅读中很少碰到，加上初中阶段语文老师在汉语授课过程中不太强调语法，因而学生们对它的掌握并不彻底，甚至有些同学根本就不知道有那么一回事。但在现代英语句子结构中，定语后置又是一个极为普遍的现象，正是因为中英文语言结构中的这一差异，最终导致了学生在学习过程中遇到了麻烦，如果不对这一麻烦及时排除，它必将成为学生们在学习英语道路上的绊脚石。让我们一起来看下面两个例子，要求学生对其进行划线部分的提问。
例1.My book is under the desk。
例2.The book under the desk is mine。
分析：在例句1中，under the desk是表地点，译成“在桌子上”，故而用Where is your book？提问。而例句2中的under the desk是形容词短语作为名词the book的后置定语，译成“在桌子的”，故而用Which book is yours？提问。
3.务必让学生完全明白何为定语从句：在了解了定语后置之后，我们就不难了解何为定语从句了。根据前面的内容，我们可以概括出，所谓定语从句，它应该是指把从句置于名词之后，它是定语后置的一个部分，只是这个后置定语是由一个句子来充当的，而不是一个名词性短语或其它的形式来充当，让我们一起看下面的两个句子。
例2.The book under the desk is mine。
例3.The book which/that is under the desk is mine。
分析：例句2在前面有所讲述，而例句3是以which/that is under the desk这句话作为the book的后置定语，它的作用相当于例句2中的under the desk，唯一的区别在于例句3中的后置定语是句子which/that is under the desk，而例句2中的定语under the desk是一个形容词短语。因而例句3叫定语从句，而例句2依然是个简单句。
总而言之，上述的内容看似简单，更有甚者会认为这是小题大做，但笔者认为，它们才是学生们在学习定语从句时首先要明白的三个概念，只有在明白了这三个概念的基础上，学生们才会走得更踏实、走得更远。
四、高中语法的教学现状
然而，新课程推行以来，许多教师有摒弃语法教学的倾向，整堂课只剩下Questions，Free talk和Discussions，他们认为，只要涉及到语法教学，就会有教学方法陈旧，不顺应教学改革之嫌，正因为如此，学生们长期以来对语法的学习从一个极端走向了另一个极端。
五、正确进行高中语法教学
其实研究表明，只有充分考虑语法规则与交际原则的有机协调关系，把语言形式和功能有机结合才能更有效地促进学习，语法教学不能淡化，而是优化。同时，语法教学只有在要教授的结构接近于自然情景中讲到这一结构阶段时才会促进语法分析的必要。可将交际教学法和语法的系统学习结合起来，在实际教学中将词语、语法都放在特定的语境中学习，等到学习者掌握一定数量词语后，为了交流必然产生对语法的需要，学习动机随之上升。正如刘道义教授讲到：“现在教材的要求比较高了，从高中往上走是七级，重点中学的尖子生可以达到九级，大学的内容到了高中来了。很多语法现象在小学就接触过，但是你不一定接触到第一课的时候就给学生讲很多，但你接触到一定程度的时候，综合起来可以举一反三。”
从刘道义教授的讲话中不难得知，高中阶段语法的学习应该是很重要的，学生学习时应对语法进行分析，只有这样，学生们面对一些比较复杂的从句的时候，他们才能有效的对其进行分析、理解、并最终掌握。
参考文献：
[1]刘道义.How to evaluate the English textbook[M].北京：人民教育出版社.2003.
