江苏省初中牛津英语
江苏牛津初中英语8A第二单元教案
Period 4 Vocabulary Teaching aims and demands: 1. Learn about the school subjects. 2. Review and learn the adjective nouns about people’s opinion. 3. Grasp the opposites of the adjective nouns. Teaching difficulties and importance: 1. Grasp the new words such as art, geography, language, PE, science, useful, unimportant, useless, unpopular and so on. 2. Can give opinion on different school subjects. Teaching preparation: Computer and the timetable Teaching steps: Step I. Lead in Ask some questions about the reading. Ask 2-4 students to sum up John and Nancy’s school lives. Step II. Pre-task Task 1 T: We know John’s favorite subject is Home Economics. Because he likes cooking and sewing. What’s your favorite subject? S: Chinese, Math, English, PE…… Look at the pictures and teach the Ss the new words: Ask: What class is it? What can you learn from each subject?(Teacher can give a table.) Art You can draw and paint pictures. Computer Studies Geography History Home Economics Languages PE Science Task2 Finish Part A on Page 27. Step III. While-task Task 1 Some adjective words to show one’s opinion on different school subjects. T: I think Home Economics is very interesting, but History is very boring. What do you think of the subjects? Is the Art lesson very easy/difficult/important/unimportant/useful/useless? S: Yes, it’s……/I think…… Point out: useful careful unimportant unpopular useless careless Encourage the Ss to say more words like this. Task 2 Finish Part B on Page 27. Step IV. Post-task Fill in the blankets with the right forms. 1. The song is _________(popular) now, but I still like it. 2. I like Daniel because he can tell ___________(interest) stories. 3. The bus left 5 minutes ago. It’s _______(use) to run to the stop. 4. What a ______(bored) book. I can’t read it any more. 5. It is ___________(important). We don’t need to go there. Step V. Homework 1. Remember the new words. 2. Finish the exercises. Period 5 Grammar A&B Teaching aims and demands: 1. Compare two things using ‘more…than’, ‘fewer…than’ and ‘less…than’. 2. Compare more than two things using ‘the most’ for the largest amount and ‘the fewest’/ ‘the least’ for the smallest amount. Teaching difficulties and importance: 1. How to use ‘more…than’, ‘fewer…than’ and ‘less…than’. 2. How to use ‘the most’ ‘the fewest’ and ‘the least’. Teaching preparation: pictures, objects and computer Teaching steps: Step I. Lead in Revise the words of school subjects and the adjective nouns. Step II. Pre-task Look at the pictures and answer: （见课件） What are they in the pencil-boxes?(Teach paper clips) Step III. While-task Task 1 The use of “more… than” and “fewer…than”. T: Lucy has 4 pencils and Lily has 3 pencils. （见课件） It means: Lucy has more pencils than Lily. (many―more) (Write on the Bb.) Lily has fewer pencils than Lucy. (few―fewer) Lucy has fewer paper clips than Lily. (few―fewer) Lily has more paper clips than Lucy. (many―more) Point out: We use “more/fewer…than” to talk about countable nouns. Ask the Ss to make more sentences with the pictures. Task 2 The use of “more…than” and “less…than”. T: Look at the pictures of Daniel, Jam and Sandy. （见课件） T: Daniel has more juice than Jam. (much―more) Jam has less juice than Daniel. (little―less) Point out: We use “more/less…than” to talk about uncountable nouns. Make more sentences with the pictures. Task 3 Finish Parts A, A1、A2 and A3. (Solve their problems) 【Look at the pictures of Part A on Page 28 and answer: T: How many flowers does Millie have? How many flowers does Amy have? S: Millie has seven flowers and Amy has three flowers. T: Who has more flowers? S: Millie does. T: Yes, Millie has more flowers than Amy. Amy has fewer flowers than Millie. Ask Ss to talk about the second picture in the same way. Use the same way to present ‘less…than’. Work out the rule: We use ‘more…than’ and ‘fewer…than’ to talk about countable nouns. We use ‘more…than’ and ‘less…than’ to talk about uncountable nouns.】 Task 4 The use of the most/fewest/least. T: Look at the pictures. （见课件）Peter has more beef than Leo. Leo has more beef than Jack. That is to say: Who has the most beef? Ss: ( Peter has the most beef of all.) T: Who has the least beef? Ss: (Jack has the least beef of all.) T: Nancy has more pears than Millie. Millie has more pears than Amy. That is to say: Nancy has the most pears of all. Amy has the fewest pears of all. Ss try to work out the rules: We use the most/fewest to talk about countable nouns. We use the most/least to talk about uncountable nouns. Task 5 Practice the drills more with the things in the classroom. e.g.: pens, rulers, erasers, water, milk, etc. Finish Parts B1, B2 and B3. Task 6 Make a conclusion of today and then finish Part B4. Step IV. Post-task Fill in the blankets with the right words. Look at the pictures of Jack, Leo and Peter.（见课件） 1.Jack has ________ bread _______Leo. 2. Peter has ________ bread ________ Jack. 3. Peter has __________ bread of all. 4. Jack has ___________ bread of all. Look at the pictures of Nancy, Millie and Amy. （见课件） 5. Nancy has _______ apples _______ Millie. 6. Amy has _______ apples _______ Millie. 7. Nancy has _____________ apples of all. 8. Amy has _______________ apples of all. Step V. Homework (1) Revise the new drills of this lesson. (2) Preview the next lesson. (3) Finish the exercises. Period 8 Speak up & Pronunciation Teaching aims and demands: 1. Can talk about different schools. 2. Can read the dialogue and the sentences in right intonations. 3. Know that we make our voice fall at the end of an affirmative sentence. 4. Know that we make our voice rise at the end of a sentence to show surprise. Teaching difficulties and importance: 1. Talk about different schools. 2. Showing surprise. Teaching preparation: recorder Teaching steps: Step I. Lead-in Review something about Beijing Sunshine Secondary School, Woodland School and Rocky Mountain High School. Step II. Pre-task T: How many Grade 8 classes are there at our school? S: (There are 8.) T: How many classmates do you have? S: (There are 48.) T: How many Computer Studies lessons do you have each week? S: (I have two.) T: … Step III. While-task Task 1 T: We have 8 Grade 8 classes, 48 classmates and two Computer Studies each week. But what about John and Daniel? Listen to the tape and answer: How many Grade 8 classes are there at Daniel’s/John’s school? Whose school has more Grade 8 classes? How many classmates does Daniel/John have? Who has fewer classmates? How many Computer Studies lessons does Daniel/John have each week? Who has the most Computer Studies lessons? Task 2 Listen again and read after it. Practice the dialogue and act it.(4 pairs) Make new dialogues and act them.(4 pairs) Task 3 A dialogue. Laura is Amy and Sandy’s classmate. She is good at playing basketball. But she hurt her leg on Monday. Let’s listen to the tape and answer: Where does she have to stay for a month? How long can’t she play basketball? Point out: can=be able to Tell the differences between them. Task 4 Listen again and read after it. (Pay attention to the pronunciation.) Practice the dialogue and act it. Explain how to show surprise while speaking. Task 5 Finish Part B on Page 34. According to the rule to finish Part B. Listen to the tape and check their an
一、素质教育呼唤因材施教
素质教育作为一种新的教学理念, 其以提高国民的整体素质为目标, 以促进每个人的全面发展为宗旨, 使每个学生都得到“最优发展”, 给现代教学注入新的活力。这个目标没有否认学生差异的客观实际, 而是以注重学生个性的发展为出发点, 促使每个学生个性得到充分的张扬。这就表明开展因材施教的必要性, 只有尊重、承认差异, 才能更有效地促进学生个体的更好发展。
柳斌同志在《三谈关于素质教育的思考》中说:“转变教育思想应着重提出两方面:以德育人是大根本, 因材施教乃总法则。之所以把因材施教称为‘总法则’, 原因就在于它在教育快速发展的今天, 其内涵不断丰富起来, 成为了有助于每一个国民发展个性和养成健全人格的必须遵循的一条最重要的、最基本的教学原则。”长期以来, 因材施教原则在制定教育政策和方针的过程中体现了其重要价值。因此, 从某种程度上讲, 素质教育呼唤因材施教, 因材施教是现代教学实施素质教育的重要策略。
二、因材施教的具体创新措施
素质教育的全面推广, 为因材施教营造了良好的舆论环境, 在新时期大力提倡因材施教的创新教学模式势在必行。笔者尝试从初中英语课程实践中, 探索素质教育下因材施教的创新措施, 为新时期因材施教的发展添砖铺路。
1.备 课 分 层 , 实 地 制 定 教 学 目 标 , 设 计 教学过程 , 为 因 材施教提供支撑。
备好课是上好课的前提, 是提高教学质量的关键。根据教材和课程标准的要求, 教师应按不同层次学生的实际情况, 分层次备课, 具体制定教学目标, 这是一切教学活动的出发点, 为因材施教提供支撑。教师不仅要游刃有余、深入浅出地驾驭和讲解教材, 而且要因材施教, 根据每位学生的实际情况, 设计出适合不同层次学生参与的教学内容和课堂提问, 调动每位学生的学习积极性, 鼓励各层次学生表现自己。此外, 训练技能也要注意层次和梯度, 从而帮助他们树立学习英语的信心。
2.建立灵活多样的课堂教学模式, 为因材施教提供主阵地。
课堂是贯彻因材施教的主要阵地, 这就需要教师在良好的教学环境下创建灵活多样的教学模式, 多尝试情景教学、社会实践教学等新型教学模式, 代替传统的单一的传授式教学方式, 由过去单调记忆知识变为将英语融入生活的新型教学模式;多以Pairwork, groupwork形式, 开展游戏、辩论、模拟采访、制作海报、英语小品或话剧表演等活动;课程内容可以丰富多样, 如生活课堂的开展, 教唱一首经典英文歌, 阅读报纸, 英文写作课, 诗歌欣赏, 美文摘抄, 开设英语角, 等等, 形成学校特色, 这些都在课程建设中发挥着积极的补充完善的作用, 为因材施教的实施提供新的场所和空间。
3.适当整合课程教材, 为因材施教提供保证。
因材施教内涵的拓展在于人们对“材”这一核心词理解的延伸。一般而言, 一所学校同一年级的学生往往接受的是一样的教材、教学进度和教学要求, 还没有适合差异化教学的教材, 因材施教的理念在教材中也没有具体的体现, 那么在这样的环境下要求学校, 要求老师们“因材施教”, 真有“巧妇难为无米之炊”之感。所以编写出适应每个学生发展的教材是关键。可以建议以英语教材为核心, 利用现有的资源, 开拓教与学的渠道, 更新教学方式, 努力使学生尽可能多地从不同渠道、以不同形式接触和学习英语, 亲身感受和直接体验语言及语言运用, 积极探索初中英语课程资源的整合的教学创新之路。
4.运用现代教育技术实施因材施教的革命性变化。
科学技术发展的现代化, 带来教育教学技术手段的现代化, 也为实施因材施教提供新的技术支撑, 新课程理念下的英语教学, 已经不再是传统的教师讲解、学生死记硬背。初中英语新课程教学要充分考虑学生的特点, 有效利用整合多媒体课件、投影仪、电视、电影等各种学习资源, 注重与学生的交流, 因材施教, 真正达到新课程理念下实施高效英语课堂教学的目的, 使得学习效率大幅提高, 学生的学习过程更充满欢乐。简言之, 新技术革命冲击下的因材施教走上了新的发展轨道, 有利于激发学生的学习兴趣, 集中注意力, 提高学习效率。
三、结语
“因材施教”经历了两千多年而不衰 , 表现出极强的生命力, 对于素质教育背景下的“因材施教”, 位于教育教学“第一阵线”的教师依旧需要不懈努力, 积极探索分层教学、小组教学等全新的教学模式, 灵活运用现代教育技术, 为每一位学生的充分发展营造良好的社会环境和家庭教育氛围, 从而更好地为新时代的教育教学服务, 在教育史上谱写出新的篇章。
摘要：本文结合当下素质教育提出的育人理念, 对因材施教进行研究, 在此基础上解读因材施教对于课程改革深化的必要性, 剖析探索素质教育下因材施教的创新空间, 从而解决现实教育中存在的问题, 为教学培养全面发展的创造性人才提供理论支撑。
关键词：江苏牛津初中英语教学,因材施教,创新措施
参考文献
[1]柳斌.三谈关于素质教育的思考[J].人民教育, 1996 (9) .
[2]苏霍姆林斯基著, 杜殿坤编译.给教师的一百条建议[M].教育科学出版社, 2005.
[3]冯建华.因材施教新论——[M].理论及其教育学意义.教育研究与实验, 1996 (2) .
