语法复习十：动词的语气--虚拟语气（精选7篇）
一、一般疑问句中几个情态动词的问与答
1. Need I/he/…?
Yes,you/he/…must.(不用need)
2. Must I/ he/…?
No,you/ he/…needn’t/don’t(doesn’t,won’t)have to.(不用mustn’t)
3. May I/ he/…?
No,you/ he/…mustn’t.(少用may not)
4. Could(Can)you…?
Yes,I can (不用could)
5. Shall I/she/ he…?
No,you(she,he)needn’t/can’t/mustn’t
二、情态动词表“推测”
1.can,may,must使用的句式：
1)肯定陈述句中：must表“肯定、必定、一定”意，may/might表“也许，或许”意。
2)否定陈述句中：can’t/couldn’t表“不可能”意，may not/might not表“也许不、可能不”意。
3)疑问句中：只能用can或could,不能用must,may或might。
注意：表推测的could,might并不是指过去时间，而是表示比can,may把握性略小些的情况。
2.对目前状态的推测：
1)must/may/might/can/could+be+表语
例如：She must be a teacher.她肯定是老师。She can’t/couldn’t be a doctor.她肯定不是医生。 He may not/might not be a doctor.他可能不是医生。
2)must/may/might/can/could+一些不能用于进行时的静态动词(如:have,exist,live,like,hate,own,belong to等)
例如：She must have her own car,for she has a lot of money.
That kind of bird may live in the valleys.
3.对目前正在发生的事情进行推测：
句式：must/may/might/can/could+be doing
例如：They must be waiting for us.他们肯定正在等我们。
She may/might be doing her homework.她可能正在做作业。
Can/Could he be playing football?他会正在踢足球吗?
4.对已发生的事情进行推测：
句式：must/may/might/can/could+have done
例如：There’s no lignt in the room. They must have gone to bed./She knows nothing about the film. She can’t/couldn’t have seen it./Can/Could he have been a doctor?/He may/might(not)have been a teacher./They must have been watching TV at nine last night./Can/Could she have stayed in Beijing last year?
注意：will have done句式也可表“肯定/可能已经…”推测意。
例如：He will have learned advanced mathematics,for he knows a lot about it. 他肯定/可能学过高等数学，因为他对此懂得很多。
三、“情态动词+have done”用法
1.should/ought to +have done,意“本应该…”，含有责备或后悔意。
例如：You should have come here a little earlier./I ought to have sent him to school./
2.shouldn’t/oughtn’t to+have done,意“本不应该”，含有责备或后悔意。
例如：You shouldn’t have watered the flower./I oughtn’t to have scolded her for such a small thing.
3.might have done,意“过去可能做”;could have done意“本能够做”，两者都含有委婉批评或遗憾之意，也可表对过去情况的推测。
例如：He might have gone to Nanjing with Professor Wang.last week,but he was ill.上星期他本可以和王教授一起去南京的，可他病了。We could have finished the work ahead of time.我们本来是能够提前完成工作的。
四、情态动词在反意疑问句中的用法
1.“肯定祈使句+附加问句”结构，附加问句常用will/would/won’t you形式。
例如：Stand still,will/would/won’t you?
2.“否定祈使句+附加问句”结构，附加问句常用will/would you形式。
例如：Don’t watch TV,will/would you?
3.Let’s…,shall we? ; Let us…,will/won’t you?
4.含有must句子的反意问句
1)must表示“必须”时，附加部分常用needn’t,也可用mustn’t.例如：He must go with you,needn’t/mustn’t he?
2)mustn’t表“一定不能”时，附加部分用may.例如：She mustn’t leave,may she?
3)must表“一定、想必”推测意时，附加部分主要有下列几种形式：
A.He must be an engineer,isn’t he?They must be writing now,aren’t they?(这类句子问句前部分含“must be…”或“must be doing…”。)
B.She must have a car/live there, doesn’t she?
C.He must have seen the film,hasn’t he?(这类句子问句前部分的谓语为must have done,句子无具体过去时间状语。)
D.He must have seen the film last week,didn’t he?(这类句子问句前面部分的谓语为must have done,句子有具体过去时间状语。)
E.Mother must have been shopping then,wasn’t she?(前面部分谓语为must have been doing。)
5.含有may表推测的句子，其反意问句形式与must表推测的反意问句形式相似。
例如：She may have finished her homework,hasn’t she?
