名词性引导词（精选7篇）
引导名词性从句的.连接词可分为三类：
连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
whose, which.
连接副词：when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较：whether与if 均为“是否”的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有“or not”
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.
1. What用作代词, 在名词性从句中作主语、宾语、表语。
[含义] (1) “什么;怎么;……的;所……的”。
[经典例句]What you need is a good meal. (你所需要的是一顿美餐。) /Nobody knows what will happen next (没有人知道接下来将会发生什么。)
[典型考题] (1) He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning_____his teammates had done.
A.what B.which
C.why D.while
[分析]what引导宾语从句, wha在宾语从句中作的宾语。意思为:“没有提到他的队友所做的事。”wha相当于:the thing that (his teammates had done) 选A。
(2) _____makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.
A.What B.Who
C.Whatever D.Whoever
[分析]what引导主语从句, what在主语从句中作主语。意思为:使这家商店与众不同的是它提供更多的个人服务。what相当于:the thing that (makes this shop different) 选A。
[含义] (2) “……的样子;面貌;状况”。
[经典例句]I am not what I was. (我不再是以前的样子了。) /He don’want to be what his parents want him to be. (他不想成为他父母想让他成为的样子。)
[典型考题] (1) Great changes have taken place in that school.It is no longer_____it was 20 years ago, _____it was so poorly equipped.
A.what when B.that which
C.what which D.which that
[分析]第一空what在表语从句中作表语。第二空when引导非限制性定语从句。意思为:那所学校不再是20年前的样子了。选A。
[含义] (3) “……的地方”。
[经典例句]A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago. (一座现代化城市已在十年前还是一片荒地的地方建起了。) /He is living in what used to be a temple. (他住在以前是个庙宇的地方。)
[典型考题]After five hours’drive, they reached_____they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of.
A.that B.where
C.which D.what
[分析]they thought是插入语, what在宾语从句中作主语。意思为:“……的地方”。选D。
[含义] (4) “……的时间”。
[经典例句]After what seemed to be a long time, he came back to life. (似乎过了很长时间之后, 他才苏醒过来。)
[典型考题]The boy dived into the water and after_____seemed to be a long time, he came up again.
A.which B.it
C.what D.that
[分析]what在宾语从句中作主语。表“……的时间”。选C。
[含义] (5) “……的速度”。
[典型考题]The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at_____Ithought was a dangerous speed.
A.as B.which
C.what D.that
[分析]what在宾语从句中作主语。I thought是插入语。选C。
2. What用作形容词或副词, 在名词性从句中作定语、表语或状语。
第一, 作定语。
[含义] (1) “什么;多么;多少”。
[经典例句]I don't know what book they are reading. (我不知道他们在读什么书。)
[典型例题]———Go and ask her come.
———OK.
A.what time would she like to
B.at what time she’d like to
C.when would she like to
D.when she likes to
[分析]宾语从句用陈述语序, what作定语修饰time。选B。
[含义] (2) “ (所) ……的 (事物或人) ”。
[经典例句]I will give them wha help I can. (我将尽我所能帮助他们。) /What family and friends I still have live abroad. (我现在所有的家人和朋友都住在国外。)
[典型例题]_____education he had was picked up from time to time under the pressure of necessity.
A.What B.Which
C.That D.When
[分析]what作education的定语。意思为:所受的教育。选A。
第二, 作状语, 后接little, few等, 意为“全部的……尽管不多;仅有的那么一点;小的;不重要的。”
[经典例句]I spend what little time I had with my family. (我仅有的那一点点时间都与家人一起度过。) /I wil lend you what few books I spare. (我愿意借给你所有我用不着的那几本书。)
[典型考题]The home improvements have taken what little there is_____my spare time.
A.from B.in C.of D.at
[that引导的主语从句]
1. that引导主语从句时，that在从句中不充当成分，但不可以省略。如：That she gets on well with her classmates is known to us all.
That he was chosen made us very happy.
例1 It isn’t expected he said caused so much discussion at the meeting.
A. that B. what that
C. what D. that what
解析 D。D项中that引导主语从句，what he said又在主语从句中作主语，what作said的宾语。that引导主语从句时一般不省略，所以排除C。
2. 为了句子结构匀称，有时it被用作主语，that引导的主语从句则被置于主句的后面。如：It is known to us all that she gets on well with her classmates.
