四级翻译历年真题(精选6篇)
一、2013年6月(3)
鼠标轻轻一点,购物者几乎就能在网上买到任何东西,从食品百货到汽车,从保险单(insurance policies)到理财产品。电子商务(electronic commerce)的世界使得消费者无需离开舒适的家就能够在数以千计的网店购物,并完成付款。消费者不但期望能从网上买到划算的商品,而且还希望支付过程简单、安全。当然,网络购物者也需要谨慎小心以保证愉快、安全的网购经历。
With just a soft click of the mouse, shoppers can buy nearly any product online, from groceries to cars, from insurance policies to financial products.The world of electronic commerce enables consumers to shop at thousands of online stores and pay for their purchase without leaving the comfortable home.Consumers not only expect to pick up a good bargain on the Web, but also a payment with simple and secure process.Of course, online consumers need to be cautious to make their online shopping experiences enjoyable and safe.二、2012年12月(2)
道教(Daoism)是中国土生土长的教派(religion),因以“道”为最高信仰而得名。几千年来,道教对中国人的哲学观、世界观,思维方式以及生活方式等诸多方面产生了巨大的影响。道教是中国两千多年来占统治地位的三种宗教哲学之一。道教丰富了中华民族宝贵的文化遗产(inheritance),为人类文明进步作出了重大贡献。
Daoism is the native religion of China, its name stems from “Dao” being its highest object of faith.For thousands of years, Daoism have great influence over the philosophy, world view, ways of thinking and lifestyle of the Chinese.Daoism is one of the three dominant religions philosophies in China for more than two thousand years.Daoism has the culture inheritance of the Chinese people and made significant contributions to the process of people civilization.“你要茶还是要咖啡?”是用餐人常被问到的问题。许多西方人会选咖啡,而中国人则会选茶。相传,中国的一位帝王于五千多年前发现了茶,并用来治病。在明清(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)期间,茶馆遍布全国。饮茶在6世纪传到日本,但直到17、18世纪才传到欧美。如今,茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一。茶是中国的民族饮品,也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。
This is what diners often have been asked “Would like tea or coffee?” Many Westerns favor coffee while the Chinese tend to choose tea.Tradition has it that an ancient Chinese emperor discovered the tea five thousand years ago and used it to treat illness.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, teahouse spread all over China.Tea drinking was introduced to Japan in the 6th century while it was not introduced into Europe or America until the 17th and 18th centuries.Nowdays, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world.Tea, it is not only a kind of Chinese national drink, but also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture.四、2012年12月(1)
在中国,小孩的满月酒(One-Month-Old Feast)和抓周(One-Year-Old Catch)仪式独具特色。小孩出生满一个月那天,孩子的加人一般要招呼亲朋挚友,邀请他们一起来庆祝孩子满月。小孩满周岁的那天,有抓周的仪式。按照中国的传统,父母及他人不给予任何引导或暗示,任孩子随意挑选,看小孩抓喜欢的东西,并以此为依据来预测孩子可能存在的志趣和将来从事的职业以及前途。
In China, One-Month-Old Feast and One-Year-Old Catch of a baby are of unique Chinese characteristics.On the day when a baby is a month old, the family of the baby will invite their friends and relatives to a ceremony to celebrate the occasion.According to traditional Chinese custom, nobody will give any instruction or cue to the baby so that it is left free to choose by itself.Watching the baby catch the articles it likes, the family can then make predictions about its potential interest, future and development.农历正月十五是中国传统的元宵节(the Lantern Festival)。正月是农历的第一个月,又称“元月”,古代人称夜为“宵”,所以正月十五又被称为元宵节。赏灯是元宵节的传统习俗,这一习俗是从汉朝开始的,距今已有两千多年的历史。元宵节晚上,到处张灯结彩,热闹非凡。吃汤圆是元宵节的另一个传统习俗。在一年开始的第一个月圆之夜吃元宵,就是希望家人团圆、幸福。