五、几组词语辨析
1.must与have to:must强调说话者的主观看法，have to强调客观需要，表示“不必”意要用needn’t或don’t/didn’t/won’t have to,不能用mustn’t。
2.can/could与be able to:can多用于现在时，也可用于将来时，could只用于过去时，be able to可用于各种时态。表示“过去经过努力而做成(或没做成)”要用was/were(not) able to ，而不用could(not)。例如：He worked hard,but he wasn’t able to pass the exam.
3.will,would,used to:都可表“习惯”意。①will表示不受时间限制的习惯性动作。如：Fish will die out of water./ She’ll sit for hours without saying anything.
②would表示过去习惯性的动作，但不涉及与现在情况的对比。如：He would walk by the river in the morning.注意：would后不能跟表状态动词。例如不能说He would be late for school last year. ③used to表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但这种习惯现在已不存在了。如：He used to get up early. He used to be late for school.
4.dare与need
六、虚拟语气在if引导的条件句的用法
1)与现在事实相反的结构：
2)与过去事实相反的结构：
3)与将来事实相反的结构：
**当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。例如：
If you had worked hard, you would be very tired.
(从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在.)
5以上句型可以转换成下列形式:
**省略if,用“were, have, should +主语”. 例如:
Were I in school again, I would work harder.
Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.
Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.
**用介词短语代替条件状语从句：but forwithout.例如:
Without air, there would be on living things.
But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.
七、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法
1.“wish +宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为“可惜……”. “……就好了”, “悔不该……”, “但愿……”等.
表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来不能实现的愿望用“would(could) +动词原形”;表示过去不能实现的愿望时用“had +过去分词”或“(could)would +have +过去分词”.例如:
I wish it were spring all the year round.
I wish you could go with us.
We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
2.虚拟语气在动词一个坚持(insist);两个命令(order，demand);三个建议(advise,suggest,propose);四项要求(demand,require,request,ask),等后面的宾语从句中用“(should)+动词原形”.例如:
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
**注意:insist作“力言”, “强调”解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气,只有当insist作 “坚持(认为)”, “坚持(应该)”解时宾语从句才用虚拟语气.例如:
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
又如suggest
3.虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句
作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)+动词原形”.例如:
We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for
sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) exercises first.
4.虚拟语气在 as if(as though)中，引导的表语从句或状语从句中的应用.
如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时，指现在状况，则用过去时，指将来则用过去将来时.例如：
He looked as if he were an artist.
He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.
Even if he were here，he could not solve the problem.
5.虚拟语气用于主语从句.
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“ should 十动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等.例如：
It is necessary( important，natural，strange，etc) that … we should clean
the room every day.
It was a pity ( a shame，no wonder，etc) that you should be so careless.
It will be desired( suggested，decided，ordered，requested，proposed，etc)
that she should finish her homework this afternoon.
在上述三种主语从句中，should意为“应该”,“竟然”，可以省去，但不可换用would.主句所用动词的时态不限.
注意：这种从句表示的是事实.如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气.反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述语气，例如：
It is a strange that he did not come yesterday.
It is a pity that you can’t swim.
八.几种常见的其他虚拟语气结构
1.虚拟语气用于定语从句
这种从句常用在 It is( high) time( that)…句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或 should十动词原形( should不能省略，be用 were)来表示，意为“(现在)该……”。例如：
It is ( high) time we left (should leave).
lt is high time we were going.
2.虚拟语气用于 if only引导的感叹句中,用法同.wish
If only I had taken his advice.
我要是听他的话就好了.
If only I were a bird.我如果是一只鸟就好了.
3.虚拟语气在简单句中的应用
l)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中，例如：
It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
Would you be kind enough to open the door?
2)用于一些习惯表达法中，例如：
Would you like a cup of tea?
I would rather not tell you. You had better go now.
3)用“ may 十动词原形”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”. may须置于句首，例如：May you be happy! May you succeed!
4.would rather-----
一、总览全篇, 重组规则
一般来讲, 老师对于虚拟语气的讲解基本按照从句类别讲解, 但是同类从句中, 谓语动词的虚拟变化形式各不相同, 如果逐条记忆语法规则就会增大学生学习的难度。事实上, 虚拟语气的变化主要体现在谓语动词形式的变化上, 而谓语动词的变化是有规律可循的, 如果我们按照谓语动词的变化规律重组虚拟语气规则, 也许会更便于学生的学习。综观虚拟语气的变化规律, 大致可分为以下三大类:
(1) 虚拟条件句。
(2) 语气词should。这类虚拟常体现在部分名词性从句和状语从句的谓语动词上, 其共性是从句的谓语动词一律使用should do形式, 且should可省略。
(3) 在原有陈述语气所用时态的基础上倒推一个时态。这一类虚拟也是出现在一些名词性从句和状语从句中, 且从句谓语动词的变化规律是在原有陈述语气所用时态的基础上倒推一个时态, 即, 如对一般现在时虚拟, 则用did/were;如对一般过去时虚拟, 则用had done;如对一般将来时虚拟, 则用would do.
