溪口导游词英文（精选8篇）
一：武岭门
各位嘉宾，现在我们已经走在了前往老溪口之路，只有我们走过了眼前的那个城门，就算是蒋介石时代的溪口，我们走在这条路上，大家会发现这条路有一定的坡度，所以，在以前武岭门的这个位置是一座小山丘，叫武山。在武山上呢，有一座小庵堂，叫武山庵，蒋介石的母亲王采玉是个非常信佛的人，所以经常会带蒋介石到这里烧香拜佛，那大家也应该知道，孩童时候的蒋介石在溪口镇上是有名的顽童，大家都叫他瑞元无赖。因为蒋介石小时候非常顽皮，比如不做作业而且逃课去剡溪玩耍，当他被母亲发现之后他总是会跑到武岭庵里面，因为他仗着他母亲信奉佛教，不会也不敢在菩萨面前打自己的儿子，所以蒋介石逃过了一次又一次。长大成家在之后的蒋介石，有几次跟其原配毛福梅吵架之后也会跑到武岭庵里面过夜。所以蒋介石与武岭庵早已结下了不解之缘，到了1930年，蒋介石看到这里的武岭庵已经非常破旧，因此他斥资20万元，修建了我们眼前的这座城门，当时的蒋介石不但要求工程要按期完工外，还要求新建的城门要有：金陵中山门之巍峨，燕京古宫之气象。那我们现在抬头看到城门上有武岭两个词，这两个字是由国民党元老级人物于右任先生所写，好，我们现在继续往前面走几步，那现在我们来到了武岭门的另一面，那我们现在再抬头看，我们是不是又看到了武岭两个字？？我们在这两个字的左边有中正两个字，中正是是蒋介石长大后的自称。有朋友可能会问，为什么蒋介石的武岭两个字在城门内侧而于右任先生的武岭两个字在正面呢？？ 按当事的地位和权利来说，肯定是蒋介石高，但是于右任是国民党内的公认的大书法家，蒋介石出于对他的敬仰，尊重和谦虚之情，就将于右任先生的字刻在了正面。新中国成立之后，溪口人为了清除蒋氏残留下来的“遗毒”，但又舍不得“武岭”两字，便想了个办法，就是用水泥涂在字面上，武岭两字就此隐匿。1979年，对外开放的春风吹掉了字面上的水泥，武岭的真迹得以再现游客眼前。
二：文昌阁
各位嘉宾，那我们参观完了武岭门之后，我们现在继续不行前行，我们去参观蒋介石和宋美龄的私人别墅和藏书楼同样也是古代溪口十景之一的文昌阁。文昌阁是由蒋介石于1924年出资扩建，总面积为436平方米。但是1939年12月12日，日军派了6架轰炸机有目的的来轰炸蒋介石的老家溪口，当时的文昌阁是被全部炸毁的，现在的文昌阁是1986年国家拨款按原貌重建的。那这里为什么要取名为文昌阁呢？其一：文昌阁里供奉着文昌帝君像，这里是古时溪口文人贤士聚集交流的地方。其二：宋美龄的祖籍是广东省文昌县人。因此取名为文昌阁。1924年，蒋介石出资修建了文昌阁之后曾取名为乐亭，我们眼前现在看到的这块碑上面写着：乐亭记，后面还有蒋介石当时写的一篇文昌乐亭记以赞乐亭之美，但是溪口人民很念旧，还是以文昌阁称之。
现在请大家往前看，前面有个高大的建筑，这个建筑是什么呢？有朋友说是嘹望塔，有朋友说是碉堡，那就让我来告诉大家，我们眼前的是座水塔，那为什么要在这里建造以个水塔呢？其一：宋美龄曾留学美国，在美国喝的是自来水，但是来到溪口之后却要她喝溪水，她发现在剡溪里有人淘米，有人洗菜，甚至有人淘马桶，宋美龄就觉得很脏，所以蒋介石为他造了个水塔，就是把地下深层水抽上来，进行过滤后给宋美龄喝，从这个角度来讲，宋美龄是我们全溪口第一个喝上自来水的人。其二：大家知道在1927年，蒋介石出资建造了武岭学校，学校里学生都要喝水吧？？但是学校跟剡溪有一定的距离在，学生每天来挑水不但浪费时间也耽误课业，所以蒋介石在文昌阁造了这个水塔，利用这边地势比较高，将水压过去供学生饮用，方便学生的学习生活。
现在我们走进了文昌阁，一楼的东西大家自己看一下就差不多了，我们主要是上楼去看看蒋宋的卧室。好，我们现在来到了二楼了，现在展现在我们眼前的是蒋宋的卧室，首先让我们把目光聚集在这张床上，请大家找出这张床与我们家里用的床的不同点，一共是三点：（接下去游客肯定会你一言我一句的说）好，大家也找的差不多了。第一个不同点——床头跟床尾都有镜子，这是为什么呢？？这是因为宋美龄是个很爱美的人，她每天晚上睡觉前都要看一下自己的睡姿美不美，早上起床的时候都要看一下自己的仪容仪表等，所以镜子一多就方便她照镜子。第二个不同点——床头跟床尾差不多高，这是为什么呢？大家知道蒋介石是个传统的中式人物，深受儒家思想影响，尊崇男尊女卑。而宋美龄留学美国深受西方文化影响推崇男女平等，那床头跟床尾几乎等高，也就是在一定意义上代表了男女平等。第三个不同点——此床有六个脚，大家都知道我们平常家里的床都是4个脚的，那4个脚的床代表什么呢？代表了四平八稳，但是蒋介石是个政治上的风云人物，他总不希望自己的官位权利一直停留在一个地方，当然是希望节节高升啦~所以六个脚的床代表了六六大顺（在这里也可以将蒋介石梦见乌龟的传说结合起来讲）。
那这张床我们看完之后，我们继续把目光停留在这间卧室里，我们是不是已经发现了，在这个卧室里面镜子特别的多？？梳妆台上有块镜子我们可以理解，但是我们会发现，在衣柜上也有几块很大的镜子？这有什么作用呢？大家知道在那个年代是没有摄像头或者监控器之类的设备的，要知道家里各个角落的情况只能是靠镜子的反射，而且当时的蒋宋都是有一定社会地位的人，所以这里的镜子是为了视察房间里的情况，以防被暗杀。
这个卧室我们参观完了之后，现在我们继续往里面走，我们去看看宋美龄的书房，都说宋美龄是个琴棋书画样样精通的才女，那我们现在来到这个书房主要就是让大家找找琴棋书画都在哪里呢？（在这里给游客提示一下，宋美龄擅长画山水画，所以桌子上的笔架就代表了书画，因为当时写字用毛笔。画画也用毛笔）。接下去还呢，让我们来欣赏一下挂在墙上的画，这些画都是由宋美龄画的，当然啦，这些东西都是仿品了，如果是真迹的画那就价值连城了哦~~~（跟游客说说笑笑最近距离）文昌阁结束之后去小洋房
各位嘉宾，文昌阁已经参观完毕，那下面请大家跟紧我的脚步，我们去参观小洋房，那我们刚刚走出文昌阁，我们会发现这里有很多宋美龄各个时期的照片和图片。那大家先看一下，等下大家选一张你们最喜欢的照片，我来给大家讲解一下蒋介石跟宋美龄是如何相识，相知及最后走在一起的。
蒋介石跟宋美龄的相识就不得不提到一个人——孙中山。蒋介石第一次见到宋美龄是在上海莫里哀路的孙中山寓所，1922年12月初，宋氏兄妹要在孙中山寓所李举行一次社区基督教晚会，当时的蒋介石已相当接近孙中山，所以有幸参加了那次晚会，在那次晚会上蒋介石认识了当时年仅23岁的宋美龄，蒋介石一见钟情，开始了长达5年的狂热追求，之后的蒋介石接连三次见到孙中山都向其提出希望将宋美龄介绍给自己，但孙中山听后也不知道怎么回答，只能说再等一等，但是当时的宋庆龄则坚决反对，说：宁可看到妹妹死去，也不愿她嫁给已有妻妾且喜新厌旧的男人。时光就这样过去了五年，当时的蒋介石已经是统治千军万马的总司令了，1927年3月26日，蒋介石乘军舰抵达上海，驱车前往西摩路宋宅登门拜访，重申求婚之意，此时的宋美龄终于第一次对蒋介石表示出了好感，同年的5月15日由蒋介石提议，经宋霭龄撮合，开始了蒋宋为其10日的镇江焦山之游，为蒋宋结合奠定了基础。1927年12月1日，两人终于在上海举行了结婚典礼，这次的结婚典礼也跟他们的经历一样，一中一西，先是举行了基督教式的教会婚礼，接着在大华饭店举行了中国传统式的婚礼。两人在婚后生活，工作都较为和睦，成为各自的左右手，互相扶持，在长期的生活工作中，宋美龄对蒋介石有三个方面的影响：（1）使蒋介石信仰基督教。大家都知道蒋介石祖祖辈辈都是信仰佛教的，最早的时候可以追溯到后梁时期的蒋介石的祖宗蒋摩坷，当时他是拜奉化县岳林寺的布袋和尚为师，蒋介石于1930年10月接受洗礼，成为基督教徒。2）使蒋介石“改邪归正”：主要指蒋介石跟宋美龄结婚之后，就未再娶妻纳妾及和其他女人传出风流韵事。3）改变了蒋介石的生活习惯。宋美龄喜欢听音乐，午休时要侍从放留声机“催眠”放的是小提琴独奏，那时间一长蒋介石也就有了这个习惯。当然啦，宋美龄对蒋介石也有影响，主要是对宋美龄在开支上的影响，蒋介石在经费上的掌握是比较紧的，每次部下请求救济，最多只批200元，宋美龄受他影响，也逐渐讲求节约开支。（1）宋美龄的厨房里，以前会有很多的酒肉，但是受此影响，她都会按量配置，要吃多少，配备多少。（2）宋美龄对衣着上是非常讲究了，但是受此影响，宋美龄在选购衣料上，总是货比三家，问明价格，选择价廉物美的买。2003年10月23日，宋美龄在美国逝世，享年106岁，她是在二战各国参战领袖及领袖夫人中最长寿的一个。三：小洋房
下面我们就要去参观小洋房，小洋房原先叫“涵斋”那为什么要叫它小洋房呢？其一：小洋房的建筑规模不大才300平方米。其二：当时的石灰都是从德国进口的，不叫石灰而叫洋灰。因此又俗称为小洋房。蒋建此房打算给贴身人员居住，便于自己小住文昌阁时传唤。1937年4月27日蒋经国从苏联回到溪口，这里成为了蒋经国“洗脑筋”的地方。那为什么要洗脑筋呢？因为蒋经国在苏联留学时期接受的是马列主义思想，跟其父完全是对着干的，而且在国外的时候有好几次都提出要跟蒋介石断绝父子关系，所以来到溪口之后就将其“软禁”起来，为了就是解除其马列主义思想。蒋介石先是请国民党政府行政院副秘书长徐道邻作为他老师，此人非常效忠于蒋介石，人称：“诡计多端”的智多星。接着请了蒋经国留学苏联的同学高理文，蒋介石请高理文给蒋经国伴读就是要给蒋经国起个榜样作用，因为接受同样的教育，在同样的环境，高理文很快消除了苏联共产党的影响，而蒋经国却非常顽固，因此蒋介石就是让高理文给蒋经国做个榜样。最后，蒋介石还请了武岭学校的老师黄寄慈给蒋经国做伴读，黄寄慈是蒋介石最信得过的人物。蒋介石轮番的换老师，换伴读其目的只有一个：狠下决心，把蒋经国在苏联所受的“共产主义”影响彻底磨灭。
现在我们在这里可以看到有4幅蒋经国的照片，大家可以发现随着蒋经国年纪的增长，他就更像他的母亲毛福梅，我们奉化这边有这么一句话：儿子像娘金子打墙，女儿像爹啥都不缺。意思是说蒋经国这个人命是很好的~ 我们现在出来看一下这个卫生间，用我们现代人的眼光看，这个卫生间好像不算什么，似乎是普普通通的，但是如果让时光倒退80年，那时候的普通百姓连座便器，浴缸是干嘛的都不知道，几乎所有的人用的还是马桶的时候，蒋介石一家已经用上了从德国进口的卫生用具，可以说这间卫生间是当时全宁波最先进的一个。好啦，现在跟着我的脚步我们去看看楼下有什么。
来到了一楼我们首先看到的是一块碑，上面写着“以血洗血”四个字。刚才在文昌阁的时候我说过，1939年12月12日日军派了6架轰炸机有目的的来袭击蒋介石的家乡，当时的丰镐房有一堵墙被炸倒了，偏偏这个时候毛福梅经过，结果毛福梅被那堵炸倒的墙给压死了，蒋经国问此噩耗，连夜从江西赣州赶过来，据说当时用了一天一夜的时间，用了12桶汽油。当蒋经国来到这里的时候，他咬破10个手指含泪写下了以血洗血四个字，那这4个字是什么意思啊？？其意为：要用日本人的血为母亲报仇。旁边的经国两个字是红色的，这就更加的突出了仇恨的痛彻心扉。那本来这块碑是伫立在丰镐房毛福梅遇难处的，但是在1941年日军侵占溪口后，原碑已被捣毁，现在这块是后来按原碑临摹的，为了更好的保护它，故将其从丰镐房转移到了小洋房保存。（楼下有4个小房间，里面其中一个房间有蒋经国和蒋纬国的照片，在这里应该简单的介绍一下蒋纬国的身世之谜（我这边就不全部打出来了），还有蒋经国的苏联老婆叫方良，应该介绍一下这个名字的由来。）当初蒋经国携妻儿从苏联回国，其妻子叫芬娜，大家都认为这个名字不怎么好念，而且也没有含义在，遂决定给她取个中文名，后来蒋介石给她取名叫蒋方娘，当初大家一致认为这个名字好，因为毕竟是总统取的名字嘛~但是惟独有一个人坚决反对，那这个人是谁呢？她就是蒋介石的原配毛福梅，因为在我们奉化这边有这么个习俗在，比如你叫李桂花，身边亲切的人都叫你阿花，按此理推断我们知道，蒋方娘就是阿娘，而阿娘在我们奉化这边用方言来说就是奶奶的意思，所以毛福梅认为她是自己的儿媳妇但是自己却还要称呼她为奶奶，很不舒服，所以将娘字去掉了女字旁，方良就是这么来的。
我们现在走出了小洋房，在出去的路上呢，我简单的给大家介绍一下在我们眼前的这个跳水台，这个跳水台是蒋经国为他的老婆方良而建造的，那有一次蒋方良穿着三点式准备在跳水台跳水，前方站了很多的溪口人民，根据当时的民风民俗是绝对接受不了这样的穿着的，当蒋方良一跳下去，就这样一传十，十传百的传开了，最后蒋介石知道了，把蒋经国叫过来，狠狠的训了他一顿，并叫经国好好管教方良。最后蒋介石请了当时全奉化最好的戏班子，在跳水台上唱了三天三夜的大戏，算是给溪口人民赔礼道歉，以保持在溪口人民心中的形象。
四：丰镐房
各位嘉宾，大家好，接下去我们就要去参观的是溪口镇上最重要的景点——丰镐房。那在前往的路上，我简单的介绍一下丰镐房名字的来历，在我们奉化溪口一带有个习惯，各户人家都有自己的房名或房号，蒋介石十岁那年他的同父异母的哥哥蒋介卿提出分家，当时的那幢老房子就分给了蒋介石，因为蒋介石和蒋瑞青同属周字辈，王采玉请人给儿子蒋介石和蒋瑞青分别起房号，按辈分“周”字取名，上查中国历史东周和西周，皇帝在陕西省“丰邑”和“镐京”建都，便从“丰邑”和“镐京”分别取了第一个字作为房名，即：蒋介石为丰房，蒋瑞青为镐房。不久，将瑞青病死，只留了丰房。直到蒋介石取过毛福梅生了蒋经国后，取乳名为“建丰”，领来的小儿子蒋纬国取乳名为“建镐”，然后将其合二为一，统称为丰镐房。因蒋介石一家信佛，经常烧香，吃素念经，因此我们等下要看到的丰镐房也可称为“素居”
下面呢我们已经来到了丰镐房，请大家紧跟我的脚步一起参观，我们从左边绕过去，西边展现在我们眼前有一排平房，这排房子叫西平房，蒋介石每次来丰镐房，都有很多的手下，用我们现在的话来说就是保镖及随从人员，那些人都是住在西平房的。我现在看到前面有很多人围观的地方，那就是毛福梅在1939年时的遇难处，这边原先有块以血洗血的碑牌在，现在在已经在小洋房了，这些东西我在小洋房都跟大家说过。
好了我们继续往前走，前面我们看到的是丰镐房的厨房，我们可以发现啊，蒋家的厨房有3口灶，当时普通人家的厨房几乎都是一口灶，最多是两口灶，那蒋家的三口灶代表什么呢？用我们现在的话说就是：蒋家在当时已经过上了小康生活。同时这里也是蒋介石每次悄悄的跑到丰镐房来品尝毛福梅做的小点心的地方了，接下来我们转移一下目光，来看看这个铁窗，大家会发现少了一根铁杆，这是被炸弹的弹片飞到的结果，而且旁边的那根也快被拦腰折断了，这就是1939年12月12日日军袭击溪口留下的痕迹。
