定语从句与同位语从句
一、从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等表示抽象意义的名词。而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。如：
We are looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.我们正在调查的是他是否值得信赖的问题。（同位语从句）
Word came that he had gone abroad.据说他已经出国了。（同位语从句）
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.你找的那位医生在房间里面。（定语从句，名词the doctor作先行词）
Our team has won the game, which makes us very happy.(定语从句，which代表前面提到的整个句子)His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他妈妈尽最大努力帮他学习。（定语从句，代词all作先行词）
二、从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。如：
The news that our team has won the game is true.我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句，补充说明news的内容。）
The news(that)he told me yesterday is true.昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。
(定语从句，that 从句作定语修饰news
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。(同位语从句，补充说明promise)The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺。(定语从句，that从句作定语修饰promise
三、从引导词及其在句子中的成份上区别有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered.我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。同位语从句）
引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语或宾语（指物时还可以用which代替），并且作宾语时常常省略。
That在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成份，并且不能省略，也不能用 which来代替。
The order that we(should)send a few people to help the other groups
was received yesterday.我们应派几个人去帮助别的几个小组的命令昨天已收到了。
同位语从句，是对order的具体解释，(that虽不作成份，但不能省略）
The order(that)we received yesterday was that we(should)send a few people to help the other groups.我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。定语从句，是名词order的修饰语，that在从句中作received的宾语，可以省略）
定语从句与强调句型的区别
强调句型的句式结构为：“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who从句”。在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，一律用that，而不用when, why或how；在强调主语和宾语时，如果主语和宾语指代人，则可用who和whom来代替that, 但是从句中的人称和数要
与被强调的主语和宾语保持一致。这些都容易与定语从句混淆。
定语从句和强调句型的判断方法：若将句中的“It is/was”和“that/who”去掉，而句子不缺成分，结构完整，说明原句是强调句型；若句子结构不完整，则说明原句为定语从句。定语从句中的主谓一致
1、当关系代词作从句的主语时，那么从句的谓语必须与先行词保持一致。
e.g.Last Sunday we visited a farm which is located in the suburbs
of Hangzhou.Those who are present at the meeting are all lawyers.2、one of + 名词后面的定语从句谓语用复数； the(only)one +名词后面的定语从句谓语用单数。
一、从意义的角度来看
同位语从句与先行词之间存在的是同位或同等的关系, 起到对名词的解释、补充说明作用。而定语从句与先行词之间存在的是所属关系, 表示“……的”, 起到对名词 (先行词) 进行修饰限定的作用。例如:
The chances that we will all have the opportunity to live in an English-speaking country are small. (M7 P6, that引导的同位从句与先行词chances是同位关系。)
我们都有机会生活在一个说英语的国家的这种机遇是很小的。
I turned around and glared at the person who was singing. (M5P14, who引导的定语从句限定先行词the person。)
我转过身来, 瞪了正在唱歌的那人一眼。
二、从语法内涵的角度来看
同位从句与所说明的先行词之间没有任何逻辑关系, 即先行词在从句中不充当任何成分。定语从句所限定的名词 (先行词) 是定语从句中逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。例如:
(1) The news that they won the match is true. (同位语从句, news与从句没有逻辑关系)
他们比赛获胜的这一消息是真实的。
(2) The news that you told us yesterday is true. (定语从句, news是从句中told的逻辑宾语)
你昨天给我们讲的消息是真的。
(3) The order when we should return hasn’t reached us. (同位语从句, order和从句没有逻辑关系)
我们什么时候该返回的命令还没到。
(4) The day when New China was founded will never be forgotten. (定语从句, day是从句中founded的逻辑时间状语)
人们永远不会忘记新中国成立的那一天。
三、从语法结构形式来看
同位从句由连词引导, 同位从句紧接在先行词之后, 有时为了句子平衡的需要被别的词把它和先行词隔开, 但从句前一般不用逗号。而定语从句是由关系词引导, 限定性定语从句常常紧接先行词后, 非限定性定语从句可以和先行词分离, 而且从句前需有逗号和主句分开。此外, 引导同位从句的连词不可省掉, 而引导定语从句的关系代词 (that, which, whom等) 作从句的宾语时常可省略。例如:
(1) The idea that the Internet will have taught English to everyone in the world by 2050 is amazing. (M7 P7同位语从句)
到2050年因特网将教会世界上每个人英语, 这个想法令人惊异。
(2) Word came that our duties would be changed. (M7 P100同位语从句)
据说, 我们的任务要有变化。
(3) As is often the case, we have worked out the productionplan. (非限定性定语从句)
像平常那样, 我们已制定出产品方案。
(4) His two sons are abroad, both of whom are graduate stu-dents. (非限定性定语从句)
他的两个儿子在国外, 两个都是研究生。
(5) After 1848, it (American English) was also influenced by immigration from Germany, Central Europe and Italy, which brough large numbers of new words into the language. (M7 p16非限定性定语从句)
1848年以后, 美国英语还受到来自德国、中欧、意大利移民的影响, 这为美国英语带来了许多新词。
(6) Education is what remains when we have forgotten all we have been taught. (M5 P39限定性定语从句, all后省掉了关系代词?that)
教育就是我们已经忘记了自己被叫过的东西后留下来的内容。
四、从先行词的性质来看
同位语从句的先行词大都是抽象概念的名词:fact, evi-dence, belief, question, idea, news, knowledge, hope, order, possibility, problem, reply, remark, report, suggestion, thought, word等。而定语从句的先行词则没有限制, 可以是名词, 也可以是代词或句子。例如:
(1) I had no idea when the train crash happened. (同位语从句, 先行词idea为抽象名词M7 P100)
我不知道火车碰撞事故什么时间发生的。
(2) She was the girl I had shouted at for singing. (定语从句, 先行词girl为名词M5P14)
她正是因她唱歌我对她大嚷的女孩。
(3) Those who want to go (定语从句, 先行词those为代词) , please sign their names here.