如果教师根据这些共性分类归纳, 而不是照本宣科, 这样就会大大降低虚拟语气的教学难度, 这比让学生逐条记忆规则简单很多。
二、巧循规律, 易于记忆
在教学“if条件虚拟句”时, 许多教师只是把对现在、过去、将来虚拟的主从句的谓语动词形式列出来, 再标注几点注意点, 让学生记忆或辅以练习巩固即可。实际上, 如果教师此时能引导学生注意观察和总结, 学会提炼所学知识, 就会免去学生死记硬背之苦, 也会使学生的学习能力得到提升。仔细观察含“if条件虚拟句”的主、从句中的谓语动词形式, 我们不难发现以下规律:
(1) if条件句中谓语动词的虚拟结构是在原来陈述语气所用时态的基础上倒推一个时态, 但对将来时态的虚拟除此规律外, 还有were to do/should do.
(2) 主句要借助于情态动词should/could/might/would, 后跟动词原形 (对现在和将来虚拟) 或have done (对过去虚拟) , 但if条件句中只出现一个情态动词, 即对将来时态虚拟的should。
学生在老师的引导下, 一旦发现了这些规律, 就会轻松掌握, 印象深刻, 记忆牢固, 也便于他们将来灵活应用。
三、巧妙点拨, 轻松释疑
在做虚拟语气类题目时, 学生最易犯错的地方当属含蓄条件句了。这时候, 如果教师能细心分析学生所犯错误的根源, 就可以找出行之有效的解决方法。在这类虚拟句中, 学生常犯错误大致如下:混淆谓语动词的直陈和虚拟的使用场合;分辨不清谓语的变化规则是和含if条件虚拟句的主句谓语一致还是和从句谓语一致。问题的根源一旦找出, 解决方案就会更有针对性, 更明了。因此, 教师可针对这些错误提出以下注意点:
(1) 在含蓄条件句中, but属并列连词, 但在意思上表示转折, 因此, 其前分句谓语应用虚拟语气, 其后分句谓语则用直陈语气, 且虚拟语气的变化同含if条件句的主句谓语变化规则一样。
(2) otherwise/or也属并列连词, 意为“否则”, 其前分句谓语动词应用直陈语气, 其后分句谓语动词则用虚拟, 且虚拟语气的变化同含if条件句的主句谓语变化规则一样。
(3) 含with, without, but for等介词短语的含蓄虚拟句中, with/without/but for等介词短语相当于条件句, 因此虚拟句中谓语动词的变化规则同含if虚拟条件句的主句谓语的变化一样。
讲到这里, 学生就会知道遇到这类题时该怎样避免错误了。很多时候, 如果教师的点拨能够更到位、更透彻一点, 就会使学生少犯错误, 少走弯路。
四、掌握常规, 记忆特例
凡事总有特例, 语法教学也不例外。虽然我们可以总结出一般语法规律, 但是一些特例也是语法考察重点, 所以教师在讲解时应重点提出。比如, 在讲解特殊语气词should时, 教师罗列出同类句型的同时, 应特别强调做这类题目时要注意两个单词:insist和suggest。因为insist表“坚持认为”, suggest表“表明, 暗示”时, 其后的宾语从句中谓语动词应用直陈语气而不用虚拟语气。再比如, 在教学“在原有陈述语气所用时态的基础上倒推一个时态”这类句型中, 有两个句型就比较特殊: (1) would/had rather后的虚拟只有两种:对现在/将来的虚拟:did/were;对过去的虚拟:had done/been。 (2) It's (about/high) time that后的虚拟形式是固定的, 不受时间限制, 即:did/were或should do/be, 且should不可省, 教师对此应特别强调。
如果学生能够掌握一般语法规律, 并记忆个别特殊结构, 那么语法的学习对学生而言会是既简单又全面。
如果有人告诉你那种药一切都好，没有任何副作用，那么他肯定在撒谎。
2. I couldn’t without your generous help. (succeed)
没有你慷慨的援助，我不可能取得事业上的成功。
3. What surprised me most was ,it so quickly. (finish)
最让我感到吃惊的是他们竟然这么快完成了这件事。
4. You ought to the meeting held yesterday for it was considered of great importance. (attend)
你应该出席昨天举行的会议，因为这次会议被认为极其重要。
5. You the parcel home. The shop would have delivered it if you had asked. (carry)
你没有必要将这件包裹扛回家。如果你要求的话，商店会递送的。
6. I believed then, and I believe now, that the arrangement . (work)
我当时相信，至今仍然相信，这个协议本来是可行的。
7. Thanks, mum. But you actually ,my papers. Please let me manage it myself next time. (sort)
谢谢妈妈。但你不必替我整理试卷。下次请让我自己来。
8. —the woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years befor she returned.