好了，看的差不多啦我们就出去往外面走，接下去呢，我要跟大家讲3个发生在丰镐房的非常巧合的事情。（1）扩建之后的丰镐房其房间数共为7*7 =49间 房间，而大家都知道蒋介石正是什么时候离开大陆期望台湾的？？对了，就是1949年，那又忍可能会说了如果蒋介石当初如果扩建成8*8=64间，或者9*9=81间呢？哪蒋介石是不是要在64年，81年离开大陆前往台湾了呢？ 这呢是第一个巧合。（2）那当初蒋介石要求扩建丰镐房，要搬迁附近的26户人家，但最终只搬迁了25户人家，其中一户人家，周顺房的主人周运生却不愿意搬，他当时说了一句话：瑞元啊，现在你是皇帝了，你要我搬，我只能搬了。周运生跟蒋介石是同年同月同日生的也是从小玩到大的好伙伴。周运生说的那句话，我们用古时候的一句话去形容该怎么说呢？是不是意味着：君要臣死臣不得不死，这句话听上去是不是很势力？？蒋介石为了维持邻里之间的关系，也为了保持自己的溪口人民心中的形象，蒋介石就说道：他不搬就由他不搬吧。所以导致了丰镐房从整体上看，缺了一个角，这个角按照方位上来看，在东南方向，而台湾在我国的版图上也在 东南方向。也就是说 当初蒋介石给人家留了一角，也就是给自己留了一条后路。换句话说：如果蒋介石当初不给他留那条生路，说不定蒋介石1949年连台湾都没的去~~ 那这个事第二个巧合。（3）我们现在来到了丰镐房的天井，大家可以看到有一颗金桂和一颗银桂，这两颗树均由宋美龄第一次来溪口时栽种，当时宋美龄将金桂种在了毛福梅的东厢房前，而将银桂种到了自己的西厢房前，大家发现这两颗桂花树有什么区别在呢？对了，大家看出来了西厢房前的银桂明显要比东厢房前的金桂小，那是因为这颗银桂在2003年的时候枯死了，现在看到的这棵是2003年补种上去的。大家知道宋美龄是在什么时候去世的？对，就是2003年，刚才我在文昌阁说过，也就是说恰巧在这棵银桂枯死后的两个月，宋美龄在美国逝世。这就是第三个巧合。（此时的游客正处于无休无止的思考过程中）
说完了发生在丰镐房的三个巧合，大家现在继续跟我走，我们现在看到这里叫报本堂，来到报本堂我们主要是看一下我们头上的这块写有遇理帅气的匾额。这块匾额是蒋介石在蒋经国40岁生日的时候写给蒋经国的。那我们现在重点来分析一下这4个字的含义：“寓理帅气”的“寓”是寄托、包藏的意思，“理”是指道理，即事物的特殊规律，“气”是指构成世界万物的要源（特别是指人的气度，度量），“帅”即统帅。其意是鼓励其子继承父业，以理服众，续写蒋家辉煌。因为蒋介石是个崇尚武德的人（这也是为什么取名为武領门店原因之一），但是经过一些列的事变，一系列的战争，一连窜的失利，使蒋介石明白，要得民心，以武服人是不行的，为什么***一号召就会全民皆兵呢？其中的原因就在这里，一定要以理服人～～ 所以这4个字里面，这个 理 字是寓意最深的。我们现在走进报本堂里面看看，大家会发现这里有很多的牌位，但是其中有两个人的牌位还没归祖，那两个人是谁呢？第一：蒋介石。第二：蒋经国。他们的牌位都还在台湾，我们也希望他们能够快快归来。
我们现在走进的是西厢房，我们现在看到，这幅照片就是蒋介石的母亲王采玉，对于王采玉，我们可以用一句话去形容：一生坎坷育孤儿。王采玉一嫁是嫁给跸驻村曹家地的一个姓余的人，王采玉还给那个男人生了一个儿子，但是有一年曹家地爆发了瘟疫，其儿和丈夫纷纷在这场灾难中去世，当时的民俗是非常封建的，大家都说她是克夫克子的扫把星，王采玉在走投无路的情况下去了葛竹村村口的金竹庵带发修行。而当时的蒋肃俺正好有两个老婆都死了，第一个老婆徐氏给他留下了一儿一女，第二个老婆孙氏不到一年就去世了，大家都知道，那个时候的家庭，如果家里只有一两个儿女，那肯定是偏少了，所以蒋肃俺希望能再找个老婆生几个，当时玉泰盐铺的账房先生王贤东，他跟王采玉是是堂房兄妹。他看出了蒋肃俺眼中的忧愁，那么一个想娶，一个想嫁，经王贤东一撮合，两块破碎的布又被重新缝了起来。在王采玉对面呢，我们可以看到毛福梅的照片（对着毛福梅的相，可以讲解一下，蒋介石跟毛福梅结婚时的笑话以及他们的婚姻），那下面我们看一下蒋介石另外的两个侧室一个是姚冶诚，另一个是陈洁如。首先讲解一下姚冶诚，她的原名为：怡琴，小名叫阿巧，蒋介石将其改名为冶诚。冶：取自姚冶诚的出生地：冶长泾畔。诚：诚恳真挚。希望她能够对蒋介石始终“以诚相待：关心体贴。姚冶诚结识蒋介石有三个说法： 1）1911年10月武昌起义成功后，蒋介石应陈其美之召回到上海，经常伴随着陈出入 群玉坊 寻欢作乐，姚冶诚见到蒋介石年轻英俊，就马上迎了上来，再说蒋介石见到体态丰腴的她，一见心动，二人一拍即合，就这样同居了。2）1911年，蒋介石回到上海，在以个偶然的机会结识了姚冶诚，一来二往就有了感情，最后同居了。3）说姚冶诚是陈其美家的娘姨，反袁之战失败之后，泸军都督杨善德派人通缉蒋介石，蒋匆忙中逃进了姚冶诚的房间，得到了姚冶诚的掩护，以后就同居于贝勒路369号。但是蒋介石并未获得姚冶诚如他期望的那样始终“以诚相待：关心体贴，特别是1919年以后，他们之间发生了尖锐的冲突。具体表现在以下三个方面：1）蒋介石恨姚冶诚嗜赌成性。2）蒋介石恼姚冶诚对自己不关心，不体贴，甚至在他生病住院的时候还在纠缠。3）蒋介石怨她举止“贼劣”，缺乏教养。4）在这里我们可以看出蒋介石和姚冶诚有很多的矛盾，使蒋介石多次考虑要另找住所，那么为什么蒋介石一直下不了与姚冶诚分道扬镳的决定呢？1）蒋纬国无人抚养，恐其常起死母之心。2）藕断丝连3）好友相劝：好友主要是戴季陶和张静江。但是最终蒋介石和姚冶诚的结局还是没有逃脱分离的结局，1927年，蒋介石和宋美龄联姻，把姚叫到奉化谈判关于脱离关系的条件，结果以姚冶诚同意离异，蒋介石负责承担生活费而告终。于1966年，病逝于住宅，因为蒋纬国是由姚冶诚抚养长大的，所以对姚冶诚有很深的感情在，在1966年姚冶诚去世的时候，蒋纬国取请示蒋介石，希望能够将姚冶诚的葬礼举办的隆重一点，但当时的蒋介石以：要顾全蒋家名声，不必大肆声张，加以阻止，不得不悄悄举行，到了1990年，此时蒋介石已经去世，蒋纬国在台北的善导寺为姚冶诚举办了110虚岁冥诞追悼会，1994年还通过大陆亲友在奉化雪窦寺为姚冶诚举行了超度法会，以报答姚冶诚的养育之恩。那我们接下来看一下蒋介石的另一个侧室——陈洁如，讲到蒋介石与陈洁如的相识，不得不提到蒋介石的好朋友张静江，当时陈洁如与张静江的续弦（前妻去世，再娶一个老婆称为续弦）朱逸民是好朋友，所以，当1919年朱逸民嫁进张家后，陈洁如经常会去窜窜门，而当时的蒋介石也偶尔到了上海之后会去张静江家，当时的陈洁如虚龄14岁，但是很高挑，丰满，给人一种成熟的感觉，加之在行为举止上都很有大家风范，所以蒋介石可以说是对她一见倾心，在蒋介石的日记中曾写到：我为此碧玉，几病神经矣～～从这里我们可以看出蒋介石对陈洁如的狂热。到了1921年的时候，两人已经走在了一起，只是没有公开而已，直到1924年，两人才第一次出席了社交场合，陈洁如帮蒋介石的翻译，应酬等，称为蒋介石的助手。当时的蒋介石任黄埔军校的校长，当时他们居住在长洲要塞司令部，每天傍晚两人都会手牵手在黄埔军校的校园里漫步，蒋介石的学生，朋友看到之后都会称呼陈洁如为校长夫人或者总指挥夫人。可以说1924年到1925年之间两者的感情是最好的，但是他们的结局还是逃脱不了最终的分离，1927年5月，蒋宋同游镇江焦山并订立了婚约，从此以后陈洁如就失去了蒋介石的宠爱。但是在处理陈洁如的问题上，不像处理姚冶诚那么简单只给付每个月的生活费，蒋介石而是选择了将陈洁如送到美国“考察”当然啦这个考察时打引号的，其主要目的是为了跟其隔断关系，并送其出国留学，因此1933年回国的陈洁如已经是硕士学位，当时蒋介石就批了10万给陈洁如。我们说形容陈洁如就用一句话：两度得宠的陈洁如，那第二次得宠是在什么时候呢？有两件事可以反映出其二度得宠，1940年，周俊彦去世，周俊彦是蒋介石与毛福梅婚后所学习的凤麓学堂的校长，当时是蒋介石跟陈洁如一同去周家吊唁（奔丧），第二件事呢就是1944年，上海的中美之友社在上海的嘉陵宾馆举行的一个成立大会，也是他们两人一同出席的。最终陈洁如于1971年在美国逝世。
各位嘉宾，我们现在走出了西厢房，我们看到那么有很多游客在往那个小房间里看，那个小房间呢就是蒋经国1910年出生的地方，里面的这张床叫千功床，那什么是千功床呢？所谓的千功床就是一天只能做一功，一张床全部完工需要整整3年的时间。蒋经国一出生，就有了一个乳名，当时叫：存西，因为是出生在丰镐房的西侧，但是这个名字大家都觉得很土，见不了世面，所以1908年当蒋介石从日本回国后，这个取名的任务当然就交给了这位吃足墨水，出国留学的父亲蒋介石身上。蒋经国是第二十九世，属国字辈，此时的蒋介石已经接触了孙中山，加入了同盟会，颇有“经国济世”的气概。经反复考虑，就取了这个颇有大志的名字：经国。所以蒋经国一共有三个名字，分别是：存西，经国，建丰。我们现在来看一下这个楼梯，是不是觉得很窄？这个楼梯是蒋介石在扩建丰镐房的时候修建的，当时他母亲已经去世，蒋介石就是希望他母亲哪天亡灵归来，能够独自方便的上下楼梯，因为他母亲是个传统的小脚女人，上下楼梯不方便，从这里我们就可以看出蒋介石的孝道，所以这个梯子又被称为孝子梯，那可以看出蒋介石孝的不单单只是这个，下面我们低头看看扩建之后的丰镐房和原来的祖房的地基，是不是扩建的房子的地基明显要比祖房低呢？这里也就可以看出蒋介石对祖上的尊敬。好了，那丰镐房我们就参观的差不多了！
五：玉泰盐铺
接下来我们要去参观的是蒋介石的出生地，玉泰盐铺，玉泰盐铺是蒋介石10岁的时候兄弟分家，分给蒋介卿的，其一共经历了两次火灾以及一次被白蚁蛀蚀，第一次火灾发生在蒋介石2岁的时候，第二次火灾是发生在蒋介卿外出谋生后的1921年，最后一次被白蚁蛀蚀是在1948年，可以这么说：1948年被白蚁蛀蚀后，整个玉泰盐铺已经面目全非，如果不及时整修那就需要全部重建了。其实一开始蒋介石其实是不想自己拆修玉泰盐铺的，并不是说蒋介石没这个能力去拆修，而是，一：前方战事紧张逼得他坐立不安，茶饭不香。蒋介石认识国事肯定是大于家事。二：玉泰盐铺当时是分给蒋介卿的，属蒋介卿所有，如若自己出资拆修，会招来霸占兄弟财产之嫌。三：蒋介石信佛，认为玉泰盐铺先后两次失火，原因都无法查明，不值得修建。但是溪口的蒋氏族人却不这么认为，他们认为蒋介石应该拆修玉泰盐铺，第一：玉泰盐铺应当维修，否则难以慰你兄长在天之灵。（这里的讲解要结合蒋介卿是如何死亡的，及其原因。）第二：虽然玉泰盐铺是你兄长的财产，但这里毕竟是你的出生地。第三：玉泰盐铺是个风水宝地，为什么这么大的溪口别的地方不出大总统，偏偏在这个玉泰盐铺出了个总统呢，这里屡次火灾，主要是你这个天子不住这里，邪气压过了正气啊。这也正好迎合了蒋介石自命为“真命天子”的想法。蒋介石思考片刻后同意了出资拆修，于是他问族人：那我是扩建好呢？还是按原样重修呢？ 族人说了：怎么能扩建呢？扩建之后不就破坏了风水啊。基于以上的原因就有了我们现在看到的，展现在我们眼前的按原样重修的玉泰盐铺。
好了，那我们现在就先去参观一下，蒋家卖盐的店铺吧，来到这里我们会发现这个店面并不大，这个玉泰盐铺最早是由蒋介石的祖父蒋斯千开设的，蒋斯千也是蒋家私弃农从商的第一人。这个店铺后来交给蒋介石的父亲蒋肃庵打理，蒋肃庵这个人非常会做生意，地方上称他为：埠头黄鳝，意思是说这个人非常的圆滑精明，要想在他身上占便宜那是很困难的。所以当时的盐铺经营的非常好，直到第一次火灾之后，这个店铺就交给了蒋介卿去打理，蒋介卿这个人喜欢赌博，在盐铺里内设赌场，也不关心生意，所以在他的经营下，生意每况愈下，直到1919年蒋介卿离开溪口外出谋生，店算是关闭了。这个玻璃容器里放置的是当时的官府发放的证明，就好比是我们现在的营业执照。
那接下来我们就去参观一下楼上蒋介石出生的那个房间吧，我们以来到这个房间，会发现这个房间非常的简单，蒋介石在1887年9月15日，就是出生在这里，我们奉化一代有这样一句话：初一的娘娘，十五的官，也就是说蒋介石有当官的命。只是没人会想到蒋介石这个官会这么大，直到官顶。那蒋介石出生的时候王采玉是没奶的，为什么呢？这就不得不说说蒋肃庵与王采玉结婚那年的一个小插曲，那一年蒋肇聪45岁，而王采玉才23岁。账房先生王贤东说媒后，蒋肇聪知道自己的年龄要比王采玉大一倍，恐不会被王接受，所以在去相亲的时候，蒋肇聪请了一个30岁左右的年轻人去葛竹村相亲，骗过王采玉。进入洞房，夫妻照面，掀起盖头时，王采玉发现眼前的这个人竟是个半老头子，就拼命的用脚踢他，还大吵大闹，最后呢~ 由于蒋肇聪再三的赔礼道勤，加之亲朋好友的好言相劝，王采玉鉴于生米已成熟饭，只好将错就错，给人一种什么感觉啊？做错花轿嫁对郎。王采玉由于二嫁又失意，长期的礼佛吃素（这也是丰镐房为什么还可以称呼为素居的原因），体质欠佳，导致了最后的产后无奶，1887年蒋介石出生，由于吸不出奶，蒋介石哇哇大哭，惊动了邻居徐氏，徐氏是蒋肇聪的原配的堂姐妹，所以走动很勤快，所以徐氏一听到婴儿啼哭，就急忙的过来询问，知道原因后，马上就解开衣服给蒋介石喂奶，因为那是他刚刚生下自己的儿子唐文才，所以奶水充足。此后徐氏给蒋介石喂头口奶的故事就传开了。之后从1901年蒋娶过毛福梅后每年过年都会送20大洋到徐家，一直送了7年，直至徐氏去世。大家看到前面这块小木牌，上面写着蒋介石的5个名字，我们主要来说说他的乳名：瑞元，那这个名字是谁给蒋介石取的呢？又有什么含义呢？在蒋介石出生的那一刻，正在店堂里等待喜讯的蒋斯千十分开心，当即就给孙子起了个乳名：瑞元，瑞是吉祥之意，又是一种玉器，蒋斯千希望孙子将来成器，有出息。元：元是开头，也是第一。（还有点内容，请同学们自己补充）
六：蒋母墓道
各位嘉宾，我们现在来到的蒋母墓道初建于1923年，我们可以看到前面有个牌楼，入口处有3个门，中门宽3.7米，左，右两边门宽2.1米。墓道长668米，途中有下轿亭，墓庐，八角亭等建筑。时间过的很快啊，在大家的坚持下，我们已经来到了下轿亭，为什么要叫下轿亭呢？这是因为蒋介石每次为他母亲来扫墓祭拜，每次抬轿到这个亭子的时候，蒋介石总要下轿，然后步行上去，以体现对母亲的尊重，所以要叫下轿亭，来到下轿亭就意味着我们已经走了300米，还有368米哦，继续努力。前方呢？我们终于看到了有建筑物了，叫蒋母墓庐，——“慈庵”墓前的“墓庐”通常是后代子孙扫墓时用来居住，落脚的地方，因蒋母墓道没有安葬蒋介石的父亲，所以，称墓庐为“慈庵”即：纪念慈母之意。刚才说了1923年是初建，那到了1930年就扩建成如今这样的规模。（主房正中有4块石碑自己去组织）
我们终于到了蒋母墓前了，我们看一下这个墓碑，从上往下看，最上面有两只小狮子，大家知道古时房前有狮子的，那就是权利和地位的象征，两个小狮子中间呢有“壸范足式”四个字，这四个字意思为：蒋母是女中楷模，女中模范。下面蒋母之墓四个字是由孙中山所写，两边各有一副对联，上联为：祸及贤慈当日顽梗悔已晚 下联为：愧为逆子终身沉痛恨靡涯。那我们主要来看一下上联，蒋介石的母亲是在1921年因心脏病去世，蒋介石认为其母之死跟自己小时候的顽皮是分不开的，大家都知道，蒋介石小时候被人叫做：瑞元无赖，那这个绰号是怎么来的呢？来历：有一年的正月初一，蒋介石才6 7岁，随父兄来到溪口蒋家祠堂拜金紫太公，在太公的画像前供桌上摆满了糕点，水果等祭品。大人们都领着后背跪在供桌前的礼拜，当然啦蒋介石也夹在人群之中，礼拜结束之后就去天井领取糖饼。这时候领饼的人已经很多了，蒋介石有点等的不耐烦了，吵着要先领，但是大人们不允许他先领，因为当时刚刚下过雪，而且是雪过天晴，地上一片泥浆，蒋介石趁人不备倒在泥水里打了个滚，又随即爬起来往人堆里钻，大家一见新衣服上沾满了泥浆的蒋介石，纷纷往两边躲，结果蒋介石非常从容的将篮子递给了发饼人，这时候大家才明白蒋为什么要在泥地里打滚了，不过大家还是告诫蒋介石：这次你先领，以后可不许再耍无赖了哦。从此瑞元无赖就叫开了。接下去再给大家讲述几个蒋介石小时候顽皮甚至几乎没命的几个故事（上课讲过，请同学自己整理）那有人可能会问为什么蒋介石的母亲不跟蒋介石的父亲葬在一起呢？（这个自己去组织）我们现在来看看墓前的这幅图叫：凤竹图，王采玉呢是奉化葛竹村人，凤竹图的竹就代表王采玉的家乡葛竹村，我们形容以个女人是凤凰意思就是说这个女人非常的高贵，非常有影响力或者说气质，反正是好的一方面啦，整幅图的意思是说：王采玉是从葛竹村飞出来的一只凤凰。好了，看完了蒋母墓道，我们要原路返回了哦～～