想去的人请在这里签名。
(4) This is the room where I lived ten years ago. (定语从句, 先行词room为名词)
这是我十年前住在那儿的房间。
(5) In addition, I am also a good photographer, which migh be useful for some of the articles. (非限定性定语从句, 先行词为句子M5 P30)
此外, 我还是一位很好的摄影师, 这可能对写这类文章有用。
(6) The exams were put off, which was exactly what we want-ed. (非限定性定语从句, 先行词为前面整个句子)
各门考试都推迟了, 这正是我们希望的。
五、特殊的what和whether
what和whether可用来引导同位语从句, 但是不能用来引导定语从句。例如:
(1) I gave the girl a big doll, exactly what she longed to have.
我给了这个女孩一个大洋娃娃, 那正是她渴望拥有的东西。
(2) The question whether it’s going to last a lifetime remains unanswered. (M7 P100)
是否这会延续一生, 这个问题仍未得到回答。
参考文献
[1]普通高中课程标准实验教科书.北京师范大学出版社.
定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，两者之间有如下区别:
1.限制性定语从句在意义上与先行词关系密切，是不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开，关系代词有时可以省略。例如:
That is the girl who came to see you this morning.
那就是今天上午来看你的女孩。
The Great Wall is a place (that) I’ve always wanted to travel.
长城是我一直想参观的一个地方。
2.非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚;从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。用来引导非限制性定语从句的有关系代词which， who， whom， whose和关系副词where， when这些，而that一般不用来引导非限制性定语从句。例如:
Yesterday I visited Mr Wang， who looked very tired.
昨天我拜访了王先生，他看上去很疲倦。
Mum bought me a computer as my birthday present， which was just what I longed for.
妈妈给我买了台电脑作为生日礼物，这正是我所渴望的。
3.比较:
He has two sisters who are studying abroad.(限制性定语从句:He has more than two sisters.) 他有两个在国外留学的姐姐。
He has two sisters， who are studying abroad.(非限制性定语从句:He has only two sisters.) 他有两个姐姐，她们在国外留学。
She will wear no clothes which will make her different from others.
她不会穿一些与众不同的衣服。
She will wear no clothes， which will make her different from others.
她不穿衣服，这会使她显得与众不同。
二､非限制性定语从句引导词的选择
1.关系代词的选择
(1)非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能用that。指人的，如引导词作主语用who，作宾语用whom;指物时要用which。即使引导词作宾语也不能省略。例如:
Mr Zhang， who came to see me yesterday， is an old friend of my
father’s. 昨天来看我的张先生，他是我父亲的一位老朋友。(作主语)
(2)as和which的选择
as和which都可用来引导非限制性定语从句，来指代整个主句的内容。非限制性定语从句位于句末且as或which在从句中作主语､宾语或表语时，两者常可互换。例如:
He failed in the exam， which/as was natural.
他考试没及格，这很自然。(作主语)
He is an honest boy， which/as anybody can see.
任何人都能看得出来，他是个诚实的孩子。(作宾语)
The man seemed a German， which/as in fact he was.
那个人似乎是个德国人，事实上他就是德国人。(作表语)
但要注意以下区别:
①如果非限制性定语从句位于主句之前或插在主句之中时，只能用as。例如:
As we have seen， oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.
我们已经看到，海洋占地球面积的百分之七十多。
This kind of computer， as is well-known， is out of date.
众所周知，这种计算机现在已经过时了。
②as在从句中作主语，后面常跟行为动词的被动式;which在从句中作主语，后常跟行为动词的主动式。例如:
She has been late again， as was expected.
她又迟到了，这是预料之中的。
It rained hard yesterday， which prevented me from going to the park.
昨天雨下得很大，使我无法去公园。
③当从句和主句语意一致时用as，表“正如”;反之用which。例如:
The thief came again， as was expected.
小偷又一次来了，这是预料之中的。(语意一致)
The elephant is like a snake， which is not right.
大象像一条蛇， 这是不对的。(语意不一致)
④as常用在 as often happens， as was pointed out， as was said above， as I remember， as I understand等结构中。例如:
Jack has won the first prize， as often happens.
像往常一样，杰克获得了一等奖。
2.关系代词和关系副词的选择
在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词和关系副词的选择方法和限制性定语从句一样:引导词在从句中作主语､宾语､表语､定语时，用关系代词;作状语时用关系副词。例如:
I want to buy the house， which has a garden.
我想买那个房子，那个房子有一个花园。(作主语)
The place， which I visited before， has changed greatly.
这地方我以前来过，现在变化很大。(作宾语)
The story in the book takes place in Canada， where Doctor Bethune was born.