—Oh dear! She a lot of difficulties. (go)
—这位女生物学家回国前在非洲研究野生动物13年。
—哦，天哪！她肯定经历过许多困难。
9. It’s said that they have swum to the island from the continent, but they ， because the ocean in between is too wide. (do)
据说他们已经从陆地游到了那座岛，但他们不可能做到。
10.He looks sleepy. He must ，last night, writing the essay. (stay)
他看起来很困，他昨晚写论文肯定熬夜了。
11.Had it not been for your help, I ，in English. (progress)
要不是有你的帮忙，我也不可能在英语方面获得这么大的进步。
12.If I had got to the airport eariler, I . It was all because of the heavy traffic. (meet)
如果我早点到机场的话，我就会遇到她了。都怪拥堵的交通。
13.He Shanghai for I saw him a minute ago. (go)
他不可能去了上海，我刚才还看见了他。
14.But for your advice, I it so successfully. Thanks for your help. (do)
要不是您的建议，我就不能做得如此成功。感谢您的帮助。
15. I for the meeting last night, but I went to the concert instead. (prepare)
昨晚我本应该准备会议的演讲，但却参加音乐会去了。
16. You the flowers, for it is going to rain. (water)
你刚才不必去浇花，因为天快要下雨了。
17. He in the forest, because he hasn’t returned yet. (must)
他准是在森林里迷路了，因为他到现在还没回来。
18. But for the warning message, more lives in the flood. (lose)
要是没有事先警报， 更多的人会在这次洪灾中失去生命。
19. we didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we . (telephone)
我们不知道他的电话号码，不然我们就给他打电话了。
20. I the computer without asking you first. I apologize for what I did .
我不应该在没有告知你的情况下使用电脑，我为我的行为道歉。
21. Had he worked harder, he ，the exam for a lawyer license. (get)
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他再努力一些的话，就通过律师资格考试了。
22. you, but I was too busy then. (think)
我本来想来拜访您，但当时我太忙了。
23. We all agreed to his suggestion ,to the Great Wall for a visit the next weekend. (go)
我们都赞成他的建议——下周末我们去游览长城。
24. If he had been able to afford an operation, he his right leg. (lose)
如果有钱做手术，他就不会失去右腿了。
25. If he wouln’t be able to run so fast.
如果以前没有培训过的话，他不会跑那么快。
26. Without their help, the police , in catching the robber in such a short time last month. (succeed)
上个月如果没有他们的帮助，警察不可能在这么短的时间内成功抓住那名抢劫犯。
27. “My son, why are you so rude? I would rather I you then，” cried the old woman angrily. (give)
“儿子，为什么你如此无礼？我真希望我没有生你。”这位老太太生气地叫到。
28. If Xiaohua had been brought up in Britain as my sisiter was, he as fluently as she does. (speak)
如果小华像他妹妹一样在英国长大，那他也能像她那样流利地讲英语。
29. How we wish that we , those people who have been buried in the ruins for 76 hours! (rescue)
我们多么希望能把那些在废墟中掩埋了76小时的人救出来呀！
30. I was so angry with you. I’d rather you the secret. (let)
我对你很生气。我真希望你没有把秘密泄露出去。
31. She has failed in the end. If only her friends for some advice! (ask)
她最后失败了，要是她征求了朋友们的建议就好了。
32. The commander gave the order ,firing at once. (stop)
指挥官下令，所有的士兵要立即停止射击。
33. After circling around the earth for three days, Shenzhou Spaceship receive the command from the ground that as scheduled the next day.