[4]邱兴荣.谈正确实施因材施教原则[J].中小学教育与管理, 2005 (9) .
关键词：初中；英语；创新教育
中图分类号：G632 文献标识码：B 文章编号：1002-7661（2015）08-365-01
在大力提倡素质教育和创新教育的大背景下，新的英语课程标准颁布了，新的教材也踏着坚实的步伐，走进了我们的课堂。译林版牛津初中英语首先在苏州地区和南京市区进行了使用，一轮下来，教材在2012年在原有基础上又一次进行了调整，继而在全省全面铺开。作为教改实验区的老师，面对新课标和新教材，要准备的事情可真不少：要改变以往已成习惯的教学模式；要采取师生互动和讨论的形式上课；要培养学生自主、合作、探究的学习方式；要创造民主、和谐、平等的教学环境；更要关注学生的全面发展和个体差异、不均衡发展等。
译林版牛津初中英语2012版到目前为止已经使用完整的一轮了，从当初的激动难抑，有些束手无策，到今天的静如止水。对新教材的评价应该说是客观、公正、理性了。翻开新教材，我的第一感觉就是进入了一个绚烂多彩的英语世界，这里有精美的卡通漫画，有主题鲜明的单元文章，还有独具特色的综合性学习活动……这一切均给教师提供了广阔的创新发挥领域。相比以前的教材，这一套书她一改过去的沉重和单调，有追求，更有创新，给人一种焕然一新的感觉。
一、轻松自由的教学
新教材前五册各设了八个单元，在数量上较以前增加了两个单元，在9年级下册还是开设四个单元，每个单元按有各不相同的知识能力和情感目标，教学重点和难点突出，使教师能够避免传统的说教。教学有法，但无定法。在教学时，每位施教者可以根据自己的实际教学情况，根据学生的具体情况，有所侧重地把教学顺序进行自主的调整。比如，在八年级下册的教学时，因为Unit 1，Unit 2和 Unit 3的语法都是讲现在完成时，我就做出了一定的调整，先把三个单元的语法进行了整合，从易到难，花了一个星期的时间进行专门系统的学习，让学生对一个全新的语法结构进行消化理解，从而更好地吸收并以有效学习呈现。这样的改动纯粹是个人需要，因此教师在教学时自由了许多，不必拘泥于形式了。
二、文章话题的生活化
《牛津初中英语》的单元内容联系社会生活，贴近学生的生活实际，富有时代气息，体现时代精神，符合素质教育的要求，尤其是这些话题符合学生年龄及其心理特征。通过学习，学生学会了如何介绍自己；理解一些中西方国家不同的节日，比如西方的万圣节和中国的农历春节；了解了当今学生感兴趣的时尚话题：时装表演、自己做时装设计师等；还有当今全球各国都在关注的环境保护这一话题，学生对于这些不同知识的学习非常感兴趣，这些内容也充分拓宽了学生的知识面。比如在学习“Good manners”这一单元时，学生学到了很多在英国的一些礼仪如就餐礼仪等，真正贴近了学生的生活。
三、心旷神怡的活动
《牛津初中英语》每一册的每一个单元均有一个Integrated Skills（综合技能）和Task（任务板块），讲听、说、读、写揉合在一起进行综合训练，每次活动都给学生良好的实践机会。如“This is me！”是学生认识了很多同学，也更了解了自己；“Sunshine for all”&“International charities”帮助学生学会关心和爱护社会上的其他落实群体，积极投身到一些慈善活动中去，特别是为像希望工程、联合国儿童基金会等捐献爱心，尽自己一份微薄的力量；“Friends”是学生清楚朋友之间应当坦诚相待，要相互帮助，拥有一些好的个人品质。这些活动学生都可以以小组的形式进行，他们在活动中主动地合作学习，学到了英语知识，加强了使用英语的能力，锻炼了口语交际，培养了探索精神，充实了写作内容，体会到了无穷的乐趣。
四、真实美好的情感
新教材强调学生要有感而发，要勇于抒发真情，让学生真正走入课堂，勇于把内心的真实感受表达出来，并且与大家共享，于是他们觉得上英语课真实、美好。比如在教学Reading“ORBIS”后，我给学生提出一个问题：加入你作为一名非常出色的眼科医生，你会放弃良好的工作环境和丰厚的待遇去投身“ORBIS”吗？你是怎么看的？学生围绕课文内容，结合社会现实，展开了热烈的讨论，一致表示人活着处理追求物质需要外，更需要精神支柱，社会的进步要每一个社会人尽自己的力量，这样的活动进一步净化了学生的心灵。新教材强调师生互动、协作，通过与学生民主、平等的交流，师生间心理距离拉近了，教师有居高临下的权威，转化为和谐相处的益友，教师平等、主动地参与到学生之间，与学生相互交流、相互沟通、相互启发、相互补充，这就建立起一个相互接纳、宽容的课堂气氛，达到教师以及学生与学生共识、共享、共进，实现教学相长和共同发展，让每一个学生觉得学习是快乐的，课堂是美好的，成功是可望也可及的。
【考点透视】
在近年高考英语试题中，单项填空部分直接涉及到主谓一致的内容不是十分频繁，但是这并不是说主谓一致不重要，一方面在试题的其他方面有一定程度的体现，另一方面说明在今后的单选命题中考查主谓一致的几率更高。有关主谓一致的考点主要分布在：语法结构对主谓一致的影响；充当主语的词汇意义对主谓一致的影响；复合句中的主谓一致等。
主谓一致指的是谓语动词与主语在人称和数方面的一致。主谓一致有三项原则，即：语法一致、意义一致和就近一致原则是在特殊情况下对语法一致的补充。这里就一些情况作如下说明：
（一）当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，谓语常用单数。如：
Five minutes is enough to do this exercise.
（二）不定代词each，every，no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数。如：
Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future.
（三）不定式、动名词作主语时谓语动词用单数。
（四）从句作主语时：
1．what引导的主语从句，谓语动词视情况而定。
What we need is more time. / What we need are more teachers.
2．在“one of + 复数名词 + who / that”引导的从句中的动词用复数，但当one之前有the only等修饰语时，从句中的动词则用单数。如：
This is one of the girls who were late for the meeting.
This is the only one of the girls who was late for the meeting.
（五）以and连接的两个名词作主语时谓语动词通常用复数。如：
Walking and riding are good exercises.
但在以下几种情况中用单数：
1．当被修饰的两个单数名词在意义上指的是同一个人、物或概念时。如：
The girl’s teacher and friend is a young doctor.
2．当被连接的两个单数名词表示的是一副用具时。
A knife and fork is on the table.
（六）有些以-s结尾的名词作主语时，根据其意思来决定谓语动词的单复数：
1．表示学科名称的名词→单数；
2．国家或团体名称→单数；
3．the Olympic Games→复数；
4．当复数同形的名词，如：means，works等。
Every means has been tried. / All means have been tried.
（七）集体名词作主语时，视其意义来决定谓语动词的单复数：
1．police，people等名词→复数；
2．clothing，equipment，furniture等名词→单数；
3．family，class，public，population等名词表示个体时→单数；表示单位成员时→复数；
（八）all，most，half，the rest等不定代词作主语时，视其所代的名词或意思来决定谓语动词的单复数。
（九）a lot of/ lots of，a large quantity of等量词 + 名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由这些量词后的名词决定。如：
A large quantity of people are needed here.
但large quantities of修饰可数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：
Large quantities of food / books are on the table.
（十）a kind of／kinds of作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由kind决定，type也是这样。如：
This kind of men is dangerous. / Men of this are dangerous.
（十一）分数或百分数 + 名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由分数或百分数后的名词决定。
（十二）more than one ...，many a ...作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：
Many a student has read the book.
（十三）or，either ... or ...，neither ... nor ...，not only ... but (also) ...等连接并列主语时，谓语动词与就近的主语一致。
（十四）主语后面跟有like，as well as / with/ along with/ together with，except/ but / rather than， including/ besides/ in addition to等词组时，谓语根据主语而定。如：
The teacher together with his students was excited.
【题例精析】
【例1】- Mike, what did our monitor say just now?
- Every boy and every girl as well as teachers who _______ to visit the museum _______ asked to be at the school gate before 6:30 in the morning. （南京一中卷）
A. is; is B. are; are
C. is; are D. are; is
【易错点悟】解答该题的关键是要理解题干结构，把握以every, no, each 等限定的并由and连接的两个并列名词用作主语时的主谓一致以及定语从句中的主谓一致。
【要点精析】该题为一个带有定语从句的复合句，句中作定语的关系代词who指代先行词teachers，为复数，故谓语动词该用are；as well as连接两个主语时，谓语动词要根据前一个主语决定；由 every, no, each 等限定的并由and连接的两个并列名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
【答案】D
【例2】 What the remote areas need _____ education to children and what the children need _____ good textbooks at the moment. （2007山东枣庄3月交流卷）
A. is; are B. are; is
C. was; were D. were; was
【易错点悟】解答该题关键是要注意由特殊疑问词what引导的主语从句作主语时的主谓一致关系。
【要点精析】一般情况下，what引导主语从句，常表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式，但当它所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词要用复数形式。该题强调现在，用一般现在时态。
【答案】A
【专项检测】
1. Whom _______ this pair of glasses belong to and whose ________ the glasses on the table?
A. does; is B. do; are C. does; are D. do; is
2. There _______ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.
A. are B. is C. has D. have
3. The United States of America ________ one of the most developed countries in the world.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
4. “All ______ present and all ________ going on well,” our monitor said.
A. is; is B. are; are C. are; is D. is; are
5. I have finished a large part of the book, the rest of which _________ very difficult.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
6. The trouble with such resources as coal, oil and gas ______ that they are not renewable.
A. has been B. are C. have been D. is
7. More than one example _______ necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.
A. should be B. is C. are D. have been
8. Although many of the houses in the small town ______ still in need of repair, there _______ lots of improvement in their appearance.
A. are; has been B. is; have been
C. is; are D. are; was
9. Going to bed early and getting up early _________ a good habit.
A. is B. are C. were D. was
10. The police _______ asked that anyone who saw the accident should get in touch with _______.
A. have; them B. has; him C. have; him D. has; them
11. My friend and classmate Paul ________ horse-riding in his spare time.
A. practice B. practices C. is practiced. D. is practicing
12. People like beautiful things, but the beautiful________ not always the useful.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
13. ―Are you very anxious?
―Yes. Ten minutes ________ like an hour when you are waiting for a phone call.
A. seem B. seems C. do D. does
14. On the wall ________ two large pictures of his parents.
A. hangs B. hanged C. hanging D. hang
15. That’s the one of the subjects that ___________ to start a conversation.
A. intends B. intend C. are intended D. is intended
16. I, who _________ your teacher, will try my best to help you with your study.
A. be B. am C. are D. is
17. Not only my brother but also I _______ good at painting. Both of us _________ good painters.
A. are; are B. am; are C. is; is D. are; is
18. Setting fire to the public buildings ________ highly dangerous and forbidden by law.
A. are B. is C. has D. were
19. _________ visitors to the UK were asked by newspaper reporters what their impressions of the British people were.
A. The number of B. A number of C. Numbers of D. Any numbers of
20. The first two questions were easy, but the rest of them _______ not.
A. was B. were C. being D. to be
21. “The public _______ the best judge.” means “the public always ______ their thoughts correctly.”
A. are; express B. are; expresses
C. is; express D. is; express
22. This kind of cakes ______ good while cakes of that kind ________ different.
A. taste; are B. tastes; are C. smells; is D. look; are
23. Where to find the teacher and where to do the experiment _________.
A. are not known B. is not known
C. has not known D. have not known
24. The manager or his secretary ______ to give you an interview.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
25. That they have cheated the boys ________ now clear to us all.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
26. The old ________ taken good cave of in our country.
A. is B. has C. are D. have
27. It seems to me that what Lucy saw and heard ________ very interesting.
A. was B. were C. is D. are
28. Every means _______ tried, but in vain.
A. have been B. has been C. are D. is
29. Many a boy and many a student ________ looking forward to visiting the United States of America at present.
A. are B. were C. is D. was
30. E-mail, as well as telephones, _______ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
31. Though small, the ant is as much a creature as _______ all other animals on earth.
A. are B. is C. do D. have
32. Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that _______ not fully understood.
A. are B. were C. is D. was
33. Everybody in our country, men and women, old and young, ________ sports and games.
A. are fond of B. enjoys C. go in for D. take part in
34. There are _______ flowers shown in the park and ________ people go to have a look.
A. varieties of; various B. a plenty of; many
C. various; many a D. quite a few; quite a little
35. An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories _________ to be built here.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
36. The engineer and worker referred to ____________ to design something.
A. be going B. are going C. be likely D. is going
37. As a result of destroying the forests, a large _______ of desert _________ covered the land.
A. number; has B. quantity; has
C. number; have D. quantity; have
38. -The education system rather than the teachers _____ to answer for the overburden on the students.