书中故事发生在加拿大， 白求恩大夫就是在那里出生的。(作状语)
3.关系代词､人称代词和指示代词的选择
选关系代词还是人称代词，关键是分清句子结构。如果是非限制性定语从句(两句中间用逗号隔开，且无连词)，用关系代词; 如果是并列句(全句中有连词，两句中间用句号或分号)，用人称代词或指示代词。例如:
He has three sons， none of whom is a doctor.
He has three sons， who are doctors.
He has three sons， but none of them is a doctor.
He has three sons; they are doctors.
一、同位语从句的引导词
引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等。
1.由that引导
We heard the news that our team had won.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
They were worried over the fact that you were sick.他们为你生病发愁。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假的消息不实。
I’ve come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that.我得出结论这样做是不明智的。
The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.那笔钱不见了这一事实并不意味着是被偷了。
He referred to Copernicus’ statement that the earth moves round the sun.他提到了哥白尼关于地球绕太阳转的说法。
【注意1】在某些名词(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。如：
They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.他们面对废除这个税的要求。
They expressed the wish that she accept the award.他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。
There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一项建议是布朗应该离队。
The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.允许妇女参加这个协会的决议通过了。
I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker.我理解他们希望你作主要发言人的殷切心情。
【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。如：
He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane.他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。
2.由whether引导
There is some doubt whether he will come.他是否会来还不一定。
Answer my question whether you are coming.你回答我的问题：你来不来。
The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.这个是对还是错要看结果。
We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。
【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。
3.由连接代词引导
Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么时候开始吗?
From 1985-90 I was an instructor at the regional party headquarters.After that I went back to work in a factory.Then I had no idea what a casino was.从1985年到1990年我是地方党部的教员。随后我回到一家工厂工作。当时我不知道赌场是什么样的地方。
4.由连接副词引导
I have no idea when he will come back.我不知道他什么时候回来。It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做的问题。
He had no idea why she left.他不知道她为什么离开。
You have no idea how worried I was!你不知道我多着急!
二、关于分离同位语从句
有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。如：
The story goes that he beats his wife.传说他打老婆。
The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery.消息传开说他中彩得了一辆汽车。
The rumour spread that a new school would be built here.谣传这里要盖一所新学校。
Report has it that the Smiths are leaving town.有传言说史密斯一家要离开这座城市。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.他想到可能敌人已逃离这座城市。
The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village.不久命令下来，所有居民都必须撤出村子。(G31)
二、同位语从句与定语从句的区别
1．意义的不同
同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来：
We are glad at the news that he will come.听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come，故that引导的是同位语从句)
We are glad at the news that he told us.听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news，故that从句为定语从句)2.引导词的不同
what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句，但不引导定语从句。
3.引导词的功能上的不同
that引导同位语从句时，它不充当句子成分，而引导定语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。
4.被修饰词语的区别
同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。另外，when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如why引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the reason，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定：
I have no idea when they will come.我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)
I’ll never forget the days when I lived there..我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句)
We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.我们不明白这个问题，为什么这是最好的选择。(同位语从句)
Our team has won the game， which made us very happy。
我们的队赢了，这让我们很高兴?(定语从句)
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room。
你找的那位医生在房间里面?(定语从句)
His mother did all she could to help him with his study。他妈妈尽她的最大努力帮忙他的学习?(定语从句，代词all作先行词?)
2。 从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。如:
The news that our team has won the game was true。 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的?(同位语从句，补充说明news到底是一个什么消息?)
The news that he told me yesterday was true。 昨日他告诉我的那个消息是真的?(定语从句，news在从句中作told的宾语?)
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich。 我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他十分富有?(同位语从句，补充说明promise到底是一个什么诺言?)
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children。 妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺?(定语从句，promise在从句中作pleased的主语?)
3。 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别
有些引导词如how， whether， what能够引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句?如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered。 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有研究?(同位语从句)
I have no idea what has happened to him。 我不明白他发生了什么事?(同位语从句)
引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还能够用which代替)，并且作宾语时常常省略?that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用which来代替?如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday。 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨日收到了?(同位语从句，是对order的具体解释，that虽不作成分，但不能省略?)