The 15th day of the first lunar month is the traditional Chinese Lantern Festival.It is so called first lunar month is call “Yuan month” and in the ancient time people called night “Xiao”.The custom started from the Han dynasty, and has a history of more than two thousand years.In the night, every place is decorated with lanterns and colorful streamers and there is a bustling atmosphere.It is also a traditional custom for Chinese to eat“Tangyuan”at this time.Eating “Tangyuan” on the first night with a full moon in a year is to wish that family members will remain united and happy.六、2013年6月(2)
“春联(The Spring Couplet)”也被称为“对联(couplet)”,在中国是一种特殊的文学形式。春联由贴在门口两侧两组对立的句子(antithetical sentences)组成。在门上面的横批(horizontal scroll bearing an inscription)通常是一个吉祥的短语。贴在门右侧的句子被称作对联的上联(the first line of the couplet),左侧的为下联。除夕那天,每家都会在门上贴上红纸写的春联,传递出节日喜庆和热闹的气氛。在过去,中国人通常用毛笔自己写春联或者请别人写春联,而现在,人们普遍在市场上买印刷好的春联。
“The Spring Couplet” also called “couplet”, is a special form of literature in China.The spring couplet is composed of two antithetical sentences on both sides of the door.Above the gate horizontal scroll bearing an inscription usually an auspicious phrase.The sentence pasting on the right side of the door is called the first line of the couplet, the left one is the second line.On the eve of the Spring Festival, every household well paste on the doors a spring couplet written on red paper to give a happy and bustling atmosphere of the Festival.In the past, the Chinese usually wrote their own spring couplet with a brush or asked others to do it for them, while nowdays, it is common for people to buy the printed spring couplet in the market.七、2013年12月(2)
中国结(the Chinese knot)最初是由手工艺人发明的,经过数百年不断的改进,已经成为优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代,人们用它来记录事件,但现在主要用于装饰目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情婚姻和团聚。中国结常常作为礼物交换或用作饰品祈求好运和避邪。这种形式的手工艺(handicraft)代代相传,现在已经在中国和世界各地越来越受欢迎。
The Chinese knot, originally invented by the craftsmen, has become an elegant and colorful art and craft over hundreds of years’ improvement.In ancient times, it used to record events, but nowdays it is mainly functioning as decoration.“Knot” signifies love, marriage and reunion in Chinese.Often used as gift exchange and decoration, Chinese knot is believed to brbing good luck as well as ward off evil spirits.The handicraft have been passed down from one generation to another and now enjoys more and more popularity both at home and abroad.八、2012年6月
中西方饮食习惯(eating habits)存在极大的差异。在不同于西方那种没人一盘食物的饮食习惯,在中国,菜肴是被放在桌上让大家共同分享的。如果你在中国主人家做客,就要做好有一大桌食物的心理准备。中国人对于自己的烹饪文化(culture of cuisine)感到非常自豪,而且会尽全力去展示自己的好客(hospitality)。而且有时候,中国主人会用他们的筷子把食物夹到你的碗里或者盘子中。这是礼貌的体现。
四级翻译技巧例析
本次四级考试的多套试题中共出现了四道段落翻译题。要在段落翻译部分拿到高分,考生不仅要有良好的英语基础,还要掌握常用的翻译技巧。下面笔者以本次考试的真题为例,具体讲解如何在翻译中运用这些技巧。
1 选用恰当的时态和语态
在汉译英的过程中,时态的选取和语态的确定是考生容易出错的环节。汉语中讲述过去的情况时译文必须使用过去时,讲述现在的情况时译文必须使用现在时。在真题段落中,过去和现在往往交错出现,因此考生必须灵活自如地转换时态。此外,汉语中主动句多,英语中被动句多。同时,汉语中有些句子看似为主动的形式,其主语和谓语之间却是被动的关系,考生必须仔细分析逻辑关系,在英语译文中使用恰当的语态。
例1:相传,中国的一位帝王于五千多年前发现了茶,并用来治病。在明清(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)期间,茶馆遍布全国。饮茶在六世纪传到日本,但直到十七、十八世纪才传到欧美。如今,茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一。
参考译文:Legend has it that a Chinese emperor discovered tea over 5000 years ago and used it to cure diseases. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, teahouses abounded in China. Tea was spread to Japan in the 6th century but not until the 17th and 18th centuries was it introduced to European and American countries. Today, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world.