It is hoped that one day they will have enough animals to set them free.
类似结构常见的有：
（1）It is clear/certain/likely/right/wrong/surprising/true that ...
（2） It is a pity/shame/good idea/no wonder that ...
（3） It is said/told/known/reported/suggested/hoped/
believed/thought that ...
（4）It seems/happens that ...
例2 sometimes keeps her awake at night
Tom is getting more and more quiet at home.
A. That；which B. It；that
C. Whether；what D. What；that
解析 B。it作形式主语，that引导从句作真正的主语，如选D项则句子缺谓语。
[that 引导的宾语从句]
1. that引导宾语从句时，that在从句中不充当成分，一般可以省略，但在以下几种情况下不能省略：
（1）当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入语或者从句主语之间有插入语时， that不可省略。如：He announced， believe it or not， that he would never forgive me.
He judged that， because she was a woman， she did not understand wine.
The secretary said， pleasantly and sternly， that our thinking was too slow to suit the needs of modern society.
We learned at school that everything we see and touch is matter.
（2）当that从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，即当动词后跟有复合宾语结构时，it作形式宾语，that从句作真正宾语，引导词that不可省略。如：We consider it an honor that we can have the pleasure of serving you.
Everyone could see what was happening and that she was really worried.
（3）当that作介词宾语时，即当that从句用作in，but，except等介词的宾语时，that不可省略。如：The book is unsatisfactory in that it lacks a good index.
The reason lies in that he works harder than anyone else does.
（4）在动词add，agree，announce，argue，assume，complain，decide，hold，indicate，insist，intend，learn，promise， point out，remark，suggest，state等之后的宾语从句的引导词that需保留。如：I complained that I had been unfairly treated.
（5）及物动词后跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，最后一个从句的that不可省略。如：I realize that I’m in charge and that everybody accepts my leadership.
（6）当that从句的状语紧跟在that之后时，that不可省略。如：They told us that once again the situation was serious.试比较：They told us once again that the situation was serious.
nlc202309042301
（7）当作宾语的that从句移到句首时，that不可省略。如：That she ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.
（8）在简短答语中当that从句单独出现时，that不可省略。如：What did he say at the meeting？或That the situation was serious.
（9）当that从句中含有一个状语从句，且这个状语从句在主句之前时，that不可省略。如：Mr. Parker understands that unless he pays back the debt， he’ll have to appear in court.
2.为了句子结构匀称，有时it被用作形式宾语，that引导的宾语从句被放在主句的后面。如：They made it a rule that they had a party at the end of every month.
I think it necessary that you master a foreign language.
例3 Keep in mind you want others to respect you， you must respect others first.
A.that when B.that if
C.if when D.when if
解析 B。that引导一个宾语从句，宾语从句中又有一个if引导的条件状语从句。
[that引导的表语从句]
that引导表语从句时，that在从句中不充当成分，但不可以省略。如：The reason why he was absent was that he was badly ill.
The problem with the project is that we are short of money.
例4 seems strange to us is the troublesome boy is getting along well with all his teachers.
A.It；that B.That；how
C.It；how D.What；that
解析 D。第一空是主语从句，从句缺主语用what，第二空是表语从句，从句的成分完整用that。
[that引导的同位语从句]
1. that引导同位语从句时，that在从句中不充当成分，但不可以省略。如：I just got word that he is not coming this evening.
There is no doubt that you are in danger.
例5 Dad is used to smoking and drinking. There’s no chance I’m able to talk him into .
A.whether；giving it up
B.of whether；giving them up
C.that；getting rid of them
D.which；stopping it
解析 C。由smoking and drinking可知，A、D选项中的代词错误。B选项翻译不通。此处that引导的是一个同位语从句。
2. 为了句子结构匀称，有时同位语从句和它前面的名词会被谓语动词隔开。如：The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheep’s clothing.
Word came that another new research center would soon be set up.
例6 Along with the letter was her promise
she would join us in the work.