在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，也是高中英语学习中的重点语法知识点之一。在使用同位语从句时，应注意以下五个方面：
一、同位语从句在句中的位置
1.一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词(如news，idea，fact，promise，hope，message等)的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。
例如：
The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.我们女排赢得冠军的消息大大地鼓舞了我们所有人。
I’ve come from Mr Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.我从王先生那边得知一个消息，他说他今天下午不能来看你了。
2.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。
例如：
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。
The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again.据说他高考(高考
新闻,高考说吧)又落榜了。
二、同位语从句前名词的数
同位语从句前的名词通常用单数形式，并且往往带有限定词(word除外)加以修饰。例如：
Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你在哪儿听说我不能来？
Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening.答应我，你今天晚上要来参加我们的晚会。
Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct 15，2003.消息传来，中国于2003年10月15日首次成功发射了载人飞船。
三、同位语从句连接词的选用
在英语中，引导同位语从句的词通常有连词(that，who，whether)，连接副词(how，when，where)等。例如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该做这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.我们还没有决定到什么地方去度暑假。
注：在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接；在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。例如：
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.我们怀疑他们是否能准时完成任务。
There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.我们相信张卫会守信的。同位语从句：that
有些名词的后面可以接that引导的同位语从句：
We came to the decision that we must act at once.我们做出决定：我们必须立即行动。
He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone.他提议会议延期。
There was little hope that he would survive.他幸存的希望很小。
以下名词常用于以上句型：
advice，announcement，argument，belief，claim，conclusion，decision，evidence，explanation，fact，feeling，hope，idea，impression，information，knowledge，message，news，opinion，order，probability，promise，proposal，remark，reply，report，saying，statement，suggestion，thought，treat，warning，wish，word 同位语从句：whether
whether可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。
He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.他还没有做出决定是否去那里。
I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.他是否适合这件工作我有点怀疑。同位语从句：what
what可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用what作为引导词
I have no idea what he is doing now.我不知道他现在在干什么。同位语从句：how
how可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用how作为引导词
It’s a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。同位语从句：who等
who，whom，which，when，where，why用来引导同位语从句
The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
She raised the question where we could get the fund.她提出这个问题：我们到哪儿去搞这笔资金。
四、同位语从句的语气
在suggestion，advice，request，order等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should可以省略。例如：
Our teacher gave us some advice how we(should)use the computer.老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。
The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule(should)be adopted.采纳新规则的建议是主席提出来的。
The government gave the order that all these houses(should)be pulled down in three weeks.政府下令三个星期内所有这些房子都要拆掉。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的用法区别
区别(1)
同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系；而定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。
区别(2)
that在同位语从句中没有词义，不充当句子成分；而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。
区别(3)
whether，what，how可以用来引导同位语从句；而它们不能用来引导定语从句。
区别(4)
1.从词义角度看问题
who，whom，which，when，where，why用来引导同位语从句是保持原来疑问词的含义；它们用来引导定语从句时，不具有疑问词的含义。2.从搭配角度看问题
who，whom，which，when，where，why用来引导定语从句时对应性很强，如：
先行词是“人”，引导词用“who”等，而它们引导同位语从句是先行词通常是“question，idea，doubt等”。
六、典型例题
例1：I have no idea when he will be back.析：he will be back意义不完整，应加“什么时候”的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。
例2：I have no impression how he went home，perhaps by bike.析：he went home意义不完整，应加“如何”的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。
例3：Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.(NMET2001上海)
A.while B.that C.when D.as
析：答案为B.more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于：
It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward.A.what B.that C.when D.as
析：答案为B.that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。
例4：She heard a terrible noise，____ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET91)
A.it B.which C.this D.that
析：答案为B.分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为a terrible noise，且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于：
I can’t stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.A.it B.which C.this D.that
一、考点剖析
定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。目前在语法填空这一题型中,有关定语从句的考点在空白处之后没有提示词,需要考生根据所掌握的知识对题干进行分析判断,确定题干考查的是否属于定语从句,然后再对应该填写的关系词进一步推敲。
( 一) 考查关系代词
1. 对关系代词 which 的考查
【典例1】Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention,______is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months,willmark a return to convenience shopping for ruralcommunities. ( 2014年上海卷)
解析: which。在题干中,invention为定语从句的先行词,空白处在从句中做主语,故应用which做为非限制性定语从句的引导词。
【典例2】Of course whenever they turned toook at him,they had to look at Mary,made her feel like a star. ( 2012年广东卷)
解析: 分析题干可知,Mary之后是非限制性定语从句,先行词是空前的一句话内容,故应用关系代词which做为定语从句的引导词。
【知识延伸】which做关系代词时,既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中做主语或宾语,指物或指代一句话的内容。
2. 对关系代词 who 的考查
【典例1】Nick's guests,_____had heardtheir conversation,asked why they should not buysalt more cheaply if they could. ( 2013年广东卷)
解析: 在题干中,Nick's guests是指人的先行词,两个逗号之间的部分是其非限制性定语从句,且先行词在从句中做主语,故应填关系代词who。
【典例2】Happiness and success often cometo those______are good at recognizing theirown strengths. ( 2013年湖南卷)
解析: 先行词为those,用于指代人; 空白处在从句中做主语,故应填关系代词who引导定语从句。
【知识延伸】who为关系代词时,两种定语从句均可引导,先行词指人,且在从句中做主语或宾语( 做宾语时前无介词) 。关系词常用who的情况: 先行词为 明确指人 的anyone,one,ones,those等词时; 在分隔式定语从句中,先行词指人,为了避免歧义时; 当先行词为人称代词时。
3. 对关系代词 whom 的考查
【典例1】The children,all of______hadplayed the whole day long,were worn out. ( 2013年浙江卷)
解析: 在题干中,两个逗号之间的部分是非限制性定语从句,先行词children指人,且关系词在从句中做介词of的宾语,故应填关系代词whom。
【典例2】Behind him were other people to______he was trying to talk,but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me,lookingannoyed.
解析: 在题干中,other people为定语从句的先行词,关系词在从句中做介词to的宾语,故应填关系代词whom
【知识延伸】whom为关系代词时,两种定语从句均可引导,先行词指人,且在从句中做宾语。
4. 对关系代词 that 的考查
【典例1】Please send us all the information______you have about the candidate for theposition. ( 2014年陕西卷)
解析: 先行词为all the information,后面的部分是其定语从句,且先行词在从句中做have的宾语,而先行词前有all修饰时,应填关系代词that。
【典例2】He's the only student in the class______has been selected to take part in theModel United Nations conference.