点评:这段话中的时间状语较多,有“五千多年前”“明清期间”“六世纪”“十七、十八世纪”和“如今”。考生在翻译时需要注意使用正确的时态,讲述现在的通常情况要用一般现在时,讲述过去的通常情况要用一般过去时。此外,“饮茶在六世纪传到日本,但直到十七、十八世纪才传到欧美”这句话表面看是主动语态,但主语“饮茶”和谓语“传到”在逻辑上是被动关系,因此在翻译时要注意使用被动语态。
2 合并译法
汉语是意合的语言,英语是形合的语言。这就意味着汉语中会有大量的短句并用,这些短句靠意思连接在一起,中间可以没有任何连接词;英语句子则如参天大树,枝叶之间都有脉络、有衔接。在汉译英时,考生要利用英语的从句、非谓语动词结构、短语等形式将汉语中的短句合并译为英语中的长句。这种翻译技巧可以称为合并译法。
例2:许多西方人会选咖啡,而中国人则会选茶。
参考译文:Many westerners choose coffee while Chinese people tend to choose tea.
点评:原文的两个短句是对比关系,在翻译为英语时可以用连词while进行连接。
例3:“结”在中文里意味着爱情、婚姻和团聚,中国结常常作为礼物交换或用作饰品祈求好运和辟邪。
参考译文:Since the “knot” symbolizes love, marriage and reunion in the Chinese language, Chinese knots are exchanged as gifts or used as decorations to bring good luck and drive away evil spirits.
点评:原文的两个汉语短句之间虽然没有连接词,但暗含因果关系,考生可以用表示因果关系的连词来连接两个句子,如since、as、because等。
3 词性转换
汉语表达较为动态,英语表达较为静态。这意味着汉语中动词使用较多,而英语常常用名词、形容词、介词等来表达动词的含义。因此在汉译英时,词性转换也是一个重要的翻译技巧,汉语中的词性与英语译文中的词性未必要完全对应。词性转换主要是将汉语中的一些动词转译为英语译文中的名词、形容词或介词,使英语句子合乎语法,表达更为地道。
例4:信息技术(Information Technology)正在飞速发展。
参考译文:Information Technology is undergoing rapid development.
点评:原句中的动词短语“飞速发展”转译为名词短语rapid development,表达更为地道。
例5:但好的烹饪都有一个共同点,总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。
参考译文:However, good cooking has one thing in common, and that is the consideration of color, smell, taste and nutrition.
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点评:本句中,动词短语“考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养”对应前面的名词“共同点”,因此考生在翻译时要将“考虑”转译为名词形式,以符合英语句子的语法规范。
4 主语选择和语序调整
汉语句子重主题,英语句子重主语。这就意味着在汉译英时,汉语句子的主语未必要作英语译文句子的主语。考生在翻译时首先要确定好译文句子的主语和谓语,然后按照英语表达习惯将定语和状语调整到合适的位置。主语选择、语序调整也是汉译英考查的一个重要技巧。
例6:烹饪技术和配料在中国各地差别很大。
参考译文:Cooking methods and ingredients vary greatly in different parts of China.
点评:原句的主语是“差别”,译文如果仍以“差别”作主语会有头重脚轻的问题,而且中式英语痕迹较重。如果以“烹饪技术和配料”作主语,将“差别”译为动词vary,句子结构就会比较平衡,表达效果较好。
例7:不管怎样,信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。
参考译文:Whatever the response, it is good that Information Technology has aroused the attention of people in general.
点评:原句的主语是“信息技术引起广大人民的重视”,这个主语太长,直接翻译的话不符合英文表达习惯。考生可以用形式主语it替代,将真正的主语用that引导的名词性从句来表示,放到句尾。
四级翻译真题及参考译文
下面笔者给出本次考试出现的四道段落翻译题的原文及译文,供考生参考。
很多人喜欢中餐。在中国,烹饪不仅被视为一种技能,而且也被视为一种艺术,精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大,但好的烹饪都有一个共同点,总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要,好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡,所以中餐既美味又健康。
参考译文:Many people love Chinese food. In China, cooking is regarded not only as a technique, but as an art. Carefully prepared Chinese food is delicious and pleasing to the eye. Cooking methods and ingredients vary greatly in different parts of China; however, good cooking has one thing in common, and that is the consideration of color, smell, taste and nutrition. Since food is essential to health, a good cook always tries to strike a balance among cereals, meats and vegetables. Therefore, Chinese food is both tasty and healthy.