神州飞船在绕地三天后，接到地面指示，要求第二天按计划着陆。
34. Mr Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention at the meeting. (discuss)
约翰逊先生坚决要求在会议上讨论这个值得关注的问题。
35. If alcohol last night, I could have driven my car home. (drink)
如果昨晚我没有喝酒，我就开车回家了。
36. Had we not used an out-of-date train schedule, we the train. (miss)
要不是用了一张过期的列车时刻表，我们就不会误了火车。
37. I feel so sick. I wish Mum ，me to eat so much. (force)
我觉得恶心。我希望妈妈没有逼我吃那么多。
38. The teacher suggested that we ，the blackboard after class. (clean)
老师建议我们课后把黑板擦干净。
39. He so early as the train won’t be here for an hour. (leave)
他本不必这么早离开家，因为火车一小时内不会到达。
40. My suggestion is that she , which will do a lot of good to her. (eat)
我的建议是她应该多吃健康食品，这对她很有好处。
41. My brother is in California on vacation, but I wish he so that he could help me repair my car. (here)
我哥哥正在加利福利亚度假，但我希望他在这儿，这样他就能帮我修理我的车了。
42. , the tractor would not have been broken down. (repair)
如果早一点修理的话，那辆拖拉机就不会坏掉了。
43. If we in the past few years, things wouldn’t be going so smoothly. (work)
要是我们过去几年没有努力工作，那么现在一切都不会进行得这样顺利。
44. The professor gave orders that the test before 5:30 pm. (finish)
教授发出指示：测验必须在下午5：30之前完成。
45. If I about this computer program, a huge amout of time and energy would have benn saved. (know)
如果我早就知道了这个电脑程序，就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。
--虚拟语气
英语中有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。
虚拟语气表示动作或状态与事实相反，或不可能发生的情况。
一．虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中
1. 表示与现在事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：一般过去时（虚拟语气中be→were）主句用：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。
If we had time now, we would read it again.
If I were you, I would work hard.
2. 表示与过去事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：had+过去分词；主句：would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词。
If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the test.
If I had known your telephone number then, I would have called you.
3. 表示与将来的事实可能相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：①一般过去时②should +动词原形③were to+动词原形；主句：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。
If it should rain, the crops would be saved.
If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.
P.S 虚拟条件句的特殊情况
(1). 混合/错综型虚拟语气
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，称为‘错综条件句’，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。
If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.(从句说的是过去，主句是现在)
If I were you, I would have taken his advice.(从句是现在，主句是过去)
（2）省略if的虚拟语气
如果从句中含有were/ should/ had时，则可以把这三个词置于句首，省略if.采用倒装语序。
If it should happen, what would you do? →Should it happen, what would you do?
If he had recognized me, he would have come over. →Had he recognized me, he would have come over.
(3) 含蓄虚拟条件句
有时候假设的情况不以if引导的条件从句形式表现出来，而是通过一个介词短语，连词或其他形式表示。常用的词或短语有：without, with, but for(要是没有), otherwise, or, but等。
Without your help(=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.
But for electricity(=If there were no electricity, there would be no modern industry.
He felt very tired yesterday, or/ otherwise he would have attended the party.
(4) 在if it were( had been )not for ….句型中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气也常用于‘if it were/(had been) not for ….’句型中，意为‘要不是由于…’。
If it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life today.
If it had not been for your timely help, I would have gone bankrupt.
二． 虚拟语气用在名词性从句中
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气
这种虚拟语气主要用在it is+形容词（名词，过去分词）+that+主语+should+动词原形（should可以省略）这种结构中。
① 常见的这类形容词有：advisable, anxious, better, desirable, surprising, natural, necessary, strange, important, regretful.
② 常见的这类过去分词有：decided, demanded, recommended, requested, desired, required, ordered, suggested.
③ 常见的这类名词有：duty, pity, no surprise, no wonder, regret, shame.
It was suggested that he（should）join the club activities.
It is strange (surprising, disappointing) that she (should) not have been invited.
It is a pity that he (should) refuse to accept the offer.
2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
① wish 后面所跟宾语从句谓语动词用虚拟语气（意为要是，但愿…就好了），其形式主要有三种：
表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish后接一般过去时的从句
表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish后接过去完成时/should，could have done
表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish后接would，could+动词原形
I wish it were spring all year round.
I wish it would be fine tomorrow.
She wished she had stayed at home.