解析: 在题干中,关系词在从句中做主语,且先行词student之前有the only修饰,故应填that。
【知识延伸】that为关系词时,先行词可指人,也可指物,只能用于引导限制性定语从句,而且不能位于介词之后。关系词应用that的情况: 先行词是all,everything,anything等不定代词时; 先行词被the only,the very,the right等修饰时; 先行词既有人又有物时; 先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时; 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
5. 对关系代词 as 的考查
【典例1】______is often the case withchildren,Amy was better by the time the doctorarrived. ( 2013年陕西卷)
解析: 先行词为逗号之后的一句话内容,且关系词在从句中做主语,而定语从句位于句首时,只能使用as做为引导词,故As符合题意。
【典例2】______we have stressed manytimes,“serve the people”is our first policy.
解析: 逗号前是位于句首的非限制性定语从句,在关系词之中只有as有这一用法,故空白处填As。
【知识延伸】as为关系词时,先行词可指人或物,也可指一句话的内容,引导限制性定语从句时,常用于the sameas和suchas结构中,引导非限制性定语时,可位于句首、句中或句尾,常有“正如,正像”之意,常用结构为: as anybody can see; as we know; as we had expected; asis well known; as has been said before; as oftenhappens; as is reported; as is often the case; as ismentioned above; as has been pointed out等。
6. 对关系代词 whose 的考查
【典例1】A company______profits fromhome markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. ( 2014年山东卷)
解析: A company为定语从句的先行词,关系词在从句 中做名词profits的定语,故填whose。
【典例2】The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those______liveswere affected. ( 2013年福建卷)
解析: 先行词为those,且空白处在从句中做名词lives的定语,故填whose。
【知识延伸】whose在引导定语从句时,可指人或物,只在从句中做定语。当先行词指物时,有时可转换成of which形式,先行词指人时,可转换成of whom形式。
( 二) 考查关系副词
1. 对关系副词 where 的考查
【典例1】The next day,my brother and Iwent to the beach______we watched somepeople play volleyball. ( 2014年广东卷)
解析: 先行词为空前的beach,且关系词在从句中做地点状语,故填where。
【典例2】So I decided to leave home for NewYork,______I might have a better chance tofind a good job. ( 2014年上海卷)
解析: 在题干中,地点名词New York为先行词,关系词在从句中做地点状语,故填where。
【知识延伸】where为关系副词时,先行词指地点,且关系词在从句中做地点状语。先行词是activity,situation,point,case,stage,scene等抽象名词,且关系词在从句中做状语时,应用关系副词where做为引导词。
2. 对关系副词 when 的考查
【典例1】I didn't become a serious climberuntil the fifth grade,______I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of atree. ( 2014年浙江卷)
解析: 空前的the fifth grade为先行词,逗号后是非限制性定语从句,且先行词在从句中做时间状语,故填when。
【典例2】I am looking forward to the day______my daughter can read this book andknow my feelings for her. ( 2014年湖南卷)
解析: 先行词day指时间,且在从句中做时间状语,故填when。
【知识延伸】句中的先行词为age,time,day,morning,night,week,year等表示时间的名词,且关系词在从句中做时间状语时,应用关系副词when引导。
3. 对关系副词 why 的考查
【典例1】Many people hold the view thatlight punishment is the primary reason______drunk driving has been increasing in the past fewyears.
解析: 先行词the primary reason为表示原因的名词,且关系词在从句中做原因状语,故填why。
【典例2】The reason______more and more young people dream of becoming a famoussinger or musician is that they can become millionaires overnight.
解析: reason为先行词,且关系词在从句中做原因状语,故应填why。
【知识延伸】why为关系副词时,先行词指的是原因( 往往是reason) ,且关系词在从句中做原因状语。
二、备考建议
在备考时需要灵活掌握好六个关系代词和三个关系副词的基本用法。在判断应用哪一个关系词来引导定语从句时,应该先找准定语从句的先行词,确定先行词指人、指物,还是一句话内容。需要注意的是离关系词最近的词不一定就是先行词,因为可能存在分隔式定语从句。其次要确定关系词在从句中所充当的句子成分。需要注意的是,先行词往往决定不了关系词的使用,关键是应确定关系词在从句中所起的具体作用。在复习知识的同时,还要强化训练,不断培养和提高应用能力。
三、强化训练
( 一) 单句语法填空
1. I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes fromthe library last week,______my classmatesrecommended to me.
2. Until now,we have raised 50,000 poundsfor the poor children,______is quite unexpected.
3. Students should involve themselves incommunity activities ______they can gain experience for growth.
4. We'll reach the target in a month______we set at the beginning of the year.
5. The book has helped me greatly in mydaily communication, especially at work______a good impression is a must.
6. English is a language shared by severaldiverse cultures,each of______uses it differently.
7. Many countries are now setting up national parks______animals and plants can be protected.
8. He wrote a letter______he explainedwhat had happened in the accident.
9. Maybe you leave a habit______is driving your family crazy.
10. People should not do things______will disturb their neighbors unnecessarily.
11. He filled his leather container so that hecould bring some back to an elder______ had been his teacher.
12. Jane paused in front of a counter______some attractive ties were on display.
13. The exact year Angela and______her family spent together in China was 2013.
14. Among the many dangers______sailors have to face, probably the greatest of allis fog.
15. You'll find taxis waiting at the bus station______you can hire to reach your hostfamily.
16. Have you sent thank-you notes to therelatives from______you received gifts?
17. An ecosystem consists of the living andnonliving things in an area______interact withone another.
18. The president of the World Bank says hehas a passion for China,______he remembersstarting as early as his childhood.
19. Finally he reached a lonely island______was completely cut off from the outsideworld.
20. There is no simple answer,______is often the case in science.
21. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment______they live.