A.which B.what
C.that D.whether
解析 C。promise后是一个同位语从句，且从句不缺成分，故用that。D选项翻译不正确。
3. that引导同位语从句和that引导定语从句的区别。
（1）that引导同位语从句时，只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何成分；that引导的同位语从句和它前面的名词之间是同位语关系，是具体说明前面名词的内容或含义的（同位语从句前面的名词常见的有：news，fact，thought，suggestion，truth，plan，belief，doubt，information，possibility，word，idea，order，hope，result）等。
（2）that引导定语从句时，that在从句中作主语或宾语；that引导的定语从句和它前面的先行词之间是修饰与被修饰，限制与被限制的关系。如：We all heard the news that our team won the game. （同位语从句）
We all heard the news that was broadcast on the radio. （定语从句）
1.They lost their way in the forest, and _______ made matters worse was that night began to fall.A.it B.which C.that D.what 2.Patience is a kind of quality — and that is ___A___ it takes to do anything well.A.what B.which C.which D.how 3.It has come to my notice _______ some of you have missed classes.A.what B.which C.that D.when 4.“What were you trying to prove to the police?” “___ I was last night.” A.That B.When C.Where D.What 5.Country life gives him peace and quiet, which is ______ he can’t enjoy while living in big cities.A.that B.why C.where D.what 6.It is pretty well understood _______ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.A.that B.when C.what
D.how 7._______ she couldn’t understand was ______ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.A.What;why B.That;what C.What;because D.Why;that 8._______ we are doing has never been done before.A.That B.What C.Which D.Whether 9.People have heard _______ the President has said;they are waiting to see _______ he will do.A.how, how B.what, what C.when, how D.that, what 10.When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly _______ he wants.A.what B.which C.when D.that 11.These wild flowers are so special I would do _______ I can to save them.A.whatever B.that C.which D.whichever 12._______ she was invited to the ball made her very happy.A.What B.That C.When D.Because 13.Eat ______ cake you like and leave the others for ______ comes in late.A.any, who B.every, whoever C.whichever, whoever D.either, whoever 14.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella._______ I got wet through.A.It’s the reason B.That’s why C.There’s whyD.That’s because 15.____ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.A.Who B.The one C.Anyone D.Whoever 16._____ medicine works in a human body is a question ____ not everyone can understand fully.A.How;that B.That;which C.That;which 【答案与解析】
D.What;that 1.选D。what made matters worse 是主语从句(注意其后有谓语动词was)，相当于 the thing that made matters worse。
2.选A。what 引导的是表语从句，相当于 the thing that it takes to do anything well。3.选C。that 引导的是一个主语从句，句首的it为形式主语。
4.选 C。答句为省略句，其完整形式为 I was trying to prove to the police where I was last
night，在此 where 引导的是一个宾语从句。类似地，下面选 C：
“_______ made her struggle to become an artist so hard?” “______ she was a woman.” A.What, What
B.That, That C.What, That
D.That, What 5.选D。what 引导的是表语从句，what 在此相当于 the things that。
6.选 C。句首的 it 是形式主语，空格处所填词用于引导主语从句。由于该主语从句中又缺主语，故排除A、B、D。（注意：不能选 A，因为 that 引导名词性从句时不能充当句子成分）7.选 A。第一空填 what，是因为该主语从句中的动词 understand 缺宾语；why 和 because 均可引导表语从句，其区别是： why 引导表语从句强调结果，because 引导表语从句强调原因。句中空格后文表明的是结果，故用 why。
8.B。what 在此引导主语从句且在从句作宾语，它相当于 the thing that。
9.B。两空均填 what，均用于引导宾语从句，因为两个宾语从句中的动词 said 和do 均缺宾语，而在各个选项中只有 what 可用作宾语。
10.选 A。what 引导宾语从句。由于动词 wants 缺宾语，所以填 what。句意是：当你找工作面试回答问题时，请记住这条黄金定律：永远给予对方确实想要的东西。
11.选 A。I can to save them 为 I can do to save them 之略，此句中的 do 缺宾语，故选 whatever。
12.选 B。that 在此引导主语从句，无词义，也不充当句子成分。注意不要根据中文意思选 D，因为 because 不用于引导主语从句。13.选 C。两个空格处均为引导宾语从句的引导词，而四个选项中两者可引导宾语从句的只有 C。
14.选 B。比较 That’s why„ 与 That’s because„：前者用于强调结果，后者用于强调原因。如下面一题选 D：
I got wet all through._______ I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.A.It’s the reason
B.That’s why C.There’s why
D.That’s because
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，它们在复合句中的功用相当于名词，因此称为名词性从句，在句中分别作主语、表语、宾语和同位语。1．When he will come is still unknown.2．I don’t know who has watered the fields.3．The problem is that we need more money.4．Have you heard the news that our team won the game?
