中国文化中英文对照（共6篇）
Countries and Statesssic Anecdotes of Traditional Chinese Culture
Cla
一、江山社稷
1.大禹治水 King Yu Tamed the Flood
Long time ago, it was said that a deluge engulfed a huge area of land claimed many lives, so King Shun sent Yu to control the flood.Talking with seniors, Yu drew lessons from the past water-control experience.After the field survey, he made up a feasible plan.Then he led people to divert he floods, and during this time, though he actually passed by the door of his own home for three times, he didn’t go in.With 13-year persistent efforts under his leadership, 9 large rivers were finally dredged leading floods into the sea.While harnessing the floods, Yu, along with others, helped people rebuild their homes, fallowed lands and resumed production.In this way, he gave the common people a peaceful and contented life and achieved an immortal feat.At that time, to commemorate Yu the Great, the whole country was called “the City of Yu”;and for his feat, a mausoleum called “Yu Ling” was built in his honor by the later generations.2.贞观之治Reign of Zhenguan
Reign of Zhenguan(627-649 AD)was the golden and prosperous age of early Tang Dynasty under the reign of Emperor Taizong, Li Shimin.He is typically considered one of the greatest emperors in the whole Chinese history.Emperor Taizong’s reign was regaded ad the exemplary model against whicj the emperors of later generations were measured, and was considered required study for future crown princes.During his 23-year reign, the nation enjoyed stability and prosperity with the fourishing economy and powerful troops, and the people lived in peace.The emperor put people in the first place.He saw people as water and emperor as boat, and believed that the water could bear the coat and swallow it as well(民，水也；君，舟也。水能载舟，亦能覆舟。)Taking the downfall of Sui Dynasty as a negative example, Emperor Taizong appointed people on their merits and put them in the most suitable place, besides, he encouraged the free airing of views, accepted criticism with modesty and gave important position to the capable chancellors such as 房玄龄、杜如晦和魏征 and so on.He made a peaceful society by takibg a series of policies, such as putting great emphasis on agriculture, cutting taxes upon farmers, taking the policy of recuperation and strictly enforcing thrift.Because his era name was Zhenguan, the grand times under his rule was generally recognized as Reign of Zhenguan, which laid a solid foundation for the peace and prosperity of later Tang Dynasty.After a long time deposition, feudal china ushered on the age of integration in such fields as politics, economy and culture during the 60-year reign of Emperor Qianlong.3.Sleeping on Brushwood and Tasting Gall 卧薪尝胆
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Wu defeated the State of Yue, and took the King Gou Jian and his wife prisoner.For several years, Gou Jian laboured as salve in Wu.When he was released and returned to Yue, Gou Jian was determined to take revenge for losing his state.In order that he would necver forget his humiliation, Gou Jian slept on a pie of brushwood and tasted gall before every meal in order to remind him of the shame and revenge.After ten years of careful preparations, he attacked and finally conquered the State of Wu.This idiom is used to describe inspiring oneself to accomplish an ambition.春秋战国时代，越国被吴国打败，越往勾践和妻子雅鱼被俘虏，咋吴国做了几年奴役。后来勾践被放回越国，他立志要要报亡国之仇。从此每天夜里睡在稻草上，每天吃饭前吃一个苦胆，以提醒自己不忘记过去的耻辱和仇恨。经过十年艰苦奋斗，越过终于雪耻战胜吴国。
4.Jing Ke Assassinated the King of Qin 荆轲刺秦
During the warring States Periods, the Prince of Yan sent a famous assassinator Jing Ke to kill the King of Qin.Jing Ke, together with another warrior,left for Qin with the head of 樊於期，a defector of Qin and the map of 督康，the most fertile land of Yan.Approaching the River Yi, Jing Ke sung a heartbroken song impassionedly, “ the River Yi is cold as the wind blows , the hero will never return after this departure.”