定语从句
【2013北京】27.Many countries are now setting up national parksanimals and plants can be protected.A.when B.which C.whoseD.where
【2013福建】27.The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _______ lives were affected.A.whoseB.thatC.whoD.which
【2013湖南】21.Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths.A.whomB.whoC.whatD.which
【2013江苏】32.The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China , he remembers starting as early as his childhood.A.whereB.whichC.whatD.when
【2013江西】33.He wrote a letter ______ he explains what had happened in the accident.A.whatB.whichC.whereD.how 【2013辽宁】34.He may win the competition, ____ he is likely to get into the national team.A.in which caseB.in that caseC.in what caseD.in whose case 【2013山东】31.There is no simple answer, _____ is often the case in science.A.asB.thatC.whenD.where
【2013山东】35.Finally he reached a lonely island _________ was completely cut off from the outside world.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.whom【2013陕西】16.is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.A.ItB.ThatC.WhatD.As 【2013四川】9.Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment ____they live.A.whatB.whichC.whenD.where
【2013天津】6.We have launched another man-made satellite,is announced in today’s newspaper.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.what
【2013新课标II卷】4.When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house_I would be staying.A.whatB.whenC.whereD.which 【2013新课标I卷】33.”You can’t judge a book by its cover,”.A.as the saying goes oldB.goes as the old saying
C.as the old saying goesD.goes as old the saying
【2013浙江】5.The children, ______ had played the whole day long, were worn out.A.all of whatB.all of whichC.all of themD.all of whom 【2013浙江】13.The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform ______ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.A.whatB.whereC.whenD.why
【2013重庆】24.John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most ofare family
members.A themB.thatC.whichD.whom
【2013安徽】29.Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012,made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.A.itB.thatC.whatD.which
定语从句
1.（重庆高考，29）Sales director is a position _____ communication ability is just as important as sales themselves.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where
2.（湖南高考，34）Care of the soul is a gradual process _____ even the small details of life should be considered.A.whatB.in whatC.whichD.in which 3.（福建高考，23）The air quality in the city, _____ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.A.thatB.itC.asD.what
4.（北京高考，26）When deeply absorbed in work, _____ he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when 5.（天津，7）I wish to thank Professor Smith, without ___ help I would never have got this far.A.whoB.whoseC.whomD.which 6.（江西，28）By 16:30, _____was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.A.whichB.whenC.whatD.that
7.（陕西高考，14）It is the third time that she has won the race, _____ has surprised us all.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.what
8.（四川高考，13）In our class there are 46 students, _____ half wear glasses.A.in whomB.in themC.of whomD.of them 9．（山东高考，23）Maria has written two novels, both of _____ have been made into television series.A.themB.thatC.whichD.what
10.（江苏高考，22）After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, _____ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.A.whichB.whoC.whereD.what 11.（上海，35）you received gifts? A.whichB.themC.thatD.whom
12.（浙江高考，9）We live in an age _____ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.A.whyB.whenC.to whomD.on which
13.（浙江高考，17）Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _____, for some reason, had
Every little counts
withdrawn from all human society.A.whenB.whichC.whereD.whileA.whichB.whoC.whereD.whom 13.(2011湖南卷, 25)Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of _________ she 14.（安徽高考，29）A lot of language learning, _____ has been discovered, is happening in spoke fluently.A.whoB.whomC.which D.thatthe first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.14.(2011四川卷, 17)The school shop, _______ customers are mainly students, is closedA.asB.itC.whichD.this few the holidays.A.whichB.whoseC.whenD.where 2011、定语从句 2010、定语从句 1.(2011全国卷I, 31)The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most 1.(全国imagination.A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.what grandfather.A.whichB.whereC.whatD.that2.(2011全国卷II, 7)Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt,2.(全国II 16).I refuse to accept the blame for something _____ was someone else’s fault.is a stupid thing to do in such weather.A.whoB.thatC.asD.whatA.thisB.thatC.whatD.which 3.(北京卷27).Children who are not active ordiet is high in fat will gain weight 3.(2011北京卷, 26)Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _______, of quickly.A.whatB.whoseC.whichD.that course, make all the others upset.4.(福建卷24).Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planetsA.whoB.whichC.whatD.that life has developed gradually.4.(2011天津卷, 10)The days are gone physical strength was all you needed to A.thatB.whereC.whichD.whose make a living.A.whenB.thatC.whereD.which 5.(湖南卷28).I’ve become good friend with several of the student in my school _______I 5.