② 在表示建议，命令，要求等动词后的从句要用(should)+动词原形。此类动词有：suggest, advise, propose, demand, require, insist（要求）, order, prefer, command, ask, request.
The teacher ordered that all the books (should) be handed in on time.
P.S. 当suggest表示‘暗示，说明’之意；insist表示‘坚持认为，坚持说’之意时，从句不用虚拟，用正常的陈述语气。
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with life.
3. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议，命令，要求的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用（should）+动词原形。常见名词有：advice, desire, request, demand, proposal, suggestion, preference, requirement, order.
He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospital entertained.
His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.
三．虚拟语气在其他情况中的使用
1.在as if/ as though引导的状语从句中，若从句与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其形式如下：
主语+as if/ though +主语+一般过去时（从句的动作与主句同时发生）
主语+as if/ though +主语+would/could+动词原形（从句的动作相对主句来说在将来发生）
主语+as if/ though +主语+过去完成时（从句的动作先发生于主句动作之前）
He talks as if he knew all about it.
She speaks English well as if he had studied in America.
He learns English so hard as if he would go abroad.
2.在it is (high) time that …句型中也用虚拟语气，从句常用过去式，有时也用should +动词原形，表示早该做而没做的事，含建议的意味。
It is time that we went home.
P.S.此句型中，注意与‘It/This is the +序数词+time that+现在完成式的区别。
This is the first time that I have been here.
3.would rather后接动词原形，但接从句时要用虚拟语气（宁愿，但愿）。
Would rather +主语+一般过去时（表示与现在或将来相反）
Would rather +主语+过去完成时（表示与过去相反）
I’d rather he didn’t go now.
I’d rather you hadn’t done it.
4. if only后接从句也用虚拟语气，其形式与wish的用法一致。
5. 动词hope, intend, mean, plan, want, think等词用过去完成的形式，表示的意思为‘本想，本打算，本认为’
He had meant to buy the furniture last week, but it rained.
（他上周本打算去买那件家具，但却下雨了）
虚拟语气练习题精选
1. The teacher demanded that the exam _____ before eleven.
A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished
2. She made the demand that the journalists _____ at once ______ Iraq.
A. leave; for B. leave; to C. left; to D. to be left; for
3. He is talking so much about America as if he _____ there.
A. had been B. has been C. was D. has gone
4. The young man insisted that he _____ nothing wrong and _____ free.
A. did; set B. had done; should be set C. should do; be set D. had done; must be set
5. I suggested there ____ be a kind of language all could understand and use ____ .
A. can; it B. /; / C. would; it D. may; /
6. The suggestion has been made _____ the basketball game _____ put off.
A. for; to B. that; be C. which; should be D. to; being
7. The order came that the medical supplies _____ to Beijing for the Sars soon.
A. would be sent B. should send C. be sent D. must be sent
8. It is important that we _____ wild animals.
A. will protect B. should protect C. shall protect D. are protecting
9. Had you listened to the doctor, you _____ all right now.
A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been
10. _____ any change about the date, please tell me immediately.
A. Will there be B. Should there be C. There will be D. There should be
11. _____ today, he _would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leave
12. Should it rain, the crops _____ .
A. would be saved B. would have been saved C. will be saved D. had been saved
13. You _____ come earlier. The bus left a moment ago.
A. would B. should have C. may D. have
14. He treated me as though/as if _____ his own son.
A. I am B. I would be C. I was D. I were
15. I _____ you some money, but I hadn’t any on me then.
A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent
16. A few minutes earlier and we ____ the rain.
A. have caught B. had caught C. could have caught D. were to catch
17. --- “Have you ever been to Beijing?”
--- “No, but I wish I _____”
A. have B. will C. do D. had
18. I’m glad I went over all my notes; otherwise _____ .
A. I may have failed B. I’d fail C. I’d have failed D. I’ll have failed
19. --- “What will you do during the summer holiday?”
--- “I don’t know, but it’s high time _____ something.”
A. I’m deciding B. I’ll decide C. I decided D. I decide
20. What should we do if it _____ tomorrow?
A. should snow B. would snow C. snow D. will snow
21.09安徽 But for their help, we ______ the program in time.
A . can not finish. B. will not finish C. hand not finished D. could not have finished
22.09江苏 He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he _____ it differently.
A . could express. B.. would express. C. could have expressed. D. must have expressed.
23. 09浙江. The doctor recommended that you ____ swim after eating a large meal.