Knowing that the envoy from yan brought both the head of 樊於期 and the map of督康，the King of Qin felt very happy and ordered to meet Jing Ke at Xianyang Palace right away.Seeing the king, Jing Ke talked with ease.He handed the map to the king.No sooner had the king fully unrolled the map than Jing Ke took out the dagger hidden in the map and grabbed the king’s sleeve trying to stab him.The king tore the sleeve and jumped by the nearby screen heading out.Nobody could do anything to help.(难道都看傻眼了吗？汗⊙﹏⊙)The king managed to pull out his long sword and chopped off the left leg of Jing Ke who finally died at Qin’s palace.Though the assassination failed, Jing Ke took his place in the history book forever due to his bravery
战国时期，燕国太子丹派著名刺客荆轲前往刺杀秦王。
荆轲与另一勇士一起，带着秦国叛将樊於期的头颅和燕国最肥沃的土地督康地图向秦国出发。临近易水，荆轲慷慨悲歌：风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复返。
秦王听说燕使者把叛将的头颅的督康的地图送了了，于是很高兴，立即下令在咸阳宫接见荆轲。一见秦王，荆轲谈笑自若，在将地图献给秦始皇时，趁始皇展开地图之际，荆轲抽出藏在图中的匕首一把打着始皇衣袖，向他刺去。始皇扯断衣袖（楼主其实并不解，皇帝衣服材料应该很好吧，怎么一扯能断？当真神力啊还是衣料不好啊？），跳过旁边的屏风往外跑。众人却毫无办法（朝堂上都是文官）秦王好不容易拔出长剑，将荆轲左腿砍断，杀死在殿上。
关键词：茶文化景区,文化语境,直译,意译
茶叶是世界三大饮料产品之一, 不仅在中国有着悠久的饮茶历史, 而且世界各国都对饮茶这一独特休闲方式情有独钟。茶叶在公元9世纪传入日本, 在16世纪传入欧洲, 成为风靡世界的饮品;品茶在日本已经形成茶道文化, 说明其兼具商业属性和文化属性。因此茶文化景区中英文茶叶名称翻译就成为传播茶文化的主要途径之一, 茶叶名称翻译需要遵守很多规则, 不仅要结合中文语境翻译, 更要考虑英语母语国家语言习惯, 才能使翻译清楚明了的传达。
1 茶文化的语境概念
茶文化语境不是指语言使用环境, 而是以茶叶本身作为符号进行茶文化翻译的研究。不仅是茶文化, 各种文化都有着各自的语境, “语境翻译”是德国语言学家Wegener于1885年提出的。他指出不同的语言在进行转化和翻译的时候, 要充分的考虑其母语中语境因素, 语境因素为母语文化的精华, 应该予以保留。这是继“情景语境” (Context of Situation) 之后, Wegener提出的又一语境, “文化语境” (Context of Culture) , 文化语境对语言翻译研究提出苛刻的标准。“情景语境”为一种文化在外在的具体表现, 也就是文化的起源、发展、具体特征等一系列能够感知和记录的东西, 情景语境为文化的外在载体;“文化语境”为“情景语境”的升华, 也就是文化语境摆脱情景语境的具体形象和外在感知, 而转变为一种玄妙不可感知的文化符号, 这种符号是一种象征, 一种信仰, 指引着人们去探索和发掘。情景语境与文化语境其实属于同一种事物, 都是文化的载体。只不过情景语境属于近距离的观察, 能触摸到实实在在的文化现象;而文化语境属于整体的文化感知, 不属于具体可感的文化物象, 而演变为一种符号, 文化的信仰。而我们的茶叶名称翻译, 就是在茶文化语境的基础上进行的翻译, 既要保存茶文化的韵味和特征, 又要做到翻译的形象具体和可感。
2 文化语境对翻译的启示
语言的相似性促进文化的学习和传播, 语言的沟通促进不同文化的交融与理解。但语言本体的独特性, 比如语言思维方式, 形象意义的独特性, 会造成文化交流的隔阂, 所以我们在进行不同文化翻译时需要综合多方面的因素进行转换。茶文化翻译, 也就是我们所说茶叶名称翻译, 需要考虑茶文化语境和英文文化语境两方面因素。中国的茶文化具有3000多年的悠久历史, 陆羽的《茶经》为我国茶文化的经典著作, 《茶经》中详细讲述茶文化的起源, 采茶用具, 制作方式, 煮茶用具, 饮茶方式和有关茶的典故, 是我国关于茶叶和茶道文化最详细著作。因此在涉及到茶叶名称翻译问题的时候, 需要时常查找古代茶叶发展的相关资料, 才能翻译出茶文化的真正韵味;另一方面要了解英文有关茶叶翻译的相关资料, 英文文献的茶叶名称翻译大多按照英文习惯进行翻译, 因此他们完成保留英文文化的语言方式, 但同时却丢失很多传统茶文化的韵味, 甚至有些翻译严重偏离茶文化的本意, 导致错误百出。所以茶文化翻译最重要是结合茶文化语境的前提下, 进行相关翻译工作。
3 文化语境与茶叶名称翻译
茶叶不仅具有其商业属性, 进行茶叶相关产品的售卖;同时也具有文化属性, 满足顾客是审美要求, 启迪游客的身心。茶文化景区宣传不仅为出售茶叶获得利益, 更重要作用是带给人美得享受, 使人陶醉在优美的风景和传统文化当中, 因此茶叶名称翻译就成为茶文化景区面临的主要问题之一。茶文化名称翻译面对的主要对象为英语母语地区人群, 翻译要在传统文化的前提下, 争取通俗易懂, 使人能够容易理解其中要表达的意义。我们可以对翻译过的茶叶名称再一次用英文相关词语对他们进行解释, 使其理解其中含义, 从而达到售卖商品和观光游览的目的。茶叶名称翻译主要有直译和意译两种方式, 具体内容如下:
3.1 茶叶名称直译翻译
茶叶名称翻译中只涉及字面意思, 不带有任何的历史文化和茶叶特征的茶叶名称, 可以采用直接翻译的方式翻译。这种方式更能翻译出茶叶本身的特性和茶叶生产制作的方式, 使英语母语地区的消费者能够很容易的理解翻译过去的意义, 目前的很多茶叶名称都采用直译的方式进行翻译。
例1.通常情况, 按照发酵程度和方法的不同茶叶主要分为以下几种:小发酵茶、后发酵茶、部分发酵茶和全发酵茶。在进行茶叶名称直译的时候, “小发酵茶”翻译为Non-fermented, “后发酵茶”被直译为Post-fermented, Partially fermented和Completely fermented则是“部分发酵茶”“全发酵茶”的直译。
例2.在乌龙茶介绍方面, 基本上也是采用直译的方式进行翻译茶叶品名的:“白茶乌龙”直译为White Oolong;CTwistod Oolong意思是“条型乌龙”, “球形乌龙”泽被直译为Pelletod Oolong。这几种茶采用直接翻译方法, 这样的翻译能够更加准确传达茶文化语境中茶的意义。