(2011山东卷, 32)The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____ are built close meet in the English speech contest last year.to each other.A.theyB.where C.whatD.that A.whoB.whereC.whenD.which6.(2011江西卷, 34)She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _____ had 6.(江苏卷32).The newly built café, the walls of_______ are painted light green, is really a taken more than three years.peaceful place for us, specially after hard work.A.for whichB.with whichC.of whichD.to which A.thatB.itC.whatD.which7.(2011陕西卷, 11)I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, ________ we enjoyed 7.(江西卷31).The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sistera splendid view of the lake.she would stay for an hour.A.whichB.whereC.whoD.that A.whereB.whoC.whichD.what 8.(2011福建卷, 24)She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students 8.(山东卷24).That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.allows them to communicate freely with each other.A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.what A.whichB.whereC.whatD.who9.(陕西卷11).The old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.9.(2011浙江卷, 8)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of A.whereB.whichC.itsD.whose
uses it somewhat differently.10.(四川卷10).After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，A.whichB.whatC.themD.thoseturned out to be a wise decision.10.(2011浙江卷, 10)A bank is the place ______ they lend you an umbrella in fair weatherA.thatB.whichC.whenD.where and ask for it back when it begins to rain.11.(天津卷8).—Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?A.whenB.thatC.whereD.there —You should try the barber’s ______ I go.It’s only 15.11.(2011江苏卷, 24)Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the A.asB.whichC.whereD.that audience can buy ice-cream.12.(重庆卷development is recognizedA.whenB.whereC.thatD.which across the world.12.(2011安徽卷, 28)Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator,it will A.whereB.whichC.whoseD.that keep for two or three weeks.13.(浙江卷3).The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of __ left their village
Every little counts
homes for a better life in the city.A.whomB.whichC.themD.those 14.(上海卷38).Wind power is an ancient source of energy near future.A.on whichB.by whichC.to whichD.from which
2007-2009定语从句
1.His movie won several awards at the film festival, ______ was beyond his wildest dream.（2007 上海卷）A.which B.thatC.whereD.it 2.—Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm _________ we worked.（2007 山东卷）
A．thatB．thereC．whichD．where
3.Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _______ wanted to buy it.（2007 安徽卷）
A.none of themB.both of themC.none of whomD.neither of whom 4.We shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people,most of _____are healthy（2007 北京卷）
A.thatB.whichC.whatD.whom
5.By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, ___________ can be very eye-opening and rewarding.（2007 湖南卷）A.whoB.whichC.whatD.that
6.He was educated at the local high school, ______ he went on to Beijing University.（2007 江苏卷）
A.after which B.after that C.in whichD.in that
（2007 江西卷）
A.thatB.whatC.whichD.where
8.Some pre-school children go to a day care center, _______they learn simple games and
songs.（2007 全国卷I）
A.thenB.thereC.whileD.where
9.Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases beginners of English fail to use the language properly.（2007 陕西卷）A.whichB.asC.whyD.where
10.The thought of going back home was kept him happy while he was working abroad．（2007 上海卷）A．that B．all that C．all what D．which 11.It is reported that two schools，____ are being built in my hometown，will open next year.（2007 四川卷）A．they bothB．which bothC．both of themD．both of which 12.Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ________ sight matters
more than hearing.（2007 天津卷）A.whenB.whoseC.whichD.where
13.Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ______ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.（2007 浙江卷）
A.thatB.whichC.whoD.where
14.Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled on purpose.（2007 重庆卷）A.with whichB.to whichC.of whichD.for which
15.Eric received training in computer for one year, _____ he found a job in a big company.（2007 辽宁卷）
A.after thatB.after whichC.after itD.after this
（08福建卷）31.By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ____ appeared a rare rainbow soon.A.of whichB.on whichC.from whichD.above which
（08湖南卷）31.The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _____ are beyond our control.A.most of themB.most of whichC.most of whatD.most of that（08江苏卷）24.The Science Museum, ______ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is
one of London’s tourist attractions.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.where
（08山东卷）26.Occasions are quite rare ______ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.A.whoB.whichC.whyD.when
（08江西卷）35.Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers __ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.A.whereB.whenC.whoD.which
(08全国II)16.The road conditions there turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.A.itB.whatC.whichD.that
（08陕西卷）8.Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday.Have you got any idea _________ the party is to be held?
