研究生综合英语答案(精选8篇)
I.Comprehension check
1-5 DCABC6-10 DCDB
II. Vocabulary study
1.permanent2.has assembled3.discharging4.meekly
5.apprentice6.partiality7.obscure8.exalted9.intruding
10.cordially11.ambition12.gallantly
Close
1-5 BDCAB6-10 ADABB 11-15 DBDAA16-20 CCDCB
VI.Translation
关键词:非英语专业研究生,课堂环境,心理环境
1.引言
近三十年来,课堂环境成为教育社会学、教育心理学和科学教育领域一个引人关注的热点课题。20世纪70年代以来,随着教学重心从教师向学生的转移,教学研究的重点逐渐从对教学过程及其影响因素的研究转向对学生、学习过程及其影响因素的研究,人们从而开始广泛关注课堂环境对学生学习的影响。
根据第二语言习得理论,理想的外语课堂教学应该尽可能地为学生提供良好的外语学习环境。因此,对课堂环境的研究,在外语教学中显得尤为重要。
然而,对于课堂环境这个概念,它本身内涵复杂而丰富,因此,学术界还没有形成一个统一的术语指称它,对其含义和结构没有完全一致的认识,研究内容和方法各有侧重、各具特色。国内课堂环境的研究,尤其是对非英语专业研究生课堂环境的研究非常少。本文将对课堂环境的研究进行综述,包括课堂环境的概念、国内外课堂环境研究的状况,等等。
2.课堂环境研究的理论基础
2.1 Lewin(1936)的场理论和Murray(1938)的需要-压力理论 (Needs-Press theory),奠定了课 堂环境研 究的理论 基础。Lewin认为:“凡属科学的心理学都必须讨论整个情景 , 即人和环境的状态。”[1]他认为人的行为是由个人与环境的相互作用决定的,即B=f(P,E),其中B代表行为,P代表人,E代表环境。这里的环境并非客观的地理环境和社会环境, 而是指一个人的“心理环境”,包括对个体行为有影响的一切事实。Murray在此基础上提出需要-压力理论,强调行为是个体与其所处环境相互作用的结果。但与Lewin不同的是,Murray把个体因素(P)称为需要,代表个人向目标努力的潜力,而环境因素(E)则被他称为压力,代表对个人需要的支持或阻力[2]。
2.2在Murray之 后 ,Stern(1970)提出个人与环 境的适合理论(person-environment congruence theory),认为个人需要与环境压力的积极一致有利于学生的发展[3]。 某些教育研究者们试图找出这些模式下共同的影响变量,1974年,美国心理学家Moos归纳出代表人类环境 (human environments)的三个主要维度,它们分别是:关系维度(Relationship Dimensions),指 环 境中人际关系的实质与强度,如彼此间的支持与帮助;个人发展维度(Personal Development Dimensions),指个人的成长和自我潜力的促进; 系统维持及改变维度 (System Maintenance andSystem Change Dimensions),指环境的秩序 ,明确的期望 ,控制的维持和对改变的反应等[4]。 这些研究者不约而同地指出课堂环境在学生发展中的重要作用,为课堂环境的研究提供了理论基础。
3.国内外课堂环境研究状况
3.1国内课堂环境研究的状况
这一课题的研究,在我国教育学术界刚刚起步。李秉德教授最先倡导和推动课堂环境的研究工作, 他于1989年著文讨论教学活动的要素时指出:“有一个常被人们 忽略的教 学因素,那就是课堂环境。任何教学活动都必须在一定的时空条件下进行。这一定的时空条件就是有形的和无形的特定课堂环境。”除此之外,国内其他学者几乎没有对课堂环境这一概念进行过分析,个别学者只论及课堂环境的概念和结构。如田慧生(1996)对课堂环境的含义及其结构做过较系统的论述,他认为, 课堂环境是学校教学活动中所必需的诸客观条件和力量的综合。整体的课堂环境系统主要由物质环境和社会心理环境组成。物质环境包括时空环境、设施环境和自然环境;社会心理环境包括人际环境、信息环境、组织环境、情感环境和舆论环境[5]。范春林等(2005)则认为课堂环境是影响教学活动的开展、质量和效果,并存在于课堂教学过程中的各种物质的、社会的及心理的因素的总和。他认为,课堂环境的内容构成包括物理环境、社会环境和心理环境三大类别。物理环境是教学赖以进行的物质基础和物理条件, 主要包括教学的自然环境、教学设施和时空环境等;社会环境是课堂中师生互动和生生互动的基本要素及状况的总和, 大体包括师生互动与师生关系、同学互动与同学关系、课堂目标定向、课堂规则与秩序等;心理环境则是课堂参与者(教师与学生)的人格特征、心理状态和课堂心理氛围等[6]。