由此可知, 茶叶名称翻译时候多采用直译的方法进行茶叶品名和种类等类别名称的翻译。由于以上茶叶名称不含有太多茶文化色彩, 因此直译能达到很好的效果, 在原有文化基础上的直译能够有效的传达茶文化的精髓, 这些直译不含有文化语病问题。但有些茶叶名称含有极其浓重的文化意蕴, 采用直译的方式不能达到很好的效果, 因此必须在结合文化语境的情况下, 进行适当的改编和翻译, 才能使翻译更加完整和准确。例如“洞顶茶”直译的时候“洞顶”二字直接采用拼音, 后面加上“茶”字的英文翻译, 洞顶茶直译后显示为Dongding Tea;另外一例子进行对比分析, 我们便可看出茶叶翻译时候采用直译的效果。比如, “龙井茶”有些地方被翻译成The Dragon Well Tea。虽然看起来并没有较大的差错, 但这种翻译严重曲解茶名本身的意义。洞顶茶产自台湾鹿谷附近的冻顶山, 由于山多雾而且路陡滑, 上山采茶都要将脚尖“冻”起来, 因此得名叫洞顶茶;龙井位于西湖之西翁家山的西北麓, 也就是现在的龙井村, 龙井村所产的茶也为龙井茶。以上两种茶都根据中国古代的地名而来, 但国外的翻译显然没有表达出古代中国的文化意蕴, “Dongding”和“The Dragon Well”翻译曲解茶叶本身的意蕴, 使国外的消费者产生疑惑。白毫乌龙 (White Tipped Oolong) 也叫“着延茶”, 英语翻译为“Bitten Tea”, 它以鲜嫩的叶、轻柔的炒茶方式和多重的发酵等优点被称为最高级的乌龙茶, 而“Bitten Tea”只翻译出茶的形态, 没有翻译出茶的历史文化意蕴, 翻译的效果很差。
3.2 茶叶名称意译翻译
英语母语地区消费者的历史政治和文化与华语地区有很大的不同, 这就导致茶叶翻译存在着重重困难。因此我们需要运用意译的方式, 对那些涉及文化意蕴的茶叶名称进行翻译。意译的翻译也就是通过保留传统的文化部分, 删去不符合英文语境的部分, 通过两者结合达到的翻译效果。
例3.“红茶”被翻译为“Black Tea”。这种茶叶名称就是采用意译的方式翻译的, 它和中国茶叶名称有着字面上的区别。中国的红茶就是乌龙茶, 红茶因为它的茶汤颜色是红的, 因此叫做红茶;而国外的翻译“Black Tea”指的是茶叶的颜色, 茶叶颜色是黑的, 这样翻译更容易让国外的消费者理解。而且乌龙本身也是黑色的意思, 所以这样翻译能更好的传达茶文化意蕴。有些茶叶名称有更为具体细致的区分, 比如“红茶”除是“Black Tea”以外, 又被人们细分为Unshredded Black Tea和Shredded Black Tea, 其意思分别是“工夫红茶”和“碎型红茶”。“工夫红茶”原料细嫩, 制工精细, 外形条索紧直匀齐, 色泽乌润, 香气浓郁, 滋味醇和而甘浓, 汤色叶底红艳明亮, 具有形质兼优的品质特征。以上翻译在保存传统茶文化, 形象表明茶叶的颜色和特征。
与上面红茶细分同理, 普洱茶又被人们细分为“陈放普洱”和“渥堆普洱”两者普洱茶叶, 两者茶叶的翻译为Age-fermented Puer和Pile-Fermented Puer, 这两种翻译均是采用意译的方式进行茶叶名称翻译的。“陈放普洱”指的是生茶, 也就是上面英文所说的自然发酵, 它采用云南大叶种晒青毛茶为原料, 经过加工处理成饼状, 于空气中自然氧化而成;“渥堆普洱”指的是熟茶, 但并不仅仅是熟茶。它是将炒制揉捻后的茶青堆在一起, 随着热度的增加和微生物发酵作用, 茶会产生微妙的改变。茶的形态会更加纤细柔软, 颜色变得深红, 茶的口感会更加甘甜柔和, 含水量会大大降低, 茶汤的香气也会更加浓郁。除此之外还有很多意译的例子, 例如:“碧螺春”为“Green Spiral”, “大红袍”为“Robe Tea”。或者为增加茶叶的文化意蕴还可以增加字面的形容词翻译, 例如:“青沱”为“Age Bowl Puer”, “青饼”为“Age Cake Puer”。
4 结语
以上就是茶叶名称翻译的具体内容和策略研究, 不论是直译还是意译的翻译方式, 都不能有效解决茶叶翻译的问题, 最好的解决方式是直译和意义互相结合, 互为补充, 才能很好诠释茶叶名称翻译的意蕴, 以及使英语母语地区消费者清楚了解茶叶的特性和文化。茶叶翻译具有极强的地域属性特征, 翻译要结合具体文化语境来进行, 需要分析茶叶的起源、历史典故、特性甚至有关茶叶特征的诗句, 进行翻译的指导。茶叶翻译传播和交流应该在传统文化语境的前提下进行, 否则茶叶名称翻译将成为空中楼阁, 失去其本身意义和文化价值。
参考文献
[1]李婧.清茶远韵——中国茶文化的审美研究[D].山东师范大学2009.
[2]汪慧.英语中汉语借词的跨文化交际研究[D].新疆师范大学2012.
[3]黄剑, 戴丽华.茶的多维意义及中英茶文化比较[J].农业考古.2013 (2) :310-312.
标签：sci 投稿指南 中国期刊 教育分类：放射学投稿指南
包含SCISCIEAHCI(2007年版):
北京科技大学学报（英文版）Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing 材料科学技术（英文版）Journal of Materials Science & Technology
材料物理化学（英法德文版）Materials Chemistry and Physics(Changed from Materials Chemistry)
催化学报 Chinese Journal of Catalysis
大气科学进展（英文版）Advances in Atmospheric Sciences
代数集刊（英文版）Algebra Colloquium
道风基督教文化评论 Logos & Pneuma-Chinese Journal of Theology
等离子体科学与技术（英文版）Plasma Science & Technology
地理学报（英文版）Journal of Geographical Sciences
地球科学（英文版）Journal of China University of Geosciences
地球科学集刊（英文版，台湾）Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 地球物理学报 Chinese Journal of Geophysics-China Edition
地震工程与工程振动（英文版）Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 地质幕（英文版）Episodes
地质学报（英文版）Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition
电子学报（英文版）Chinese Journal of Electronics
动物研究学刊（英文版）Zoological Studies
仿生工程学报（英文版）Journal of Bionic Engineering
分析化学 Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry
钢铁研究学报（英文版）Journal of Iron and Steel Research International
高等学校化学学报 Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities-English Series