1． 主语从句：在复合句中作句子主语的从句。引导词：连词that、whether;疑问代词who, what, which;疑问副词when, where, how, why(1)连词that（无词意）, whether(是否), 在从句中不担任句子成分，只起连接作用;whether能引导主语从句，而if不能。
That you don’t like him has nothing to do with me.Whether John will do this experiment remains a question.（2）疑问代词who, what, which, 在从句中既作连接词又充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
Who will be sent abroad to further his studies is not announced.What surprised me most was that such a little girl could play the violin so well.Which school will win the prize is not known.Whose dictionary has not been found is still unknown.Whichever you take will be yours.Whoever wants this book may take it.Whatever was said here must be kept secret.(3)疑问副词when, where, how, why在从句中充当时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、原因状语
When they will start hasn’t been decided yet.Where the heroine went is not mentioned at the end of the story.How he managed to finish the composition in such a short time is still a mystery.Why he often comes here is known to us all.(4)用it作形式主语的主语从句常用的句型有： It’s said that… It is certain that…
It seems/ happens that…
It’s possible/ important/ necessary/ clear that…,该句型从句的谓语动词使用虚拟语气形式：should+动词原形。
It is necessary that we should learn some English grammar.2.表语从句：在复合句中作句子表语的从句
引导词有that, whether, what, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why, how, because等（1）引导表语从句的that不省略，that仅起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，无任何意义
The impression he makes on me is that he is a reliable person.(2)the reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导，我们学生易犯“the reason is because…”的错误
The reason why the little actress has been such a success is that she is both clever and hard-working.(3)在表示命令order等，建议suggestion, advice等的名词后的表语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气：
should+动词原形，should可省略
His suggestion is that we(should)hold another meeting to discuss the problem.(4)whether可引导表语从句，表“是否”，它在从句中不充当成分，if不能引导表语从句。
The question is whether we can rely on him.(5)连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose除起连接作用外，还在从句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语。
That’s what he is worried about.（在从句作中宾语）
The problem is who can do the work.（在从句中作主语）
（6）连接副词when, where, why, how起连接作用外，还在从句中作状语。That’s why I was late.That is where he was born.That is how he did it.(6)连词because引导表语从句，只用在 That/This/It is because…结构中 That is because she often works hard.3．宾语从句：从句在句中充当宾语的成分。宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语，也可作动词不定式等非谓语动词形式的宾语，还可作某些形容词的宾语从句。Jenny thought(that)her teacher was unfair.I’d like to know which one is your husband.I am sure(that)he won’t mind.It all depends on whether they will support us.4.同位语从句：一般跟在某些名词后面，用以解释或说明前面的名词的内容。经常带同位语从句的名词有fact, news, message, doubt, possibility, idea, reason, belief, hope, thought, promise, suggestion, question等。引导词有连词that, whether；连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how等（1）that, whether只起连接作用，不在从句中作任何成分。The idea that England stands for fish& chips…is past.There is no doubt that the price of cars will go down.The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.(不能用if)(2)连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how在从句中作相应成分。He can’t answer the question how he got the money.The question who should go abroad requires consideration.I have no idea which one I should choose.I’ve got a pretty good idea why they left early.The question where we should go has not been discussed.I have no idea when Jack will be back.同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