A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where（08陕西卷）13.The man pulled out a gold watch, _________ were made of small diamonds.A.the hands of whomB.whom the hands of
Every little counts
C.which the hands ofD.the hands of which
(08四川卷)4.For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, _______ New York is an example.A.for whichB.in whichC.of whichD.from which（08浙江卷）8.Yesterday she sold her car, ______ she bought a month ago.A.whomB.whereC.thatD.which
（08北京卷）28.I’ll give you your friend’s home address,I can be reached most evenings.A.whichB.whenC.whomD.where
（08重庆卷）21.They will fly to Washington, ___ they plan to stay for two or three days.A.whereB.thereC.whichD.when
(08上海卷)38.We went through a period ___ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.A.which B.whoseC.in whichD.with which
（09天津）11.A person ______ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails.A.whoB.whomC.whoseD.whoever
（09天津）12 I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day, _____ do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin.A.asB.whichC.whenD.though
（09陕西）9.Gun control is a subjectAmericans have argued for a long time.A.of whichB.with whichC.about whichD.into which
（09四川）10.She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when（09浙江）13．I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.A.whichB.whereC.howD.why（09北京）3.—What do you think of teacher ,Bob？
—I find it fun and challenging.It is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that
（09福建）4.It’s helpful to put children in a situationthey can see themselves differently.A.thatB.whenC.whichD.where
（09安徽）1.A good friend of mine fromI was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing.A.howB.whom
C.whenD.which
（09安徽）2.Many children，parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village.A.theirB.whoseC.of themD.with whom（09湖南）5．I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a cityname will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.A.whichB.of whichC.thatD.whose（09重庆）14.Life is like a long race
_____we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.A.whyB.whatC.thatD.where（09全国2）15.My friend showed me round the town,was very kind of him.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.it
（09江西）6.The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.A.in itB.inC.in thatD.in which（09海南）7.She brought with her three friends, none ofI had ever met before.A.themB.whoC.whomD.these
（09山东）8.Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.A.whoB.whichC.whenD.that
一、考点聚焦
1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语
2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后
Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please.3、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词
（1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy,-thing的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。
（2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点：
①先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。This is the place which is worth visiting.②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。
There are many places we can visit（them）in China.4、关系词：引导定语从句的都称关系词
关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。关系副词：when, where, why。that偶尔也作关系副词。
5、确定关系词的步骤
（1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。（2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。
6、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which（1）先行词被①形容词最高级 ②序数词 ③数词几种词修饰或被 ④only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。
（2）先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。
（3）先行词中既有人又有物时。
He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.用心 爱心 专心 1
（4）先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.（5）当主句中含有疑问词which时。
Which are the books that you bought for me ?