高等学校化学研究（英文版）Chemical Research in Chinese Universities
高分子科学（英文版）Chinese Journal of Polymer Science
高分子学报 Acta Polymerica Sinica
高分子研究学刊（英文版，台湾）Journal of Polymer Research
固体力学学报（英文版）Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica
光谱学与光谱分析 Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis
国际肝胆胰疾病杂志(英文版)Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 国际模糊系统学报（英文版）International Journal of Fuzzy Systems
国际泥沙研究（英文版）International Journal of Sediment Research
国立中央研究院历史语言研究所集刊 Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica
海洋科学与技术学报（英文版）Journal of Marine Science and Technology-Taiwan 海洋学报（英文版）Acta Oceanologica Sinica
核技术（英文版）Nuclear Science and Techniques
红外与毫米波学报 Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
华中科技大学学报（医学,英德文版）Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology-Medical Sciences
化学进展 Progress in Chemistry
化学物理学报（英文版）Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics
化学学报Acta Chimica Sinica 环境科学学报（英文版）Journal of Environmental Science 计算机科学技术学报（英文版）Journal of Computer Science and Technology计算数学（英文版）Journal of Computational Mathematics
计算物理通讯（英文版）Communications in Computational Physics
交通运输计量（英文版）Transportmetrica
结构化学（中+英文版）Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry
金属学报 Acta Metallurgica Sinica
科学通报（英文版）Chinese Science Bulletin
昆虫科学（英文版）Insect Science
理论物理通讯（英文版）Communications in Theoretical Physics
力学(英文版）Journal of Mechanics
力学学报（英文版）Acta Mechanica Sinica
气象学报（英文版）Acta Meteorologica Sinica
热科学学报（英文版）Journal of Thermal Science
山地科学学报(英文版)Journal of Mountain Science
生物化学与生物物理进展 Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics
生物化学与生物物理学报（英文版）Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica
生物医学工程（英文版）Biomedical Engineering-Applications Basis Communications 生物医学与环境科学（英文版）Biomedical and Environmental Sciences
生医科学杂志（英文版，台湾）Journal of Biomedical Science
世界儿科杂志（英文版）World Journal of Pediatrics
世界胃肠病学杂志(英文版）World Journal of Gastroenterology
数学年刊(B辑,英文版）Chinese Annals of Mathematic Series B
数学物理学报（英文版）Acta Mathematica Scientia
数学学报（新辑，英文版）Acta Mathematica Sinica-English Series
台湾数学期刊（英文版，台湾）Taiwanese Journal of Mathematics
台湾医志（英文版，台湾）Journal of the Formosan Medical Association
天然气化学（英文版）Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry
土壤圈（英文版）Pedosphere
外国文学研究 Foreign Literature Studies
问题与研究（英文版）Issues & Studies
无机材料学报 Journal of Inorganic Materials
无机化学学报 Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
武汉理工大学学报(材料科学,英文版）Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Material Science Edition)
物理化学学报 Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica
物理学报 Acta Physica Sinica
稀土学报（英文版）Journal of Rare Earth
稀有金属(英文版)Rare Metals
稀有金属材料与工程 Rare Metal Materials and Engineering
系统工程与电子技术（英文版）Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics 系统科学与复杂性学报（英文版）Journal of Systems Science & Complexity
细胞研究（英文版）Cell Research
香港职业治疗杂志（英文版）Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy
新型炭材料 New Carbon Materials
信息科学与工程学刊（英文版）Journal of Information and Engineering
亚太法律评论（英文版）Asia Pacific Law Review
亚洲控制学报（英文版）Asian Journal of Control
亚洲男科学杂志（英文版）Asian Journal of Andrology
亚洲天然产物研究杂志（英文版）Journal of Asian Natural Products Research