“你要茶还是咖啡?”是用餐人常被问到的问题,许多西方人会选咖啡,而中国人则会选茶。相传,中国的一位帝王于五千多年前发现了茶,并用来治病。在明清(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)期间,茶馆遍布全国。饮茶在六世纪传到日本,但直到十七、十八世纪才传到欧美。如今,茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一。茶是中国的民族饮品,也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。
参考译文:“Tea or coffee?”—this is a question diners are often asked. Many westerners choose coffee while Chinese people tend to choose tea. Legend has it that a Chinese emperor discovered tea over 5000 years ago and used it to cure diseases. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, teahouses abounded in China. Tea was spread to Japan in the 6th century but not until the 17th and 18th centuries was it introduced to European and American countries. Today, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Tea is the national drink of China and an important part of Chinese tradition and culture.
中国结(the Chinese knot)最初是由手工艺人发明的,经过数百年不断的改进,已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代,人们用它来记录事件,但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情、婚姻和团聚,中国结常常作为礼物交换或用作饰品祈求好运和辟邪。这种形式的手工艺(handcraft)代代相传,现在已经在中国和世界各地越来越受欢迎。
参考译文:The Chinese knot was invented by craftsmen in China, and, after hundreds of years of improvement, has become an elegant and colorful art and craft. In ancient times, Chinese knots were used to record events, but now they are mainly used for the purpose of decoration. Since the “knot” symbolizes love, marriage and reunion in the Chinese language, Chinese knots are often exchanged as gifts or used as decorations to bring good luck and drive away evil spirits. Handed down from generation to generation, this form of handcraft has become increasingly popular in China and the rest of the world.
信息技术(Information Technology)正在飞速发展,中国公民也越来越重视信息技术,有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程,对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的,学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的,中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样,信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。
参考译文:Information Technology is undergoing rapid development. Chinese citizens attach more and more importance to Information Technology, and some schools have even made it a compulsory course. Opinions differ as to the trend. Some believe it is unnecessary and students should be taught the traditional courses. Others consider it imperative, because China should march with the times. Whatever the response, it is good that Information Technology has aroused the attention of people in general.
经过新的四、六级考试的洗礼,考生应洞察段落翻译题的传统文化走向,掌握更多的中国传统文化术语。同时,考生也要勤加练习,熟练掌握各种翻译技巧,这样在考试时才能斩获高分。关于本文中提到的翻译技巧以及其他实用翻译技巧的具体讲解,考生可参考本文作者的《14天完美攻克四六级新题型之汉译英》一书(本书详细介绍:http://www.dogwood.com.cn/book/cet4/1534.html),该书在2013年12月14日的四、六级考试中成功命中五个真题主题,适合考生备考2014年四、六级考试。