七：张学良将军第一幽禁处
我们刚说到，奉化溪口被誉为“蒋氏故里，弥勒圣地”，溪口有3大旅游景区，雪窦山风景名胜区，溪口镇蒋氏故居景区，亭下湖风景名胜区，那么现在的下湖景区还在开发建设中，相信不久就会跟大家见面的。刚才我们用了几个小时参观完了溪口蒋氏故居景区，那么我们现在要前往的就是雪窦山景区了，我们的第一站就是张学良将军的第一幽禁处。相信大家对张学良应该不陌生，他是奉系军阀首领张作霖的长子，辽宁人，一生非常伟大，出生于军阀家庭，二十多岁就指挥数万大军征战沙场，1928年父亲张作霖遇难后，接受执掌东北军政大权。虽然他被迫接受蒋中正的不抵抗政策，致使东三省不费吹灰之力就落入日本贼寇之手，但日后的西安事变不仅将中国共产党从危机中解救了一把同时也拯救了中国革命，让中国从内战走向了联合抗日并在一定程度上加强了中国人民内部的团结，为中国抗日战争做出巨大贡献。但是同时，他却付出了沉重的代价，长期失去了自由。我们说的西安事变，也就是双十二事变，发生与1936年12月12日，张学良与西北军将领杨虎城在西安扣留了蒋介石，发动了西安事变。在中国共产党的帮助下，西安事变得以和平解决。但张学良送蒋介石回南京后，被南京中央军事法庭判决，后被蒋申请法庭宽恕但被软禁。蒋介石以悔过名义转移到奉化溪口老家，安排在中国旅行社宁波的一个办事处，后来被国民党征用后，改名为：张学良先生招待所。当时在张学良的身边有很多的随从，用我们现在的话说的好听点就是保镖，其实是用来监视张学良的一举一动，当时的蒋介石规定张学良的活动范围：东不许出镇海口，西不可过曹娥江。我们在进入这个景点之后，首先看见的就是张学良铜质雕像，被周恩来总理提为“千古功臣”。1937年1月13日，张学良被移送到雪窦山幽禁。张夫人于凤至、秘书赵一荻获准轮流陪伴，同年的11月7日，雪窦山招待所失火，房屋都烧没了，11月9日，张学良离开了溪口。我们现在看到的幽禁地是1988年的时候，由政府拨款重建。复原了张学良当年幽禁生活的场景。据说，将军曾托人送给蒋介石一个钟，意思是问蒋介石，你关我的时间够了吧？是时候可以释放了吧。蒋介石回赠少帅一支没有浮标的鱼竿，意思是“你等着吧，永远都没有浮出水面的一日了”。在这里不得不提的就是赵四小姐，这里也有她的照片，张学良将军的红颜知己赵四小姐一生用过好几个美丽的名字。祖籍在浙江兰溪的她出生在1912年的香港，因此也叫“赵香笙”，据说她出生的时候，天空出现了一道霞光，所以又得名赵绮霞。她小时候的英文名字是“Edith”，谐音即为“一荻”。她还有两个名字：赵媞和赵多加。在家中姊妹排行为第四，所以家人亲友都叫她赵四，后来，一些社交圈人士也跟着称她为赵四小姐。赵四小姐身材颀长，虽然在女郎中论漂亮只能属于中上等，但她的气质和风度绝佳，爱打扮也会打扮。1928年，16岁的赵四小姐在天津舞场认识了当时不到30岁的少帅张学良。两人当下情投意合，一年后赵四小姐私奔到了沈阳住进大帅府旁边的小楼，并在各方的瞩目下未婚生子。她为爱情执著敢作敢为，宁肯不要名分，成为当时上流社会津津乐道的新闻。以今天的视角来看，我们也会感慨，很多女人都会爱上风流少帅，但能没名没分地陪伴一个失意的男人度过数十年寂寞幽徒生涯的，却只有赵四小姐。她不仅在叱咤岁月里与张学良相知相爱，而且在她在张学良幽闭日子里，给他温暖、给他信心。难怪张学良常用一口地道的东北话对人亲昵地称赵四小姐说：“这是我的姑娘！” 而这个赵四小姐的父亲赵庆华是有头有脸的人物，担任过很多职务，是沪杭甬两路局的局长。他一直很反对小女儿跟张学良，更加恼怒去小女儿的私奔，于是他曾经在报纸上登了5天的启事，将赵四小姐从祠堂中除名，虽然并无脱离父女关系之语，但意思已经说得很清楚了。耿直的赵庆华直到1952年病逝于北京时都不肯饶恕这个小女儿。西安事变后，张学良被蒋介石软禁，赵四小姐非常孤单，既不能与张学良见面，又不能投奔天津赵家，她孤身一人带着儿子先后在香港及上海住过一个时期。1940年2月，于凤至患病去美国就医，并定居。赵四小姐将不到10岁的儿子送到美国，托人抚养，自己从香港赶到贵阳张学良的另外一个幽禁地，陪伴他，从此两人再未分离。但是赵四小姐从此也再未见过母亲，直到母亲吕葆贞于1953年去世。1964年7月4日，赵四小姐和张学良举行了婚礼，做了一回“白发新娘”。随着蒋介石父子先后离世，张学良夫妇的自由度也越来越大，终于离台赴美，定居夏威夷。而当暮年的张学良挽着赵一荻走进教堂时，大洋彼岸另一个同样等了他一辈子的女子黯然伤神，她就是张学良的原配夫人于凤至。她可以说是一个宽大的女人，两人感情非常不错，虽然张学良婚后仍留恋于舞场，不过他从不要求给这些女人什么名分，而于凤至作为一个传统的中国女性，她拿出了对丈夫最大的包容和信任。而赵四小姐为了和张学良在一起，竟然与父亲脱离关系，报纸上大肆渲染。她托人求于凤至说只要做张学良的秘书就好，很多人都劝于凤至不要同意，但于可怜她才14岁，于是答应了，赵四一进门就跪着叩头，说一辈子只做秘书不要名分。我们现在这里看见的就是赵四小姐的石膏像，位于将军背后。赵小姐像双目所及刚好是将军的铜像。想来建造者也颇费苦心了。虽说只有方圆60公里(蒋介石那时给他划定的活动范围是方圆60公里)但山水风景极佳，还有个情投意合的赵四小姐陪着，将军苦闷中也有点欣慰吧。张学良获得自由后曾有一句感慨：“宋美龄活着一天，我也能活一天。”这种非比寻常的柏拉图式情感，出现在这两位特殊身份、特殊命运的人之间，不可思议却又至诚至信
八：妙高台—千丈岩
那么我们现在到的这个地方呢就是当时蒋介石和宋美龄的别墅，避暑山庄——妙高台。最早的时候这里是一座小庵堂，叫栖云庵，蒋介石是在栖云庵的基础上建的这幢别墅，那我们先上楼参观，大家注意安全。我们先看见的就是当时蒋介石的办公室，1949年的淮海战役，蒋介石就是在这里指挥的，当时实际上是李宗仁当总统，实际上是蒋介石背后操纵。那么这里就是他的一个指挥中心了，在这里，有很多的高科技设备，电话电报等等，所以呢，这里就是国民党的神经中枢，一个非常重要的军事基地了。好，我们往前看，这里就是蒋介石先生的会客室，那么都是按照宋美龄的喜好所布置的，我们都知道，宋美龄很喜欢也很擅长画画，所以呢在这里有她画的国画，还有张大千送给宋美龄的画。大家别小看这个会客室，面积不大，但是蒋介石在这里会见了很多国民党的党政要员，他们都是到这里来跟蒋介石汇报战记，请示机要，密商要务。下面我们抬头看下这个匾额，这个匾额呢就是保存最完好的真迹了。那么这个也是我们妙高台唯一的真迹了，其他的都是之后复建的。最可惜的就是这个房子，保存到70年代，还是逃脱不了文化大革命。被破坏了。我们之前也说了，这里是浙东革命根据地。很多红卫兵把这个房子敲掉了。只有这个匾额了保存了下来，当时呢，溪口有户人家把这个匾额捡了回去，那么这户人家是做什么的呢？就是做我们溪口三宝之一的千层饼的。当时这个匾额被翻过来做了案板，用来揉面做千层饼，所以红卫兵没有发现，因此被保留了下来。那么80年代，这里重新开放，这个匾额被找到，重新挂了上去，重新表过的，所以我们会发现这块匾额非常的新，所以这个是妙高台唯一的真迹。蒋介石取其“妙不可言，高不可攀”之意。亲自题写“妙高台”三字匾额。好了，我们来看这边，这呢就是蒋介石和宋美龄的卧室了。这里有张宋美龄年轻时候的照片，也是蒋介石认为宋美龄最漂亮的照片。值得一提的是，宋美龄是当时世界十大美女之一，还因此上了美国时代周刊，作为封面人物。那么我们说到的西式建筑呢就是这个阳台和栏杆了。当时呢中国是没有石灰和水泥的，当时我们把石灰呢成为“洋灰”，所以这个阳台呢就是西式的了。一中一西，中西合并，为什么说是这样呢，因为我们说，蒋介石和宋美龄的性格就是一中一西的，中西合璧的性格了。宋美龄呢从小在西方长大，比较喜欢西方的生活。而蒋介石呢从小受儒家教学的影响，他比较喜欢我们中国的文化，所以呢，设计这个房子的时候呢也是一中一西的了。好了，我们来说下为什么这个叫“妙高台”，妙高台究竟妙在哪里，高在何处呢？
第一个妙：看这个天然的平台，这个峰叫天柱峰。当时蒋介石就这么形容过妙高台，“无闻妙高台，还有金芙蓉，日月挂天柱，虎豹留其中”，蒋介石觉得：这座山的四周就像一朵芙蓉花，那么天柱峰就好像是芙蓉花的花心了，这个天柱峰是比较危险的一个地方，而且这里的环境非常的美妙，他觉得太阳和月亮都围绕着天柱峰在转，老虎和豹呢常常出没在这里，所以啊，当时只要命人把守住一边就可以了，有一夫当关，万夫莫开之意。这就是第一个妙了。
第二个妙：关于第二个妙，我们就要讲到这里的气候了，大家都知道，在溪口镇上，夏天的时候出现36 37度的气温是很正常的，大家也都知道海拔每升高1000米，气温相应的下降6摄氏度。但是妙高台的高度连400米也没到，但是这里最高温度却不会超过30摄氏度,所以啊，有这样一句话形容妙高台“夏天不打扇，晚上不离被”。
第三个妙：就是妙在这个妙字上，由两个字组成，一个女，一个少，“少女”是比较妙的，还有一个意思是说宋美龄是美国威尔斯利大学博士（先后有15所大学授予宋美龄荣誉法学或者文学博士），精通六国语言，那么一个女的知道的事情多了，那么干涉的事情也会比较多，而蒋介石又是个典型的大男子主义者，他觉得女人就应该少管闲事为妙，所以这三点就是其妙处所在。
那高又在哪里呢？
在祖国的大好河山中，397米的妙高台不算是个高度，但是在我们宁绍平原来说这已经是个高度了，（还有个说法是我自己编的可以不解说进去。就是说：这个高并不是说地理位置高，而是蒋介石当时的地位高，高到不可攀的地步，所以高就高在地位和权利上）
我们看这里有个亭子，是由蒋介石设计，叫栖云亭，不知大家有没有看过影片《开国大典》，其中有个镜头就是蒋介石和他的孙子蒋孝文在这个亭子里下棋，所以这个亭子也被称为下棋亭。我们现在继续往下走可以看到有很多游客坐在那块岩石上争相拍照，这个中间有个高高突起的小石凳，有人觉得是人工把它凿成那样的，其实并非如此，它是天然形成的。这个石头我们称它为“宴坐石”，宋代的高僧智和禅师曾经就坐在这个石头上讲经说法，因此感化了山间之中的两种老虎，我们这里有个典故就是源自这里，叫做“山虎听经”。到了蒋介石的时候，他有听说过这个故事，他觉得这个石头是具有天地之灵气的，所以呢，也常常坐在 当了国民党的总统，所以我们也称它为“总统石”。那我们怎么去形容这块石头呢？
（1）女士去坐一坐，可以永葆青春，美丽常在，因为宋美龄坐过这块石头，她当时是世界十大美女之一哦。
（2）老人们坐坐呢能够延年益寿，长命百岁，宋美龄活了106岁，蒋介石也活了88岁，那么张学良将军也来到过这里，也有坐过这块石头，所以他也活到了101岁。
小孩子坐坐呢可以学业有成，考上大学。
因此来到溪口的朋友，一定要在这里拍张照片，等你们过了100岁的时候拿出来看一下。
我们现在去千丈岩瀑布。（步行去）我们现在看到的就是东浙第一瀑，我们现在所走的这条路就是当年蒋介石抬轿子去千丈岩，妙高台的路了，那我们现在来到了飞雪亭，这里是观赏瀑布的其中一个最佳地点，我们先来简单的了解一下千丈岩瀑布名字的由来，宋朝时期的王安石被贬官到我们现在宁波的鄞州区做县令，当王安石来到这里，看见瀑布诗兴大发，写了一首，拔地万重清嶂立，悬空千丈素流分。共看玉女机丝挂，映日还成五色文。那么这个瀑布的名字也来源于这首诗，1937年4月的时候，冯玉祥也来到过这里，他也写了一首诗来形容千丈岩瀑布，他的诗非常的浅显，走到四明山，先看千丈岩，若能发水电，更能开我坏。抒发了他的赏景情怀和美好愿望。
看完了这里，我们去看下千丈岩瀑布的源头。我们现在来到了千丈岩的源头，叫锦镜池，大家有没有听说过意个典故叫：放下屠刀，立地成佛，好的，大家都听说过，那大家知不知道这个典故的由来呢？下面让我来简单的述说一下，据说，很久以前呢，这里有座山，就是雪窦山了，山上有个庙，就是这个雪窦寺了，庙里有个小和尚喜欢睡懒觉。其他和尚都去做早课念经了，他还躺在床上不愿意起来。
小和尚睡床旁边有条蚯蚓，每天五点多钟，别的和尚起床念经时，它总会吱吱唧唧地叫起来。小和尚让它的叫声弄得不耐烦，只好也爬起身来去跟着念经。
一段时间后，小和尚觉得这条蚯蚓太讨厌了——天天吵得自己睡不了懒觉。一生气，他烧了一壶开水，找到蚯蚓的洞，把开水灌进去，把蚯蚓活活烫死了。
住持老和尚知道此事，大为生气，说：出家人不杀生，你却因为蚯蚓每天叫你起床去念经，而把它给活活烫死，犯了杀戒，你到千丈岩，自己跳下去吧。
小和尚只好跑到千丈岩，看着这么高的地方，想着跳下去肯定没命，不由得嚎啕大哭。
有个屠夫经过这里，看到小和尚哭得那么凄惨，问他为什么哭？
小和尚把事情前因后果诉说一番。
屠夫说：你只是杀死一条蚯蚓，住持就说你杀生，不要你了，我杀了三千头猪了，罪孽不是更深重了。我这样的人，活着没有用了。
于是，他把手上的屠刀放在地上，纵身跳下千丈岩。
此时，奇迹就发生了，顺着我的手，大家向前看，前方出现了一只仙鹤，上面坐着一个人，当屠夫跳下去的时候，正好一只仙鹤飞了过来，屠夫落在了仙鹤的背上，就如我们眼前的那个雕塑一样。仙鹤就把屠夫送上了天，屠夫放下屠刀成了神仙。
小和尚好后悔呀，他想，屠夫杀了三千头猪，跳下千丈岩不但没事，还成仙成佛，我只烫死一条蚯蚓，跳下去应该也没事的。接着小和尚想都没想就跳了下去，他这一跳就再也没上来。
因此，我们常说的放下屠刀，立地成佛，这个刀是杀猪刀而非杀人的刀哦～～
1 江西主要的旅游资源及其对欧美游客的吸引力
(1) 绝特山水。江西境内拥有风光独特的名山名湖, 如庐山、三清山、龙虎山, 中国最大的淡水湖—鄱阳湖等。这些自然资源保护良好, 并且由于旅游设施完备, 对欧美游客有很强的吸引力。
(2) 陶瓷艺术。瓷器是中国的三大特产之一, 千年瓷都景德镇的声名更是享誉海外, 除了它那精美绝伦的各种瓷器, 更让欧美游客感兴趣的是在瓷器背后的文化内涵。
(3) 红色摇篮。说起江西, 很多中国人都会想起井冈山、瑞金等一批在中国革命史上具有重要地位的红色旅游地。但对于大部分普通的欧美游客来说, 这些历史对于他们还是非常陌生, 因此在创作革命景区导游词时要十分注意切入点和取材。
(4) 佛道文化。江西是中国佛教的传播地和道教的发祥地之一, 佛教和道教中很多宗派发源于此, 但一般欧美游客对于东方宗教了解很少, 因此在做导游词创作时应注意用简单而非专业词汇表达宗教含义。
(5) 赣鄱风情。江西拥有丰富独特的民俗风情资源, 这些民俗一定程度上反映了江西人民生活的一个侧面, 对欧美游客是有吸引力的, 在导游词创作时应该注意这方面资料的收集。
2 江西景点英文导游词的创作