A. wouldn’t. B. couldn’t. C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
24.09福建. But for the help of my English teacher, I ____ the first prize in the English Writing Competition.
A . would not win. B. would not won. C. would win. D. would have won.
25.09重庆. ----Hi, Tom. Any idea where Jane is?
----She ____ in the classroom. I saw her there just now.
虚拟语气的重点是：
1.一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。
2.虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、的建议、的命令、的提议、的意愿等的主语从句、的宾语从句、的`表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。
3.主从句表示不同的时间概念、的事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。
4.含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。
上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、的虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。
下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。
一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型
(1) 由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气
A.用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式(be动词用were)。
B.用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。
C.wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
(2) had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
(3) would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
(4) It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。
It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。
(5)as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
(6)由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如：
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(7) if it were not for…与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for：
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
(8) 虚拟语气用于as if(though)引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。
(9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
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虚拟语气用在 even if, even though, whatever引导的状语从句中，从句谓语可参照由if引导的.虚拟条件从句的谓语，一般用过去时或过去完成时。例如：
This old machine runs as if it were a new one.
The old worker works as though he were a young man.
Even though she had been here very soon, she would not catch the train.
Example:
He has just arrived, but he talks as if he ______ all about that.
a. know b. knows c. known d. knew
I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything.
a. knew b. knows c. has known d. had known
______ I used a lot of examples I still could not get my idea across.
a. Since b. But that c. Now that d. Even though
2. 虚拟语气用在so that, lest (唯恐), in case (万一), unless, in order that(为了，以便), that(为了，以至于), for fear that (生怕，以免), on condition that (如果)等引导的目的，条件状语从句中，从句谓语 may 或 might+原形动词，也有用 should, can, could+原形动词构成的。例如：
The teacher explained the law once more in order that we might understand it better.
Some people eat so that they may live. Others seem to live in order that they may eat.
一些人吃是为了生存，而另一些人似乎是活着就是为了吃。
I left him a note with my address on for fear that he should not know where to see me.
The heroes gave their lives that we might live a happy life.
为了我们过上幸福生活，英雄们献出了自己的生命。
Example:
In case I ______, I would try again.
a. will fail b. would miss c. should fail d. shall miss
You should exercise vigilance _____ you should be killed.
a. so that b. lest c. therefore d. that
3. 虚拟语气用在由 “whether” 引导的让步状语从句中，从句谓语用原形动词。例如：
All engines work on this principle, whether they be large or small.
所有发动机都按这一原理工作，无论它们是大还是小。
We must finish the work before we go home, whether it be early or late.
无论时间早晚，我们必须在回家前干完工作。
All matter, whether it be gas, liquid or solid, is made up of atoms.
所有物质，不论是气体，液体，或固体，都是由原子构成。
在此句型中，可省去 whether ，而将be放在主语前。例如：
Be it so, we must continue to do the test.
We must do our best to fulfil the task, be it ever so hard.
Example:
______ I’ll marry him all the same.
a. Were he rich or poor b. Be he rich or poor
c. Whether rich or poor d. Being rich or poor
EXERCISE
1. ______, I must do another experiment.
a. It is ever so late b. Ever so late it
c. Be it ever so late d. Whether be it ever so late
2. The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ______ on the way.
a. goes wrong b. would go wrong c. went wrong d. should go wrong
3. Machines are often oiled so that they ______ well.
a. ran b. runs c. should run d. running
4. Even if he ______ very busy, he would have kept on learning English.
a. had been b. was c. were d. had being
5. Supposing the weather ______ bad, where would you go?
a. is b. will be c. was d. were
6. ______, he could not succeed.