3.2国外课堂环境研究的状况
西方国家的课堂环境研究工作共经历以下四个发展阶段:
3.2.1萌芽期 :Lewin 的 场理论和 Murray 的 需要 - 压 力理论( Needs -Press theory),他们奠定了课堂环境研究的理论基础 。
3.2.2沉寂期 :上世纪40年代初至50年代中后期 ,这是二次世界大战及战后恢复建设时期,由于受战后迅速恢复和发展经济这一特定社会需要的制约, 关于课堂环境问题的研究受到人们的忽视和冷落。
3.2.3发展期 :21世纪60年代初至70年代中的十几年间 ,这一时期的研究以实证研究为主。这一时期有两项极具影响的研究:一是沃尔伯格和安德森(Anderson)在60年代后期从事的一项名为“哈佛物理学项目”(Harvard Physics Project)的研究。另一个极具影响的研究差不多同时由穆斯(1973)在斯坦福大学开始,他创立了社会生态学实验室(social Ecology Laboratory),开展了“人类环境”研究。
3.2.4活跃期 :从上世纪70年代中后期开始 ,课堂环境的研究工作进入一个新的时期—活跃时期。这一时期的研究重点由物理环境转向社会心理环境。到80年代,课堂环境问题已引起世界许多国家教学论专家和心理学家的广泛重视, 逐渐成为教学论和心理学研究领域的一个热门课题。
4.结 语
1~5 CBDCA 6~10 BDCBD 11~15 CBABC
16~20 ADCBB21~25 DBAAC26~30 BDDBC
31. stay 32. different 33. country
34. busy 35. trip / travel36. much
37. slowly 38. get 39. wind
40. drove
One possible version:
Boys and girls,
May I have your attention, please? I would like to
say something about the visit to the History Museum. We will meet at the school gate at 8:30 tomorrow morning. We will go there on foot. Please take your pens and notebooks with you. Please look and listen carefully while visiting and try to write down something interesting. Please keep quiet and dont make any noises in the museum. No photos are allowed in the museum, too. Everyone is asked to write a report about the visit. Make sure that the report will be given to our headteacher next Tuesday.
Thats all. Thank you!
【2015中考英语语篇及作文专项强化训练(八)参考答案】
1~5 CABDD 6~10 CABCC 11~15 DACBD
16~20 CDCDA 21~25 ACDBB26~30 BCCDB
31. travelled 32. famous 33. popular
34. clearing 35. bad
36. dangerous / dirty 37. showing
38. difference 39. cleaning 40. hope
One possible version:
Good morning, everyone!
We are all living in this city. Its our duty to keep
it clean and tidy. We shouldnt spit in public places, such as in the street, park or on the square. We shouldnt throw rubbish here and there, either. Besides, we must protect trees and flowers. And we must take some steps to stop people from polluting the rivers. If everybody tries his best to do something useful for our city, our city will become more beautiful.
Thats all. Thank you.