从以上对江西旅游资源的分析我们可以得出, 江西旅游资源具有数量多、分布广、类型全等特点, 但这些景区景点在面对游客时, 应该实行“内外有别”, 有针对性的为欧美游客提供导游服务。反映在导游词创作上, 其创作思路很重要, 因为只有抓住欧美游客的心理, 按照他们的习惯和思路去整理创作导游词, 才能对他们有吸引力。
2.1 从审美角度创作导游词
旅游者总是带着自己观赏的“内在的尺度”来欣赏她所接触到的一切景观, 以他的观赏趣味、价值标准等来品评和判断旅游客体的。因此, 导游在进行导游词的创作时必须考虑到旅游者这一“内在的尺度”。由于文化背景、风俗习惯、思维方式以及审美爱好等方面的原因, 欧美国家游客的审美观点和角度与国内游客的差异表现就很大。例如旅游车在江西高速公路上行进时, 我们经常看到广阔的农村景象, 国内游客对于这些景象经常习以为常, 不会在意, 导游此时在车上除了在车上给客人讲些江西概况知识外, 多是以游戏的方式度过, 而这些景象:农田、农民的耕作、水牛、牛棚、收割机……都对欧美游客有着强烈的吸引力, 因为他们国家“农村”的景象是完全不一样的。此时有经验的导游应该准备有关中国农村的话题加以介绍, 但方式不能太过教条。以介绍中国农业政策为例, 如果你仅仅介绍新中国成立后, 中国农业政策经过人民公社制度、家庭联产承包制度以及近几年出台的一系列惠农政策, 不如以一个当地农民这些年生活和观念的变化, 说明中国不同时期农业政策的出台有其历史背景, 但都朝着提高农民积极性和减轻农民负担的角度出发。这样的讲解方式会让欧美游客觉得更加真实, 也更能接受。
2.2 从文化角度创作导游词
不同民族有着各自的历史进程, 在历史的长河中, 不同的传统习俗、文化渊源、地域时空和宗教信仰给其民族语言留下的文化烙印是独特而深刻的。因此, 在创作英文导游词的过程中, 导游必须重视对西方民俗、文化背景及惯用语的掌握。
从文化角度创作导游词, 可以大致从以下几个角度着手:
(1) 生活经验。笔者在介绍江西水稻时, 除了介绍一般水稻的种类、耕作、收割等信息外, 还经常会结合自己平时的生活经验加以说明, 例如联系到自己平时做饭过程中的步骤及其小窍门, 这些都会引起欧美游客尤其是家庭主妇的兴趣。
(2) 节日、庆典。不同地区的节日和庆典代表着中国的文化内涵, 在向欧美游客介绍一些跟节日有关的内容时, 就可以结合西方的节日活动对比介绍, 给他们更直观的感受。例如, 在江西高速上经常可以看到坟墓, 有的上面还插着清明花、盖着花圈, 此时, 欧美游客一般都要询问, 导游趁此可以介绍当地的清明节习俗, 也可延伸介绍七月半的中元节风俗, 民间又称此节为“鬼节”, 此时便可结合西方的“鬼节”——万圣节加以介绍。
(3) 宗教信仰。欧美很多游客都信仰基督教, 而在江西很多地方也会看到寺庙或道观。因此客人便会对此提出关于宗教的问题, 客人也经常会好奇很多中国人为什么不信教。导游碰到这种情况, 一方面可就江西的佛道文化做个简单介绍, 同时要认真向他们解释中国的宗教信仰自由。特别注意的是在遇到这样问题的时候, 不要和游客争辩是有宗教信仰好, 还是没有宗教信仰好, 也不要就应该信仰何种宗教而去理论, 因为那样没有结果而且容易引发不快。
2.3 从思维差异角度创作导游词
思维方式是一切文化的主体设计者和承担者, 不同的传统思维方式反映了不同民族的思维特点和风格。欧美游客在思维方式上与国内游客就有很大差异, 因此, 我们在做英文导游词创作时, 应该充分考虑这方面因素。例如, 欧美游客在思维方式上更追求内容的具体和实在, 而对于中国人普遍认同的抽象和意境未必能切身体会。这就要求我们导游在讲解时多给出具体的数字或事例, 比如我们在介绍鄱阳湖为“候鸟王国”时, 应该用一些数据加以说明, 如鄱阳湖自然保护区鸟类达310钟, 国家一、二级保护动物达55钟, 全世界白鹤总数的98%在此越冬等等。
2.4 从艺术角度创作导游词
对英文导游而言, 从艺术角度创作导游词, 语言本身已经形成了一个障碍。例如, 欧美游客由于保护自己的隐私或尊重等原因, 习惯采用较含蓄的表达法。如当他们想上厕所时, 他们通常不会直接表达, 而是说想洗手或用化妆间。而在语言的幽默、节奏和优雅上同样需要推敲和琢磨。
其次, 在导游词的内容上, 我们应该引导游客以一种最佳的方式去欣赏名胜。例如, 我们向欧美游客介绍江西概况时, 可以概括为两种颜色“红色” (红壤多和红色革命) 和“绿色” (森林覆盖率高和绿茶) , 他们也就更好理解了。
以上是笔者针对欧美游客在江西游览时, 英文导游词创作的一些想法, 总之, 在我们做入境接待时, 应该有针对性地创作导游词, 这样才能在一定程度上提高我们的接待水平。
参考文献
[1]尹燕.英文导游词的创作和讲解.北京:中国旅游出版社, 2007.
[2]王忠武.江西导游新编.南昌:江西科技出版社, 2008.
[3]田勇.新赣鄱百景导游词集粹.南昌:百花洲文艺出版社, 2007.
[4]国家旅游局人事劳动教育司编.导游知识专题.北京:中国旅游出版社, 2004.
溪口镇有千余年的历史，现有诸多的历史遗迹和人文景观。其浏览景点大多与蒋氏家族有密切关系。比如溪口博物馆、武岭门、文昌阁、蒋氏故宅、车镐房、玉泰盐铺、蒋母墓道、毛氏宅基及妙高台和张学良将军幽禁处等。
大巴径自把我们拉到该镇西北方向的雪窦山，一路傍山险道，寒气带着松脂味的清香袭进车内，感觉异常美妙，直爬了36道弯才到了山的最高处——“截出万山之表”的妙高台。此台又叫夭柱峰，因台直插云际，前人感叹：“一峰高出白云端，俯瞰天涯万千山。试向冈头掷圆石，不知何日到人间。”据导游讲，1930年，此为蒋介石在这里建造的三楹二楼别墅，自题“妙高台”楼额，用以观景赏月之用。1949年蒋下野后，又在这里遥控指挥李宗仁代总统的南京政府，多次召开高层要员秘密会议。台边还盖有一个小亭，电影《大决战》中有一组蒋介石与孙子下棋的镜头就是在这里拍摄的。
张学良将军幽禁处坐落在离妙高台下坡处500公尺的一片谷地里，这是一栋独立的小平房，6室1厅。旁边是被誉为天下禅宗十刹之一的雪窦寺。这里山高峰奇，瀑飞谷深，风光异常美丽。据管理员介绍，“幽禁处”现已改为“张学良将军纪念馆”。在“西安事变”后，张将军被幽禁于此，为限制他的自由，蒋曾规定他“东不得出镇海口，西不准过曹娥江”的60里活动范围。在幽禁期间，夫人于凤至和秘书赵一荻轮流到这里陪伴。由于张将军愤时忧国，在林间散步时常拔出手枪以树当靶，可见苦闷至极。在馆内我们还看到数百幅张将军的生平照片，由屋及人，由人引思，如张将军在天有灵，一定能时时想起囹圄之地，那感慨必定是千肠萦绕，百味回生。
下山路过蒋母墓道，这里刚好是长街的尽头不远处。公路边，一座青石牌坊映入眼帘。上书“蒋母墓道”四个大字。从牌坊向长满翠柏的山上行走200米，便是蒋介石的生母王采玉的墓庐——慈庵。由慈庵再上448米就到了墓地。整个墓地占地百亩。墓道深隐在漫山的林木中，草花满坡，灿然若锦。慈庵内有王采玉的遗像，墙上书有蒋介石自撰的《哭母文》，记述了王采玉的身世、经历及生儿育女的情况。坟墓坐南朝北，周围砌以石块并嵌以水泥，墓碑横刻“民国十年、蒋母之墓，孙文题”的中山手书，两边“别头柱”上刻有蒋介石自撰的对联，上联为：“祸及贤慈，当日顽梗已晚”，下联为：“愧为逆子，终身沉痛靡涯”。字里行间，足见蒋介石对生母的子孝之情。当笔者问及蒋介石父母为何不合葬?导游说，其父死得早，原本是一墓四穴，一穴为其父，男三穴分别为元配徐氏，续弦孙氏和其母王采玉，后王采玉临终时有遗嘱，说她生时作为小妾已备受歧视，死后再不肯屈居下位，加之蒋当时已就高位，确实不愿被人议论为填房的儿子，即未按旧俗把母与父合葬。
返回镇上已近中午，离用餐尚有一个钟头，导游又把一行人带到了三里长街上。天已放晴，街道很直，因为一边是剡源溪，房屋只好都建在另一边。建筑多为二层砖木结构，样式也无特别之处，或许是经济的发展，或许是历史上这里的人家就有经商的习惯，铺面都敞开经营。商品多以食品、丝绸、玉器、工艺品、服装为主，食品中又以奉化特产“千层饼”为甚。老板热情，和蔼有加。由于到这里观光旅游的多，生意很兴隆。街上行人有当地居民也有附近农民，穿着打扮都十分朴素，如果你不识路，他们会友好地告诉你。长街东口，正在兴建不少的高级宾馆，全是中西风格样式，红瓦黄墙，在阳光下异常醒目。据朋友介绍，每天到这里观光者不下万人，所有宾馆、旅社、招待所都满员。
徜徉街上，剡源溪畔一幢十分典雅别致的小楼映入眼底，这就是当地人叫的“小洋房”。它凭山临水而建，为三间两楼平顶，背后有丈余高的水塔。平顶据说是供跳水用的，水塔则是当年宋美龄要求蒋介石修建的。因为这位留美女人在外国使用自来水和抽水马桶惯了。溪口中旅社的人说，“小洋房”建于1930年，主要是给蒋介石回乡和一些来访显要居住，蒋宋的美国顾问端纳也住过。1937年蒋经国从苏联留学回来时，与妻子和儿子也住在楼上，蒋介石对儿子要求很严，要他“从容不迫地修心养性”，且不容倦怠，每天做完作业都要经蒋审阅。儿媳蒋方良，因不通中文，又专请了一位慈溪籍女教师教授辅导。可见蒋对儿子的指导用心良苦。
蒋介石的父亲名叫蒋肇聪，字肃庵。在中街见到一粉白高墙的石库门院落，这就是其祖父蒋玉表、父亲蒋肇聪所开的“玉泰盐铺原址”，此六个正楷大字系蒋亲题，蒋介石就出生在此屋楼上。据说其祖父起初只是以酿酒、卖盐为主，后“家道以之渐亨”，又兼营起大米、干菜等。到了蒋肇聪时，盐铺更加扩大，发展到作坊的规模。一直到蒋肇聪去世，铺子才由蒋介石之兄蒋介卿接管。
现在我们去奉化溪口雪窦山参观游览。溪口是国家级风景名胜区，又是中国近代历史人物蒋介石、蒋经国父子的故乡，所以历来受到海内外人士的注目。
溪口，位于宁波奉化市西北方向，距离宁波市区22公里。溪口以剡溪之水而闻名，这里山水如画，风景秀美，古代就已经形成了“溪口十景”。溪口的雪窦山更是闻名天下，山上名胜古迹繁多，自古就是浙东著名旅游胜地，汉代就有人形容它是“海上蓬莱，陆上天台”。
民国时期，溪口出了个蒋介石，对于蒋介石大家一定不会陌生，每当蒋介石回乡，各路的党政要员纷至沓来，溪口道上车水马龙，那时候的溪口可谓一片繁华景象。1949年4月，蒋介石离开溪口去了台湾，5月份溪口获得了解放。由于历史原因，溪口一度被冷落。改革开放后，溪口以崭新的面貌呈现在世人面前。
各位游客，我们现在已经到了溪口，请大家拿好随身携带物品跟我下车。
【武岭门】
现在我们抬头看到的是武岭门。武岭门是溪口镇的门户，1929年以前还是一座小庵堂，旁边设有茶亭供人歇息。1929年蒋介石将这里改造成了二层中西合璧的城楼建筑。门额两面都有“武岭”两字，右面的是国民党元老于右任先生所书，左面的是蒋介石亲自题写的。之所以取名为“武岭门”，一是因为蒋介石崇尚武德，二是因为“武岭”二字是陶渊明的《桃花源记》中的“武陵”的谐音。进武岭门后的三里老街就是蒋介石和蒋经国父子从小生活的地方了。
【文昌阁】
现在我们来到了文昌阁。文昌阁为古代“溪口十景”之一，称为“奎阁凌霄”，原建筑建于清雍正九年（1731年），至民国时期已破败不堪。1924年，时任皇甫军校校长的蒋介石回乡扫墓，于他的兄弟蒋介卿商议重建，直到第二年建成了飞檐翘角的二层楼房，建筑面积500平方米。完工那天，蒋介石给这里重新命名为“乐亭”，作《乐亭记》来描述。但是当地人还是习惯称这里为“文昌阁”。文昌阁改建后，变成了蒋介石的私人别墅和藏书楼。1927年蒋介石和宋美龄结婚后，蒋介石经常带宋美龄来这里小住。1936年，西安事变后，张学良被蒋介石送回南京，被军委会“严加管束”，第二年被送到溪口幽禁，最先落脚点就是文昌阁，几天之后才被押送上雪窦山，1939年12月12日，6架侵华日机轰炸溪口，把文昌阁夷为平地，以后直至蒋介石离开大陆，始终是一片废墟。1987年，政府拨款，按原样重建，雕梁画栋，形成了现在我们所看到的样子。
【小洋房】
现在我们去参观小洋房，这所三间二屋小平房就是小洋房，建于1930年，原为美国军事顾问端纳所建。1937年蒋经国从苏联留学回来也是居住在这里，知道1939年赴江西赣州任国民党行署专员。屋内有一石碑雕刻着“以血洗血”四个字，是1939年12月12日日机轰炸溪口，蒋经**亲毛福梅遇难后，蒋经国在为母奔丧的灵前噙泪手书而成，表示他对日寇的痛恨及替母复仇的决心。
【丰镐房】
各位团友，现在请参观“蒋氏故居”。“蒋氏故居”丰镐房是溪口最重要的景点。1996年11月，国务院公布蒋氏故居为全国重点文物保护单位。
蒋氏故居丰镐房，原有蒋介石祖传房屋6间。据《武岭蒋氏家谱》记载，蒋介石的父亲蒋肃庵经商之处玉泰盐铺被火烧毁，就迁居到西边的独立小楼。蒋肃庵死后，蒋介石兄弟分家，蒋介卿得重建后的玉泰盐铺，蒋介石和蒋瑞青分到了丰镐房。蒋瑞青分家不久后死亡，所以蒋介石一个人独占了丰镐房。1928年，蒋介石扩建故居，迁走25户邻居，发展成了占地面积4800平方米、建筑面积1850平方米的现有规模。整个建筑是传统的前厅后堂、两厢四廊的格局。前庭及左右还有3个花园，有月洞门相通，中间小天井，两边有金银桂花各一颗，是宋美龄亲手栽种的。两边的东西厢房，东边这间是宋美龄居住，西边这间是蒋介石的原配毛福梅的住所。
【玉泰盐铺】
Hello everyone! Warmly welcome you to visit Haiyang! My name is now I will show you a brief description . Haiyang has a total area of 1886 square kilometers with a population of 690,000. It has a superior geological position. It is near to Qing Dao and Wei Hai. Haiyang is famous for sand beach with a long distance. The Asia beach sports is held in the sand beach. The sign of this sports is situated in the sand beach. There is a sand sculpture art park in the beach. The climate here is suitable to live in. it is not very hot in summer and it is not very cold in winter. Hai yang is very rich for various of fruits and vegetables. For example, cherry, white-cucumber and apple. Cherry Festival is on May 28 annually, it attracts many guests from all around the world to come here to taste the cherry.