-I agree. I hope the reform being carried out in our country will hang about the _______ results.
A. me; desired B. is; desired
C. are; desiring D. is; desiring
39. His Selected Poems ________ first published in 1986.
A. were B. was C. has been D. is
40. Writing stories and articles ________ what she enjoys most.
A. is B. have been C. was D. were
41. Each of the students in our class ______ great interest in English and they each ______ a copy of A New English-Chinese Dictionary.
A. shows; have B. have; has C. is; have D. takes; has
42. The factory, including its machines and buildings, ________ burnt last night.
A. is B. are C. were D. was
43. The White family _______ very large. All the family _______ animal lovers.
A. is; are B. is; is C. are; is D. are; are
44. Large quantities of fruit ________ all over the world from China today.
A. is shipped B. are shipped C. has Shipped D. have shipped
45. In our country each boy and each girl _______ the right to receive a good education.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
【答案解析】
1．C。“this / the pair of + 名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数；glasses，trousers，clothes等复数名词作主语，谓语动词则用复数。
2．B。There be句型中，主语不止一个时，遵循“就近一致”的原则，即谓语与邻近的主语保持人称和数的一致。
3．A。表示国家，组织、单位的名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。
4．C。不定代词all作主语，指人时，谓语动词常用复数；指物时，谓语动词常用单数。
5．A。“the rest of + 名词”作主语，谓语动词的数与中心名词保持一致，这里which指代the book．故用is。
6．D。the trouble / problem with ...意为“由……带来的问题；……存在的问题”。题中：the trouble为主语部分的中心词。
7．B。many a(许多) + 单数可数名词或more than one(不止一个) + 单数可数名词作主语时，常遵循“语法一致”的原则，即主语是单数，谓语也用单数。
8．A。此处improvement是不可数名词。
9．A。当and连接两个或两个以上的词、短语或句子作主语且表示同一概念时，谓语动词用单数。
10．A。police，people，cattle等表示“总称”的名词作主语时，谓语动词常用复数。
11．B。Paul既是我的朋友还是我的同学，主语指的是一个人，故谓语动词用单数，且根据题意，此处需用一般现在时态的主动语态。
12．C。the + 形容词/ -ing形式/ 过去分词(表示-类人或事物)做主语时，谓语动词常用复数，但表示一种抽象概念或品质时，谓语动词常用单数。题中the beautiful is not always the useful意为“好看的不一定总是有用的”。
13．B。表示时间、距离、金额数量等的名词作为一个整体作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。
14．D。这是一个倒装句，主语是复数形式，故谓语动词用复数。
15．D。be intended to do / for意为“被打算……”。先行词为one of ...结构时，定语认句中的谓语动词用复数形式；先行词为 the (only) one of ...结构时，从句中谓语动词用单数。
16．B。关系代词作主语，定语从句中的谓语动词应与先行词保持人称和数的一致。
17．B。not only ... but also，either ... or，neither ... nor，not ... but等结构连接并列主语时，谓语动词的数应遵循“就近一致”的原则。
18．B。不定式、-ing形式短语或名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。注意：当what引导的从句作主语，且表语为名词时，谓语动词的数常由表语的数决定。
19．C。答案B、D本身就错误的，A表示“……的数目”，C表示“许多”，依据谓语是were，选C。
20．B。本题的要点是half of，the rest of，plenty of修饰可数或不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数还是复数，视具体情况而定。如果of后面是不可数名词，谓语用单数，如果of后面是可数名词，则谓语用复数形式。
21．D。本题的变化点是集合名词若作整体看待，谓语用单数；若看作一个个成员时，谓语用复数。
22．B。本题考查知识点是：由 a kind of，this kind of，many kinds of和“名词+ of this kind”等以及由与kind意义相似的 type，sort等构成的类似短语作主语时，谓语动词与of前的名词保持数的一致。
23．A。本题考查知识点是不定式做主语时谓语动词的数。句子结构是“疑问词+to do and+疑问词+to do”，谓语动词应为复数形式。但如果两个疑问词加不定式在句中作主语表示一件事的两个侧面，则谓语动词用单数。
24．A。谓语就近一致。
25．A。名词性从句作主语，谓语动词通常用单数。
26．C。定冠词置于形容词或分词前表示“一类人”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
27．A。主语从句后动词用单数。
28．D。means单复数同形，every means意为“每种方法”，故谓语动词用单数形式。
29．C。“many a + 单数名词”作主语，谓语用单数。
30．A。句中的主语是e-mail，不包括as well as telephones。
31．A。此句中的第二个as引导一个限制性定语从句，并在从句中作表语。先行词creature被as修饰，所以定语从句要用as引导。因定语从句的主语是复数名词all other animals，所以谓语用are。全句意思：尽管蚂蚁很小，但它和地球所有其它动物一样都是生物。as much ... as ... 意为“与……一样多的……”、“与……同样”。又如：He has as much interest in politics as in history.他对政治与历史同样感兴趣。 She spent twice as much money on clothing as I do. 她花在衣服上的钱是我花的两倍。
32．A。这里由引导的定语从句修饰复数名词elements，所以定语从句中的that代替的复数意义的名词，其谓语应该用复数形式；这里谈到的是现实存在的事实，排除B项。
33．D。everybody是主语。
34．A。plenty of前不应有a，many a 接“单数名词+单数动词”，quite a little后不能修饰people。
35．A。句中主语是an iron and steel works“一家钢铁厂”，谓语应用单数。
36．D。如果and连接的两个同是指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语一般用单数。
37．B。a large quantity of后面跟的是不可数名词desert，而且谓语动词是has。
38．B。the education system是主语，谓语动词应用单数；the desired results意为“期望的结果”。
39．B。以s结尾的书刊名、国名、组织名作主语时，谓语仍用单数。
40．A。单个动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
41．A。each作主语，谓语动词用单数，作同位语时，谓语动词用复数。
42．D。主语部分含有including，with, together with, rather than, as well as, except等短语时，谓语都应与前边的主语保持一致。
43．A。family，team，government等名词侧重表示整体概念时，谓语动词常用单数；指成员时，谓语动词常用复数。
44．B。“large quantities of +名词”作主语，谓语动词常用复数；a large quantities of + 名词作主语，谓语动词的数由所修饰的名词来定。ship此处意为“用船或飞机运输”。
throughout : prep.遍及,贯穿 如: 全世界 throughout the world
全年 ___________ the year
adv.到处,始终 如:这栋楼全部被粉刷了.
The building is painted___________.
在大学里的整个四年他都在图书馆度过他的业余时间.
_________________________________________________________.
2. That is why English is a lanuage with so many confusing rules.
confuse: vt.使混乱, 使糊涂
The present situation confuses me.
把---和---弄混
confuse sb./sth with sb./sth.
adj. confusing令人糊涂的,使人混乱的
那里的形势混乱无序. The situation there is confusing
confused 感到糊涂的,混乱的
心烦意乱
be confused in mind
( ) The ________situation of the chess game really ______ every member in the game-watching room.
A. confused, confused B. confusing, confused
C. confusing, has been confused D. confused, confuses
3.The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them.
be made up of :由---组成/ make up 组成
我班由二十三个女生和二十六个男生组成
Our class is made up of twenty-three girls and twenty-six boys.
十个不同的故事组成了这本书.
___________________________________________.
make up 和好/ 化妆/准备,安排/编造.请判断下面句子中是什么意思?
a.She always makes up carefully before she goes out.
b.Although they quarrel with each other now and then, the husband and his wife make up soon.
c.He couldn’t explain why he was late and finally made up a story that he had lost his key to his bike.
d.My mother asked the seller to make up a box with all kinds of candies in it.
4.They each had their own language and Anglo-Saxon developed from mixing these languages with Celtic.
have sth done
明天我要让人沿河种几棵树.________________________________________.
昨晚有人闯进了他的家里._________________________________________.
我要尽快把作业完成. ___________________________________________
develop v.发展/形成/冲洗(胶卷)
对---产生兴趣 _______ _____ _______ _____
养成---的习惯 _______ ______ _____ ______
我明天要去冲胶卷I’ll _____ my photos______ tomorrow.
n.development 随着---的发展
____ ___ ______ ____
一粒种子成长为一棵植物
the ______ of a seed ____ a plant
( )_____into a great port, Qingdao plays an important part in the _____of our province.
A.Developed;develop B. Having developed; development
C.Has development; developed D. Developing, develop
5.The language consisted of an Anglo-Saxon base plus words from the languages of Denmark and Norway.
consist of :由---组成
这个研究小组由两个中国专家和两个两个美国专家组成.
The research team _____ ____two Chinese experts and two American experts.
( )The opening province which ______ thirteen countries and four coastal
cities will quicken its paces of economic development.
A. make up B. consists of C.included D. is contained
6. pick up
a拾起,拿起 b买 c(用车)接某人或带货 d(偶然)获得,(无意间)学会 e 恢复健康 f 增加(速度,体重)
请说出下列句中pick up的意思
He is picking up these days in hospital.( )
He went to the supermarket to pick up a bookshelf.( )
I picked up some French words when I was in Paris lasr year.( )
My father picks me up on his way home from work every day.( )
The boy picked up the school bag and left for his home. ( )
His mother asked him not to eat too much sweet because he is picking up weight nowadays.( )
( ) You should ______ the remaining apples from the tree and then _____the bad ones.
A. pick up, pick out B. pick, pick up C. pick, pick out D. pick up, pick
7 Many factors contributed to the development of this new type of English.
contribute to 起促成作用/向---投稿/捐献
有人认为抽烟导致了他的早逝.
____________________________________________________.
他的粗心促成了这场事故的发生.
His carelessess_______ ______ the accident.
很多人多愿意把钱捐给希望工程.
Most people___ _____ ____ _______ _____ _____ ____ Project Hope.
她是个优秀的作家，已同时向好几家杂志投稿
She is a brilliant writer and she _____ _____ ____ ____several magazines at the same time.
contribution n. make contributions to 为---作出杰出的贡献
8.Despite the fact, French still had an impact on the English language.
despite prep: in spite of
Despite the terrible food served, we found the plane ride nice and comfortable.
尽管她有好许多人陪伴,她还是感到害怕
__________________________________________________________________
尽管他花了很多时间在音乐上,他还是不擅长.
He was not good at music _________________________________________.
( )_______ advanced years, my father is learning to drive.
A.Despite B. In spite C.Because of D. So
have an impact on :have influence on 对---有影响
You can never expect those TV programmes with violence to have good impact on children.
那一刻他的话对你有什么样的影响?
___________________________________________________________
9.This resulted in even more pairs of similar words.
result in 导致
This plane crash resulted in dozens of death.
他的粗心导致了比赛的失利.
___________________________________________.
result from由---引起的
他的迟到是由于他懒.
_______________________________________________.
10.At this point, many English people worked as servants who raised animals and cooked for the Normans.
point : at exact moment, particular time or state
在那一刻, 所有的战士跳出战壕想敌人冲去.
____ ____ ____, all of the soldiers jumped out of the trench and dashed to the enemy.
It was ____ ______ ____in his life when he was selected to play a small role in a filmof a famous film director. ( 一个转折点)
I can tell we are____ _____ ____ _____ success,and we just need to carry on patiently. (正要---)
point: the main idea contained in sth.said or done.
你在文章中确实将了几个令人信服的观点.
You did make some_______ ______ in your article.
point :分数,得分/尖,尖端
我校的篮球队在昨天的比赛中于五分的优势赢了比赛.
Our school basketball team won ____ ____ _____ in yesterday’s match.
务必在扔这根棒时,它的尖端刺进地面
Make sure that you throw the stick____ ___ ____ _____ ____ the floor.
v. 请你说话时不要指着我的鼻子好吗?
Would you please not ____ ____ my nose while you are talking?
这个男孩指着照片上的女士说她是他的妈妈.
The little boy____ ___ the lady on the photo and told us that she was his mother.
raise : 养育/饲养/举起/抬高./提起---
杰克在他的父母死后由他的阿姨抚养大.
Jack ____ _____by his aunt after his parents ____ _____.
When I was on the farm, I raised a lot of animals like cows and sheep.
他抬高嗓音好让他人听见.
He ____ ____ ____ to make himself _____by others.
跑过去的马扬起一阵尘土.
The running horses raised a cloud of dust.
( )The room was too cold for us to live,so we made a fire to get the temperature_______.