【2015年中考英语综合复习题(七)听力材料及参考答案】
听力材料:
第一节 听句子,选出与句子内容相关的图画,并将所选答案的字母代号填入相应的括号内。每个句子听两遍。(共5小题,每小题1分,满分5分)
1. Lucy often asked her English teacher for help before the test.
2. If I were you, I would fly to Paris. Paris is a great place to go on vacation.
3. I like playing basketball better. Im in the basketball club now.
4. I have a headache. I feel terrible now. I need to see a doctor.
5. Would you mind not taking photos here? Please look at the sign.
第二节 听句子,选出与所听句子内容相符的正确答语,并将所选答案的字母代号填入相应的括号内。每个句子听两遍。(共5小题,每小题1分,满分5分)
6. I am sorry to trouble you.
7. How do you study for your math test?
8. You used to be short, didnt you?
9. I have a lot of rules at my house.endprint
10. Tom, your hair is too long.
第三节 听对话,选出能回答问题的正确选项,并将所选答案的字母代号填入相应的括号内。每段对话听两遍。(共5小题,每小题1分,满分5分)
听第一段对话材料,回答11-12小题。
W: Could you do something for me, please?
M: Certainly!What would you like me to do?
W: Well, Im going to Shanghai for my holiday. But I cant take my dog with me. Could you look after it for me?
M: With pleasure!
W: Are you sure you dont mind?
M: Yes, of course. Glad to help.
W: Thanks.
M: Not at all. How soon will you come back?
W: In two weeks.
M: Have a good time!
听第二段对话材料,回答13-15题。
W: Who is your favorite player, Nick?
M: Bolt. Hes a famous running star.
W: Really? I dont know him. Why do you like him?
M: I like him because hes very cool and kind.
W: What does he look like?
M: He is tall and strong. And hes very young.
W: When was he born?
M: He was born in 1986.
W: Well, why do you think hes very kind?
M: Because he raised money for the children in poor areas.
W: Oh, he is so great.
第四节 听短文,完成下列信息表格,并将所选答案的字母代号填入相应的括号内。短文听两遍。(共5小题,每小题2分,满分10分)
Different countries and people have different manners. Here are some examples. If you visit a Chinese family, you should knock at the door first. When the door opens, you should not move before the host says, “Come in, please.” Before coming into the house in Japan, it is good manners to take off you shoes. In European countries, even if your shoes are very dirty, this is not done. In Britain, a guest always finishes the drink or the food to show that he enjoys it. This will make the host very pleased.
参考答案:
1~5 BACCA
6~10 CCBAB
11~15 ABBBA
16~20 ACCAB
21~25 DCABC
26~30 AABCC
31~35 CDADA
36~40 ADBCB
41~45 DABCD
46~50 FFTFT
51~55 AADAC
56~60 DABCA
61. first
62. proud
63. leaves
64. to have
65. really
66. in public
67. a box of
68. Speaking English
69. is strict in
70. think up / come up with
One possible version:
Dear Jim,
I really feel worried about you. You used to do well in your lessons and take an active part in the activities at school. But now you are so crazy about computer games that you have no interest in your schoolwork and dont listen to teachers as carefully as before in class. Also, you cant hand in your homework on time.endprint
Perhaps playing computer games can make you feel relaxed, but if you spend too much time on it, you will have less time to study. And it may do harm to your health. For example, it can hurt your eyes and neck.
I hope you should achieve a balance between your schoolwork and your hobbies. Why not join in some outdoor activities when you feel bored? As your friend, Ill be glad to share your happiness and sadness.
Best wishes!
【2015年中考英语综合复习题(八)听力材料及参考答案】
听力材料:
第一节 听句子或对话,选出与句子或对话内容相关的图画,并将所选答案的字母代号填入相应的括号内。每个句子或对话听两遍。(共5小题,每小题1分,满分5分)
1. Tom usually has an apple and some grapes for his breakfast, but he doesnt like an orange or a pear in the morning.
2. W: Mike, could you please move your books? We need to clean the table for dinner.
M: Mom. May I finish my math homework first?
W: But you need to help chore sometimes!You know that.
M: OK. Lets move my books together now.
3. Jack comes from Canada. Now he teaches music in Wuhan middle school, but he doesnt teach Chinese or English.
4. M: Mary, The purse is very nice.
W: I think so.
M: Is it $17 or $16?
W: Lets look at it. Oh, it is $ 15.
5. W: Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to the supermarket?
M: Turn right ... Oh, sorry, thats a ... I mean you can park your car there. You should turn left ahead.
W: Turn left?
M: Yes, turn left!