22. We have launched another man-made satellite,______is announced in today's newspaper.
23. When I arrived,Bryan took me to seethe house______I would be staying.
24. The museum will open in the spring withan exhibition and a viewing platform______visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.
25. John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of______are family members.
26. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize forLiterature in 2012,______made one of the Chinese people's long-held dreams come true.
27. By 16: 30,______was almost closing time,nearly all the paintings had been sold.
28. A lot of language learning,______has been discovered,is happening in the first year oflife,so parents should talk much to their childrenduring that period.
29. Care of the soul is a gradual process in______even the small details of life should be considered.
30. After the flooding,people were sufferingin that area,______urgently needed clean water,medicine and shelter to survive.
( 二) 语法填空综合训练
A
Nowadays,it is common that more and morehigh school students open their own microblogs onthe Internet. For one thing, it can provide acolorful platform to show their talent. For,it is a useful way to release their pressure. Andall these make it more and more popular with highschool students,many parents and teachershold a different view. They think that managingone's microblog will take a lot of time and energy,should be used to study.
In my view,I am greatly in favorthisactivity. Today the Internet is playingimportant and essential role in our life. Therefore ashigh school students of the Information Age,weneed to learn to make use of this( value)tool to communicate and display ourselves. What'smore,opening and organizing microblogs need various abilities suchwriting,designing,being skillful at computer and so on. Only if wemaster those abilities can we make a successfulmicroblog. As a result, we improve ourselveswhile( organize) our microblogs.
In fact,microblog( oneself) is of little harm. It is your attitude towards itmatters. We should take the advantages and avoidsome bad effects.
B
Babara: You look( tire ) . What'sthe matter with you?
Bob: Nothing serious. I want to have a jobafter graduation. I am under great pressure.
Babara: Do you find thatis difficultto find a suitable job this year?
Bob: Yes. Now college graduates( encourage) to start their own business,sounds really good for us. In the meanwhile,wemay know more about ourselves and society.
Babara: Yes,but it is not as easyyou imagine. For college students there are a lotof problems, especially the one of not havingenough money. And our education doesn't provideenough knowledge on how to solve it.
Bob: Maybe you are right. But our government allows college graduates to borrow moneyfrom banksmaybe some can get moneyfrom their parents.
Babara: But you have to pay back the moneysooner or. So some college graduates prefer to live a( peace) life rather than starttheir own businesses through job-hunting which iscompetitive.
Bob: Oh,they don't have dreams. But I havemademy mind to achieve my dream. Howabout you?
Babara: Well,it always takes time to consider beforemake) a decision.
参考答案与解析:
( 一) 单句语法填空
1. which。在题干中,先行词为空前的名词book,且关系词在从句中做recommended的宾语,故应用关系代词which做非限制性定语从句的引导词。
2. which。children之后是非限制性定语从句,先行词为空前的一句话内容,且关系词在从句中做主语,故填which。
3. where。先行词为community activities,且关系词在从句中做地点状语,故用关系副词where引导定语从句。
4. which / that。the target 为先行词,且关系词在从句中做 set 的宾语,故 用 关系代词which / that引导定语从句。
5. where。句意为“这本书在日常交流中对我有很有帮助,尤其是在需要有良好印象的工作方面是必备的。”先行词 为空前的名词work,且关系词在从句中做地点状语,故应填关系副词where。
6. which。several diverse cultures是先行词,且关系词在从句中做介词of的宾语,故应用which引导定语从句。
7. where。national parks 为先行词,且关系词在从句中做地点状语,故填 where。
8. where。空前的名词letter是先行词,且关系词在从句中做地点状语,故填关系副词where。
9. that / which。先行词为空前的名词habit,且关系词 在从句中 做主语,故应用that /which引导定语从句。
10. which / that。在题干 中,先行词为things,且空白处在从句中做主语,故应用关系代词which引导定语从句。