There are many sight spots in Haiyang, now I will show you some symbolic spots. Mountain Zhao Hu National Forest Park is situated in the north of the Haiyang city. Mountain Zhao Hu is a part of the ranges of Mountain Lao Shan with a total area of 1762 hectares. This mountain is 549.7 meters above sea level. Scenery diverses from each other all the year round. The park used to be a nationalized forest farm. The coverage rate of forests is 70%, the coverage rate of vegetation is 90%. The air is very fresh and clear. So the park is called “natural oxygen bar.” When you come into the park, you may take a deep breath, it is very helpful to your health. There are two water systems in the mountain, they’re named Nine dragon Lake and dragon gate Lake respectively. They’re spring from the top of the mountain, the water are drinkable. In the mountain, we not only experience the beautiful nature, but also feel extensive Buddhist culture. The east colored gazed Buddhist temple is located on the middle of the mountain, it was held a veiling ceremony by monk Shi Benhuan on November 7,. why we named” colored gazed Buddhist temple”? it is said that everyone is looking forward to “the east colored gazed world” which is regarded as a ideal place, everything there is made of colored gazed, even the body of medicine Buddha. The temple which sacrifices medicine Buddha covers a total area of 80,000 square meters . it takes 3 years to accomplish the whole building. The medicine Buddha can protect you from disease and lengthen your life.Since it is exploited, the park has become a significant sight spot in Haiyang.
The sight spot of The landmine war is situated in Zhu Wu town 12 kilometers away from the Haiyang city. Haiyang is the hometown of Landmine War, August first film studio made a film based on the story of landmine war in 1962. During the anti-Japanese war period, Japanese crashed into the countries to burn ,kill and rob. The common people built some landmine fabrication factory to fight against the enemies. They made many kinds of landmines and invented different kinds of fighting methods, hitting the enemies heavily. The outstanding representative in the war are Zhai shoufu ,yu hua hu and sun yu min. they took their efforts to fight against the enemies. In the spot ,the most interesting is watching the landmine war performance. The valid and humorous action will bring you to the era of the war. The actors are invited from Wu Shu Schools. So we should know our happy life is very hard to get. We should cherish our life.
The Great Wall, like the Pyramids of Egypt, the Taj Mahal(1)in India and the Hanging Garden of Babylon(2), is one of the great wonders of the world.Starting out in the east on the banks of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province, the Wall stretches westwards for 12,700 kilometers to Jiayuguan in the Gobi desert, thus known as the Ten Thousand Li Wall in China.The Wall climbs up and down, twists and turns along the ridges of the Yanshan and Yinshan Mountain Chains through five provinces--Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu--and two autonomous regions--Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, binding the northern China together.Historical records trace the construction of the origin of the Wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 B.C.during the reign of King Cheng of the States of Chu.Its construction continued throughout the Warring States period in the fifth Century B.C.when ducal states Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Qin were frequently plundered by the nomadic peoples living north of the Yinshan and Yanshan mountain ranges.Walls, then, were built separately by these ducal states to ward off such harassments.Later in 221 B.C., when Qin conquered the other states and unified China, Emperor Qinshihuang ordered the connection of these individual walls and further extensions to form the basis of the present great wall.As a matter of fact, a separate outer wall was constructed north of the Yinshan range in the Han Dynasty(206 BC--1644 BC.), which went to ruin through years of neglect.In the many intervening centuries, succeeding dynasties rebuilt parts of the Wall.The most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the Ming Dynasty(1368--1644)when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks.it is mostly the Ming Dynasty Wall that visitors see today.The Great Wall is divided into two sections, the east and west, with Shanxi Province as the dividing line.The west part is a rammed earth construction, about 5.3 meters high on average.In the eastern part, the core of the Wall is rammed earth as well, but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks.The most imposing and best preserved sections of the Great Wall are at Badaling and Mutianyu, not far from Beijing and both are open to visitors.The Wall of those sections is 7.8 meters high and 6.5 meters wide at its base, narrowing to 5.8 meters on the ramparts, wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast.There are ramparts, embrasures, peep-holes and apertures for archers on the top, besides gutters with gargoyles to drain rain-water off the parapet walk.Two-storied watch-towers are built at approximately 400-meters internals.The top stories of the watch-tower were designed for observing enemy movements, while the first was used for storing grain, fodder, military equipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers.The highest watch-tower at Badaling standing on a hill-top, is reached only after a steep climb, like “climbing a ladder to heaven”.The view from the top is rewarding, hoverer.The Wall follows the contour of mountains that rise one behind the other until they finally fade and merge with distant haze.A signal system formerly existed that served to communicate military information to the dynastic capital.This consisted of beacon towers on the Wall itself and on mountain tops within sight of the Wall.At the approach of enemy troops, smoke signals gave the alarm from the beacon towers in the daytime and bonfire did this at night.Emergency signals could be relayed to the capital from distant places within a few hour long before the invention of anything like modern communications.There stand 14 major passes(Guan, in Chinese)at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan.Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing.Known as “Tian Xia Di YI Guan”(The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast.It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here.It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty.(1644-1911)Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the “Strategic pass Under the Heaven” as an important communication center in Chinese history.Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road.Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty(206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions.Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too.The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship.It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference.It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one.On each gate sits a tower facing each other.the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each.Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains.The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century.At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba, since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368).At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls.The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship.such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving.The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia.Undoubtedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages.As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world.The Venice charter says: “Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events.” The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world.In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.Notes:1.the Taj Mahal in India 印度的泰姬陵2.the Hanging Garden of Babylon 巴比伦的空中花园3.Sanskrit 梵语4.Uigur 维吾尔语
There stand 14 major passes(Guan, in Chinese)at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan.Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing.Known as “Tian Xia Di YI Guan”(The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast.It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here.It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty.(1644-1911)Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the “Strategic pass Under the Heaven” as an important communication center in Chinese history.Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road.Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty(206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions.Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too.The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship.It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference.It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one.On each gate sits a tower facing each other.the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each.Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains.The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century.At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba, since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368).At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls.The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship.such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving.The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia.Undoubtedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages.As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world.The Venice charter says: “Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events.” The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world.In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.故宫 hello, everyone，we are now going to pay a visit to a place of special interest.this scenic spot is located at the center of beijing and is characterized by thousands of palatial architectures and purple walls as well as yellow glazed tile roofs-it is simply a sea of palaces.this is the world – famous wonder – the palace museum.the palace museum has served as the royal residence during the ming and qing dynasties.it was here that a total of 24 monarchs ascended the throne and wielded power for some 500 years.the palace museum, as the most beautiful spot of interest throughout beijing, is unique for its location: to the northwest is beihai(north sea)park, famous for its white pagoda and rippling lake;to the west is the zhongnahai(central and south sea);to the east lies the the wangfujing shopping street;and to the north id jinshan park.standing in the wanchun(everlasting spring)pavilion at the top of jingshan(charcoal hill)park, you overlook the skyline of the palace museum.at the southern end of the palace is tian` anmen(gate of heavenly peace)and the famous square named after it.this is the symbol of the people` s republic of china.a world-famous historical site, the palace museum is on the world heritage list of unesco and is an embodiment of oriental civilization.the palace museum is rectangular in shape, 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meters wide from east to west, covering a space of 720,000 square meters of which 150,000 is building area.it has 9000-strong rooms in it.according to legend there are 9999.5 room-units in all.the whole compound is enclosed by a 10-meter-hign wall and is accessed through four entrances, namely, the meridian gate in the south ,the gate of military prowess in the north, donghua(eastern flowery)gate in the north, donghua(eastern flowery)gate in the east and xihua(western flowery)gate in the west.on each corner there is a turret consisted of 9 roof beams, 18 pillars and 72 ridge.encircling the compound there is a 3,800-meter-long and 52 meter-wide moat, making the palace museum a self-defensive city-within-a city.the palace museum was made a center of rule during the ming dynasty by zhun di, the fourth son of the founding emperor zhuyuanzhang.the whole complex straddles on an 8-kilometers-long central axis that stretches from yongding(forever stable)gate in the south to gulou(drum tower)in the north.prominence was given to the royal power by putting the ―three main front halls‖ and ―three back halls ‖on the axis while arrange other subsidiary structure around them.the construction of the palace museum involved manpower and resources across china.for example, the bricks laid in the halls ,known as ―gold brick, ‖ underwent complex, two –dozen processes.as the final touch ,the fired bricks were dipped in chinese wood oil.involving complicated processes and high cost, these brick are called ―golden bricks.‖ the palace museum serves as a living embodiment of good tradition and styles unique to china` s ancient architecture.it reflects to the full the ingenuity and creativity of the chinese working people.a carefully preserved and complete group of royal residences, the palace museum is a prominent historical and tourist site.what we are now approaching is the main entrance to the palace museum-the meridian gate, which is characterized by red walls, yellow glazed –tile roofs and upturned eaves.on top of this walls, yellow glazed-tile roofs and upturned eaves.on top of this magnificent building ,there stand five lofty halls with a main hall in the center.the main hall is roofed by multiple eaves and covers a space of 9 room-units.it is flanked by two wings on each side.the wings are square in shape ,complete with multiple and four edged eaves and pinnacles.all of these structures are connected by a colonnade.because these halls resemble a soaring bird, it was also know as wufenglou(five-phoenix tower).inside the main hall there is a throne.drums and bells were stored in the wings.whenever the emperor presided over grand ceremonies or observed rites in the hall of upreme harmony, drums, bells and gongs would be struck to mark the occasion.as the legend goes, the meridian gate used to be a place where condemned ranking officials would be executed.this not true.however, flogging was carried out here by the ming emperors ,if a courtier falls afoul of the emperor, he would be stripped of his court dress and flogging with a stick.at one point the punishment became so harsh that a total of 11 people died from fatal wound on a single occasion.on the other hand, this building was also used to observe important occasions like the traditional chinese lantern festival(15th day of the first lunar month).on these occasions, chinese lanterns would be hanged and sumptuous banquets would be given in honour of the whole court of ministers and other ranking officials.upon entering the meridian gate we began our tour of the palace museum.the river foowing in front of us is known as jin shui he(golden water river)and the five marbles bridges spanning it are known as the inner golden water bridges.the on in the middle was used exclusive by the emperor and its banisters were carved with dragon and phoenix designs.the bridges flanking the imperial one were reserved for princes and other royal members.the rest were used by palatines.aside from decoration, the golden water river was also dug as precaution against fire.most of the structures within the palace museum are made of wood.what is more ,according to ancient chinese cosmology, the south is the abode of fire, so this brook was dug on the southern tip of the palace.in this way, the palace museum reflects traditional chinese culture.this building is called the gate of supreme harmony.in the foreground stand two bronze lions.can anybody tell which is male and which is female? the one on the east playing with a ball is male, symbolizing power and universal unity.the other on the west with a cub cuddling underneath its claw is female? the one on the east playing with a ball is male, symbolizing power and universal unity.the other on the west with a cub cuddling underneath its claw is female, representing prosperity the endless succession.a layout of the palace museum is posted by the entrance.from it ,you can see that the palace museum has two main parts: the forecourt and the inner court.the three main halls constitute the mainstay of the forecourt, and it was here that the emperor announced decisions and observed rites.behind the forecourt there is the inner court, consisting of major halls and the imperial garden.it was where the emperor attended state affairs, lived and enjoyed his luxurious life.the exhibition system of the palace museum involves historical court relics and articles of ancient art and culture.the palace museum houses nearly one million articles of rare treasure, or one sixth of the total number in all of china `s museums.there are the three main halls of the palace museum, built on a triple marble terrace.since most of china `s architecture is made of wood, the buildings