亚洲艺术（英文版）Arts of Asia
岩石学报 Acta Petrologica Sinica
药物食品分析（台湾）Journal of Food and Drug Analysis
遗传学报（英文版）Journal of Genetics and Genomics
应用地球物理（英文版）Applied Geophysics
应用数学和力学（英文版）Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
应用数学学报(英文版)Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica-English Series
有机化学 Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry
语言及语言学 Language and Linguistics
浙江大学学报（A应用物理与工程，英文版）Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A
浙江大学学报（B 生物医学,生物化学与生物技术，英文版）Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B
真菌多样性(英文版）Fungal Diversity
植物分类学报 Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica
植物学报(英文版）Journal of Integrative Plant Biology
(Changed from Acta Botanica Sinica since 2005)
植物学汇刊（英+中文版，台湾）Botanical Studies
中国癌症研究（英文版）Chinese Journal of Cancer Research
中国地理科学（英文版）Chinese Geographical Science
中国工程学刊（英文版，台湾）Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineer
中国光学快报（英文版）Chinese Optics Letters
中国海洋工程（英文版）China Ocean Engineering
中国海洋湖沼学报（英文版）Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology
中国航空学报（英文版）Chinese Journal of Aeronautics
中国化学（英文版）Chinese Journal of Chemistry
中国化学工程学报（英文版）Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering
中国化学工程学会会志（英文版，台湾）Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers
中国化学会会志（英文版）Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society
中国化学快报（英文版）Chinese Chemical Letters
中国机械工程学刊（英文版）Journal of the Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineers 中国结合医学杂志（英文版）Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine
中国经济评论（英文版）China Economic Review
中国科学(A辑 数学,英文版）Science in China Series A-Mathematics
中国科学(B辑 化学,英文版）Science in China Series B-Chemistry
中国科学(C辑 生命科学,英文版）Science in China Series C-Life Sciences
中国科学(D辑 地球科学,英文版）Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences
中国科学(E辑 技术科学,英文版）Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences
中国科学(F辑 信息科学,英文版）Science in China Series F-Information Sciences 中国科学(G辑 物理、数学、天文,英文版）Science in China Series G-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy
中国颗粒学报（英文版）China Particuology
中国口腔科学（英文版）Journal of Dental Sciences
中国炼油与石油化工（英文版）China Petroleum Processing & Petrochemical Technology 中国免疫学杂志(英文版)Cellular & Molecular Immunology
中国评论 China Review-An Interdisciplinary Journal on Greater China
中国生理学杂志（英文版，台湾）Chinese Journal of Physiology
中国天文和天体物理学报（英文版）Chinese Journal of Astronomy And Astrophysics(Changed from Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics since 2008)
中国通讯（英文版）China Communications
中国物理（B,英文版）Chinese Physics B(Changed from Chinese Physics since 2008)中国物理（C,英文版）Chinese Physics C(Changed from High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics-Chinese Edition since 2008)
中国物理快报（英文版）Chinese Physics Letters
中国物理学刊（英文版，台湾）Chinese Journal of Physics
中国药理学报（英文版）Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
中国有色金属学会会刊（英文版）Transactin of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 中国与世界经济(英文版)China & World Economy
中国语言学报 Journal of Chinese Linguistics
中国铸造（英文版）China Foundry
中华民国心脏学会杂志 Acta Cardiologica Sinica
中华统计学志（英文版，台湾）Statistica Sinica