a. However, he tried that b. He tried however hard
c. However he could try d. However hard he tried
7. Even though the enemy ______ wings, they couldn’t escape from our encirclement.
a. had b. had had c. have d. has
8. She described the accident as if she ______ it herself.
a. saw b. has seen c. had seen d. sees
9. He came to meet us at the station for fear that we ______ the wrong way.
a. take b. should take c. took d. had taken
10. The car looked very dirty, as though it ______ hundreds of miles.
a. run b. runs c. has run d. had run
11. The teacher spoke slowly in order that we ______ no difficulty in following him.
a. should have b. had c. will have d. didn’t have
12. All magnets behave the same, ______ they large or small.
a. how b. are c. be d. were
13. At the beginning he didn’t want to speak English lest he _____ mistakes.
a. will make b. should make c. would make d. can
14. I remember the whole thing as if it ______ yesterday.
a. happen b. happens c. happened d. happening
15. She stayed at home for a few days so that she _____ her mother.
a. takes care of b. took care of c. might took care of d. might take care of
16. She took up the meter with care for fear that it _____ .
a. is damaged b. to be damaged c. should be damaged d. was damaged
17. In many cases the heating effect is neglected as if there ______ no flow of current along the wire.
a. are b. were c. is d. being
18. I’ll put the money on the table just in case you ______ it.
a. might need b. would need c. needed d. may have needed
19. Providing you ______ the opportunity to go abroad, which country would you want to visit first?
a. have b. will have c. had d. have had
20. The business of each day, ______ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
【关键词】虚拟语气 语法教学 总结归纳 有效学习
虚拟语气指的是，所描述的动作或状态与客观事实相反，表示说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。该语法既是高中英语语法学习中的重点，又是一大难点，太多的规则使学生记起来困难，用起来容易出错，很多学生经常对它的用法感到困惑，理解不透。 因为在我们汉语中没有虚拟语气这一概念，所以当高中学生遇到这一语法点时，他们往往因为没有母语作为参照，在理解时存在或多或少的问题。作为一位中学英语教教师，如何帮助学生巧妙地突破这一难点，更有效地学习虚拟语气呢？笔者认为归纳总结法，可引导学生更好地构建虚拟语气知识体系。学习虚拟语气时，我们可以从两种不同的角度，把它划分为四个类型：常态虚拟语气（if虚拟语气） 、含蓄虚拟语气、混合式虚拟语气和各种特例虚拟语气。也可以概括总结为四个方面：即在名词性从句，形容词性从句，状语从句以及简单句中的应用。现在笔者从这两种不同的角度对该语法的应用进行逐一论述：
一、虚拟语气的四种类型
（一）三种常态或基本态虚拟语气：条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。
（二）混合式虚拟语气
A. 时间错综句：虚拟条件句中的从句与主句或上下文所表达的时间不一致。在这种情况下，就不可能照搬某种形式，而应该按照句中所表述的时间选择相应的虚拟形式。如：
①If I were you， I would have gone to the theater yesterday.
②If you had studied harder， you would pass the exam.
B. 虚实错综句：即句子一半为虚拟，另一半为陈述语气； but前句用虚拟而or/otherwise后句用虚拟） 。 换句话说，条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间如果不一致，这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整：
① She would have made progress in English last year， but she didn’tstudy hard.
②He is thin and eats little， otherwise he would put on some weight.
（三）含蓄虚拟语气：含蓄虚拟语气是指没有if，但用介词短语或连词引出一个虚拟条件。如：
①But for your help， I couldn’t have finished my homework in
time.
②Without water， we would die. Without knowledge， we would be foolish.
③With better equipment， we could have done it better. With much money， we would help the poor in the world.
（四）各种特例虚拟语气⊙should家族：在英语中表示一份（坚持） insist， 二道（命令）order， command， 三点建议suggest， propose， advise，和四项要求 demand， ask ，require， request 时，名词性从句中一般要用虚拟语气。其谓语动词的变化形式为should+v/v. A.由上类动词派生的常见名词有： advice、decision、demand、desire、order、requirement、suggestion等。B.相关的形容词或过去分词有： advisable、 desired、desirable） 、insistent、ordered、preferable、proposed、required、urgent等。 例如：①I advise that we stay and wait here. （宾语从句）②It is advised that we stay here. （ 主语从句）
二、虚拟语气用在四个方面
（一）在名词性从句中的应用： 在四类名词性从句中，该类谓语动词用should +v/v的虚拟语气形式。
（二）虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用
If he had seen you yesterday， he would have asked you about
it.
（三）虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用
It’s （high） time （that） we did our homework.
（四）虚拟语气在简单句中的使用
A. It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
B. 在一些习惯表达中。例如： I would rather not tell you.
C.用“may + v” ： May you be happy！
三、归纳虚拟标志，巧学虚拟语气
虚拟语气常常是由一些具有虚拟含义的词、短语或句子构成，它们可以变成是虚拟语气的标志，寻找句子中的虚拟标志，可以巧学虚拟语气。现将常见的虚拟标志总结如下：以非真实if条件状语从句为虚拟语气标志以even if/even though为虚拟标志以as if/as though为虚拟标志的表语从句或方式状语从句以wish引导的宾语从句为虚拟标志以表示建议、坚持、命令和请求的四种名词性从句为虚拟标志
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