We expressed the hope(that)they had expressed.我们表达了他们曾经表达过的那种希望。（定语从句）
We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.我们表示希望他们再来中国访问。（同位语从句）
1）从语法角度上看，引导同位语从句的that是连词，只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何句子成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中作主语或宾语等句子成分。
2）从语义角度上看，同位语从句与前面的名词hope是同位关系，表示hope的内容是they would come to visit China again。因而同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词作补充说明；而定语从句与它前面的名词是所属关系，表示“…的”（他们曾经表示过的），起修饰作用，因此定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词。
3）同位语从句的连词that不能省略，而定语从句的关系代词that，当其在从句中作宾语中，可省略，作主语也不可省略。
1.可单可复的集体名词
a.被看作一个整体时,具有单数概念,如:
His family was well known in their town.他的家庭在家乡是名门望族。
b.集体名词被看作若干个体时,具有复数概念,如:
His family are waiting for him.他的家人正在等着他。
c. 集体名词表示多个集体时,也有规则的复数形式,如:
Our village is made up of 300 families.我们村有300户人家。
2.具有两种复数形式的名词
a.fish在表示鱼的数量时,单数和复数同形;在表示鱼的种类时,复数为fishes。
My cat had two little fish for lunch.我的猫午餐吃了两条鱼。
You can see a lot of different fishes in the lake.你在湖里可以看见很多种鱼。
b.people在表示“人、人民”时是复数意义;在表示“民族”时,为普通名词,其复数为peoples。
We want two more people for help.我们还需要两个人帮忙。
There are 56 peoples in China. 中国有56个民族。
c.只有复数形式的名词
有些名词只有复数形式,不能被具体的数字修饰,如:trousers裤子 clothes衣服 shorts短裤 goods商品 glasses眼镜
3.既可数又不可数的名词
(1)用作物质名词(不可数)
用作个体名词(可数)
glass 玻璃 a glass 一只玻璃杯
paper 纸 a paper 一份报纸(一篇论文)
iron铁 an iron一个熨斗
wood木头a wood一片树林
(2)用作抽象名词(不可数)
用作个体名词(可数)
beauty美 a beauty 一个美人
youth青春 a youth一个年轻人
room for improvement改进的空间
three rooms三个房间
4.并不绝对的不可数名词
不可数名词一般只有单数形式,没有复数形式。但不可数名词可以借助单位词表示一定的数量,如:
a glass of water 一杯水
a cup of tea 一杯茶
a loaf of bread一块面包
a bottle of milk一瓶牛奶
a piece of chalk一支粉笔
a tin of pork一个猪肉罐头
a piece of advice一项忠告
名词性从句的连接词通常分为三类：
第一类连接词在名词性从句中，不充当任何成分，只起连接作用。这类连接词有：that, if, whether, as if, as though等。
例如：When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken. 当铅笔一部分放进水里时，看起来好像断了似的。
第二类连接词在名词性从句中，作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语。这类连接词有：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, whose等。这类连接词称之为连接代词。
例如：Here are the chairs. Tell me which are worth buying. 就是这些椅子。告诉我买哪几把好。
第三类连接词在名词性从句中，作状语。这类连接词有：when, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why等。这类连接词称之为连接副词。
例如：The students asked the teacher when the examination was going to be held. 学生们问老师什么时候举行考试。
【名词性从句中常用连接词的区别】
一、 what与that 的区别
1. what引导名词性从句时，在从句中通常作主语或宾语，有时作表语或宾语补足语。表示“……的东西、……的事情、……的话、……的时间、……的地方、……的人、所谓的……、……样子等”。而that引导名词性从句时，在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何含义，只起连接作用。
例如：What we can’t get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的东西似乎比我们现在所拥有的要好。
He always asks himself the question what is to be done next. 他经常问自己下一步该怎么办的问题。
What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 过去认为不可能的事现在已成为现实。
After what seemed a very long time, I opened my eyes and found myself in bed. 在似乎过了很长一段时间之后，我睁开双眼，发现自己躺在床上。
What is now the primary school was once an old temple.这所小学现在所处的位置，过去曾经是一所古庙。
After ten years, she changed a lot and looked different from what she used to be. 十年之后，她变化很大，看起来已经不是过去的样子了。
That he was late for school again made the teacher very angry. 他上学又迟到，这让老师非常生气。
【考题例析】