7、宜用which而不用that的情况（1）在非限制性定语从句中（2）在关系词前有介词时（3）当先行词本身是that时（4）当关系词离先行词较远时
8、关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词（1）当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。
（2）先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时，关系词用who。（3）当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。Who is that girl that is standing by the window?（4）whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。
9、whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。如： Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving ? There is a room, whose window faces the river.There is a room, the window of which faces the river.10、关系代词as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。
（1）先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many（much）中，从句都用as 引导。Such books as you bought are useful.The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.注意：区别①such „ that „ 引导的结果状语从句。They are such lovely children that we love them much.②the same „ that „ 引导定语从句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.（2）无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。
区别：①意义上：as 含有“这点正如„„一样”。②位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。
He didn’t pass the exam, as we had expected.用心 爱心 专心
There is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out.As is known, the earth is round, not flat.11、关系副词when与where、why、that when 指时间 = in / at / on / during which where指地点 = in / at / from / which why指原因 = for which 当先行词为way、day、reason、time时，可用that作关系副词。（非正式场合）I don’t like the way that / in which / he talks.当time作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。
This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.12、必须注意的问题
（1）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。（2）注意区别定语从句与强调句。①定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。②强调it无意义，that / who不是引导词。
③强调it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句)It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句）（3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
①定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。②同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省。Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语)We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语)（4）关系词在从句中省略的情况。①关系词作宾语，前无介词时。②关系词作表语。
（5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。
（6）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。（7）几个特殊的定语从句句型：
①He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks
用心 爱心 专心
in the match.（句中one为先行词）
He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中students为先行词）
②Is this place the one(that)we visited yesterday? Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ? ③He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.④It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.二、精典名题导解 选择填空
1.The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.（NMET 2001）
A.until B.that C.when D.where 解析：答案为C。本题考查分隔定语从句的关系词的选择。作好本题的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句的先行词the hours和关系词被介词短语to me所分隔。定语从句的先行词是表时间的名词hours, 并且关系词在从句中用作状语，故应选择表示时间的关系副词when。
2.___________ is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month.(NMET 2001)A.It B.As C.That D.What 解析：答案为B。本题考查as引导的非限制定语从句。as作“正如„„”解时，引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时，常用于下列短语：as is known、as is said、as is reported、as is announced等。要注意掌握作关系代词引导定语从句的用法。
3.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ___________ he grew up as a child.(NMET 1996)A.which B.where C.that D.when 解析：答案为B。本题考查限制性定语从句中关系词的选择。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词短语the small town, 且关系词不作定语从句中的主语和宾语而作地点状语，因此定语从句必须用关系副词where引导。要注意分清先行词在从句中充当的成分，然后选择适当的关系词。
4.The English play my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great
用心 爱心 专心
success.A.for which B.at which C.in which D.on which 解析：答案为C。考定语从句。主句部分应是The English play at the New Year’s party was a great success.从句补全为独立句子应是my students acted in the play。所以应选in which，其余介词不妥。
5.There were dirty marks on her trousers she had wiped her hands.A.where B.which C.when D.that 解析：答案为A。本题考地点状语从句，用where引导。句意是“她的裤子上她擦过手的地方有脏痕”。此处不能用时间状语从句，排除C，本题易被误认为考定语从句，意为“在她擦过手的裤子上有脏痕”。定语从句修饰trousers，也只能用where。B和D可引导定语从句，但只作主、宾等成分。定语从句缺少状语，不缺主语、宾语，故不可用。
6.The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, the sailing time was 226 days.A.of which B.during which C.from which D.for which 解析：答案为A。本题考定语从句，关系代词which指代the journey，定语从句恢复为独立句子应是：The sailing time of the journey was 226 days,故选of which。
1. 合成介词和复杂介词
1) 合成介词:inside,into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon within, without
2) 复杂介词:accordingto, along with, apart from, as for, as to, because of, by means of, in frontof, in spite of, instead of, inaccordance with, on account of, on behalf of, owing to, due to, together with,up to, with regard to, prior to等
2. 介词在句末:
This is what he is interested in.
Does everyone has a seat to sit on?
3. 名词加介词 ( n + prep)
1) 某些名词之后要求用某些介词:solution to, faith in, glance at, need for
2) 某些名词之前要求用某些介词:onone’s guard, at one’s request, in all probability, to mydelight
4. 动词加介词
1) Vi + prep:prevail on, appeal to, fallinto, apply for, touch upon
2) Vt + O + prep:lay emphasis on, takeadvantage of等
3) Vi + adv + prep:
I don’t wish to break in on yourthoughts.
The family came up against freshproblems.
You’re not telling me the whole story.You’re holding out on me.
She got off with him soon after she beganto work at the institution.
4) Vt + O + adv +prep:
You shouldn’t take your resentment out onme.
We shouldn’t put the shortage down to badplanning.