11. who / that。an elder是指人的先行词,之后是其定语从句,且关系词在从句中做主语,故填关系代词who / that。
12. where。counter 为先行词,且关系词在从句中做地点状语,故应填关系副词 where。
13. which / that。The exact year为定语从句的先行词,关系词在从句中做动词spent的宾语,故用关系 代词which / that引导定语从句。
14. which / that。the many dangers为先行词,且关系词在从句中做动词face的宾语,故应用关系代词which / that引导定语从句。
15. which / that。taxis 为先行词,且关系词在从句中做动词 hire 的宾语,故填 which / that。
16. whom。relatives为指人的先行词,且关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语,故应用关系代词whom引导定语从句。
17. that / which。句意为“生态系统是由一个区域里相互作用的生物和非生物构成的。”“the living and nonliving things”为先行词,且关系词在从句中做主语,故用that/ which引导定语从句。
18. which。passion为先行词,且关系词在从句中做remembers的宾语,故用关系 代词which引导非限制性定语从句。
19. that / which。a lonely island为先行词,且关系词在从句中做主语,故用关系代词that/which引导定语从句。
20. as。逗号后是非限制性定语从句,先行词是逗号前的一句话内容,且空白处在从句中做主语,故as符合题意( as is often the case为定语从句的常用句式,意为“通常就是这样”) 。
21. where。先行词为environment,且关系词在从句中做地点状语,故用关系副词where引导定语从句。
22. which。逗号前的句子为定语从句的先行词,且关系词在从句中做主语,故应用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。
23. where。house为先行词,且空白处在从句中做地点状语,故应用关系副词where引导定语从句。
24. where。a viewing platform为表示地点的先行词,且关系词在从句中做地点状语,故填where。
25. whom。先行词为“40 people”,且关系词在从句中做介词of的宾语,故应用关系代词whom引导定语从句。
26. which。逗号前的句子为先行词,关系词在从句中做主语,故应用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。
27. which。16: 30虽然是表示时间的先行词,但是关系词在从句中做主语,故应用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。
28. as。“______has been discovered”为非限制性定语从句,先行词为主句的一句话内容,且关系词在从句中做主语,结合语境“正如所发现的”,as与题意相符( as引导定语从句时,有时有“正如”之意) 。
29. which。先行词为空前的名词process,且空白处在从句中做介词in的宾语,故应填关系代词which。
30. who。people为定语从句的先行词,且关系词在非限制性定语从句中充当主语,故填关系代词who。
( 二) 语法填空综合训练
A
1. another。考查固定搭配。此处为固定结构“for one thingfor another”,意为“一方面……另一方面……”,故空格处填another。
2. but。考查并列连词。空白处前后是两个并列的句子,且空白处表示转折,故转折连词but符合题意。
3. which。考查定语从句。a lot of time andenergy为先行词,逗号后为非限制性定语从句,且关系词在从句中做主语,故应填which。
4. of。考查介词短语。根据空前及语境可知,此处为介词短语in favor of,意为“支持,赞同”,故空白处填介词of。
5. an。考查动词短语。play a role in为动词短语,意为“在……起作用”,由此结合空后的形容词important可知,空白处应填写不定冠词an。
6. valuable。考查形容词。空白处在句中做定语,故空白处填提示词的形容词形式。
7. as。考查固定搭配。此处为固定搭配such as,意为“例如”。
8. organizing。考查省略和非谓语动词。根据省略知识可知,while之后省略了we are,完整的句子为“while we are organizing our microblogs”,故空白处填提示词的现在分词形式。
9. itself。 考查代词。 根据主语 microblog可知,空白处应该填写反身代词 itself。
10. that。考查强调句型。题干为强调句型,对your attitude towards it进行了强调,由此结合强调句型的特点可知,that与题意相符。
B
11. tired。考查形容词。空白处在句中做表语,且主语是人,故空白处应用提示词的过去分词形式( 分词形容词化) 。
12. it。考查代词。空白处为形式主语,真正的主语是空后的不定式短语,故空白处填 it。
13. are being encouraged。考查动词时态和语态。空白处与主语之间是被动关系,由此结合句首的时间状语和语境可知,空白处应用现在进行时的被动语态。
14. which。考查定语从句。逗号后为非限制性定语从句,先行词为空前句子,且关系词在从句中做主语,故空白处填which。
15. as。考查固定搭配。根据空前内容可知,此处为固定搭配 asas,故空白处填 as。
16. and。考查并列连词。空白处前后是两个并列的句子,由此结合语境可知,应填and。
17. later。考查固定短语。sooner or later为固定短语,意为“迟早”,故空格处填later。
18. peaceful。考查形容词。空白处在句中做定语,故空白处应该填写提示词的形容词形式。
19. up。考查动 词短语。make up one'smind为动词短语,意为“下决心”,故空白处填up。
【关键词】定语从句；状语功能；译法
一、引言
定语从句是高中语法教学的重要组成部分，也是高职英语教学的重要组成部分，这在历年来的成考英语中都有体现。定语从句的教学既是重点也是难点所在，但是职业院校学生英语基础差，语法知识薄弱，往往在定语从句的语法学习中很难把握，笔者从定语从句的状语功能与译法入手，以期能加深职业院校学生对定语从句的理解。
所谓定语从句，就是用作定语的从句。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词或者代词之后，这种名词或代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的关联词叫做关系代词或关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。从语法结构功能上来说，定语从句是修饰名词和代词的从句，是形容词性从句，但是在我们的实际应用过程中又可以发现，在某些方面它又起着副词性从句的作用，这些从句在语法结构上虽然是定语从句的功能，但是在交际功能上却兼具着状语从句的功能，这类型的定语从句在意义上与主句有着一定的逻辑状语关系，意义翻译上可以翻译成原因、时间、条件、结果、目的、让步作用的状语从句，甚至有的语法书上把这些类型的定语从句叫做“状语化定语从句”。
二、功能与译法
（一）定语从句表达时间的功能与译法
1.Mary， who was waiting her boyfriend at the front door of the shopping mall， saw all the happenings of that accident.
Mary在商场门口等她的男朋友时，目击了那次事故的全过程。
2.My grandfather had the honour of shaking hands with Mr Deng Xiaoping， who visited Shenzhen in 1992.
1992年邓小平视察深圳时，我爷爷荣幸地与他握了手。
像这种表达时间功能的定语从句，其语义功能与when， while引导的时间状语从句不尽相同，我们在翻译的时候可以加上汉语表示时间顺序关系的词语。在上面的例句中：
who was waiting = when she was waiting
who visited = when he visited
（二）定语从句表达原因的功能与译法
1.I will pardon him who is honest.