第二节 听对话,选出能回答问题的正确选项,并将所选答案的字母代号填入相应的括号内。每段对话听两遍。(共10小题,每小题1分,满分10分)
听第六段材料,完成6-7小题。
M: Last month my parents moved to the city to live with my sister.
W: How do they like it?
M: My mother likes the life there, but my father doesnt fall asleep because of the noises.
W: Perhaps hell be used to the noises soon.
M: I hope so.
听第七段材料,完成8-10小题。
W: I know, Mr. Green, youre having a party. But its midnight and the noise ...
M: Im sorry, Mrs. White. I forgot the time.
W: You see, its quite difficult to fall asleep with so much noise. It happens every Sunday. It makes me tired during the day.
M: Well, well stop right now.
W: Thanks.
听第八段材料,完成11-12小题。
M: Can I help you?
W: Yes, please. I want a birthday cake for my daughter.
M: Which size do you want?
W: Size 14. How much is it?
M: 128 yuan.
W: Thats fine. Ill take it.
听第九段材料,完成13-15小题。
M: I have a cold and I ....endprint
W: Youd better stay at home and have a good rest.
M: I cant do that. I have to take part in an important meeting.
W: Then take some medicine.
M: The medicine makes me sleepy. I have to give a report at the meeting.
W: Then Ill make some chicken soup for you.
M: Chicken soup for breakfast?
W: Why not? Its the only thing youll take for your cold.
M: Well, all right. But I want my coffee, too.
第三节 听短文,选出能回答问题的正确选项,并将所选答案的字母代号填入相应的括号内。短文听两遍。(共5小题,每小题2分,满分10分)
One day a little boy came into a fruit shop. He had five dollars and wanted to buy some apples. He said to the shop assistant, “Give me apples for five dollars, please.”
When the shop assistant gave him the apples, the boy counted them and felt very surprised. Then he said, “Last Friday, my mother bought apples here for five dollars, too. Why did you give me fewer apples?” “Dont ask questions, boy. I have no time for questions.”
“Excuse me, sir,” said the little boy, “but ...”
“Its all right, my boy,” said the shop assistant. “Dont you know? The fewer apples you get, the less fruit you will carry.”
“All right,” said the boy and he gave four dollars to the shop assistant. He was just going to leave the shop when he heard the words, “Come back!You must pay me five dollars.”
“Thats OK!” said the boy. “Dont you know? The fewer dollars you get, the less money you will have to count.”
参考答案:
1~5 CBBAB
6~10 ACBAC
11~15 CABAC
16~20 ACBAC
21~25 CDADA
26~30 CBADC
31~35 BDABC
36~40 BADBA
41~45 CDCBC
46~50 ACBDB
51~55 ACABD
56~60 CBEAD
61. outside school and inside school
62. comparing yourself with other students
63. Nothing is possible without confidence.
64. confidence
65. How to deal with your marks (and your study)
66. neighborhood
67. are not allowed
68. beautiful
69. obeys / follows
70. awake
71. was shopping
72. truth
73. Did ... go
74. chicken
75. we had a great time.
76. Sounds good.
77. How about you?
One possible version:
Parents wish their children to have a bright future so they pay much attention to their study. After school they dont allow their children to do anything except study.
一、找出画线部分读音不同的单词,并把标号填入提前括号内。(10分)
1. A. under B. mum C. student D. study
2. A. five B. four C. off D. of
3. A. these B. help C. bed D. get
4. A. please B. sweater C. seat D. teacher
5. A. book B. good C. look D. too
6. A. zero B. old C. home D. clock
7. A. maps B. beds C. doors D. apples
8. A. where B. pear C. there D. here
9. A. fine B. five C. sit D. kite
10.A. thirteen B. they C. think D. thank
二、比较下列每组单词重音位置是否相同。相同的在括号中标“S”,不同的标“D”。(5分)
1. sweater welcome
2. ticket computer
3. between birthday
4. telephone different
5. Chinese trousers
三、按要求完成下列各题。(15分)
1.加上一个字母,变成新的单词。(答案不唯一)(5分)
(1) god ______ (2) ne ______
(3) od ______ (4) bg ______
(5) blu ______
2.用所给的.动词造带有介词的词组。(答案不唯一)(5分)
(1) play ______ (2) get _______
(3) go ________ (4) look _______
(5) listen _______
3.填入适当的副词和连词。(5分)
(1) Sit ______, please.