中华医学杂志（英文版）Chinese Medical Journal
原作:大鹳
全国人民代表大会 National People’s Congress (NPC)
主席团 Presidium
常务委员会 Standing Committee
办公厅 General Office
秘书处 Secretariat
代表资格审查委员会 Credentials Committee
提案审查委员会 Motions Examination Committee
民族委员会 Ethnic Affairs Committee
法律委员会 Law Committee
财务经济委员会 Finance Affairs Committee
外事委员会 Foreign and Economy Committee
教育，科学，文化委员会 Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee
内务司法委员会 Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs
华侨委员会 Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee
法制委员会 Commission of Legislative Affairs
特定问题委员会 Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions
宪法修改委员会 Committee for Revision of the Constitution
中华人民共和国主席 President of the People’s Republic of China
中央军事委员会 Central Military Commission
最高人民法院 Supreme People’s Court
最高人民检察院 Supreme People’s Procuratorate
国务院 State Council
(1)国务院部委 Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council
外交部 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
国防部 Ministry of National Defence
国家发展计划委员 State Development Planning Commission
国家经济贸易委员会 State Economic and Trade Commission
教育部 Ministry of Education
科学技术部 Ministry of Science and Technology
国家科学技术工业委员会 Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence
国家民族事务委员会 State Ethnic Affairs Commission
公安部 Ministry of Public Security
国家安全部 Ministry of State Security
全国人民代表大会 National People’s Congress(NPC)
主席团 Presidium
常委委员会 Standing Committee
办公厅 General Office
秘书处 Secretariat
代表资格审查委员会 Credentials Committee
提案审查委员会 Motions Examination Committee
民族委员会 Ethnic Affairs Committee
法律委员会 Law Committee
财务经济委员会 Finance and Economy Committee
外事委员会 Foreign Affairs Committee
教育，科学，
文化和卫生委员会 Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee
内务司法委员会 Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs
华侨委员会 Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee
法制工作委员会 Commission of Legislative Affairs
特定问题委员会 Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions
宪法修改委员会 Committee for Revision of the Constitution
中华人民共和国主席 President of the People’s Republic of China
中央军事委员会 Central Military Commission
最高人民法院 Supreme People’s Court
最高人民检察院 Supreme People’s Procuratorate
国务院 State Council
国务院部委 Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council
外交部 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
国防部 Ministry of National Defence
国家发展
和改革委员会 State Development and Reform Commission
教育部 Ministry of Education
科学技术部 Ministry of Science and Technology
国防科学技术
工业委员会 State Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence
国家民族事务
委员会 State Ethnic Affairs Commission
公安部 Ministry of Public Security
国家安全部 Ministry of State Security
监察部 Ministry of Supervision
民政部 Ministry of Civil Affairs
This speech was not orally delivered but was written in a pamphlet and distributed among the public, aiming at fighting against the licensing order issued in 1643 which instituted pre-publication censorship upon parliamentary England.According to the licensing order, authors should have a license approved by the government before their work could be published.It is quite unfair and violates the freedom of press.