A. raised B. raising C.rise D. risen
11.By the latter half of the 14th century, English was adopted by all classes in England.
adopt 采用;采取,领养,接受
If you don’t have children of your own, why not consider ________(领养) one?
采纳他的建议_________________
adapt 使适应,使适合 (to/ for) /改编
恐怕他难以适应让一个妇女当他上司的主意.
I’m afraid he can’t ____ ____ _____ ____ ____having a woman as his boss.
这部电影是由他的小说改编的.
_________________________________________________.
12. because of 因为
I was out of temper because of what he told me.
由于,因为 owing ____ /due___ /____ account of / ____ reason of
( ) It was only _____what he had done that we were scolded.
A. because B. as C. because of D. thanks to
13.Identifying these details will help you understand a sequence of events and how pieces of information relate to the rest of the text.
A relates to B A与 B有关(联系)
A is related to B A与 B有关系
relate A to B 把A,B联系---起来
( ) ---Is the river _____ the accident?
---I don’t think so.
A. related with B. related to C. have something to do with D. do
14. The boy was taken to hospital right away. Plus, the beautiful view of the park is spoiled.
plus: 加上/ in addition 除---之外(还)---
The cost is a pound plus 50 pence for postage.
这个工作需要经验加谨慎。
This work needs ______ _____ _____ .
There is , in addition , one further point to make.
plus: 略大的
All the children here are twelve plus.
他一年挣了两万多一点。
He earns $20,000 a year ____.
注意：当主语由In addition, besides, as well as, but, except, with, together with, along with, including--- 连接时,谓语动词的单复数与前一部分主语保持一致.
当主语由or, either---or---. Neither--- nor--- ,not only--- but also---连接是,谓语动词的单复数要遵循就近原则.
( ) The teacher,in addition with his students ______ going to the cinema today.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
spoil v. 破坏/搞坏/糟蹋/毁掉
天气不好,破坏了我们露营旅行
Our camping trip was spoiled by bad weather.
她的几个孩子被她宠坏了.
She spoils those kids of hers.
( ) The tall buildings have _______ the view.
A. spoiled B. destroyed C. damaged D. attacked
15. You should buy additional litter bins and sort out security to stop people littering.
sort out 1. sort itself out 问题自行化解.
问题最后都会自行解决.
It will all _____ _____ _____ in the end.
2.sort sth. out 理顺,整理/把---安排妥当
你的桌子需要整理一下了.
Your desk needs _____ _____
你要去车站的话,能不能把明天的车票买好?
If you are going to the bus station, ___________________________?
3. sort sth./sb./yourself out. 妥善处理--- 的问题
4. sort sb. out 整治,惩罚, 收拾
等他落到我的手里, 我马上会收拾他.
Wait till I get my hands on him, I’ll soon sort him out.
要是你能等一会儿, 我就可以把什么都给你弄好.
_________________________________________________.
( ) It was difficult _____ the lies from the truth.
A. to be sort out B. to sort out C. sorting out D. sort out
16 .But the question is what if I still cannot understand the meanings.
what if 如果---怎样?
假如我们把画移到这里来怎么样?你是否觉得看起来好一些?
What if we move the picture over here?Do you think it’ll look better?
假如我不能及时完成任务又怎样呢?
________________________________________?
17.Languages keep borrowing words from other laguages.
keep doing 不断, 一直, 老是做某事(连续不断,或反复发生)
keep on doing 1. 不断,老是做某事(动作之间略有间隔).如果表示连续不断的动作或持续的状态, 则只能用 keep doing sth.
2. 继续做某事
我希望你别老打岔.
I wish you wouldn’t ________________.
中饭以后他一直在睡觉.
He _______________________ after lunch.
孩子们老是要我带他们去动物园.
The children keep________________ take them to the zoo.
雨整整下了两天两夜.
It kept _____________________for two days and two nights.
18. He set a standard for how people were to speak English
set 制定(规则,标准),确定(时间,数量)
你们婚礼的日期定了吗?
Have you____ ____ ______ _____ your wedding?)
政府对加薪作了严格的限制.
The government has___ ____ ____ ____ pay increases.
他创造了一项世界记录.
He set a new world record.
19. At one time the department banned some ‘borrowed words’ from English.
ban--- from
禁止,取缔
我们政府禁止任何人罢工和示威游行.
Our government _____________________ strikes and demonstrations.
事故发生后,他被禁止开车了.
After the accident, he ________________________
禁书 __________________
禁止上映的电影_________________
20. The spread of ‘borrowed words’ is due to easily accessed television and radio programmes from across the world.
due to 因为,由于(不放在句首)(一般放在be动词后面)
He arrived late due to the storm.
His success is due to his teacher’s encouragement.
due 欠下的,应给的,应归于的,应得的
欠你的钱到月底前全部支付给你.
Any money that is ____ ____you will be paid before the end of the month.
我们由衷地感谢你们给予我们在拍电影中的帮助.
Our grateful thanks are due to you for your help in the making of the film.
due 约定的/预期的 /该发生的/ 应到达的
下一班去伦敦的火车应在四点钟到达
The next train to London is due at 4 o’clock.
我很快就要走了.
I am__________________________.
( )The wages _____ to him will be paid tomorrow.
A. due B. own C. owe D. owing
access 进入,入口/取得(接近)的方法(权利)
进入这座建筑物的唯一通道是一条泥泞的小路.
The only means of access to the building is along a muddy track.
我们每人都能很方便在图书馆借到书.
We each ____ ____ ____ ____ books in the library.
21. Travelling to Beijing takes up a loy of time.
take up开始花时间从事, 对---产生兴趣/打听,询问/占用了(空间/时间)
我妹妹开始迷上电脑游戏了.
My sister has_____ ____ _______ computer games.
约翰在大学时开始喜欢演戏了.
John took up acting while he was at college.
没有人理睬我的建议.
No one ____ ___ _____ ________ 这项工作占了大半个星期日.
The job took up most of Sunday.
你的这些箱子占用了太多的地方.______________________
22.In China a person who invites you to dinner might be upset if you do not try all of the dishes.
upset 使--- 心烦意乱v. make sb. upset
打乱了所有的安排v. upset all the arrangement
弄翻车 v. upset a truck
为---某事难过 adj. get upset ______ sth.
23. A confident person is someone that you can trust.
feel confident about 对---有信心
be confident of / that 对--- 有把握
have confidence in sb. 信赖某人
lack confidence 缺乏自信
他完全相信学生们的能力
He ____ _____ _____ the students’ abilities.
( ) I have every _____ in my secretary, she would do the right things.
A. knoweldge B. dependence C. belief D. confidence
24. up and down 上上下下
side by side 肩并肩地
shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地
neck and neck 并驾齐驱
face to face 面对面
arm in arm 臂挽臂地
heart to heart 推心置腹地
back and forth 来来回回地
in and out 里里外外地/彻底地
25.Not all characters are used to describe objects.
not all 部分否定. 句中all, every, both, many表示”都,每一个,许多”时,无论not放在主语部分还是谓语部分,都是部分部分否定.完全否定none, nothing, nobody, no one, neither.
判断下面句子是部分还是完全否定.
Not all the parts of the car will be made in the factory.
No student went to the cinema last night.
Both his parents are not abroad.
Neither of his parents is abroad.
Not every student likes singing.
None of the students like swimming.
26. opposite adj.对面的,另一面/对面的/相反的,迥然不同的
Answers are given____ ____ _____ ___ (在反面)
I watched them leave and then drove off ___________________________
向相反的方向驶去
Adv. There is a newly married couple living_________住在对面
n. Hot and cold are opposites
prep. live opposite the post office.
27.The Chinese language differs from many Western languages in that it uses characters which have meanings and can stand alone as words.
differ from v.
在这方面法语不同于英语
French_____ ____ _____ _____ this respect.
在这方面法语不同于英语
French and English differ in this respect.
differ with sb.about / on/over 与---关于某事意见不同
在这点上我不能同意你的看法.
I have to differ with you on this.
A be different from B adj.
Mary and Jane are quite different from each other
difference n.
have some difference between A and B
make a great difference
学习驾驶时有一个好教练,效果大不同
When you are learning to drive, having a good teacher makes a great differece.
( ) There is not much difference _____ price between the two computers.
A. between B. with C. of D. in
in that 既然, 因为
She was fortunate in that she had some friends to help her.
我的处境有点困难, 因为我的秘书在度假.
I’m in a slightly awkward position,______________________________________.
Useful Expressions in Unit 2, Module 3
一基础短语
1代表 stand for 2 手势语 sign language
3 欣慰的微笑 a beaming smile 4 盘旋 fly in circles
5通知某人某事 inform sb.of/about sth 6在整个历史上 throughout history
7难以理解的规则 confusing rules 8 由…组成 consist of/be made up of
9由…发展起来的 develop from 10 官方语言 official language
11 有助于 contribute to 12 控制住 take control of
13对…有影响 have an impact on 14 取代,替换…replace sth.by/with
15 导致 result in 16 在…的统治下 under the rule of
17 尽管 despite/in spite of 18 养动物 raise animals
19 上层阶级 upper class 20 普通百姓 common people
21 采纳你的建议 adopt your suggestion 22经历艰辛 undergo hardships
23说话风格 one’s style of speech 24 依靠,取决于 depend on/upon
25 记录历史 record the history of 26 母语 mother tongue/language
27做…有困难 have difficulty in doing 28 查阅生词 look up unknown words
29 答应做…promise to do 30 制定标准 set a standard
31 对…的禁令 a ban on 32 禁止某人做 ban sb.from doing sth
33 接近(某场所/某人) access to 34…的普及/蔓延 the spread of
35传播消息 spread the news 36 关心,在乎 care about
37 政府部门 a government department 38 和…不同 differ from
39 作为整体,总体上 as a whole 40 变成 turn into
41 使…和…结合 combine…with… 42 汉字 Chinese characters
43 外来语 borrowed words 44 由接近…的权利 have access to
二.短语拓展
1 另外 in addition 2 加以分类,解决问题 sort out
3对...感到糊涂的 feel/be confused about 4 存在于,在于 consist in
5依靠…做…depend on sb. to do 6 总的说来 on the whole
7 喜欢,照顾 care for 8 尽管 in spite of
9 接某人(上车) pick up 10 捐赠…给...contribute…to…
11 朝方向 in the direction of 12用法说明 directions for use
13 许诺 make a promise 14 简化字 simplified characters
15 被广泛使用 be widely used 16 许多 a large amount of
三.句型结构
1 It is certain that we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today.
2.Despite/In spite of this fact,French still had an impact on the English language.
3.As a whole ,the characters have from drawings into standard forms.
4.Not all characters are used to describe objects.
5.It happens that my new neighbour comes from my hometown.
6.It was last night that I read about the history of English.
7.It’s no good/use doing
江苏省启东中学高一英语Module 3 Unit 2 Language(教师用)
3. Throughout history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britian.
throughout : prep.遍及,贯穿 如: 全世界 throughout the world
全年 ___________ the year
adv.到处,始终 如:这栋楼全部被粉刷了.
The building is painted___________.
在大学里的整个四年他都在图书馆度过他的业余时间.
_________________________________________________________.
(Key:He spent all his spare time in the library throughout the four years in university.)
4. That is why English is a lanuage with so many confusing rules.
confuse: vt.使混乱, 使糊涂
The present situation confuses me.
把---和---弄混
confuse sb./sth with sb./sth.
adj. confusing令人糊涂的,使人混乱的
那里的形势混乱无序. The situation there is confusing
confused 感到糊涂的,混乱的
心烦意乱
be confused in mind
( ) The ________situation of the chess game really ______ every member in the game-watching room.
A. confused, confused B. confusing, confused
C. confusing, has been confused D. confused, confuses (key: B)
3.The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them.
be made up of :由---组成/ make up 组成
我班由二十三个女生和二十六个男生组成
Our class is made up of twenty-three girls and twenty-six boys.
十个不同的故事组成了这本书.
___________________________________________.
(key:Ten different stories make up this story.)
make up 和好/ 化妆/准备,安排/编造.请判断下面句子中是什么意思.
a.She always makes up carefully before she goes out. ( 化妆)
b.Although they quarrel with each other now and then, the husband and his wife make up soon. (和好)
c.He couldn’t explain why he was late and finally made up a story that he had lost his key to his bike. (编造)
d.My mother asked the seller to make up a box with all kinds of candies in it.
(准备)
4.They each had their own language and Anglo-Saxon developed from mixing these languages with Celtic.
have sth done
明天我要让人沿河种几棵树.________________________________________.
(Key: I’ll have some trees planted along the river.)
昨晚有人闯进了他的家里._________________________________________.