5. 形容词加介词
about---anxious, careful, careless,certain, considerate, enthusiastic, guilty, happy, mad, particular, sad, sure,timid, unhappy, etc
at---awkward, bad, clever,disappointed, disgusted, good, marvellous, quick, skilful, skilled, useless,weak, etc
for---convenient, eligible, grateful,homesick, hungry, necessary, noted, perfect, responsible, etc from --- evident,exempt, inseparable, safe, tired, etc
in---deficient, expert, liberal, quick,rich, successful, weak, etc
of---apprehensive, characteristic,critical, destructive, envious, hard, inconsiderate, impatient, dependent,jealous, positive, scared, sensible, short, sick, suspicious, typical, worthy,etc
on---dependent, keen, intent, etc
to---acceptable, accessible, agreeable,alive, attentive, blind, comparable, courteous, deaf, destructive, essential,favourable, hostile, indifferent, married, obedient, parallel, preferable,related, responsible, sensitive, suitable, unjust, etc
众所周知,定语从句在高中英语教学过程中的出现率很高,同时它又是学生在高中学习过程中所接触的第一种从句。可是很多高三的学生都没有彻底弄明白到底何为定语从句,特别是当它与别的从句放在一起时,学生们更易混淆。
二、笔者对定语从句的教学效果
针对这一情况,笔者在讲授定语从句时总是首先让学生明白三个务必,结果证明它们起到两个作用:一是在帮助学生理解定语从句时起到了催化剂的作用,二是不但能帮助学生对各种课内外的阅读材料进行更好的阅读与理解,而且能为他们以后对同位语从句等其他从句的理解与掌握铺平道路,增强信心,从而让他们在整个高中阶段的英语学习中起一个良好开头。
三、笔者对定语从句的教学过程
1.务必让学生完全明白何为定语:在由薄冰主编的《高级英语语法》一书上册的第六页中这样讲到:定语(attribute) 它是限定或修饰名词或相当于名词的词,常由形容词或相当于形容词的短语或从句担任,形容词常置于名词之前,相当于形容词的短语或从句常置于名词之后。
2.务必让学生完全明白何为后置定语:通过对定语这一名词的分析,我们不难发现,定语一般是由形容词或相当于形容词的短语或从句来充当。它们只是位置上有些差别,其中形容词常置于名词之前作为前置定语,而相当于形容词的短语或从句常置于名词之后作后置定语。对于前置定语, 学生们在理解方面没有太大的困难,但是对于后置定语。由于学生们在汉语的现代文阅读中很少碰到,加上初中阶段语文老师在汉语授课过程中不太强调语法,因而学生们对它的掌握并不彻底,甚至有些同学根本就不知道有那么一回事。 但在现代英语句子结构中,定语后置又是一个极为普遍的现象,正是因为中英文语言结构中的这一差异,最终导致了学生在学习过程中遇到了麻烦,如果不对这一麻烦及时排除, 它必将成为学生们在学习英语道路上的绊脚石。让我们一起来看下面两个例子,要求学生对其进行划线部分的提问。
例1.My book is under the desk。
例2.The book under the desk is mine。
分析:在例句1中,under the desk是表地点,译成“在桌子上”,故而用Where is your book?提问。而例句2中的under the desk是形容词短语作为名词the book的后置定语,译成 “在桌子的”,故而用Which book is yours?提问。
3.务必让学生完全明白何为定语从句:在了解了定语后置之后,我们就不难了解何为定语从句了。根据前面的内容,我们可以概括出,所谓定语从句,它应该是指把从句置于名词之后,它是定语后置的一个部分,只是这个后置定语是由一个句子来充当的,而不是一个名词性短语或其它的形式来充当,让我们一起看下面的两个句子。
例2.The book under the desk is mine。
例3.The book which/that is under the desk is mine。
分析:例句2在前面有所讲述,而例句3是以which/that is under the desk这句话作为the book的后置定语,它的作用相当于例句2中的under the desk,唯一的区别在于例句3中的后置定语是句子which/that is under the desk,而例句2中的定语under the desk是一个形容词短语。因而例句3叫定语从句,而例句2依然是个简单句。
总而言之,上述的内容看似简单,更有甚者会认为这是小题大做,但笔者认为,它们才是学生们在学习定语从句时首先要明白的三个概念,只有在明白了这三个概念的基础上,学生们才会走得更踏实、走得更远。
四、高中语法的教学现状
然而,新课程推行以来,许多教师有摒弃语法教学的倾向,整堂课只剩下Questions,Free talk和Discussions,他们认为,只要涉及到语法教学,就会有教学方法陈旧,不顺应教学改革之嫌,正因为如此,学生们长期以来对语法的学习从一个极端走向了另一个极端。
五、正确进行高中语法教学
其实研究表明,只有充分考虑语法规则与交际原则的有机协调关系,把语言形式和功能有机结合才能更有效地促进学习,语法教学不能淡化,而是优化。同时,语法教学只有在要教授的结构接近于自然情景中讲到这一结构阶段时才会促进语法分析的必要。可将交际教学法和语法的系统学习结合起来,在实际教学中将词语、语法都放在特定的语境中学习,等到学习者掌握一定数量词语后,为了交流必然产生对语法的需要,学习动机随之上升。正如刘道义教授讲到: “现在教材的要求比较高了,从高中往上走是七级,重点中学的尖子生可以达到九级,大学的内容到了高中来了。很多语法现象在小学就接触过,但是你不一定接触到第一课的时候就给学生讲很多,但你接触到一定程度的时候,综合起来可以举一反三。”