英语四级高频词汇总结归纳
英语四级考试作文4篇
7月大学英语四级作文真题题目一
circumstance n. 环境,(复数)境况,事件,详情
plunge n. 突然跌落, 跳水
investment n. 投资,投入,投资额
necessarily adv. 必然地,必定地,必需地
diverse adj. 不同的,相异的,多种多样的
lavatory n. 盥洗室, 厕所
particularly adv. 特别, 尤其
rub n. 摩擦,困难,障碍 vt. 擦, 搓, 涂抹上, 使不愉快 vi. 摩擦
facilitate vt. 帮助, 使...容易, 促进
troublesome adj. 令人烦恼的, 讨厌的,困难的,棘手的
steady adj. 稳定的,稳固的,沉稳的 adv.平稳地,稳固地 n. 固定的事物 vi. &vt. (使)稳固,(使)稳定
positive adj. 肯定的, 积极的, 绝对的 adj. 正面的, 正数的, 阳性的
numerous adj. 为数众多的,许多
steer v. 引导, 驾驶, 航行, 掌舵 n. (肉用的)小公牛, 暗示
obedient adj. 服从的, 顺从的
donkey n. 驴子;傻瓜;顽固的人
dorm n. (集体)宿舍
admiration n. 钦佩, 赞赏
precious adj. 宝贵的,珍贵的,矫揉造作的 adv. 极其地
unique adj. 独一无二的, 独特的, 稀罕的
economics n. 经济学
comparison n. 比较
productive adj. 能生产的;有生产价值的;多产的;有效率的
section n. 零件,部分,章节,区域,部门,路段,断面 vt. 划分,切开 vi. 划分
successive adj. 接连的, 连续的, 接二连三的
component n. 元件, 组件, 成份 adj. 组成的, 构成的
heal vt. 痊愈,恢复,和解 vi. 痊愈
automate v. 自动化 vt. 使自动化
compromise n. 妥协, 折衷, 折衷案 vt. 妥协处理, 危害 vi. 妥协, 让步
loan n. 贷款, 借出, 债权人 v. 借, 供应货款, 借给
volunteer n. 志愿者,自行生长的植物 adj. 志愿的,自行生长的(树等) vt. &vi. 自愿(做)
upright adj. 正直的, 诚实的, 合乎正道的
summarize vt. &vi. 概述,摘要而言
grab vt. &vi. 抓取,抢去,吸引注意 n. 抓,接应,掠夺 n.不法所得; 被抓住的人; 抓取装置
protein adj. 蛋白质的 n. 蛋白质
protest n. 抗议, 反对, 抗议书 vi. 反对,抗议,断言 vt. 坚持地表示, 对...提出异议
further adj. 更远的 adv. 此外, 进一步地 v. 促进, 推动 vt. 促进
superior n. 上级,高手,上标 adj. 上层的,上好的,出众的,高傲的
pledge n. 保证,誓言,抵押,抵押品 vt. 保证,誓言,举杯祝...健康
machinery n. (总称)机器, 机械
retirement n. 退休,隐匿处 adj. 退休的
adjust vt. 调整, 使...适于 vi. 适应
conventional adj. 普通的,常见的,习惯的,常规的
monetary adj. 货币的,金融的
convert v. 使转变, 使...改变信仰, 倒置 n. 皈依者, 改宗者
operation n. 手术, 行动,活动, 操作
sticky adj. 粘的,闷热的,困难的,令人不满意的
myth n. 神话
vital adj. 至关重要的, 生死攸关的, 有活力的, 充满生机的
minimum adj. 最低的, 最小的 n. 最小量, 最低限度
giant adj. 巨大的 n. 巨人,伟人,巨大的东西
prospective adj. 未来的, 预期的
definite adj. 明确的,一定的
balcony n. 阳台
heighten v. 增高,提高,加强
colonial adj. 殖民地的 n. 殖民地居民
ore n. 矿, 矿石
dramatic adj. 戏剧性的,引人注目的,给人深刻印象的
council n. 理事会,委员会, 商议
input n. 输入
marine n. (海军)士兵或军官, 海景画 adj. 海的,海事的,船舶的,航海的
criticize vt. 批评, 吹毛求疵, 非难 vi. 批评
representation n. 表示法,表现,陈述,答辩
dirt n. 污垢,泥土, 污秽的言行,卑鄙的人,堕落,矿渣
situate vt. 位于, 坐落在 adj. 位于...的,坐落在...的
retail n. 零售 vt. 零售 adj. 零售的 adv. 以零售形式
reception n. 接待,招待会,接收,欢迎,接受
overnight n. 前晚 adj. 通宵的, 晚上的, 前夜的 adv. 在前一夜, 整夜, 昨晚一晚上
govern vt. 统治,支配,管理,规定 vi. 统治,执行
insult vt. 侮辱 n. 侮辱,(对人身的)损害
insurance n. 保险
reflect v. 反映, 反射, 归咎
innovation n. 创新, 革新
exert vt. 运用, 施加(压力,影响等)
mechanical adj. 机械的,力学的,呆板的 n.(供制版用的)样书, 版面设计
interview n. 面谈,访问,接见 vt. 接见,对...进行面谈(试) vi. 面试, 采访
intimate adj. 亲密的,私人的,秘密的 n. 密友 vt. 透露,暗示
medium n. 媒体, 方法, 媒介 adj. 适中的, 中等的
artistic adj. 艺术的
withstand vt. 对抗,经得起,承受
watchful adj. 注意的, 警惕的
assure vt. 保险,保证,确信,担保
journal n. 日记, 杂志, 日报