(Key: He had his house broken into last night)
我要尽快把作业完成. ___________________________________________
(Key: I’ll have my homework finished as soon as possible.)
develop v.发展/形成/冲洗(胶卷)
对---产生兴趣 _______ _____ _______ _____
(key:develop an interest in)
养成---的习惯 _______ ______ _____ ______
(key: develop the habit of)
我明天要去冲胶卷I’ll _____ my photos______ tomorrow.
(key: have---developed)
n.development 随着---的发展
____ ___ ______ ____(Key:with the development of---)
一粒种子成长为一棵植物
the ______ of a seed ____ a plant (key:development/into)
( )_____into a great port, Qingdao plays an important part in the _____of our province.
A.Developed;develop B. Having developed; development
C.Has development; developed D. Developing, develop (key: B)
5.The language consisted of an Anglo-Saxon base plus words from the languages of Denmark and Norway.
consist of :由---组成
这个研究小组由两个中国专家和两个两个美国专家组成.
The research team _____ ____two Chinese experts and two American experts.
( )The opening province which ______ thirteen countries and four coastal
cities will quicken its paces of economic development.
A. make up B. consists of C.included D. is contained (key: B)
6. pick up
a拾起,拿起 b买 c(用车)接某人或带货 d(偶然)获得,(无意间)学会 e 恢复健康 f 增加(速度,体重)
请说出下列句中pick up的意思
He is picking up these days in hospital.( )
He went to the supermarket to pick up a bookstore.( )
I picked up some French words when I was in Paris lasr year.( )
My father picks me up on his way home from work every day.( )
The boy picked up the school bag and left for his home. ( )
His mother asked him not to eat too much sweet because he is picking up weight nowadays.( ) (key: e, b, d, c, a, f )
( ) You should ______ the remaining apples from the tree and then _____the bad ones.
A. pick up, pick out B. pick, pick up C. pick, pick out D. pick up, pick
(key: C)
7 Many factors contributed to the development of this new type of English.
contribute to 起促成作用/向---投稿/捐献
有人认为抽烟导致了他的早逝.
____________________________________________________.
(Key:It was believed that smoking had contributed to his early death.)
他的粗心促成了这场事故的发生.
His carelessess_______ ______ the accident. ( Key: contributed to)
很多人多愿意把钱捐给希望工程.
Most people___ _____ ____ _______ _____ _____ ____ Project Hope.
(Key:are willing to contribute their money to)
她是个优秀的作家，已同时向好几家杂志投稿
She is a brilliant writer and she _____ _____ ____ ____several magazines at the same time.
(Key:contributes several articles to )
contribution n. make contributions to 为---作出杰出的贡献
8.Despite the fact, French still had an impact on the English language.
despite prep: in spite of
Despite the terrible food served, we found the plane ride nice and comfortable.
尽管她有好许多人陪伴,她还是感到害怕
__________________________________________________________________
(Key:Despite the fact that she was accompanied by many people, she still felt frightened.)
尽管他花了很多时间在音乐上,他还是不擅长.
He was not good at music _________________________________________.
(Key:despite his having spent much of his time on it.)
( )_______ advanced years, my father is learning to drive.
A.Despite B. In spite C.Because of D. So
have an impact on :have influence on 对---有影响
You can never expect those TV programmes with violence to have good impact on children.
那一刻他的话对你有什么样的影响?
___________________________________________________________
(Key:What kind of impact did his words have on you at that moment?)
9.This resulted in even more pairs of similar words.
result in 导致
This plane crash resulted in dozens of death.
他的粗心导致了比赛的失利.
___________________________________________.
(Key:arelessness resulted in the loss of the game.)
result from由---引起的
他的迟到是由于他懒.
_______________________________________________.
( Key: His being late for school resulted from his laziness.)
10.At this point, many English people worked as servants who raised animals and cooked for the Normans.
point : at exact moment, particular time or state
在那一刻, 所有的战士跳出战壕想敌人冲去.
____ ____ ____, all of the soldiers jumped out of the trench and dashed to the enemy. ( Key: At that point,)
It was ____ ______ ____in his life when he was selected to play a small roe in a filmof a famous film director. ( 一个转折点)(key: a turning poin )
I can tell we are____ _____ ____ _____ success,and we just need to carry on patiently. (正要---) (Key: on the point of )
point: the main idea contained in sth.said or done.
你在文章中确实将了几个令人信服的观点.
You did make some_______ ______ in your article.
(key:convincing points)
point :分数,得分/尖,尖端
我校的篮球队在昨天的比赛中于五分的优势赢了比赛.
Our school basketball team won ____ ____ _____ in yesterday’s match.
(key:by five points )
务必在扔这根棒时,它的尖端刺进地面
Make sure that you throw the stick____ ___ ____ _____ ____ the floor.
(Key: with its point sticking into)
v. 请你说话时不要指着我的鼻子好吗?
Would you please not ____ ____ my nose while you are talking? (key: point at )
这个男孩指着照片上的女士说她是他的妈妈.
The little boy____ ___ the lady on the photo and told us that she was his mother.
( Key: pointed to )
raise : 养育/饲养/举起/抬高./提起---
杰克在他的父母死后由他的阿姨抚养大.
Jack ____ _____by his aunt after his parents ____ _____.
( Key:was raised , passed away.)
When I was on the farm, I raised a lot of animals like cows and sheep.
他抬高嗓音好让他人听见.
He ____ ____ ____ to make himself _____by others.
(Key: raised his voice , heard )
跑过去的马扬起一阵尘土.
The running horses raised a cloud of dust.
( )The room was too cold for us to live,so we made a fire to get the temperature_______.
A. raised B. raising C.rise D. risen (key: A)
11.By the latter half of the 14th century, English was adopted by all classes in England.
adopt 采用;采取,领养,接受
If you don’t have children of your own, why not consider ________(领养) one?
采纳他的建议_________________(Key: adopt his suggestion)
adapt 使适应,使适合 (to/ for) /改编
恐怕他难以适应让一个妇女当他上司的主意.
I’m afraid he can’t ____ ____ _____ ____ ____having a woman as his boss.
(key:adapt to the idea of)
这部电影是由他的小说改编的.
_________________________________________________.
( key: This film is adapted from his novel.)
12. because of 因为
I was out of temper because of what he told me.
由于,因为 owing ____ /due___ /____ account of / ____ reason of
( ) It was only _____what he had done that we were scolded.
A. because B. as C. because of D. thanks to (Key: C )
13.Identifying these details will help you understand a sequence of events and how pieces of information relate to the rest of the text.
A relates to B A与 B有关(联系)
A is related to B A与 B有关系
relate A to B 把A,B联系---起来
( ) ---Is the river _____ the accident?
---I don’t think so.
A. related with B. related to C. have something to do with D. do with
(Key: B)
14. The boy was taken to hospital right away. Plus, the beautiful view of the park is spoiled.
plus prep:加上/ in addition 除---之外(还)---
The cost is a pound plus 50 pence for postage.
这个工作需要经验加谨慎。
This work needs ______ _____ _____ .(key: experience plus care )
There is , in addition , one further point to make.
plus adj: 略大的
All the children here are twelve plus.
他一年挣了两万多一点。
He earns $20,000 a year ____.
注意：当主语由In addition, besides, as well as, but, except, with, together with, along with, including--- 连接时,谓语动词的单复数与前一部分主语保持一致.
当主语由or, either---or---. Neither--- nor--- ,not only--- but also---连接是,谓语动词的单复数要遵循就近原则.
( ) The teacher,in addition with his students ______ going to the cinema today.
A. is B. are C. was D. were (key:A)
spoil v. 破坏/搞坏/糟蹋/毁掉
天气不好,破坏了我们露营旅行
Our camping trip was spoiled by bad weather.
她的几个孩子被她宠坏了.
She spoils those kids of hers.
( ) The tall buildings have _______ the view.
A. spoiled B. destroyed C. damaged D. attacked (key:A)
15. You should buy additional litter bins and sort out security to stop people littering.
sort out 1. sort itself out 问题自行化解.
问题最后都会自行解决.
It will all _____ _____ _____ in the end.
2.sort sth. out 理顺,整理/把---安排妥当
你的桌子需要整理一下了.
Your desk needs _____ _____ (key:sorting out.)
你要去车站的话,能不能把明天的车票买好?
If you are going to the bus station, ___________________________?
(key:can you sort out the tickets for tomorrow?)
3. sort sth./sb./yourself out. 妥善处理--- 的问题
4. sort sb. out 整治,惩罚, 收拾
等他落到我的手里, 我马上会收拾他.
Wait till I get my hands on him, I’ll soon sort him out.
要是你能等一会儿, 我就可以把什么都给你弄好.
_________________________________________________.
(key: If you can wait for a while, I’ll sort everything out for you.)
( ) It was difficult _____ the lies from the truth.
A. to be sort out B. to sort out C. sorting out D. sort out
( key: B)
16 .But the question is what if I still cannot understand the meanings.
what if 如果---怎样?
假如我们把画移到这里来怎么样?你是否觉得看起来好一些?
What if we move the picture over here?Do you think it’ll look better?
假如我不能及时完成任务又怎样呢?
________________________________________?
(Key:What if I can’t finish the task in time?)
17.Languages keep borrowing words from other laguages.
keep doing 不断, 一直, 老是做某事(连续不断,或反复发生)
keep on doing 1. 不断,老是做某事(动作之间略有间隔).如果表示连续不断的动作或持续的状态, 则只能用 keep doing sth.
2. 继续做某事
我希望你别老打岔.
I wish you wouldn’t ________________.(Key: keep (on) interrupting)
中饭以后他一直在睡觉.
He _______________________ after lunch.(key: kept sleeping)
孩子们老是要我带他们去动物园.
The children keep________________ take them to the zoo.(Key:on asking me to)
雨整整下了两天两夜.
It kept _____________________for two days and two nights.( Key:raining)
18. He set a standard for how people were to speak English
set 制定(规则,标准),确定(时间,数量)
你们婚礼的日期定了吗?
Have you____ ____ ______ _____ your wedding?( Key: set a date for )
政府对加薪作了严格的限制.
The government has___ ____ ____ ____ pay increases. (key: set strict limits on )
他创造了一项世界记录.
He set a new world record.
19. At one time the department banned some ‘borrowed words’ from English.
ban--- from
禁止,取缔
我们政府禁止任何人罢工和示威游行.
Our government _____________________ strikes and demonstrations.
( key: bans anyone from)
事故发生后,他被禁止开车了.
After the accident, he ________________________
(key: was banned from driving )
禁书 __________________ (key:banned books)
禁止上映的电影_________________(key:banned films)
20. The spread of ‘borrowed words’ is due to easily accessed television and radio programmes from across the world.
due to 因为,由于(不放在句首)(一般放在be动词后面)
He arrived late due to the storm.
His success is due to his teacher’s encouragement.
due 欠下的,应给的,应归于的,应得的
欠你的钱到月底前全部支付给你.
Any money that is ____ ____you will be paid before the end of the month.
我们由衷地感谢你们给予我们在拍电影中的帮助.(key: due to)
Our grateful thanks are due to you for your help in the making of the film.
due 约定的/预期的 /该发生的/ 应到达的
下一班去伦敦的火车应在四点钟到达
The next train to London is due at 4 o’clock.
我很快就要走了.
I am__________________________.(key: due to leave quite soon.)
( )The wages _____ to him will be paid tomorrow.
A. due B. own C. owe D. owing (key: A)
access 进入,入口/取得(接近)的方法(权利)
进入这座建筑物的唯一通道是一条泥泞的小路.
The only means of access to the building is along a muddy track.
我们每人都能很方便在图书馆借到书.
We each ____ ___ ____ __ books in the library. (Key: have easy access to)
21. Travelling to Beijing takes up a loy of time.
take up开始花时间从事, 对---产生兴趣/打听,询问/占用了(空间/时间)
我妹妹开始迷上电脑游戏了.
My sister has_____ ____ _______ computer games.( key:taken up playing)
约翰在大学时开始喜欢演戏了.
John took up acting while he was at college.
没有人理睬我的建议.
No one ____ ___ _____ ________ ( key: took up my suggestion.)
这项工作占了大半个星期日.
The job took up most of Sunday.
你的这些箱子占用了太多的地方.______________________
(key: These boxes of yours are taking up too much room.
22.In China a person who invites you to dinner might be upset if you do not try all of the dishes.
upset 使--- 心烦意乱v. make sb. upset
打乱了所有的安排v. upset all the arrangement
弄翻车 v. upset a truck
为---某事难过 adj. get upset ______ sth. ( key: about)
23. A confident person is someone that you can trust.
feel confident about 对---有信心
be confident of / that 对--- 有把握
have confidence in sb. 信赖某人
lack confidence 缺乏自信
他完全相信学生们的能力
He ____ _____ _____ the students’ abilities. (Key: is confident of)
( ) I have every _____ in my secretary, she would do the right things.