从刘道义教授的讲话中不难得知,高中阶段语法的学习应该是很重要的,学生学习时应对语法进行分析,只有这样,学生们面对一些比较复杂的从句的时候,他们才能有效的对其进行分析、理解、并最终掌握。
参考文献
[1]刘道义.How to evaluate the English textbook[M].北京:人民教育出版社.2003.
一、正确理解句子,了解先行词在句子中所做的成分,选准关系代词和关系副词至关重要
在定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分,如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语,就要用关系代词来连接从句;如果从句中缺少状语,就得用关系副词来连接从句。例如:I still remember the days which/that we spent together. I still remember the days when we worked together.
二、了解一些特殊代词的特殊用法
1.仅用that引导限制性定语从句的几种情况:
①先行词既指人又指物时。
②先行词是all,much,few,little,ever-
ything,anything,nothing等不定代词时。
③先行词被all,few,little,much,every,some,no等词修饰或被the only,the very,the same,the last等限定词修饰时。
④关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。
⑤先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
⑥主句是who或which引导的特殊问句时。
2.as和which引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别:
①位置上的区别:as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,还可插在主句的中间;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
②词义与联系上的区别:as引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系,as本身含有“正如”之意;而which引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句,which本身表示“这”或“这一点”之意。例如:Light travels faster than sound,as we all know. Jack came late for school,which made his teacher angry.
三、把握“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选用
介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。例如:Thats the reason for which he was late for school. This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.
注意:1.定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时,介词应放在动词之后,不能拆开。例如:This is the key which you are looking for. This is the baby whom you will look after. 2.该结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which.
四、注意定语从句的主谓一致性
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如:Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom is the only one of the the boys who is from the USA.
五、保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠
1.在定语从句中,不管出现任何情况,主句的结构必须完整,即主句必须有主语和谓语,缺一不可,否则整个主从复合句就无法成立。试比较:
(1)Is this factory_______we visited last week?
(2)Is this the factory_______we visited last week?
A.whichB.where
C.whatD.the one
分析:第一题缺少表语,只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性,而其他的选项均为干扰项。第二题主句本身完整,应填的关系代词在从句中作visited的宾语,故应选A项。
2.从定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分,因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代(副)词重叠的成分。例如:错句:Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?分析:该题中that已经代替先行词the train在定语从句中充当及物动词took的宾语,故重叠出现的宾语it必须删去。
总之,只要注意了以上五条,定语从句中的难题便会迎刃而解。
【英语语法高中英语定语从句解题六关】推荐阅读：
限制性定语从句的语法学习10-15
英语名言定语从句01-08
定语从句考点和反思 (中学英语教学论文)01-27
图解高中英语语法06-20
新编英语语法教案06-18
英语语法倒装结构06-18
英语语法综合训练09-30
初一英语语法复习10-04