我愿意宽恕他，因为他是诚实的。
2.We will put off the picnic until next week， when the weather may be better.
我们打算把野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能转好。
3.Tom， who broke the campus regulations many times at school， is said to be expelled from school.
Tom违反校规多次，据说要被学校开除。
像这类表达原因功能的定语从句，从句与主句之间所表达的是原因上的逻辑关系，在翻译时可用because， since， as等来改写，翻译时可以加上这些连词的中文意思。不论是限定性还是非限定性定语从句，都可译出原因。如上面所示例句：
who is honest = because he is honest
when the weather may be better. = because the weather may be better
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who broke the campus regulations many times at school = because he broke the campus regulations many times at school
（三）定语从句表达目的的功能与译法
1、Many people prefer to do some sports after work， such as basketball and tennis， which they can relax themselves and enjoy with others.
许多人喜欢在下班后从事体育运动，比如打篮球和网球，这样他们能得到放松并且和他人一起享受这些活动。
2.The white whales were given some small fishes by the trainers who wanted these cute animals to perform better in the show.
驯兽师们为了让这些白鲸在表演中表现的更加好，给了他们一些小鱼吃。
在定语从句表达目的意义功能的句子译法上，这些从句在语义上与so that， in order that引导的目的状语从句相近。在翻译这种类型的定语从句时可以加上表示目的关系的词语，比如为了、以便等。如以上例句中：
which they can relax themselves and enjoy with others = in order that they can relax themselves and enjoy with others.
who wanted these cute animals to perform better in the show = so that these cute animals can perform better in the show.
（四）定语从句表达程度或结果的功能与译法
1.Many areas along The Yangtze River in China were hit by an unprecedented flood in 1998， which caused severe losses there.
中国长江沿岸许多地区在1998年遭受了一场前所未有的干旱，结果给那些地区造成了巨大损失。
2.There are something original， independent about the advertisement that pleased all the audience.
这个广告富有创意别出心裁，所以观众都很喜欢。
像此类表达程度或结果功能的定语从句，在翻译时可以加上汉语表示结果关系的词语，比如结果、所以等。如以上例句中：
which caused severe losses there（结果给那些地区造成了巨大损失）
that pleased all the audience.（所以观众都很喜欢）
（五）定语从句表达条件从句的功能与译法
1.Those who are in favor please hold up your hands.
如果赞成，就请你举手。
2.A person who does not do his duty will not succeed in his life.
要是当一个人不能尽其职责，他在生活中是不会取得成功的。
此类在功能上表达条件从句的定语从句虽然在句子结构上用来修饰主句的主语、宾语或者表语，但是在逻辑上却是用来说明主句中动作或状态发生的条件。这种表达条件从句的定语从句既可以表示真实条件也可以表示假设或推测，翻译的方法根据其所表达条件的不同而不同。如果是表达真实条件的，在翻译时可加上汉语的如果、只要等词语。如果表达的是一种假设或者推测，定语从句往往要用虚拟语气来表达，翻译时可加上汉语的假如、要是等词语。如上面所示例句：
Who = if you （表达是一种真实条件，翻译时加上‘如果）
Who = if a person does not do his duty （ 表达的是一种假设，翻译时可加上‘要是）
（六）定语从句表达让步从句的功能与译法
1、Andy insisted on buying another new car， which he had no use for at present.
Andy坚持要再买一辆新车，尽管他目前并无此需要。
2.Robots， which have many advantages， cannot take the place of human beings.
尽管机器人有很多优点，但他们不能代替人类。
诸如此类表达让步意义功能的定语从句，在语义上与though， although引导的让步状语从句大致上相同，在翻译的时候可加上如虽然、尽管等表示让步关系的词语。如以上例句中：
which he had no use for at present = though he had no use for at present
which have many advantages = though they have many advantages
（七）定语从句表达对照的功能与译法
1.Mary， who did a great job in the middle exam， did so badly in the final exam.
Mary期中考试成绩良好，但是期末考试却考得很糟糕。
2.The Sky， which was bright in the morning， was dark and threatening in the afternoon.
天空早上还是阳光明媚，然而到了下午却乌云密布了。
此类表达对照意义功能的定语从句，意义上具有转折的含义，在翻译的时候可以加上汉语表示转折的词语，如但是、然而等。如以上例句中：
did so badly in the final exam = （‘但是期末考试却考得很糟糕）
was dark and threatening in the afternoon = （‘然而到了下午却乌云密布了）
三、结语
综上所述，我们可以看出定语从句不单是可以用来修饰名词或者代词的形容词性从句，在不同的情况下定语从句有着不同的内涵，在逻辑意义上可起着主句的原因、时间、条件、结果、目的、让步等作用。因此，对于这样一个有着丰富语言表达形式的状语化定语从句应当在教学中给以足够的重视。只有在教学过程中教师充分分析句子结构内部的含义，学生才能在学习过程中完整、正确地理解此类型定语从句所表达的意思，才能更好地掌握定语从句。
【参考文献】
[1]刘重德.文学翻译十讲[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1991
[2]张迪.英语语法疑点与难点手册[M].北京：国防工业出版社，2003：364-365
[3]杨禾.浅析英汉定语从句的翻译[J].中国校外教育.2010（S2）
[4]张敏.浅议英语定语从句的状译法[J].校园英语（教研版）2011（08）
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