A. knoweldge B. dependence C. belief D. confidence
(key: D)
24. up and down 上上下下
side by side 肩并肩地
shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地
neck and neck 并驾齐驱
face to face 面对面
arm in arm 臂挽臂地
heart to heart 推心置腹地
back and forth 来来回回地
in and out 里里外外地/彻底地
25.Not all characters are used to describe objects.
not all 部分否定. 句中all, every, both, many表示”都,每一个,许多”时,无论not放在主语部分还是谓语部分,都是部分部分否定.完全否定none, nothing, nobody, no one, neither.
判断下面句子是部分还是完全否定.
Not all the parts of the car will be made in the factory.
No student went to the cinema last night.
Both his parents are not abroad.
Neither of his parents is abroad.
Not every student likes singing.
None of the students like swimming.
26. opposite adj.对面的,另一面/对面的/相反的,迥然不同的
Answers are given____ ____ _____ ___ (在反面) (key:on the opposite page.)
I watched them leave and then drove off ___________________________
向相反的方向驶去(Key:in the opposite direction.)
Adv. There is a newly married couple living_________住在对面(key:opposite)
n. Hot and cold are opposites
prep. live opposite the post office.
27.The Chinese language differs from many Western languages in that it uses characters which have meanings and can stand alone as words.
differ from v.
在这方面法语不同于英语
French_____ ____ _____ _____ this respect.
(Key:differs from English in)
在这方面法语不同于英语
French and English differ in this respect.
differ with sb.about / on/over 与---关于某事意见不同
在这点上我不能同意你的看法.
I have to differ with you on this.
A be different from B adj.
Mary and Jane are quite different from each other
difference n.
have some difference between A and B
make a great difference
学习驾驶时有一个好教练,效果大不同
When you are learning to drive, having a good teacher makes a great differece.
( ) There is not much difference _____ price between the two computers.
A. between B. with C. of D. in (key: D)
in that 既然, 因为
She was fortunate in that she had some friends to help her.
我的处境有点困难, 因为我的秘书在度假.
I’m in a slightly awkward position,______________________________________.
(key: in that my secretary is on holiday at the moment.)
Useful Expressions in Unit 2, Module 3
一基础短语
1代表 stand for 2 手势语 sign language
3 欣慰的微笑 a beaming smile 4 盘旋 fly in circles
5通知某人某事 inform sb.of/about sth 6在整个历史上 throughout history
7难以理解的规则 confusing rules 8 由…组成 consist of/be made up of
9由…发展起来的 develop from 10 官方语言 official language
11 有助于 contribute to 12 控制住 take control of
13对…有影响 have an impact on 14 取代,替换…replace sth.by/with
15 导致 result in 16 在…的统治下 under the rule of
17 尽管 despite/in spite of 18 养动物 raise animals
19 上层阶级 upper class 20 普通百姓 common people
21 采纳你的建议 adopt your suggestion 22经历艰辛 undergo hardships
23说话风格 one’s style of speech 24 依靠,取决于 depend on/upon
25 记录历史 record the history of 26 母语 mother tongue/language
27做…有困难 have difficulty in doing 28 查阅生词 look up unknown words
29 答应做…promise to do 30 制定标准 set a standard
31 对…的禁令 a ban on 32 禁止某人做 ban sb.from doing sth
33 接近(某场所/某人) access to 34…的普及/蔓延 the spread of
35传播消息 spread the news 36 关心,在乎 care about
37 政府部门 a government departmónt 3( 和…不同 differ from
39 作为整体,总体上 as a whole 40 变成 turn into
41 使…和结 combine…with… 42 汉字 Chinese characters
43 外来语 borrowed words 44 由接近…瘄权利 have access to
二.短语拓展1 另外 in addition 2 加以分类,解决问题 sort out 3对...感到糊涂的 feel/be confused about 4 存在于,在于 consist in
5依靠…做…depend on sb. to do 6 总的说来 on the whole
7 喜欢,照顾 care for 8 尽管 in spite of
9 接某人(上车) pick up 10 捐赠…给...contribute…to…
11 朝方向 in the direction of 12用法说明 directions for use
13 诺 make a promise 14 simplified characters
15 被乿泛使用 be widely used 16 许 a large amount of
三.句型结
1 It is certain that we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today.
2.Despite/In spite of this fact,French still had an impact on the English language.
3.As a whole ,the characters have from drawings into standard forms.
4.Not all characters are used to describe objects.
5.It happens that my new neighbour comes from my hometown.
6.It was last night that I read about the history of English.
7.It’s no good/use doing
补充词汇
1. booklet // n.小册子
2. transmit/ / vt.传输, 转送, 传达,
3. illustration []n.说明, 例证, 例子, 图表, 插图
4. emoticon n.// [计]由字符组成的图释,也称作Smiley,由emotion和icons合成
5. beam:n.梁，光束 beaming:adj.欢笑的
6. invasion []n.入侵
7. sequence []n.次序, 顺序, 序列
8. relevant []adj.有关的, 相应的
9. idiom []n.成语, 方言, 土语,习惯用语
10. discard []vt.丢弃, 抛弃v.放弃
11. addition []n.加, 加起来, 增加物, 增加, 加法
12. purchase []vt.买, 购买n.买, 购买
13. bin []n.箱柜
14. security []n.安全
15. permanent []adj.永久的, 持久的
16. entry []n.登录, 条目, 进入, 入口
17. preferable []adj.更可取的, 更好的, 更优越的
18. emphasize []vt.强调, 着重v.强调
19. confirm []vt.确定, 批准,
20. slurp[]n.啧啧吃的声音v.啜食
21. thumb []n.拇指
22. formulate []vt.用公式表示, 明确地表达, 作简洁陈述v.阐明
23. onion []n.洋葱
24. palm []n.手掌
25. offend []v.犯罪, 冒犯, 违反, 得罪
26. procedure[]n.程序, 手续
27. legend []n.传说,
28. simplify []vt.单一化, 简单化
29. assign []vt.分配, 指派
30. section []n.部分, 断片, 遨件
31. version [恆]n.文, 本
32. self-acsessment []adj.自称的, 自许的
33. anticipate []vt.预期, 期望
34. periodical []adj.周期的, 定期的n.期刊, 杂志
Class ____________Name ____________ No. ____________
Learning goals:
Ⅰ. Goals for knowledge:
1. To read some exhibition boards about the history of television and audio devices, and an article about the dangers of mobile phones
2. To listen to information about electronic dictionaries
3. To talk about how modern electronic devices affect our lives and help buy an electronic dictionary
4. Grammar: To review the usages of some major prepositions and learn how to use prepositional phrases correctly
Ⅱ. Goals for skills and strategies:
Speaking:
1. To develop speaking ability by discussing how different electrical and electronic devices reveal great changes that have been made to them over time
2. To discuss how to ask for information by telephone
Reading: To learn how to understand subtitles
Listening: To learn a listening skill by listening for what is most important
Writing: To write an e-mail to give advice
Acting: To make a list of the advantages and disadvantages of some modern electronic devices
Ⅲ. Goals for culture and emotions:
1. To know about the history of television and audio devices
2. To learn about the way that the electronic inventions affect our lives
Self-study work
Part Ⅰ. Welcome to the unit
1. Look at the following four pictures and discuss the following questions:
1) How important are watching TV and listening to music to you?
2) How have different electronic devices changed over time?
3) How have these inventions improved people’s lives?
2. Translate the following into English:
1)手机的危害 2)电子词典
3)提建议 4)列出……的利弊
5)有着模糊的图像 6)随着时代
7)在最近数十年里，技术上的发展成就一直令人惊异不已。
8)有了手机，无论在何处，我们都可以与别人保持联系。
Part Ⅱ. Reading
1. Skimming: go through the text as quickly as possible and answer the following questions
1) When did regular public TV broadcasting begin around the world?
2) What is WebTV?
3) What was invented in 1954?
2. Scanning: read the text again carefully and try to find out some detailed information
Complete Parts C1and C2 on page 4, and make sure that you can distinguish and pick out the relevant information within the given time.
3. Reading strategy: understanding subtitles
Subtitles appear after titles and provide more information about the text. Subtitles can show how a text is organized. Read the text again and figure out how this text is organized. The following chart might help you understand the text better:
Early history of TV
TV
(In order of time) The modern age: TV, TV, TV, …
Early history of
Audio devices Tape recorders and
(By types of equipment) Sound goes
4. Translate the following into English:
1) 在传媒与技术展览会上 2) 电视和音响器件
3) 之后不久 4) 对电视的发展做出了贡献
5) 有线电视 6) 认为数字电视优于卫星电视
7) 能接收到200个频道_________________ 8) 进入市场，上市
9) 一位侨居美国的德国人_______________ 10) 将该技术用于生产晶体管收音机
11) 控制电流__________________________ 12) 为了军事用途
13) 用手摇 14) 被加入词典
15) 有史以来第一次 16) 便于携带
17) 自初以来___________________ 18)占领了便携式音乐播放器市场
19)从200个不同的频道中 20)给人们的生活带来了便利和快乐
21) 正因为此，至今还未能确定是谁发明了电视。
__________________________________________________________________________________
22) 66%的美国家庭拥有有线电视是50年后的事。
__________________________________________________________________________________
23) 这个机顶盒将电视和万维网连接起来。
__________________________________________________________________________________
24) 一切始于1877年，这一年托马斯.爱迪生第一次录下了人的声音。
__________________________________________________________________________________
25) 由于MP3播放器的普及，在互联网上如雨后春笋般出现了许多提供MP3音乐供人们选购的音乐网站。
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Language points:
1. Because of this, it is still uncertain who invented TV.
正因为此，至今还未确定是谁发明了电视。
句中because of this 作原因状语，it作形式主语，who 引导的是主语从句。
(1) because of 意为“由于，因为”，通常作状语，位于句首或句尾。
因为大雨，运动会将被推迟到下周六举行。
__________________________________________________________________________________
表示原因的介词短语还有due to, owing to, thanks to。
辨析：due to 意为“由于”，常用在be动词之后。
because of 指原因，意为“因为”，用以指出理由。
thanks to 既可表达正面意义(亏得，多亏，幸亏)，又可表示讽刺意义。
owing to 意为“由于，应归功于”
他的病是由吸烟和饮酒造成的。
__________________________________________________________________________________
(2) “it is uncertain +从句”结构中，uncertain 是certain的反义词，意为“不确定，无把握”。注意：在it为主语的句中能用certainuncertain，但不能用sure。当以人作主语时，可与be sure…互换。
他不一定明天会来。
__________________________________________________________________________________
我肯定他明天会来。
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. It took more than two decades, though, until 1951, for colour broadcasts to begin in the USA.
但是，直到1951年，花了20多年时间，彩色电视节目才得以在美国开播。
(1) more than的用法：
△本意为“比……更……”，more为形容词或副词的比较级形式。
△与数词连用，意为“超过”，相当于over。
不止一所房子在火灾中被烧毁了。
__________________________________________________________________________________
△后接名词、形容词、副词、动词、动名词或分词时，意为“不只是，不仅仅是”。
他们非常愿意帮忙。
__________________________________________________________________________________
△与含有情态动词的句子连用，有否定意义，意为“是……难以……的”或“超过了……的所能”。
△more…than…相当于rather than，表示取舍，意为“与其说后者，不如说前者”，这时more…than…连接两个对等的成分。
这本书与其说是一本语法书，倒不如说是一本词典。
__________________________________________________________________________________
辨析：
no more than no more…than… 和……一样不……
not more than not more…than… 没有……那样……
more than ever 更加 more than a little 非常
more often than not 通常 nothing more than 和……完全一样
(2) though 在句中作副词，表“可是，但是”，可位于句中或句末。
他说过他要来，可是他没有来。
__________________________________________________________________________________
though 也可作连词，引导状语从句，表“虽然”。有时为了强调，though引导的从句可以倒装，相当于as引导的让步状语从句。
Child though (=as) he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
他虽是个孩子，却懂得什么是该做的事。(表语是名词，倒装时，不用冠词)
注意：though 绝不能与表示转折的连词but连用。如果要强调反面，可用yet, still, nevertheless等副词。
水虽深，却清澈见底。
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Some consider digital TV to be superior to satellite TV because it allows the same services to be delivered with clearer pictures than before.
有些人认为数字电视比卫星电视好，因为传输同样的图像时数字电视的画面要比以前更为清晰。
(1) sb./sth. + to be + n./ adj.
consider sb./sth. + as +n./ adj.