cannot be too tall.to gain the height of the architecture, ingenious ancient artisans built the hall on a gigantic stone terrace.it is also to this end that not a single plant was grown in the square.on stairways of triple marble terrace there are 18 bronze tripods.the verandah is flanked by bronze tortoises and cranes, which served as symbols of longevity.on the east is a sundial, an ancient timepiece.on the west there is a grain measure suggesting that the emperor was just and equitable.in the front and on each flank ,there is a pair of gilt bronze vats(caldrons)molded during the reign of emperor qianlong of the qing dynasty.each of these weights 2 tons and is filled with water as a precaution in the event of a fire.the structure in the very middle is the hall of supreme harmony ,also known as the throne hall.it is 64 meters in width and is 38 meters from entrance to rear.with terrace exclusive ,the hall is 26.92 meters in height and is 35.03 meters in all.covering and areaof 2,377 square meters, the hall of supreme harmony is china` s largest exiting wooden structure.the hall is supported by 6 thick ,round pillars carved in a design of coiling dragons.as the holiest place in the hall, the ceiling and colored patterns were made of the finest material available at that time.the throne was placed on a terrace and is flanked by statues of elephants, luduan(a unicorn which could travel 18,000 kilometers a day and understand all languages), cranes and incense barrels.over the throne there is the caisson ,or covered ceiling ,which consists of a coiling dragon playing with a ball in its mouth.this ball is known as xuanyuan mirror ,and was supposedly made by a chinese emperor of remote times to serve as a reminder that thee rulers to follow were his hereditary heirs.the throne is made of nanmu and painted in gold.magnificently built and luxuriously decorated ,this hall did not serve as a place in which the emperor attended to daily affairs.he used his hall for major events such as his birthday, conferral of title of empress or dispatch of generals to war.behind the hall of supreme harmony ,there sits the hall of complete harmony.this structure is square in shape.each side is 24.15 meters.this was the place where the emperor relaxed and greeted his courtiers before proceeding to the hall of supreme harmony to observe rites.this was also the place where the emperor prepared prayers or examined seeds and sowers before he attended ancestral sacrifices or participated in snowing ceremonies.a grand ceremony was also held here once every 10 years for the emperor to genealogize the royal blood.there are two sedan chairs on display in the hall.behind the hall of complete harmony ,you will see the hall of preserving harmony, which was used as a place where imperial examinations were held.the imperial examination was the hignest level of competing for meritorious appointment under the feudal system dating back to the sui dynasty.china` s last imperial examination was held in 1904 during the reign of emperor guangxu of the qing dynasty.to the rear of hall there is a marble ramp carved with cloud and dragon designs, the largest of its kind in the whole country.it is 16.57 meters in length, 3.07 meters in width, 1.7 meters thick and weighs 250 tons.it was quarried in fangshan county in suburban beijing.to bring this giant piece of stone to beijing people poured water onto the road and applied rolling blocks during the process.we are now standing before the square of the hall of heaven purity.it served as a divide separating the forecourt from the inner court.this building is known as the gate of heavenly purity.emperor qianlong held court here.proceeding further north ,you can find three main rear halls ,i.e.the hall of heavenly purity.the hall of union and peace and palace of earthly tranquility.the hall of heavenly purity if flanked on either side by two gates named after the sun and moon.inside the enclosure there are 12 palaces and halls symbolizing constellations.all of the other buildings are centered around the palace of heavenly purity , which was meant to suggest that the monarch` s power was endowed by heaven.the empress and concubines lived in the inner court.the hall of heavenly purity was where the emperor lived and attended to daily affairs.later the emperor moved to live in the palace of mental cultivation.looking up you can see a plaque bearing the chinese inscription ―be open and above-board,‖ a manifesto to court struggle.behind the plaque a strongbox was stored containing a will bearing the name of the would –be royal successor.this approach of secretly selecting the next emperor was adopted by emperor yongzheng of the qing dynasty.two copies of the will were prepared.one was stashed by the emperor in person ,the other was placed inside the strong box behind the plaque.after the death of the emperor, the two copies would be compared and successor would be announced.it was in this way that emperor qianglong and others have ascended the throne.behind the hall of heavenly purity you will see the hall of union and peace , which is indentical to the hall of complete harmony.it was there that the emperor received congratulations and tributes from imperial officials on major calender occasions , a total of 25 imperial seals are stored there.in the hall, you will see a plaque with the handwritten inscription of ―we wei,‖ exhorting taoist doctrines.further northward is the palace of earthly tranquillity, which once served as the living room of the empresses`.the hall was later converted into a sacrificial place.through the windowpanes on the eastern wall you can see the royal bed decorated with dragon and phoenix designs.this hall has also served as the bridal chamber of monarchs.the gate of earthly tranquilliity leads to the imperial garden(known to westerners as qianlong` s garden),which was used by the emperor ,the empress, and the concubines.a magnificent structure stands in the middle.it is called the qin `s an(imperial peace)hall.it is the only building in the palace museum that was built in taoist style.it served as a shrine to the taoist deity.the garden covers a space of 12,000 square meters ,and is 130 meters from east to the west and some 90 meters from north to the south.there are a dozen halls, verandahs, pavilions and waterside houses in the garden.on each of the fur corner there is a pavilion dedicated to the four seasons which is different in construction style and shape.the garden also features an imperial landscape.with rare trees and exotic rockery, the imperial garden served as a model for china` s imperial parks.in all ,a total of 10-strong building styles were applied.the tall building we are now passing is the gate of military prowess, the back door of the palace museum.our visit is now drawing to a conclusion but the architectures of the palace are not.on the other side of the road is the 43-meter-hign charcoal hill , providing natural protection for the forbidden city.this was also an embodiment of china` s construction style-putting a pool in the front and a hill in the rear.now let` s climb up to wanchun(everlasting springs)pavillion where we` ll have a great view of the palace museum.颐和园 the tour will take 4-6 hours.the route is as follows: out side the east gate-side the east gate –in front of the hall of benevolence and longevity-in front of garden of virtuous harmony-in front of the grand theater building-a lakeside walk from the garden of virtuous harmony to the hall o jade ripples-in front of the o jade ripples-in front of the yiyunguan(chamber of mortal being)-hall of happiness and longevity-in front of the yaoyue(chamber of mortal beings)-hall of happiness and longevity-in front of the yaoyue(inviting the moon)gate of the long corridor-strolling along the long corridor-visiting an exhibition of cultural relics-in front of the hall of dispelling clouds-inside the hall of dispelling clouds-atop the tower of buddhist incense-on a hilltop leading from the back door of the tower of buddhist incense-on a hilltop leading from the back door of the tower of buddhist incense-inside the garden of harmonious interest –outside the south gate to suzhou shopping street-atop the stone bridge inside the suzhou shopping street –on the road from the south gate of suzhou shopping street-on the road form the south gate of suzhou shopping street to the marble boat-in front of the ruins of the garden of complete spring –along the lakeside by the marble boat-boating on the kunming lake-leaving out through the east gate.(out side the east gate)
ladies and gentlemen: welcome to the summer palace.(after the self-introduction of the guide-interpreter)i hope this will be an interesting and enjoyable day for you.during our tour, you will be introduced to time honored historical and cultural traditions, as well as picturesque views and landscapes.the construction of the summer palace first started in 1750.at that time, the qing dynasty was in its heyday and china was a powerful asian country with vast territories.the monarch in power then was emperor qianlong.with supreme power and large sums of money, he summoned skillful and ingenious artisans from all over the country to carry out this construction work in honor of his mother `s birthday.after 15 years and one seventh of the nation` s annual revenue spent, the garden of clear ripples was completed and served as a testimony to china` s scientific and technological achievements.in 1860, this vast royal garden was burnt down along with the yuanming yuan(garden of perfection and brightness)by angol-french allied forces.in 1888, empress dowager cixi reconstructed the garden on the same site and renamed it the garden of nurtured harmony(summer palace).characterized by its vast scope and rich cultural embodiments, the summer palace has become one of the most famous tourist sites in the world.this is the main entrance to the summer palace-the east gate on top of the eaves of the door there is a plaque bearing a chinese inscription which means ―garden of nurtured harmony‖ , whose calligrapher was emperor guangxu.the gate that you are now entering was used exclusively by the emperor, the empress and the queer mother.all others used the side doors.(inside the east gate)
the summer palace can be divided into two parts: longevity hill and kunming lake.the whole garden covers an area of 290 hectares, of whih three-fourths consists of a lake and rivers.this imperial garden features 3,000 room-units and covers an expanse of 70,000 square meters with more than 100 picturesque spots of interest.the layout of the summer palace includes three groups of architectures: palaces where the emperor attended to state affairs, resting palaces of the emperor and empress, and sightseeing areas.entering the east gate we will come the the office quarters.entering the east gate we will come to the office quarters.the annex halls on both sides were used for officials on duty.this is the gate of benevolence and longevity.above the door there is a plaque bearing the same name in both chinese and manchurian characters.the gigantic rock in the foreground is known as taihu rock, or eroded limestone, quarried in jiangsu province and placed here to decorated the garden.on the marble terrace sits a bronze mythical beast, known as qilin or xuanni.it was said to the one of the nine sons of dragon king.a point of peculiar interest is that it has the head of a dragon, antlers of a deer, the tail of a lion and hooves of a ox, and is covered with a unique skin.it was considered an auspicious creature that brought peace and prosperity.this grand hall is the hall of benevolence and longevity.it was built in 1750 , and was known as the hall of industrious government.emperor qianlong ruled that the halls where monarchs attended to state affairs would be named after them.after the rebuilding of the summer palace, the hall was renamed, suggesting that benevolent rulers would enjoy long lives.the arrangement of the hall has been left untouched.in the middle of the hall stands a throne made of sandalwood and carved with beautiful designs.in the background there is a screen carved with nine frolicking dragons.on either side of the throne there are two big fans made of peacock feathers, two column-shaped incense burners, crane-shaped lanterns and an incense burner assuming the form of luduan, a mythological animal which was suppose to have the power to prevent fire.the small chambers on eight side were where the emperor qianlong and empress dowager cixi rested and met officials on formal occasions.on the verandah in the foreground of the hall there are bronze statues of dragon and phoenixes which served as incense burners on major occasions.they are hollow and smoke comes through holes on their backs.also on the veranda are tai ping(peace)bronze water vats made during the reign of emperor qianlong.as a precaution in case of fire, a fire was lit underneath the vats in the winter to keep the water in them from freezing.(at the entrance of garden of virtuous harmony)
we are now visiting the garden of virtuous harmony, where emperor qianlong and empress dowager cixi were entertained with beijing opera performances.it mainly consists of the dressing house, the grand theater building and the hall of pleasure smiles.the grand theater building known as the ―cradle of beijing opera‖ was uniquely laid out and magnificently decorated.on september 10, 1984, the garden of virtuous harmony opened its doors to visitors.there are also 7 exhibition halls with articles of daily use on display here.the staff here put up court dresses of qing dynasty in order to give the visitor a more vivid impression.(in front of the grand theater building)
this building is 21 meters in height and 17 meters in width and features three tiers of tilted eaves and stages.all of the stages are connected to a raise ,and a winch is installed at the top.a well and 5 ponds were sunk under the ground stage.there are trapdoors in the ceiling for fairies to descend, as well as on the floor for demons to surface.the underground passages also served as a means of improving resonance and making the performers` voices more audible.of the three main theater building of the qing dynasty, the grand theater building is the tallest and the largest.the other two are changyin(fluent voice)pavilion in chengde, an imperial summer resort.the building played a major part in fostering the birth and development of beijing opera: since the completion of the grand theater building, many performances were held in it in honor of the empress dowager cixi.(a lakeside walk from the garden of virtuous harmony to the hall of jade ripples)
we are now standing in the middle of a rockery behind the hall of benevolent and longevity.it appears that there` s nothing special ahead.however, after we clear the rockery, we will reach kunming lake.this is a application of a specific style of chinese gardening.not far away in the lake there is a islet.it is filled with peach and weeping willow trees and serves as a ideal place to appreciate the scenery.the pavilion on the islet is called zhichun(understanding spring)pavilion and is chardcterized by four-edged, multiple eaved roofs.(in front of the hall of jade ripples)
this group of special and quiet courtyard dwelling is the hall of jade ripples.it was first used by emperor qianlong to attend to state affairs.it was also where emperor guangxu of the late qing dynasty was kept under house arrest.this hall is a hallmark of the reform movement of 1898, emperor guanxu was empress dowager cixi` s nephew.after emperor tongzhi died, empress dowager cixi made her nephew, who was at that time four years old a successor in order to continue her wielding of power behind the scenes.when emperor guanxu was 19 years old ,empress dowager cixi relinquished power to him but continued to exert considerable influence.in 1898, the reform movement took place with the aim of sustaining the corn principles of the qing dynasty while reforming outdated laws.the movement lasted for 103 days until it was suppressed by empress dowager cixi.the emperor` s six earnest reformists were beheaded and emperor guangxu was placed under house arrest which lasted for 10 years.all the back doors were sealed and a brick was was put up behind the wooden partition on each side of the two annexes of the courtyard.emperor guangxu was closely watched by eunuchs.the wall remains intact for tourists to see..dynasty while reforming outdated laws.the movement lasted for 103 days until it was suppressed by empress dowager cixi.the emperor` s six earnest reformists were beheaded and emperor guangxu was placed under house arrest which lasted for 10 years.all the back doors were sealed and a brick was was put up behind the wooden partition on each side of the two annexes of the courtyard.emperor guangxu was closely watched by eunuchs.the wall remains intact for tourists to see.(in front of yiyunguan(chamber of mortal beings)