John Milton gave a nearly perfect refutation to the parliament with his most eloquent words and rhetorical flourishes.As a famous English poet and polemicist, Milton has a deep personal conviction as well as a passion for freedom and self-determination, which can be easily found in his poetry and prose.He is also a responsible servant who cares the urgent issues and political turbulence of his day a lot.Taking the description of him given above into consideration there is thus no surprise for the appearance of this magnificen speech.
Areopagitica is full of biblical and classical references which greatly strengthens Milton’s argument.And this particular feature is of course closely related to Milton’s writing style and Calvinis Presbyterians that comprised parliament at that time.The whole book displays a flow of ideas and thoughts with solid examples and rigid reasoning.
Before coming to the major part of this book review:comment ing on some of the quotations picked up from the book, I would like to first point out some of Milton’s methods or sparkling points o his getting the facts straight, that is, in other words, his reasoning process and framing angle.
1 The Reasoning Process and Framing Angle of Aer opagitica
In order to clarify his point, Milton didn’t go to the topic di rectly.On the contrary, he was brilliant enough to argue for himsel from different perspectives and nearly all of them are convincing a well as interesting.For example, he called for people to read al kinds of books and acquire varied knowledge, this, of course, includes those so called“bad books”and according to him, even“bad books”themselves have benefits:they can enhance people’s ability of distinguishing good from bad, right from the wrong.So it is quite reasonless for parliament to apply license order and eliminate the ideas they dislike.
Also, there is no doubt that Milton has a good logic in his speech.He not only provided harmfulness of licensing order through all of his speech but also talked about the feasibility of applying pre-publication censorship and the real beneficiaries of this regulation.As he said, there are too many books, magazines or pamphlets published in England every day, and it is definitely impossible for the limited inspectors to go through all these publications and make a final decision of prohibiting which one.If they just scan the book for a few seconds and have their final say, they are very irresponsible for the reader.Let alone many books demands deep reading and thinking and we can’t assure the inspectors are qualified enough to make judgments on these books.What’s more, the implementation of the licensing order may provide facilitation measures for the monopoly of some booksellers;they may use this opportunity to crack down on their competitors.So in a word, if we put aside its bad effects, it is still infeasible and harmful in reality.
In addition to his spectacular reasoning process and framing angle which in fact have a positive effect on our development of critical thinking, there are a great deal of thought-provoking quotations that deserved further exploration.In this book-review, there are three major quotations that interested me most listed here.And I relate all of these three quotations to our Chinese culture and intellectual history.
2 Destroying Culture for the Sake of Censorship is“a kind of massacre.No blood but more brutal.”
In the beginning of his speech, in order to stress the disastrous effect of implementing licensing order, Milton gave the parliamentary members these words:
...as good almost kill a man as kill a good book;who kills a man kills a reasonable creature, God’s image;but he who destroys a good book, kills reason itself, kills the image of God;as it were in the eye.
This analogy put a good man and a good book into comparison.Milton evaluated which result is worse, killing a good man or a good book?In the common sense and in most contexts in our daily life, a person’s life is of highest value.However, if we broaden our horizon and put this question into the long history of human beings and even the future development in the next few generations, it is no doubt that those things that can move ahead the civilization and the overall advancement of human culture should be in the top priorities.If we use a cross-culture thinking pattern to view this point, this self-evident truth is apparently being upheld at home and abroad.For instance, in China’s history, we all know that Emperor Qin once burnt books and buried literatus in pits.The great damages he did to Chinese culture and intellectual history was not those people he killed, although they had good qualities and a lot o knowledge, the most unbearable thing he did was to burn thou sands of books which spilt over a wide varieties and can promote a well as enrich China’s culture a lot.This damage can never be rem edied.Just like what John Milton had said, it was a kind of massa cre.No blood but more brutal.
3 The Freedom of Press is Widespread in Free Countries While the Authoritarian Counties are Known for their Censorship and Licensing Order
Great minds think alike.There are a lot of similar things be tween China and western world if we refer to some of the brillian ideas that Milton put forward in this small pamphlet.When speak ing of the licensing order’s history, Milton raised a great deal of ex amples including past history in England and other countries a well as the Greek and Athens mythology.And this is also suited to China’s history, in addition to the above cross-culture example The original words of Milton are as followings:
...yet best and wisest commonwealth through all ages and occa sions have forborn to use it, and falsest seducers and oppressors o men were the first who took it up, and to no other purpose but to ob struct and hinder the first approach of reformation.