+ that从句
辨析：considerate (adj.) 体贴的，考虑周到的
considerable (adj.) 相当多的，相当大的
consideration (n.) 考虑;体贴;报酬 take sth. into consideration把某事考虑在内
under consideration 在考虑中
considering (prep. & conj.) 考虑到，就……而言
(2) superior作形容词时，表“高级的;高傲的;优越的;上级的”，短语be superior to…意为“比……好”、“比……强”。其反义词组为be inferior to…意为“低于/次于……”。
在我看来，手工制作的裤子要比机器加工的裤子好。
__________________________________________________________________________________
另外，superior还可作名词，意为“上级”、“长者”、“地位/智力较高的人”等。
我们需要一封你们领导写的推荐信。
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. They bought the patent and applied the technology to create the transistor radio.
他们买下了这项专利，并把这项技术应用于发明晶体管收音机。
句中动词apply意为“应用”，短语apply…to…意为“把……应用于……”。
这项研究成果将应用于肺癌的治疗。
__________________________________________________________________________________
另外，apply还可表“申请”、“请求”(apply to sb. for sth.“向某人申请某物”);“使努力使专心”的意思(apply oneself to…“致力于……”)。
我将去那家公司申请那份工作。
__________________________________________________________________________________
他干新工作很卖力。
__________________________________________________________________________________
applied (adj.) 应用的，实用的 application (n.) 应用;适用;申请
5. Then, in 1979, the Walkman, a portable pocket-sized cassette tape player, was introduced and became so popular that Walkman was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 1986.
然后在1979年，一种便携式只有口袋尺寸大小的盒带播放器，即随身听(Walkman)被引进，并且变得如此受欢迎，以致于“Walkman”一词在1986年被收入《牛津英语词典》。
(1)本句主语为the Walkman，而a portable pocket-sized cassette tape player作其同位语。so…that…意为“如此……以致……”，so 之后接形容词、副词或分词;that引导结果状语从句，在日常用语中常可省略that。
太阳上的温度很高，没有任何东西能以固体的形式存在。
__________________________________________________________________________________
(2) 辨析：add to… 增加…… add…to… 把……加到……上
add up 加在一起 add up to… 总计……;加起来总和是……
There have been several new events to the program for the Beijing Olympic Games.
A. add B. to add C. adding D. added
Part Ⅲ. Word power
Please translate the following into English:
1)在三楼工作 2)部门经理
3)电子产品__________________________ 4)家用电器
5)音响器件 6)摄像机
7)数码照相机 8)移动电话，手机
9)(冰箱的)冷冻区 10)电饭锅
11)微波炉 12)电炒锅
13)吸尘器 14) 拍摄长达三分钟
15)相当容易的
Part Ⅳ. Grammar and usage---Prepositions and prepositional phrases
(一)介词的分类
1. 简单介词：at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, with
2. 复合介词：into, onto, within, out of
3. 双重介词：from under, since before, until after
4. 短语介词：in front of, because of, ahead of, according to
注意：有的介词可以兼作副词(如：around, over等)，有的介词可以兼作连接词(如：after, before, until等)。
(二)介词短语在句中的作用
介词往往和后面的宾语一起构成介词短语来充当以下成分：
1. 定语 The key to the door is still here.
2. 状语 The book is very popular with old people.
3. 表语 Japan is to the east of China.
4. 宾补 Make yourself at home.
(三)易混介词
1. at, in, on和by表示时间的区别
1) at指时间时用于表示：
*时间的一点，时刻等。
They come home at sunrise (at noon, at midnight, at ten o’clock, at daybreak, at dawn).
*较短暂的一段时间，可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。
He went home at Christmas (at New Year, at the Spring Festival, at night).
2) in 指时间时用于表示：
*在某个较长的时间(如世纪、朝代、年、月、及泛指的上午、下午和傍晚等)内。
He was born in 1993.
What did you do in the holidays?
*在一段时间之后(常与动词将来时连用)。
I will finish it in three hours.
3) on指时间时用于表示：
*具体的时日和一个特定的时间，如某日、某节日、星期几等。
We began to work on our arrival.
*在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上。
on the eve of victory 在胜利前夕
*准(时)、按(时)。
If the train should be on time, I should reach home before dark.
4) by指时间时用于表示：
*不迟于，在(某时)前。
He must have finished it by now.
*在……间，在……时候。
He worked by day and slept by night.
2. at, in和on表示地点的区别
1) at表示地点：
*用于指较小的地方。I shall wait for you at the station.
*用于门牌号码前。He lives at 115 Jijiang Road.
2) in表示地点：
*用于指较大的地方。He lives in Shanghai.
*虽是很小的地方，如果说话人住在那里，也可用in。商店、机关、学校等，若看作一个地点(point)用at，若看作一个场所(place)用in。比较：
I met him at the post-office.
I’m now working in the post-office.
3) on表示地点，一般指与面或线接触：
*意为“在……上”。The picture was hanging on the wall.
*意为“在……旁边”。New York is on the Hudson River.
3. in, to和on在方位名词前的区别
1) in表示在范围内
2) to表示在某范围外的地方
3) on表示“毗邻”、“接壤”
Mongolia lies the north of China.
Fujian lies the south of China. Fujian lies the south of Zhejiang Province.
4.表示方向的to, for与toward(s)
1)表示来往行动动词之后，表示行动的方向，常用to。如：
go, come, walk, run, dash, rush, move, fly, return, lead, take
2)表示“起程”、“出发”、“离开”的动词之后，多用for。如：leave, start, set off
3)如果动词之后有“from…to…”这样的短语,即使是第2)类动词，也不用for。如：
A new ship set off from England to America on its first trip.
4)在表示“朝……方向”时to与towards是同义词，常可互换。只是 towards仅仅表方向，不表到达，而to不仅表方向，还可表到达。
All roads lead to Rome.
It will stop the sand from moving towards the rich farmland in the south.
(四)介词与某些词类的搭配
某些词类对介词有不同的要求，即要求有固定的介词与其搭配，构成固定用法。
1. 名词与介词的固定搭配常见的有：
1)要求to的名词：key, answer, visit, apology, introduction (the key to the test, business visits to America)
2)要求in的名词：interest, satisfaction, expert (an expert in teaching small children)
3)要求on的名词：mercy, congratulation
4)要求其它介词的名词：prize for, respect for, victory over, struggle withagainst
5)注意：汉语“的”在英语中可以用多个介词来表达。如：
a friend of mine (of表“属于”) a ticket for tonight (for表“给……用”)
a story about Lei Feng (about表“关于”) a key to the door (to表“对于”)
a lecture on American history (on表“论述”)
2. 形容词与介词的固定搭配常见的有：
1)要求at的形容词：afraid, angry, good, bad, clever, terrified, surprised
2)要求of的形容词：afraid, sure, full, tired, fond, proud, worthy, certain
3)要求with的形容词：angry, strict, careful, busy, popular
4)要求in的形容词：weak, strict, rich, interested, successful
5)要求to的形容词：next, good, polite, kind, cruel, rude, known, married, close, near, similar, due
6)要求for的形容词：sorry, good, famous, fit, unfit, eager, anxious, hungry
7)要求from的形容词：far, different, free, safe, absent, tired
8)要求about的形容词：sorry, worried, anxious, careful, sure, certain
9)注意：有时同一形容词与不同的介词搭配含义也不同。如：
He is good to her. 他对她友好。
It is good for her. 它对她有益。
PartⅤ. Task and project
Please translate the following into English:
1)主要的考虑________________________ 2)首先，最重要的是
3)特别，尤其 4)额外的功能
5)最适合你叔叔 6)有一个内置的扬声器
7)有一年的保修期____________________ 8)取决于
9)弄糊涂了 10)推荐第一款
11)正反两反面_______________________ 12)无所顾忌
13)在此之前 14)与吸烟有关
15)信任他们 16)眼下，暂时
17)未完全发育 18)危害你的健康
19)向我们提供了一些令人不安的发现
20)换句话说,带拍照功能的那一款的价钱是老款的两倍。
________________________________________________________________________________________________
21)该报告是基于一项在瑞典进行的研究的发现写成的。
________________________________________________________________________________________________22)辐射量相当于每天使用两次、每次半小时的手机所接受的辐射。
________________________________________________________________________________________________
23)为什么到现在还没有确凿的证据证明手机对人们健康有影响呢?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Part VI. Word study
1. record
vt. vi. 记载，记录;将(声音，景象等)录下
He recorded everything that happened on his travel.
她的演讲录在录音带上了。
recordbreaker n.打破记录者 record player n.电唱机 recorder n.录音机 recording n. 录音(制品)
n. [c] [u] 记录，记载(与of连用);履历，经历;成绩;唱片
His wife keeps a record of their daily expenses.
她保持着100米的世界记录。
break/ beat the record打破记录 hold the record保持记录
set up the record创记录 keep a record of sth.把某事记录下来
make a record制作唱片 the records of one’s life
a music record on record
2. demand
vt. 要求，需要
教师的工作需要极大的细心和耐心。
n. [c] [u]要求，需要
in great demand of… make demand on sb.向某人求助
满足……的要求
demanding adj. (对人)苛刻的，要求高的
注意：
(1) demand后的从句要用(should)+do的虚拟语气。
老师要求我们下课后交上作业。
(2) demand后接动词不定式，即demand to do sth.(但不能接不定式的复合结构，如需类似表述，则用宾语从句)，不接动名词。
The captain came down and demanded to know what was going on.
_______________________________________________________________________________
(3) 其后接名词作宾语时，结构应为：demand sth. of from sb.
I demanded an answer of from him.
(4) demand作名词时，后面接for。
There is a great demand for the books.
但demand用在介词短语中就应用of。in great demand of…
我们非常需要书本。
3.degree
n. 等级;程度;度数;学位
an angle of ninety degrees
To what degree is she interested in films?
The students show various degrees of skill in doing the experiments.
今天气温比昨天高2度。
他通过了考试，现在他有了硕士学位。
4. 辨析：electronic, electric, electrical, electricity
(1) electronic adj. 电子的
电子计算机 electronic organ
电子设备
(2) electric adj. 电的，带电的，电力的(用于两种情况：一是指可发电的东西;二是指靠电力操作或由电力产生的东西。)
一个发电站 an electric wire
电灯 an electric fan
(3) electrical adj. 电的，电气科学的(指与电力有关的物品或人员)
electrical engineering 一位电气工程师
electricity n. [u] 电，电学，电流，静电，电荷，热情
电源已被切断好几天了。
5. certain
adj. (1) [作表语] 确定的，无疑的，确信的
be certain to do…; be certain (that…); be certain of/ about sth.
他一定会同意的。
I’m certain that she saw me.
(2) [作定语] 一定来到，发生或生效的，有把握的
There’s no certain care for this disease.
(3) [作定语] 某一，某种;某些，一点
一个姓史密斯的
她对我的态度有点冷淡。
pron. certain of… (人或物中的)某些
Certain of those peasants had too much to drink.
for certain 无疑地，确定地
我说不准他什么时候到。
make certain (that…) 弄清楚，弄明白
make certain of sth./ of doing sth. 采取行动以便正确有把握地做事
辨析：certain和sure
两者用法通常相同。
They’re sure/ certain to be late.
I’m sure/ certain (that) they will be late.
另外，sure+ that 句型中主语必须是人，通常不说It is sure that…，可用It is certain that…。
肯定会有一些错误发生。
be certain/ sure to do…, 其主语可以是人或物，表示说话人推测“一定，必然会”，重点是“将要发生什么事”;be certain/ sure of…, 主语一般是人，主语感到有把握，重点是“某个人的思想状态”。
这支队肯定要赢。
First, he was certain/ sure of winning. Later, he began to lose confidence.
Part VII. Exercises
A. 单项选择：
1. It was some time we realized the truth.
A. when B. until C. since D. before
2. They had a pleasant chat a cup of tea.
A. for B. with C. during D. over
3. The manager, it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.
A. who has made B. having made C. made D. making
4. If you are traveling the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do.
A. in which B. what C. when D. where
5. Energy drinks are not allowed in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand.
A. to make B. to be made C. to have been made D. to be making
6. I haven’t seen of her films, but judging from the one I have seen I think she’s a promising actress.
A. any B. both C. none D. either
7. Nothing else more important than water in the place like a desert.
A. we can’t find B. can’t we find C. can we find D. we can find
8. About 700 people crowded in Houston, waving flags and holding signs, “Welcome Home, Astronauts!” when Discovery’s astronauts arrived for a celebration.
A. to read B. being read C. reading D. to be read
9. -Have you known the result of the Chinese team at Singapore Open Badminton Tournament?
-It three titles, I remember clearly.