payment n. 支付, 付款
distinguish vt. 区别,辨认,特别关注 vi. 区别
reputation n. 声誉,好名声
peculiar adj. 奇怪的,古怪的,特殊的,独特的 n. 特权
outbreak n. 爆发
democratic adj. 民主的, 大众的,平等的
probable adj. 很可能的 n. 很可能的事
depart vt. 离开 vi. 离开,死亡,脱轨
independent adj. 独立的, 自主的,私立的,无偏见的 n. 独立派人士, 无党派者
virtually adv. 几乎,实际上
resistance n. 抵抗力,反抗,反抗行动;阻力,电阻;反对 adj. 抵抗的
paperback n. 纸封面本, 普及本,平装书
center n. 中心, 中间, 主角, 中锋, 重点 vi. 居中, 聚焦于... vt. 使集中, 放在中央
fare n. 费用,食物 v. 进展,进步,经营
literal adj. 逐字的, 字面上的, 文字的 [计算机] 文字的
四级翻译真题演练
1.I__________________(将在做实验)from three to five this afternoon.2.How close parents are to their children_________________ __(有很强的影响)the character of the children.3.But for his help, I _____________________(我不可能这么早完成).4.His remarks left me ____________________________(想知道他的真实目的).5.Mark often____________________________(试图逃脱罚款)whenever he breaks traffic regulations.答案与解析:
1.will be doing/conducting the experiment.本句考查固定搭配。“做实验”可以用“do/conduct the experiment”来表达.2.has a strong influence on.本句考查固定搭配。“对...有影响”可以用“have influence on”来表达.3.would not have finished so early.本句考查固定搭配。“but for”引起的虚拟语句,主句用虚拟语气。对过去动作的虚拟可以用“would have done”来表达.4.wondering about his real purpose.本句考查固定搭配。“想知道“ 可以用 ”wonder about“来表达.5.attempts to escape being fined.本句考查固定搭配。“试图”可以用”attempt to do"来表达.
《新概念英语》教材以其严密的系统性和良好的实用性而颇受英语学习者的青睐,其在词汇、短语以及句型的运用上也颇为地道,所以学习和借鉴此类教材中的英文表达对考生夯实英语基础和应对四、六考试将大有裨益。下面笔者就以《新概念英语》第三册(下文简称《新概念3》)课文中的例句为辅来解析2012年12月四级考试的一套翻译真题,分析教材中的基础知识与四级翻译考点之间的联系,希望对考生有所帮助。
I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never before in my life ___________ (我感到如此激动)!
参考答案 had I felt so excited
解析 这道题的考点是倒装:当有些否定副词(never、neither、seldom等)位于句首时,其后的句子要使用部分倒装结构,即将be动词、情态动词或助动词(do、have等)提至主语之前。这种倒装用来加强语气,是典型的正式修辞和正式文体。此外,英语中需要使用部分倒装的还有如下三种情况:①部分具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首(little、on no account等)時;②“so/such ... that ...”句型中的so/such位于句首时;③虚拟语气的倒装。
考点延伸 下面我们在《新概念3》中找找“部分倒装”的影子。
例1:Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well. (否定词组not only位于句首表强调,助动词had提到主语the poor man之前,句子发生部分倒装。选自第5课The Facts。)
例2:Neither was I surprised when the train stopped at Widley, a tiny station a few miles along the line. (否定副词neither位于句首引起句子的部分倒装,助动词was置于主语I之前。选自第37课The Westhaven Express。)
例3:So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour. (“so/such ... that ... ”句型中的so/such位于句首,so/such后面的内容发生部分倒装,助动词is提到主语our passion之前。选自第46课Do It Yourself。)
除这几处外,《新概念3》的其他课文中也多次出现部分倒装结构,对这一语法的运用非常广泛。若考生平时多阅读此类课文,会对倒装的使用驾轻就熟。
真题链接 ① By no means should he regard himself as an expert (他把自己当成专家) although he knows a lot about the field. (2012年6月四级翻译第83题)
② The manager never laughed; neither had she lost temper before (也从来没有发过脾气). (2010年6月四级翻译第88题)
Yesterday Jane left the meeting early. Otherwise, she ___________ (可能会说一些后来会懊悔的话).