The main idea of these words is that throughout the history the adopters of licensing order are always those oppressors in auto cratic context, while in a real democratic country and especially when an enlightened monarch is in charge, the speech is alway free and the whole country is open to different ideas and thoughts As Milton has already given the examples of western world, as a Chinese reader of this speech, I cannot help associating this with Chinese history.There is an idiom in China shares the simila meaning with what Milton said:be frightened into complete silence but to exchange their hatred with eyes.The idiom comes from a sto ry in Chinese history.During the period of Emperor Zhou Li Wang because of his cruel administration, people complained a lot.In or der to get people in control, Emperor Zhou sent a lot of spies to keep an eye on people and if someone says some unpleasant word about emperor, he will be caught by spies and be severely pun ished.So at that time people couldn’t express their true feeling when they meet each other and could only exchange their hatred with eyes.Three years later, people could not bear it anymore and rallied tighter to overthrow the dynasty.So when Emperor Zhou died, people called him Zhou Li Wang.Li, refers to cruel in Chi nese.What Emperor Zhou Li Wang did functioned the same as the licensing order, they both restricted people’s freedom of speech So, in my opinion, the licensing order not only nourishes in the au tocratic country but can also result in the extermination of the coun try which applies it.
4 There is no Clear Line between Good and Evil.Milton Called for an Inclusive Attitude towards all Books
In terms of his logical composing of refutation towards licens ing order, I have already talked about his brilliant ideas of the grea use of bad books.As this is one of the most important arguments in the speech, I would like to dig deeper into it.Milton actually said a lot about the relationship between“good books”and“bad books”.I just picked up one sentence from them:
Though all the winds of doctrine were let loose to play on the earth, so Truth be in the field, we do injuriously, by licensing and prohibiting, to misdoubt her strength.Let her and Falsehood grapple;who ever knew Truth put to the worse, in a free and open encounter?
There are no clear divisions between good and bad:the bad books may have some brilliant ideas or sayings in it and a good book is not one hundred percent good.Bad books can help people figure out what is evil while good books can help people find out what is kindness.So in a word, they are closely related to each other and are interdependent in this real world.This thinking method has something in common with China’s Daoism because one of the representative signs of Daoism is the Yin-Yang image:the white and black patterns are integrated with each other perfectly.It is the so called“harmony”we Chinese people believe and it is the most ideal status we all admire, too.What’s more, in fact, Milton brought about the idea of the use of bad books to introduce a key idea:to absorb everything critically.The way to achieve this is to read all kind of books without licensing and acquire all kind of knowledge.We can also find similar examples in Chinese history.Deng Xiaoping once used a figurative saying“Flowers of every kind are in bloom”to describe this idea.One of the most significant incidences of this idea happened in December, 1916, when China’s famous educator Cai Yuanpei, the headmaster of Peking Uni versity at that time, put forward the idea of establishing a fair, inclu sive studying atmosphere in Peking University.Here he specifical ly referred to introducing new ideas of the May Fourth Movemen as well as keep some Confucianism.Not long after the implementa tion of the new policy, Peking University became the famous and outstanding high education institution in China.
There is no point in fearing about the deteriorating effects o bad books, all we have to do is to help people distinguish the good from the bad and just like another old Chinese saying that when fac ing bad books, we had better“discard the dross and select the es sence”.
Nearly 400 hundred years have passed since the publication of Milton’s Aeropagitica.Although there is still some censorship in China now, journalists and the public never give up the efforts o fighting for the freedom of speech.Currently, with the rise of nonpartisan newspaper, especially with the rapid developments of In ternet and social media, the entitled right of delivering ideas and thoughts freely has been more and more guarantied.Just to make a joke, if John Milton lived until now, he would show a big smile face towards the great progress that have been made in the freedom o press and at the same time be greatly surprised by the rapid change of books and media nowadays.
参考文献
[1]John Milton.Aeropagitica[M].Nu Vision Publications, 2010.
【中国文化中英文对照】推荐阅读：
中国会计制度科目英文对照表06-12
中国文化简介06-10
中国文化经典06-17
中国梦文化09-15
论外来文化与中国传统文化07-26
中国文化内生动力06-13
中国陶瓷文化07-03
中国传统文化与中国古代德育方法06-24
中国传统文化概论06-22
自考中国文化概论笔记07-02