2. what引导名词性从句时，不能省略。that引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，通常不能省略；that引导的宾语从句时，that通常可以省略。但是，在下列情况下通常不能省略。
（1） 两个或更多的由that引导的宾语从句并列时，仅可省略第一个连词that。
例如：He said （that） there wasn’t any trouble and that he was waiting for his change. 他说没什么问题，正等着找钱。
He said （that） he had eaten nothing but that he wasn’t hungry. 他说他什么也没有吃，但不饿。
（2） 在介词之后不可省略。
例如：She knew nothing about his journey except that he was likely to be away for three months. 她只知道他可能外出三个月，其他的一无所知。
（3） that引导的宾语从句中带有主从复合句时，that通常不可省略。
例如：Don’t you know that what he has done is right？难道你不知道他所做的一切是对的吗？
（4） 当主从句之间有一个插入成分时，that通常不可省略。
例如：He believed, as did his family, that you were telling the truth. 他和他的全家人一样，相信你说的是实话。
I don’t doubt, in any case, that he will succeed. 无论如何，我都不怀疑他会成功。
（5） 在简短回答中，that通常不可省略。
例如：— What did you tell him yesterday？昨天你告诉他什么了？
— That I would go abroad. 我要出国。
二、 if 与whether的区别
1. 引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时，通常用whether而不用if。
例如：Whether one can succeed depends on how hard he works. 一个人是否能够成功取决于他工作努力的程度。（主语从句）
What I was uncertain about was whether we could overcome the difficulties all by ourselves. 我们不敢肯定的是我们自己能不能战胜这些困难。（表语从句）
The problem whether the quality of the products is up to requirement has not been settled. 产品的质量是否符合要求这一问题尚未解决。（同位语从句）
2. 引导宾语从句时
（1） 当宾语从句是肯定句时, 用if或whether都可以。当宾语从句是否定句时, 只能用if。
例如：Could you tell me if/whether it snows in winter in Australia？请你告诉我澳大利亚的冬天是否下雪？
I don’t care if she comes. 我并不介意她来不来。
（2） 介词之后的宾语从句只能用whether不用if。
例如：She hesitated as to whether she should take our advice. 关于是否接受我们的建议她犹豫不决。
（3） 当宾语从句位于句首表示强调时，只能用whether不用if.
例如：Whether she is married, I don’t know. 我们不知道她是否已经结婚。
（4） 当if或whether后面带有or not引导宾语从句时，分开使用，两者都可以；连在一起使用时，只能用whether.
例如：I don’t know if they will come or not. （正确）
I don’t know whether they will come or not. （正确）
I don’t know if or not they will come. （错误）
I don’t know whether or not they will come. （正确）
总之，在名词性从句中，if和whether只有在肯定的宾语从句中，才可以替换。
三、 疑问词-ever与no matter+疑问词的区别
疑问词-ever，既可以引导让步状语从句，又可以引导名词性从句。
no matter+疑问词，只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。
例如：Goats eat whatever they can find. 山羊什么都吃。（名词性从句）
Whatever（No matter what） reasons you may have, you should keep up your promise. 无论你有什么理由，你都应当信守承诺。（让步状语从句）
四、 who与whoever的区别
who特指谁，指一个人；whoever泛指无论是谁，指一类人。
例如：Who will teach us English next term has not been told yet. 下学期谁教我们英语还未告知。
Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold. 任何在这种大雨中行走的人都会患感冒。
五、 whatever与whichever的区别
whatever范围大而不明确，是泛指；whichever范围小而具体，是特指。
例如：I went to the library yesterday and read whatever I could find about Robert Owen. 昨天我去图书馆，阅读我能够找到关于罗伯特·欧文的任何著作。
I have plenty of books here. You may take whichever you like most. 我这里有很多书，挑你最喜欢的拿。
六、 连接副词where、why、how引导名词性从句的多义性
1. where
引导主语从句和宾语从句时，意思是“哪儿”；引导表语从句时，意思是“……的地方”。
例如：Where she has gone is not known yet. 她去哪儿了还不知道。
The little boy couldn’t tell where his home was. 那个小男孩说不清自己的家在哪儿。
2. why
引导主语从句和宾语从句时，意思是“为什么”；引导表语从句时，意思是“……的原因”。
例如：Why he didn’t come to class yesterday is still a puzzle. 昨天他为什么没来上学还是一个疑问。
Do you know why winter is colder than summer？你知道为什么冬天比夏天冷吗？
Ten years of hard work! That’s why I now look so old. 十年的劳累！这就是现在显得如此苍老的原因。
3. how
引导主语从句和宾语从句时，意思是“怎么，怎样”；引导表语从句时，意思是“这样”。
例如：How they went there is unknown to us. 我们不知道他们是怎么去那儿的。
Excuse me, could you tell me how I can get to the Summer Palace. 劳驾，能否告诉我去颐和园怎么走？