A. would win B. had won C. will win D. won
10. -Jim, have you finished reading Harry Potter and Half-Blood Prince?
-No. I my father on the farm all day yesterday.
A. would help B. had helped C. was helping D. have been helping
11. In peace, too, the Red Cross is expected to send help there is human suffering.
A. whoever B. however C. whatever D. wherever
12. As the busiest woman in Norton, she made her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town.
A. this B. that C. one D. it
13. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class he had to meet his uncle at the airport.
A. why B. that C. where D. because
14. It remains whether Jim will be fit enough to play in the finals.
A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see
15. -When do we need to pay the balance?
- September 30.
A. In B. By C. During D. Within
16. According to official survey conducted by a committee, large ice cream producers usually
have better production record.
A. an; the B. /; a C. an; a D. the; the
17. It is difficult for any of us to eat better, exercise more, and sleep enough, we know we should.
A. because B. even though C. as if D. unless
18. -Do you have any blouses in yellow?
-Sorry, we don’t. What about this cream color?
-It well with almost anything.
A. goes B. puts C. does D. gets
19. It is that he’ll come tomorrow.
A. sure of B. certain about C. certain D. sure about
20. I felt quite what I was supposed to do then.
A. unsure of B. uncertain about C. certain D. sure
21. Only high officials had access the president.
A. to B. for C. on D. in
22. They drove along with all the car windows .
A. wound up B. winding on C. winded up D. wind up
23. Scientific experiments students without the teacher’s instructions can be dangerous.
A. carry out B. carrying out by C. carrying by D. carried out by
24. Please apply some medicine his wound.
A. on B. for C. to D. in
25. The accident is reported to have occurred the first Sunday in February.
A. at B. on C. in D. to
B. 用恰当的介词填空：
1. His knowledge of French literature is superior mine.
2. For the whole summer, the college student worked a shop-assistant.
3. The newly constructed buildings add greatly the beauty of this city.
4. The youth are always compared the rising sun.
5. The man is dressed up red clothes.
C. 单词拼写：
1. P , I don’t like him at all.
2. I am not very f with botanical names.
3. He left for a v of reasons.
4. Big men are not (必定)strong men.
5. I keep my reference books near my desk for (方便).
模块七 Unit 1 Living with technology 学案参考答案
Language points
1. The sports meeting will be put off till next Saturday because of the heavy rain.
His illness was due to smoking and drinking.
It is uncertain whether he’ll come tomorrow.
I’m sure/ certain that he’ll come tomorrow.
2. More than one house has been burnt in the fire.
They were more than glad to help.
The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar book.
仅仅，不过 不超过
He said he would come; he didn’t though.
Though the water is deep, yet it is clear.
3. In my opinion, trousers made by hand are superior to those made by machine.
We will need a letter of recommendation from one of your superiors.
4. The results of this research will be applied to the treatment of lung cancer.
I will apply to the company for the job.
He applied himself to his new job.
5. The temperature in the sun is so high that nothing can exist in solid state.
D
Word study
1. 他把旅途中发生的每件事都记录了下来。
Her speech was recorded on a tape.
他妻子将日常开销都记录下来。
She holds the world record for the 100 meters.
某人生活的纪录 音乐唱片 有纪录的，记录在案的
2. The work of a teacher demands great care and patience.
非常需要…… meet the demand of…
The teacher demanded that we (should) hand in our homework after class.
船长下来要求知道发生了什么事。
非常需要书本。
We are in great demand of the books.
3.90度的角
她对电影的兴趣都到什么程度了?
学生们做实验时表现出各种不同程度的技巧。
The temperature today is two degrees hotter than yesterday.
He passed his examinations and now he has the degree of Master.
4. an electronic computer 电子琴 electronic equipment
an electric station 电线 an electric light 电风扇
电工学 an electrical engineer
The electricity has been cut off for several days.
5. He is certain to agree.
她看见我了，这一点我是可以肯定的。
这种病没有特效药。
a certain Smith
There was a certain coldness in her attitude towards me.
I couldn’t say for certain when he will arrive.
他们一定迟到。 我肯定他们得迟到。
It is certain that some mistakes will occur.
The team are sure/ certain to win.
开始他有把握赢的，后来他开始失去信心了。
Exercises
(A)1-5 DDBDB 6-10 BCCDC 11-15 DDBBB 16-20 CBACB 21-25 AADCB
(B) to as to to in
1. 培养学生书写形体之美, 提高书写质量
在英语教学中, 注重培养学生书写形体之美, 一方面, 有助于帮助学生更好地认识和了解英语语言知识, 激发他们跨文化学习的意识;另一方面, 能够让学生在书写语言符号的过程中, 不断地养成严谨的语言学习思维, 有助于促进他们正确的英语学习审美观。这种形体之美, 更容易提高学生的学习激情和兴趣。
我认为, 注重英语的书写, 提高书写质量, 主要体现在: (1) 要求学生在按照字母的书写规则进行书写的过程中, 不断地培养学生学习严谨的语言思维; (2) 要求学生能够工整地写出英语句子, 以培养学生严谨治学的态度; (3) 要求学生选择符合美感特征的字体进行书写, 以培养学生英语学习的发展创新精神。这些书写的美体运用, 能够让学生对自己的英语学习产生强烈的信心, 提高英语课程的学习效果。
例如, 我根据学生的英语书写特点和习惯, 要求学生在开学之初就运用规范的字体来书写有关名言警句, 并且要求学生能够在书写的过程中予以理解记忆。这些名句的书写, 如:The man who has made up his mind to win will never say“Impossible”. (Napoleon) (凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能”的。) (拿破仑) ;It is much more difficult to judge oneself than to judge others.If you succeed in judging yourself rightly, then you are indeed a man of true wisdom.——Saint-Exupery, The Little Prince。 (判断自己远比判断他人困难, 如果你能正确判断自己, 你实际上是一位具有真正智慧的人。——修伯里, 《小王子》) ;Books are the legacies that a great genius leaves to mankind, which are delivered down from generation to generation to, as present to the prosterity of those who are yet unborn.——Addison, The Spectator (书是伟大的天才留给人类的遗产, 当作给予尚未出生的后代的礼物。——亚狄生, 《旁观者》) 。学生在书写的过程中不仅能够加深对这些语言的理解感悟, 还有助于培养他们正确的情感态度。
2. 培养学生情感升华之美, 丰富表达思维
我们以《牛津初中英语》教材为例进行分析。在“Comic Strip”的教学中, 借助卡通漫画中的Eddie和Hobo的对话来解释单元主题学习内容, 不仅能够让学生有学习英语的强烈愿望, 更有让学生学习的情趣, 以此来激发他们的学习情感思维, 从而满足他们的学习发展需要。这样, 也就能够培养学生情感升华之美, 丰富表达思维。
我认为, 培养学生情感升华之美, 丰富表达思维, 主要体现在: (1) 培养学生真情实感朗读文本, 让学生能够深入文本之中体味文章表达的思想情感; (2) 鼓励学生能够运用自己的语言表达文本的内容, 以此来提高他们的语言使用能力; (3) 要求学生能够发挥自己的想象思维, 运用正确的语言表达思维来体味多元化的学习思想情感内容。学生在这样的情意指引下, 一方面, 能够真正理解感悟文本所表达的思想情感;另一方面, 能够丰富自己的语言表达思维。
3. 培养学生语言实践之美, 提高审美价值
《牛津初中英语》教学建议教师在倡导运用任务型教学途径的基础上, 通过围绕“Main task”来鼓励学生运用多元化的语言学习思维参与课程学习实践活动, 以此来增强他们的学习体验, 提高他们的综合语言运用能力。
例如, 在《牛津初中英语》8A Unit 1“Friends”的教学中, 我要求学生: (1) 自主阅读和主动探究“Reading:A Best Friends”中的内容, 体味朋友对于自己的影响价值意义; (2) 建议学生就“What’s the character of your best friend”为话题, 进行合作探究; (3) 通过描写猜谜的方式, 在描述自己朋友性格特征的基础上, 猜测朋友的姓名。学生在学习中, 不仅激活了学习思维, 还提高了自身的审美价值观。
综上所言, 在新课程初中英语教学中, 关注课程所具有的美感, 让学生在语言学习的过程中, 不断地激发自身学习兴趣和潜能, 鼓励学生在接受语言文本学习中充分感受跨文化的特有意蕴, 从而提高学生的情感态度和审美价值观。这样的教学, 更是我们提高学生学科综合素养的有效途径, 值得尝试和探索。
参考文献
[1]教育部.全日制义务教育英语课程标准 (实验稿) [M].北京师范大学出版社, 2007, 第1版.
[2]熊红梅.浅谈英语美感教学[J].陕西教育 (理论版) , 2006, (2) .
[3]孔马丽, 藏汝军.怎样使英语课堂教学充满美感[J].新疆大学学报 (社会科学版) , 2003, (1) .
1.优化文本教学，帮助学生积累素材
文本内容是学生学习英语的主要载体，也是帮助他们积累丰富语言素材的参照。正是在这样的作用引导下，很多教师在教学过程中非常注重文本语言教学，特别是涉及语法功能、句式运用、时态变换等方面予以关注。笔者以为，通过优化文本教学来帮助学生积累素材，首先，应该注重培养学生的语言表达习惯，鼓励学生通过轻读、默读、朗读等方式来予以理解记忆，增强感知。其次是注重文本中跨文化表达形式，鼓励学生反复理解感悟，培养学生跨文化学习意识。最后，鼓励学生运用缩写、仿写、扩写等形式来对文本内容进行学习升华，以此来拓宽学生的英语表达思维。
我们以《牛津初中英语》（Fun with English）8A Unit1 Friends的‘Reading Best friends’教学为例进行分析。笔者就该阅读的教学作了如下的安排：⑴要求学生能够进行集体朗读，并能够思考：What?蒺s the character of the best friend?⑵要求学生能够在自主阅读理解的基础上记忆如下的短语词汇：want to do sth.， be willing to do sth.， be ready to do sth.， on the bus， get to see each other often， because of等；⑶要求学生在理解认知的基础上就“generous， helpful， humour， smart”等词汇的运用进行造句，以此来培养学生的语言组织运用能力；⑷建议学生以“He/She is my good friend.”为题目，写一篇小短文。
2.鼓励自我练笔，提高学生表达技能
学生既然是课程学习的主体，应该让他们有足够的学习和运用语言的空间和时间，以保证他们的综合语言运用能力得到提高和发展。对此，教师应该在尊重学生学习个体差异和发展需要的基础上，鼓励他们多练笔，以帮助他们提高写作语言运用水平。
笔者以为，鼓励学生进行自我练笔提高学生表达技能，主要表现在：⑴选好练笔的话题，从文本中的模块、学生学习生活等范围中挑选话题，让学生觉得有话可说、可写；⑵鼓励学生写作日记、周记等，以便帮助他们养成良好的语言表达习惯，提高他们语言表达的自信心；⑶教师应该对学生的练笔进行适当的批阅，可要求学生就自己一周以来自认为最好的文章交给老师批阅，以此来校正学生在表达中的问题。
例如，在《牛津初中英语》8A的“Module2 Nature and environment”的教学中，笔者就根据模块中所出现的野生动物、鸟的观察、自然灾害等话题，建议学生能够就自己观察到的常见鸟类写一篇小短文，以此来培养学生发现问题的能力。在学习“Reading Natural disasters and bad weather”之后，教师可要求学生就以前的汶川大地震、青海玉树地震等报道，以“How to protect ourselves”为话题，写一篇短文，以此来拓宽学生的表达思维。
3.模拟写作真题，培养考场适应能力
很多学生在考场中往往受考试时间不足、平时训练不充分等因素影响产生了一定的紧张感。这种紧张感一方面，不利于学生的语言表达发挥，容易丢失分数；另一方面，会影响学生的写作激情和兴趣，使他们产生畏难心理。
这就要求我们教师从考试的本身特点出发，鼓励学生模拟写作真题，以此来培养学生的考场适应能力。在模拟写作真题时应该首先确定近几年的地方中考试题考查方向，以此来挑选与此相关的全国各地试题；其次是注意试题考试的时间，可通过每周定时训练、定时完成来训练学生的实践运用能力；最后，教师应该做好批阅，让学生能够及时发现自身在写作中的不足。
总之，在新课程《牛津初中英语》写作教学中，优化课程资源，发挥学生的学习主观能动性，定能够培养学生正确的英语学习思维和语言感知，提高他们的综合语言运用能力。
参考文献：
[1]教育部：全日制义务教育英语课程标准（实验稿）[M]，北京师范大学出版社，2001年7月第1版
[2]易树常 浅谈英语书面表达教学[J]，中小学英语教学与研究，2006年第2期
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