参考答案 could have said something that she might have regretted later
解析 这道题主要考查虚拟语气中含蓄条件句的用法。含蓄条件句是一种较难识别的虚拟条件句,是指英语中某些表虚拟的条件句不是通过if从句表达出来,而是隐含在某些短语、上下文或其他方式中,其谓语也需要用虚拟语气的形式。这道题目中的otherwise一词暗含假设的意思,表示对过去事实的虚拟。主句表述的事实与过去事实相反,所以主句的谓语动词应用“could have +过去分词”的形式。除otherwise外,英语中还有一些词汇暗含假设的意思,例如without、but for、but that、except for等,考生可对此类用法多加关注。
考点延伸 下面我们来看看《新概念3》中对虚拟语气的运用。
例1:Two men who recently spent five days on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer. (Wish引导的宾语从句表达的是对过去事实的虚拟,从句的谓语动词用“had +过去分词”的形式。选自第12课Life on a Desert Island。)
例2:There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race. (If引导的条件句表示对过去事实的虚拟,其谓语动词用“had +过去分词”的形式,主句的谓语动词则用“would have +过去分词”的形式。选自第25课The Cutty Sark。)
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例3:The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French pot-holer, Berger. (本句中的“had not the entrance been spotted …”实为if引导的与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句,由于省略了if,所以助动词had提到主语the entrance之前,句子发生了部分倒装。条件句中的谓语动词用“had +过去分词”的形式,主句的谓语动词则用“might have +过去分词”的形式。选自第42课Modern Cavemen。)
例4:Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of chaos. (本句中出现了含蓄条件句。Without it隐含着对现在事实的虚拟,所以主句的谓语动词分别用“could +动词原形”和“would +动词原形”的形式表示虚拟的语气。选自第60课Too Early and Too Late。)
《新概念3》中对虚拟语气的运用可谓循序渐进,从较为简单的wish引起的虚拟语气入手,到if引导的虚拟语气,再到省略if的虚拟语气的倒装,最后到含蓄条件句,一步一步深入,有利于学习者逐步掌握这一语法点。
真题链接 ① Linda couldn’t have received my e-mail (不可能收到我的电子邮件);otherwise, she would have replied. (2011年12月四级翻译第88题)
② Those flowers looked as if they had not been watered for quite a long time (好长时间没有浇水了). (2012年6月四级翻译第87题)
With the noise going on outside the classroom, I had great difficulty ___________ (集中注意力复习功课).
参考答案 in focusing on reviewing the lessons
解析 这道题有两个考查点,一是考查“集中注意力”(focus on)的英文表达法;二是考查have difficulty (in) doing的用法。有些考生注意到第一個考查点,将答案写为focus on reviewing the lessons或to focus on reviewing the lessons,但却忽略了第二个考查点,丢分丢得很可惜。
考点延伸 若考生熟悉《新概念3》中的课文的话,应该对have difficulty (in) doing的用法不陌生。下面我们来看两个例句。
例1:They had little difficulty in finding it, but hauling it out of the water proved to be a serious problem. (本句中的difficulty前加了限定词little。选自第43课Fully Insured。)
例2:The guests had, of course, realized this from the moment Bessie opened the door for them and, long before the final catastrophe, had had a difficult time trying to conceal their amusement. (本句中的had a difficult time trying由have difficulty [in] doing转变而来。选自第49课The Ideal Servant。)
由此可见,have difficulty (in) doing可以变体为have little/some/great difficulty in doing或者have a difficult time (in) doing,考生可以灵活使用。
真题链接 Soon after he transferred to the new school, Ali found that he had much difficulty in catching up with the other students (很难跟上班里的同学) in math and English. (2009年6月四级翻译第87题)
All the information you need to apply for your visa is _______________ ( 可以免费获取).
参考答案 available for free
解析 这道题考查的是“免费”和“可获取”的表达法。“免费”的英文表达法考生应该都不陌生,应用for free;而“可获取”的英文表达略有难度,用available一词比较合适。
考点延伸 下面我们来看看《新概念3》中available一词的多种用法。
例1:He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available. (Available一词在这里表示“可用的,有用的”。选自第38课The First Calendar。)
例2:They invariably live nearby and are always available for an informal chat or an evening’s entertainment. (Available一词在这里意为“有空的”。选自第41课Illusions of Pastoral Peace。)
例3:But even when such refinements are not available, there is plenty to keep you occupied. (Available一词在这里表示“可获得的”。选自第44课Speed and Comfort。)
从上述三个例句中,我们发现available一词的用法并不难,既可以表示某样东西是“可获得的”,也可以表示某个人是“可接近的”或“有空的”。大家如果平时注重积累英语基础知识,也就很容易应对相关的四、六级翻译考题了。
真题链接 ① For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education. (2011年12月四级阅读)
② Decades ago, there were only a limited number of drugs available, and many of them caused side effects in older people, including dizziness and fatigue. (2007年6月四级完型填空)
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