this was where empress and empress dowager of china` s feudal system.however, emperor guanxu was not the last emperor of the qing dynasty.the last in the line was emperor puyi, who ascended the throne in 1908 at the age of three, too young to be married.in 1912, he was forced to abdicate.during the short reign of emperor puyi.empress longyu handled state affairs on his behalf in the name of empress dowager.in 1911, a revolution led by dr.sun yat-sun succeeded, and the year after, empress longyu announced the abdication of the last emperor of china.(in the hall of happiness and longevity)the aged empress dowager cixi was so fond of the summer palace that she decided to live here from april through october of every year.this group of buildings served as her residence.this group of courtyard dwellings consists of a forecourt and a backyard with annex courts on each side.the whole compound was basically made of wood, which is ideal for ventilation and lighting.with its quiet and tasteful layout, the hall of happiness and longevity made life very easy and convenient.no wonder one of empress dowager cixi` s pleasure boat.on the pier there is a tall lantern post.flanking the staircase leading to the main entrance of the hall, there are bronze cranes, deer and vases, symbolizing universal peace.the interior layout is the same as the imperial court, with throne, a large table and incense burners placed in the middle.at mealtime, eunuchs-in –waiting would make a gigantic table out of this table and empress dowager cixi would dine on 128 courses.because of this more than 1,800 tales of silver would be spent each month on meals.on the east side of the living room is the cloak room.the bedroom in on its west.in front of the yaoyue(inviting the moon)gate of the long corridor
the famed long corridor is ahead.facing kunming lake and in the foreground of longevity hill, the long corridor stretches from yaoyue(inviting the moon)gate to shizhang(stony old man)pavilion.it is 728 meters in length and consist of 273 sections and connects four octagonal pavilions.in 1990 ,it was listed in guinness book of world records.(strolling along the long corridor)
the long corridor is one of the major structures of the summer palace.since the corridor was designed to follow the physical features of the southern slope of longevity hill , four multiple-eaved, octagonal pavilions(beauty-retaining pavilion, enjoy-the ripples pavilion, autumn water pavilion and clarity distance pavilion)were placed at bends and undulation.thus sightseers will hardly notice the rise and fall of the terrain.as a major part of the architectural style of the summer palace, the long corridor serves as an ingenious connector between the lake and the hill.scattered buildings on the southern slope were linked to creat a unified complex.this corridor can also be called a ―corridor of paintings ‖: there are more than 14,000 paintings on its beams.some of them are of birds, flowers and landscapes of the west lake in hangzhou, zhejian province.others present scenes from literary classics.the majority of the landscape painting were done under the order of emperor qianlong, who preperred the scenery of south china.(by the door leading to the exhibition of cultural relics)this group of temple-shaped structures are known as qinghua(clarified china)hall ,also known as arhat hall during the reign of emperor qianlong.the original hall burned down in 1860.after it was reconstructed, it was renamed.qinghua hall is now used as a exhibition hall displaying rare cultural relics collected in the summer palace.the hall consists of 6 exhibition rooms with tens of thousands of articles of treasure on display in turn.among the exhibits there are bronze ware, porcelain, jade assemblages from the ming and qing dynasties, and rare and paintings.there is also a gigantic stone slab, which is more than 3 meters in height and width.it bears the handwritten inscriptions of emperor qianlong is commemoration of the suppression of a rebellion in the xinjiang region.only this slab survived when the angle-french allied forces set fire to the summer palace.(in front of the gate of dispelling clouds)
now we are approaching the central part of the structures on the lakeside slope, the tower of buddhist incense within the hall of dispelling clouds.the hall of dispelling clouds was where numerous palatines kowtowed to empress dowager cixi.it was surrounded by galleries and flanked by annex halls.in the forecourt there is a pool and marble bridges.starting from the lakeside, there lies in succession a memorial archway, the gate of dispelling clouds, the hall of dispelling clouds and the tower of buddhist incense.all of these structures are built on a central axis and each is taller than its predecessor.this was designed to give prominence to the last structure, the tower of buddhist incense, which was a symbol of imperial power.the layout of this group of architectures was based on scenes described in buddhist sutras.this group of structure are among the most magnificently constructed here in the summer palace.(inside the hall of dispelling clouds)the original buildings on this site were burned down by the anglo-french allied forces in 1860.a new set of structures was built during the reign of emperor guanxu, and was called the hall of dispelling clouds, suggesting that it was a fairyland.the hall was built on a high terrace, and has 21 room.inside the hall are a throne, screens, tripods and mandarin fans.on a platform you will see bronze dragons, phoenixes and tripods.at the foot of the platform there are four bronze water vats, the ancient form of fire extinguishers.the 10th day of lunar october was ,empress dowager cixi` s birthday.on that day ,she sat on the throne here to receive congratulations and gifts.now we are going to pay a visit to the highlight of the summer palace-the tower of buddhist incense.what we are now standing on is a stone terrace which is 20 meters in height.it has a semi housed stairway of 100 steps, you will live for 100 years.so, let` s go!(in the front of the tower of buddhist incense)an octagonal structure with three storeys and quadruple eaves, the tower of buddhist incense is the very center of the summer palace, and is one of the masterpieces of ancient chinese architecture.the tower is 41 meters in height, and is buttressed by 8 solid pillars made of lignumvitae logs.with its complex structure, ingenious layout, towering terrace and convincing grandeur, the tower of buddhist incense was artfully set out by the imperial gardens and beautiful scenery surrounding it.the tower overlooks kunming lake and other picturesque spots within an area of tens of kilometers.on the west side of the tower stands baoyunge(precious cloud pavilion).it is made of bronze and is7.5 meters in height and 270 tons in weight.it resembles its wooden counterparts in every detail.it is one of the largest and most exquisite bronze pavilions still on existence in china.lamas prayed here during the reign of emperor qianlong in honor of the monarchs and their families.at the turn of the century 10 bronze windows were spirited abroad.in 1992 an american company bought the windows and returned them intact to china.(on a hilltop leading from the back door of tower of buddhist incense)
now we can see the long and snaking western causeway and a shorter dike that divides kunming lake into three areas that contain south lake island, seaweed-viewing island and circle city island.the three island represent three mountain in ancient chinese mythology, i.e.penglai, fangzhang and yingzhou.this peculiar method of incorporating a lake a three mountains within a single garden was a brainchild of emperor wudi of the han dynasty more than 2,000 years ago, bearing testimony to feudal monarchs` s longing for longevity.as the legend goes many heavenly elixirs grew on the three mythical islands.using artificial building techniques, the ancient chinese built this masterpiece based on the myth to make the mythical on appear to be accessible to humans.(inside the garden of harmonious interest)setting a garden within a larger garden has been one of china traditional architectural styles.the garden of harmonious interest serves as a fine example of this.this garden was built under the order of emperor qianlong and modeled after the jichang garden(garden of ease of mind)at the foot of mount huishan, jiansu province.it was renamed by his son emperor jiaqing in 1811.the existing garden was rebuilt by emperor or guangxu.empress dowager cixi used to go fishing here.the garden features 10 waterfront platforms, pavilions and halls as well as hundreds of galleries with all of its structures facing the lake and pools, the garden of harmonious interest is basically a garden of waterscape.spanning the vast expanse of the lake and pools are five bridges, each quite different from the others.the most famous of them is the bridge known as ―knowing –the fishing-bridge.‖ it is said that more than 2,500 years ago during the warring states period, two philosophere named zhuang zi had an interesting argument by the side of a pond.zhang said, ‖fish swim to and fro in the water.what happy fish!‖ hui asked , ‖you are not a fish.how do you know they are happy? ‖ zhuang replied, ―you are not me.how do you know i don’t know? ‖ hui signed, ―i am not you ,therefore, i don’t know you.and you are not a fish ,so how
do you know that fish are happy? ‖ zhang said, ―you ask me how i know fish are happy, why do you keeping me the same question?‖ although the garden of harmonious interest was designed after jichang garden, it not only absorbed the original designs, but exceeded it.(outside the south entrance to suzhou shopping street)now lets have a look at longevity hill.on the back slope of the hill stands a group of architectures.the centerpiece of structures there are known as the four continents and are dedicated to buddhism.this group was laid out and arranged in accordance with buddhist cosmology.aside from a main shrine and structures embodying the four continents, there are eight towers representing minor continents.the shrine is surrounded by four lamaist pagodas and between the major and minor continents, there two platforms representing the sun and the moon.the qing authority attached great importance to buddhism.to further strengthen ties with the ethnic minorities who practiced buddhism, the monarchs incorporated both han and tibetan styles of architecture into this group of temples.further north at the foot of the four major continent lies the suzhou shopping street.built along the back lake of the summer palace, this street stretches about 300 meters and features more than 60 stores.it includes restaurants, teahouses, pawnshops banks, drugstores dye houses and publishing houses.in order to recreate the atmosphere of ancient times, visitors will have the chance to exchange their money to ancient style chinese coins for use here.storefronts are trimmed with traditional signboards and ornaments.the commercial culture of the mid-18th century has thus been recreated.(atop the stone bridge inside the suzhou shopping street)visitors may be surprise to see that this shopping street is almost the same as that in south china.as a matter of fact, this street was designed after the shops along the canals in suhzhou.originally known as emperor` s shopping street, it was built during the reign of emperor qianlong.after making several inspection tours to south china and being duly impressed by its commercial prosperity, emperor qianlong ordered the construction of this street.the imperial shopping street was burnt down by anglo-french allied forces in 1860.the site remained desolated until 1987, when reconstruction began.it was opened to the public in september 1990.with commercial culture as its hallmark, the suzhou shopping street is a vivid representation of china` s traditional cultures.(on the road from the south fate of the suzhou shopping street to the marble boat)this is the hall of pines.from it to the west we can walk to the marble boat.the path we aree taking stretches between longevity hill and back lake.monarchs and their cohorts used to stroll along it.hence it was named central imperial path.along this path you will see lilacs all around.hence, this road is also known as the path of lilac.(in front of the ruins of the garden of complete spring)quite a few unique structures were burnt down during the reign of emperor qianlong, among which the garden of complete spring was one of the most famous.the ruined and desolate courtyard by the roadside was its original site, it remains to be restored.this group of structures cover an area of 4,000 square meters and features a number of halls built on three different levels.all of the structures were connected with galleries and stone staircases.with its natural and ingenious combination of pavilions, a hall, galleries and rooms, the garden of complete spring serves as a fine model for other gardens.emperor qianlong frequently visited this compound.(along the lakeside by the marble boat)now we have returned from the back of longevity hill to the front.there is the famous marble boat.this structure is 36 meters in length and its body was made of marble.on top of it is a two storeyed structure.the floor was paved with colored bricks.all of the windows are inlaid with multi-colored glass and the ceiling was decorated with carved bricks.the drainage system channels rain water down through four hollow concrete pillars and into the lake through the mouth of dragon heads.according to a book written by emperor qianlong, the boat was used for enjoying the scenery and was supposed to be symbolic of the stability of the qing dynasty.halfway up the slope there stands the hall for listening to orioles.the ancient chinese liken the warble of an oriole to beautiful songs and melodies, hence the name of the hall which used to be a theater.now the hall is one of the most famous restaurants in china, featuring imperial dishes and desserts.it is a must for many foreign visitors to have lunch here when then come to beijing.more than one hundred heads of state worldwide have dined here and the late premier zhou enlai has held banquets here in honor of state guests.(sightseers who want to try the restaurant can go boating after they eat.those who do not can go abroad right away.those who do not feel like taking the boat can stoll along the long corridor to the outside of the east gate).(boating on kunmin lake)we are now going to enjoy the lakeside scenery from a pleasure boat.as a main part of the summer palace, kunming lake covers an area of 220 hectares, or three fourths of the combined space of this summer resort.this natural lake is more than 3500 years old.this lake was originally called wengshan lake.in 1749 emperor qianlong ordered the construction of qingyi garden, the predecessor of the summer palace.involving nearly 10,000 laborers, the lake was expanded and turned into a peach-shaped reservoir, the first of its kind for beijing.from 1990 to 1991, the beijing municipal government ordered the first dredging of the lake in 240 years.involving 200,000 men and hundreds of dredgers and other tools, a total of 625,600 cubic meters of sludge was dredged and 205 bombs dropped by the japanese during the anti-japanese war were removed.the summer palace set a precedent for sightseeing by boat.there used to be a large imperial flotilla, of which the ―kunming merry dragon‖ was the most famous.it was destroyed by the anglo-french allied forces in 1860.to make the tour of the summer palace a more pleasant one, a large pleasure boat ―tai he ‖(supreme harmony)was built.this double –decked boat is 37.09 meters long,8,59 meters wide and 10.49 meters high.it can travel at a speed of 9 kilometer per hour.small pleasure boats are also available to tourist.another major spot of interest on the western causeway is jingming(bright view)hall.both its front and rear face the lake.this structure also features three two-storeyed halls of varying heights.our tour is drawing to a close as we approach the shore.today we only visited the major scenic areas of the summer palace.i have left other spot of interest for your next visit.i will show you out through the east gate.i hope you enjoyed today` s tour.thank you.good-bye and good luck.天安门
Tian’anmen Rostrum
Tian’anmen(the Gate of Heavenly Peace), is located in the center of Beijing.It was first built in 1417 and named Chengtianmen(the Gate of Heavenly Succession).At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was seriously damaged by war.When it was rebuilt under the Qing in 1651, it was renamed Tian’anmen, and served as the main entrance to the Imperial City, the administrative and residential quarters for court officials and retainers.The southern sections of the Imperial City wall still stand on both sides of the Gate.The tower at the top of the gate is nine-room wide and five –room deep.According to the Book of Changes, the two numbers nine and five, when combined, symbolize the supreme status of a sovereign.During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Tian’anmen was the place where state ceremonies took place.The most important one of them was the issuing of imperial edicts, which followed these steps:
1)The Minister of Rites would receive the edict in Taihedian(Hall of Supreme Harmony), where the Emperor was holding his court.The minister would then carry the decree on a yunpan(tray of cloud), and withdraw from the hall via Taihemen(Gate of supreme Harmony)2)The Minister would put the tray in a miniature longting(dragon pavilion).Beneath a yellow umbrella and carry it via Wumen(Meridian Gate), to Tian’anmen Gate tower.3)A courtier would be invested to proclaim the edict.The civil and military officials lining both sides of the gateway beneath the tower would prostrate themselves in the direction of the emperor in waiting for the decree to the proclaimed.4)The courtier would then put the edict in a phoenix-shaped wooden box and lower it from the tower by means of a silk cord.The document would finally be carried in a similar tray of cloud under a yellow umbrella to the Ministry of Rites.5)The edict, copied on yellow paper, would be made known to the whole country.Such a process was historically recorded as ― Imperial Edict Issued by Golden Phoenix‖.During the Ming and Qing dynasties Tian’anmen was the most important passage.It was this gate that the Emperor and his retinue would go through on their way to the altars for ritual and religious activities.On the Westside of Tian’anmen stands ZhongshanPark(Dr.Sun Yat-sen’s Park), and on the east side, the Working People’s Cultural Palave.The Park was formerly called Shejitan(Altar of Land and Grain), built in 1420 for offering sacrificial items to the God of Land.It was opened to the public as a park in 1914 and its name was changed in 1928 to the present one in memory of the great pioneer of the Chinese Democratic Revolution.The Working People’s Cultural Palace used to be Taimiao(the Supreme Ancestral Temple), where tablets of the deceased dynastic rulers were kept.The stream in front of Tian’anmen is called Waijinshuihe(Outer Golden River),with seven marble bridges spanning over it.Of these seven bridges,historical records say the middle one was for the exclusive use of the emperor and was accordingly called Yuluqiao(Imperial Bridge).The bridges flanking it on either side were meant for the members of the royal family and were therefore called Wanggongqiao(Royal’s Bridges).Farther away on each side of the two were bridges for officials ranking above the third order and were named Pinjiqiao(ministerial Bridges).The remaining two bridges were for the use by the retinue below the third order and wre called Gongshengqiao(common Bridges).They anr the one in front of the Supreme Ancestral Temple to the east and the one in front of the Altar of land and Grain to the west.The two stone lions by the Gate of Tian’anmen, one on each side were meant as sentries.They gaze toward the middle axis, guarding the emperor’s walkway.In front of the gate stands a pair of marble columns called Huabiao.They are elaborately cut in bas-relief following the pattern of a legendary dragon.Behind the gate stands another pair of similar columns.The story of Huabiao may be traced to a couple of sources.One of the versions accredits its invention to one of the Chinese sage kings named Yao, who was said to have set up a wooden pillar in order to allow the ordinary people to expose evil-doers, hence it was originally called a slander pillar.Later it ws reduced to a signpost, and now it serves as an ornament.The beast sitting on the top of the column is called‖ hou‖, a legendary animal, which is said to have been a watcher of an emperor’s behaviour.He was doing such duties as warning the emperor against staying too long outside the palace or indulging in pleasure and urging him to go to the people for their complaints or return in due time.Therefore, the two pairs of beasts were given the names‖ Wangjunhui‖(Expecting the emperor’s coming back)and ― wangjunchu‖(Expecting the emperor’s going out)respectinvely.In the old days, Tian’anmen, as a part of the Imperial City, was meant for important occasions.The two rows of chaofang(antechamber), on the sides behind the main gate, wre reserved for civil and military members of the government waiting for imperial audience and in front of the gate, were offices of imperial administration.On October 1, 1949, chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed on Tian’anmen Rostrum the founding of the People’s Republic of China.Since then Tian’anmen has been the symbol of New Chinea.Chairman Mao’s portrait is hung above the central entrance, flanked by two slogans:‖ Long Live the Great Unity of the Peoples of the World‖.Today , the splendour of Tian’anmen attracts million of visitors from all over the world.The Rostrum on its top was opened in 1988 to the public for the first time in its history.It offers a panoramic view of the Square and the city proper.Tian’anmen Square Situated due south of Tian’anmen, the Square has an area of 44 hectares(109 acres)that can accommodate as many as one million people for public gatherings.It has witnessed may historical events in China’s modern history and is a place for celebrations on such festive days as international Labour Day on May 1st and national Day on October 1st.Around the Square are several famous buildings: 1 The Great Hall of the People This is one of the largest congressional buildings in the world.Built in 1959, the hall consists of three parts: a 10,000-seat auditorium in the center, a banquet hall in the north wing facing Chang’an Street, with a seating capacity of 5,000, and offices for the Standing Committee of the National Peoples’ Congress of China in the south.In addition, thirty-four reception chambers are named after various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly unde the Central Government, plus Hong Kong and Macao.Each is different from the other in decoration and furnishings to stress their local features.2 The Museum of Chinese History and the Museum of the Chinese Revolution These two museums were also built in 1959.the museum of Chinese History houses a permanent exhibition in four parts, covering the entire process of Chinese history spanning from 1.7 million years ago to 1919: 1)The Primitive Society(1.7 million years ago to the 21st century BC);2)The Slave Society(21st century BC to 476 BC.);3)The Feudal Society(475 BC.To 1840 AD.);4)The Semi-Colonial and Semi-Fedual Society(1840 to 1919.)The Museum of the Chinese Revolution covers the period from 1919 to 1949.3 The Monument to the People’s Heroes the monument was built in memory of thousands of martyrs who died for the revolutionary cause of the Chinese people.Its construction began on August 1, 1952 and was not completed until 1958.in the form of an obelisk, the Monument as made of more than 17,000 pieces of tranite and white marble.The purple piece inlaid in the front of the Monument was brought from Qingdao, Shandong Province.It is 38 meters(124ft 8 in)high, the loftiest of its kind ever seen in the country.Not only is it an historic memorial for immortal heroes, but also it is an artistic work of excellent architectural value.On the front side of the Monument is an engraved inscription in Chinese characters written by Chairman Mao Zedong, which reads‖ Eternal Glory to the People’s Heroes!‖.On the back of the Monument is an article written by Chairman Mao, but in Chinese calligraphy by the late Premier Zhou Enlai.At the top of the Monument are eight gigantic carved wreathes of such flowers as peony, lotus and chrysanthemum, symbolizing nobility, purity, and fortitude.At the base of the monument are eight marble reliefs depicting the Chinese historic events since 1840.They are:
1)The Burning of Opium in 1840: 2)The uprising of 1851 in Jintian, Guangxi;3)The Revolution of 1911;4)The May Fourth Movement of 1919;5)The May 30th Movement of 1925;6)The Uprising of 1927 in Nanchang, Jiangxi;7)The War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression from 1937 to 1945;8)The Victorious Crossing over the Yangtze River by the Peoples’s Liberation Army in 1949.This relief is flanked by two smaller ones—― Supplying the Front‖ and ― Greeting the P.L.A.‖.Chairman Mao’s Mausoleum Chairman Mao Zedong, the founder of the People’s Pepublic of China, passed away on Sepember 9, 197 6.In commemoration of this great man, a mausoleum began to be constructed in November 1976, and was completes in August the following year.The Mausoleum was officially opened on September 9, 1977.The mausoleum is surrounded by four groups of sculpture.East of the northern entrance is the sculpture depicting the period of the New Democratic Revolution(1919-1949), and west of it is the one signifying the great achievements of the Chinese people during the period of slcialist revolution and construction since 1949.The sculptures in front of the southern gate are figures of workers, peasants soldiers, intellectuals, technicians and children.Inside the Mausoleum are three main sections: A white marble statue of Chairman Mao is mounted on a platform in the front lobby.On the wall behind the statue is a 24-metre-long(79-foot-long)tapestry, a fine needlepoint work with beautiful landscapes of the country.In the main hall there is a crystal coffin, in which Chairman Mao’s body lies stately with the Communist Party’s flag covering over him.On the wall of the southern lobby, a poem by Chairman Mao and in his own calligraphy is inscribed in gold inlay.It expresses his full great expectations for the country.Tian’ anmen Square has now completed its renovation after eight months’ hard work to welcome the 50th anniversary of the People’s Republic in 1999.天坛
一、旅游景区英文解说系统的概念
解说系统就是运用某种媒体和表达方式, 使特定信息传播并到达信息接受者中间, 帮助信息接受者了解相关事物的性质和特点, 并达到服务和教育的基本功能。而景区英文解说系统就是运用书面材料、标识牌、视频音频器材等媒介, 将景区的英文信息视觉化、听觉化, 强化规范国外旅游者在景区的行为, 为游客的旅游活动提供方便与帮助, 并为其在旅行过程中带来安全感。英文解说系统既能提高景区的文化品位和管理层次, 更能为中国的旅游业健康发展起到积极的促进作用。
二、旅游景区英文解说系统的功能
系统的英文解说服务有多方面的功能, 与一般的解说系统一样, 其服务与教育功能是最基本的。包括:
1. 为海外旅游者提供导游和信息服务。为不同年龄、不同层次、不同体质、不同兴趣爱好的游客提供最大限度的游览机会和服务需要。
2. 增进海外旅游者的知识, 增加其对中国历史、经济、社会文化等多方面的了解, 提高其鉴赏的层次和理解的可能。
3. 有助于使当地社区或自然环境的负面影响降到最低, 保证游客的安全, 减少冲突或不理解, 促进旅游活动的顺利进行。
4. 引导游客的适宜行为, 减少出现破坏性行为。
5. 提供一种对话途径, 使海外旅游者与景区、景区管理者、当地居民增加互动的机会, 增加互相的了解、理解与支持。
三、旅游景区英文解说系统的类型
从引导方式上说, 景区英文解说系统可分为向导式解说系统 (personal or attended service system) 和自导式解说系统 (non-personal or unattended service system) 两类。向导式解说系统也称为导游解说系统, 以具有能动性的英语导游人员向海外旅游者进行主动的、动态的信息传导为主的表达方式。它的最大特点是双向沟通, 能够回答游客提出的各种问题, 可以因人而异地提供个性化服务。但它的可靠性和准确性不稳定, 主要由导游人员的英语素质来决定。自导式解说系统由书面材料、标准公共信息图形符号、语音视频等无生命的设施设备向游客提供静态的、被动的信息服务。它的形式包括牌示、解说手册、导游图、门票、音频视频设备、室内展览等, 其中牌示是最主要的表达方式。自导式解说系统一般受篇幅限制, 解说内容都是经过了精心的挑选和设计, 具有较强的科学性和权威性。但自导式解说是单向的, 有其自身的局限性。
本文主要探讨向导式英文解说系统, 即英语导游解说。
四、旅游景区向导式英文解说系统的现有问题和对策
向导式英文解说系统问题:即英语导游翻译问题。
对于涉外导游翻译来说, 现场导游翻译具有“快、急、难、变”的特点, 这就要求外语导游翻译不仅要有扎实的旅游专业基础知识, 良好的外语语言应用能力, 还要有现场随机应变能力和跨文化交际能力。
1. 英语语言应用能力方面。
良好的英语语言能力要求英语导游翻译有优美的语音语调、丰富的词汇量及其惯用法、正确的语法知识。语音和语法问题直接影响导游讲解中声音效果和内容质量, 而词汇及其惯用法的是否准确又会影响到外国游客是否能够理解、导游效果是否能够保证。
(1) 语音问题并不是口音的问题。因为英语导游面对的游客可能来自不同语言为母语的国家。不同英语国家的游客同样存在口音问题。比如英式英语和美式英语的发音就有区别。如:answer的英式发音为['ɑ:ns], 而美式发音是[':ns];more的英式发音为[m:], 而美式发音为[m:r]。
导游翻译的语音问题关键是发音不准确, 含糊不清;语调缺少升降起伏, 节奏感不强, 单词或句子重音位置不准确。比如有些导游分不清[θ]和[б], [n]和[l]等, 有些搞不清楚重音, 如present做动词“呈现”讲时, 重音应在第二个音节上, 做名词“礼物”来讲时, 重音应在第一个音节上;有些导游说着“带中文语音甚至方言语音”的英语, 总是说着说着就出现“恩”、“啊”、“那么”、“哦”等中文词语;有的把冠词a或者the读的过重, 把and的音拉得过长等等。这些问题导致游客无耐性听导游讲解, 心生厌倦, 注意力涣散。随之导游对游客的影响力下降。
语音语调从听觉上能够体现说话者的社会层次、教育程度和个人修养, 而且在传情达意方面起着重要的作用。英语导游应该注意自己的语音要准确, 语调有感情, 速度要适中, 高低要和谐, 声音要悦耳, 让游客听起来感到舒适, 不能过于平淡, 但也不能过于夸张。这样的语调才具有感染力, 才能打动游客的心扉。
(2) 词汇问题主要包括词汇量是否足够、习惯用法是否掌握、短语搭配是否正确的问题。
一般来说, 获得英语水平等级和英语导游能力凭证的导游翻译在词汇量上问题并不大, 加上导游词可以提前准备, 关键问题是有些景区的特定景点的特定表达方式需要使用一些术语, 而这些术语很多都不是拿到等级证书就一定有把握的, 这就需要导游翻译员在平日里坚持学习、重视阅读和积累。
实际上, 在旅游实践中, 表现在词汇上的问题通常是习惯用语和短语搭配的问题。如天下着倾盆大雨, 外国人惯用it rains dogs and cats.而不是it rains heavily.尽管这样的说法并没有错。再比如mummy, 英式英语指妈妈, 而美式英语指木乃伊;football, 英式英语指足球, 美式英语指橄榄球;knock sb.up英式英语通常指敲门叫醒某人, 而美式英语会用来表达使某人怀孕;美国人把用信用卡购物表达为plastic shopping等。再比如介绍岳飞莫须有的冤假罪名时, 旅游英语中用“give a dog an ill name and hang him”来表达。因为dog在西方人眼里是“忠诚”的, 结合岳飞忠贞报国的忠诚形象, 西方人更乐于接受这样的表达方式。还有比如在西方, 男性习惯把自己的爱车等用she来表达, 女性则喜欢用he来表达爱屋及乌的情感。而对于自己的祖国, 英语中也通常采用she来表达。
这些问题常常会出现在英语导游翻译的导游现场中, 为了尽可能避免因为这些问题而造成沟通的障碍、理解的偏差, 导游翻译应该多多阅读, 并在带团经历中进行总结积累, 从而取得进步。
(3) 语法是保证语意正确的基础, 对于和外国游客交际的英语导游翻译来说, 导游语言中出现语法错误, 不仅会造成沟通不畅产生误解, 还会受到游客的嘲笑, 影响中国导游的整体形象。
在英语导游的导游现场常出现的语法错误有人称代词he、she使用混乱, 时态上使用混乱, 一般现在时三单动词加s形式被忽略, 分词用法不当等现象。还有一些问题表现在部分导游受母语的影响, 在口语交际中出现中式英语, 如堆叠使用同义词, 名词肿胀现象, 定语从句的先行词不明确、不直接、不靠近限定的名词、不注意一致性, 而大部分的问题是不符合英语的语言习惯。
例如, 当游客对导游的服务表示感谢时, 有些导游会说“it’s my duty.” (这是我的职责) , 就会让游客感觉不舒服, 好像你是为了完成任务而去做的, 如果换成“it’s my pleasure.” (这是我乐意去做的) , 会更符合英语语言习惯。再比如, 当游客对旅行社任意改变线路而向气愤, 但又不好意思直接批评导游时说“You didn’t know that beforehand, did you?”, 如果导游确实不知情, 就应该说“No, I didn’t.” (是的, 我不知道) 。而的确有些导游回答说“Yes.”, 虽然他是想表达他是不知道, 但却犯了语法错误, 造成了误解。
2. 跨文化方面。
语言是文化的有机组成部分, 是文化的表现形式, 同时又反映文化。英语导游的导游工作是要和不同年龄、不同国家、不同文化背景的游客进行交流沟通, 优秀的英语导游必须有扎实的语言基础, 还应该有敏锐的跨文化意识。
表现在文化方面的问题主要是没有深刻理解正确应对中西文化差异在语言交流上的差异。这种差异主要表现在三个方面:
(1) 社交礼节上的差异。比如美国人打招呼常说“Hello!”或“Hi!”, 中国人见面常说“你吃了吗?”“从哪儿来啊?”。如果英语导游翻译按照中文习惯跟外国游客打招呼问“Have you eaten?”, 他们一定会奇怪, 以为导游要请他们吃饭。如果用“where have you been?”, 他们肯定又会不高兴说“it’s not your business!” (和你无关!) 。再如, 有的导游在机场迎接客人时出于寒暄对老年游客说“You must be very tired now.” (一路辛苦了, 您现在一定很累吧?) , 本来是想表达对游客的关心, 结果恰恰相反, 西方人会认为你觉得他们年老无用, 身体柔弱不健康, 反而不高兴, 而正确的说法应该是“It’s a pleasant flight, right?” (一路上还愉快吧?) 。还有比如, 当外国游客夸奖导游的时候, 导游员不应按照中文习惯说“No, no, thank you.”, 恰当的说法应该是“Thank you, I am flattered.” (谢谢, 您过奖了) 。
(2) 文化习俗上的差异。比如中国人把“龙”视为吉祥的神物, 代表帝王, 拥有至高无上的权利, 中国人还把自己称为龙的传人。在中国人眼里, 龙有着不可思议的伟大力量。而在西方文化中, 龙是喷烟吐火的怪物。因此, 在导游活动中, 导游员应当帮助外国游客正确理解“龙 (dragon) ”的中国文化涵义。还比如, 西方人眼中“dog”是忠心耿耿的动物物种, 其引申含义具有褒义的特质。他们常用“lucky dog”来表达“幸运儿”的意思, 如果导游员不清楚其中的文化涵义, 就有可能造成误解。
(3) 联想意义的差异。色彩是构成中国古建筑美不可缺少的因素, 中国传统的审美观点认为红色表示喜庆、吉祥, 黄色表示庄重和高贵, 绿色代表生命力。文化不同, 颜色的象征意义和联想意义就会产生差异。西方则认为红色象征着亏损和救援, 黄色象征胆小和背叛, 绿色象征无经验。在中国, 黄色是是王权的象征, 而在英国蓝色才是高贵和王权的象征。涉外导游时, 英语导游翻译应向外国游客正确解释中国的色彩的联想意义, 帮助外国游客客观欣赏中国古建筑的色彩美。语言的文化涵义也是复杂的, 如果曲解它们对应的语言概念就容易犯文化错误。比如, 在介绍成语典故时, 将汉语的“怒发冲冠”与英语的“to make one’s hair stand on end”视为对应词就犯了文化错误。其实前者形容“愤怒至极“的样子, 后者则源于英国1825年一名盗马贼被拉上绞刑架时恐惧万分的样子, 意为“毛骨悚然”。在英语导游的翻译中, 一定要重视文化背景及语言的联想意义的差异。
另外, 在英语导游实践中, 定势、偏见、民族主义中心、文化冲击、权势优越感、交际不确定性和片面寻求相似性都是跨文化交际的障碍。中国是多民族的国家, 而英语导游在接待外国游客的时候更多是在传播汉族文化和价值观。在欧美游客的认知里, 他们也更多地感觉中国是汉民族的国家, 甚至会敏感的意识到汉民族的优越感。这些认知往往会造成文化理解出现偏差。而在接待同说英语但来自不同国家的外国游客时, 导游员常常未能清晰地有差别地理解外国文化。因此, 英语导游翻译在导游实践中, 在对待跨文化问题时寻找相似性的同时, 也要尽可能地准确宣传中国文化, 广泛了解西方文化。只有这样, 才能减少文化障碍和文化休克。
3. 应变能力方面。
英语导游翻译除了要有扎实的英语语言功底外, 在准确清晰地为游客做好导游讲解的同时, 还应该具备一定的语用能力, 这主要是指得体地运用语言, 并能够随机应变, 实现成功的跨文化交流。比如, 运用幽默的语言、巧妙的问答, 这些技巧能够抚慰辛劳、化解尴尬、缓和气氛、弱化游客的不满情绪。如在旅途中遇到颠簸的山路, 导游翻译一句“Let’s enjoy Chinese massage!” (让我们享受享受中国式按摩吧!) , 显示出导游员的机智幽默, 会让游客顿时心情愉悦轻松许多。再有, 有位导游在苏州狮子林为游客讲解时, 为了引导、调动游客的参与意识, 介绍完狮子林千姿百态形如狮子的假山, 指着里面假山形成的许多山洞说, “there hide in the caves more than 500 Buddist arhats, who can find them?He who can find them at the most will be the cleverest and luckiest one.” (洞里面还藏着500名罗汉, 谁能找出来?哪位游客找到的最多就最聪明最有福气) 。语言生动形象, 富有感染力, 刺激了游客的好奇心, 激发了他们的兴致。还有一位导游在介绍故宫时说, 据说以前故宫有9900多个房间, 如果按这个数字的话, 一个刚出生的孩子住进来, 一天换一间, 等他把这些房子全部住过一遍时, 他都已经27岁多了。一个恰当的比喻让游客在愉悦中增长了见识。
语言学家认为, 一个人的语言能力不但指他能否造出合乎规则的句子, 还包括他能否得体地运用语言。导游在与外国游客交际时, 不仅要明白游客语言的表面意思, 还要懂得语言在具体的环境中暗含的实际意义, 并对此作出适当的回应, 具备足够的应变能力, 才是成功的交际。比如, 在闷热的车上, 一个游客说“It’s really getting hot now.”, 如果导游理解为游客对天气的一般评论, 只回答说“Yes, it is.”, 游客一定会觉得失望, 因为导游没有具备足够的语用知识而没能理解游客的真正意图。倘若导游回答说“Yes, it is, I will turn on the air-conditioner.” (是很热, 我马上打开空调) , 这个跨文化交际就成功了。
五、结语
目前中国的景区英语解说还不够系统不够完善也没有给予足够的重视, 旅游景区的英文解说系统在各个空间结构上都出现不同程度的错误或问题, 景区的英文解说系统亟待规范和完善。向导式英文解说系统, 即英语导游员, 其语用失误、对中西方文化差异认识不足, 语言基础参差不齐、提听说能力有待提高等问题, 自导式解说系统英文翻译滥用词汇、语法错误、表述不畅、中式英语, 更有甚者用拼音完全代替英文等现存问题都不容乐观。对此, 就向导式而言, 英语导游翻译应当加强自主学习, 提高自身业务素质, 为我国的旅游事业贡献自己的力量;政府及旅行社单位应当重视加强对导游翻译的培训, 并对其进行归口管理, 强化其解说水平, 提高外国游客对中国英语导游的满意度;各大专院校应当开设专门的英文解说专业或课程, 而不仅仅开设知识层次笼统的旅游英语课程, 从而提高中国旅游景区向导式英文解说系统的整体水平。
摘要：文章分析了旅游景区因英文解说系统的类型和功能, 重点探讨向导式英文解说对于导游的要求, 提出应从语言运用、词汇量、词汇搭配、语法、跨文化交流、应变能力等方面应当加强自主学习, 提高自身业务素质, 适应国外旅游者的要求。
关键词：旅游景区,向导式英文解说系统,问题与对策
参考文献
[1].吴必虎, 金华, 张丽.旅游解说系统的规划和管理[J].旅游学刊, 1999 (1)
[2].印晓红.英语导游翻译的语言艺术与技巧[J].吉首大学学报 (社会科学版) , 1997 (2)
[3].吴颖.论英语导游讲解的有效沟通策略和方法[J].社会科学家, 2007 (2)
[4].于本凤.外语导游在涉外旅游活动中应注意的问题[J].商场现代化, 2007, 总第502期
[5].欧阳莉.从跨文化交际的视角谈英语导游翻译[J].交流园地
[6].孙毅.外语导游的文化内涵[J].财经界, 2007
[7].王淑芳, 谷慧敏.景区英文解说的规划和管理[J].北京第二外国语学院学报, 2006 (3)
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出宁波城大约四十千米，就是雪窦山旅游集散中心。我们买票进了山，坐上景区的旅游直通车，沿着蜿蜒曲折的盘山公路上山。公路两旁种着许多苍翠挺拔的松柏，还有大片没有发芽的桃树。桃树虽然只有光秃秃的树枝，没有一片绿叶，但看上去也很有精神。山路七弯八拐的，一会儿上坡，一会儿下坡，坐在车里让人觉得晕乎乎的。从车窗往外看，远处的山峰，连绵不断，云在山头慢慢悠悠地飘着，或明或暗，或浓或淡，我仿佛到了神话中的仙境。
转了九九八十一道弯，我们终于来到了三隐潭入口。我恍恍惚惚地下了车，一眼就看到入口的门亭上写着三个苍劲有力的白色大字——三隐潭。走进去，跨上一座小拱桥，我发现左边是一个小小的水池，溪水从池边的缺口中流出，越流越急，最后从一处断崖峭壁上飞流直下，形成一挂长而窄的瀑布，冲入下面一个深不可测的水潭，这就是上隐潭。
上隐潭的旁边有一座龙王庙，烧香的人很多。传说隐潭龙王三兄弟，为除去造孽的“九头鸟”，假传玉帝御旨，借得银河之水，但因水量过多而殃及百姓。玉帝知道后大怒，贬三龙王继续修炼。青龙居守上隐潭，也叫“祈雨潭”，专负责雨水；黄龙居守“百宝滩”的中隐潭，专门助诚信之人；紫龙则隐居在“封官坛”之下的下隐潭，颇受读书人喜爱。
过了龙王庙，沿着陡峭的山路往下走了几十步，我们来到了一段平坦的石板路，上隐潭的水从石缝中涓涓流出，缓慢地经过一段长长的斜坡，最后憋足了劲儿冲出崖口，跌入中隐潭。阵阵山风吹来，水沫四向飞溅，水雾弥漫。站在潭边往上望，那一帘瀑布好像一条白色的锦缎从天而降，真是“飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天”。
中隐潭的面积不是很大，但水很深。我从没有见过这样的水。中隐潭的水真清啊，清得可以看见潭底的沙石；中隐潭的水真绿啊，绿得好像一块无瑕的翡翠；中隐潭的水真静啊，静得仿佛是一潭死水，只有把手伸入水中，才能感觉到水在微微地流动。我捧起一些水，喝了一口，从嘴爽到了心里。
上隐潭和中隐潭各有一条瀑布，但下隐潭却有两道瀑布，所以又叫“双龙入潭”。一条窄而急，一条宽而缓，犹如两条龙一前一后跃入水中。
这就是美丽的雪窦山，你喜欢吗？
（浙江省宁波市镇海区中心学校四年五班*徐舒欣）
（指导教师*李萍）
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