(2) _____ open your books, please.
(3) -- _____ is Miss Gao?
-- She’s _____ there.
(4) ______ beautiful it is!
四、连词成句。(10分)
1. friend, I, you, our, see, can, think ( .)
____________________________________________________
2. his, don’t, I, name, know ( .)
____________________________________________________
3. is, where, book, my (?)
____________________________________________________
4. all, is, that, right ( .)
____________________________________________________
5. you, that, please, spell, can (?)
___________________________________________________
五、补全对话,每空一词。(10分)
(在水果店, A和B两人正在买水果……)
A: Oh, so __1__ apples and bananas!
B: I’d like __2__ apples. __3__ is it?
Salesgirl: 3 yuan. __4__ do you want?
B: 2 pounds, please.
Salesgirl: OK, here you are.
B: __5___.
A: Have you got __6___ oranges?
Salesgirl: Of __7__. Look here.
A: Oh, how nice! __8___ is it?
Salesgirl: 2 yuan and 5 jiao. __9__ do you want to buy
A: 5 pounds, please.
Salesgirl: __10__.
A: Thank you very much.
Salesgirl: You’re welcome.
1._______ 2._______ 3._______ 4.________ 5.________
6._______ 7._______ 8._______ 9.________ 10._______
六、阅读理解,根据短文内容选择正确答案。(10分)
Peter is a primary school pupil. He is a good boy. Uncle John lives next to him. Uncle John has no child and he can’t see anything. He works in the factory near Peter’s school. He goes to work at 7:30 in the morning and comes home at 4:30 in the afternoon.
Peter goes to school at 8:00 in the morning and comes home at the same time as Uncle John in the afternoon. On weekdays Peter gets up early to take Uncle John to the factory. After school he takes Uncle John home. On Sundays Peter helps Uncle John clean the house and do some cooking. Uncle John thanks Peter very much. He says, “Peter is a good boy. He is like my son.”
1. Peter gets up early to ______.
A. go to school B. run C. help Uncle John D. cook
2. Peter doesn’t take Uncle John to the factory on ______.
A. weekdays B. Sundays C. Mondays D. Wednesdays
3. Peter helps Uncle John clean the house ______.
A. from Sunday to Saturday B. on Wednesday
C. on Mondays D. on Sundays
4. School is over at ______.
A. 3:30 B. 4:30 C. 5:00 D.7:00
5. Which is right?
A. Peter likes Uncle John. B. Peter is Uncle John’s son.
C. Peter looks like Uncle John’s son. D. Peter looks like Uncle John.
七、书面表达。(10分)
以My Day(我的一天)为题按要求写一篇英语小作文。
要求:1.有一定的内容,条理清楚,语句通顺,书写规范。
2.不少于50个单词。
参考答案:
一、
C D A B D D A D C B
二、
S D D S D
三、
1. (1) good (2) net (3) old (4) bag (5) blue
2. (1) play with (2) get on (3) go on (4) look at (5) listen to
3. (1) down (2) Now (3) Where, over (4)How
四、
1. I think you can see our friend.
2. I don’t know his name.
3. Where is my book?
4. That’s all right.
5. Can you spell that, please?
五、
1. many 2. some 3. How much 4. How many 5. Thank you 6. any 7. course
8. How much 9. How many 10. Here you are
六、
C B D B A
七、
参考范文:
My Day
Children learn almost nothing from television, and the more they watch the less they remember.They regard television purely as entertainment, resent programs that demand on them and are surprised that anybody should take the medium seriously.Far from being over-excited by programs, they are mildly bored with the whole thing.These are the main conclusions from a new study of children and television.The author-Cardiac Cullingford confirms that the modern child is a dedicated viewer.The study suggests that there is little point in the later hours.More than a third of the children regularly watch their favorite programs after 9 p.m.all 11-year-olds have watched programs after midnight.Apart from the obvious waste of time involved, it seems that all this viewing has little effect.Children dont pay close attention, says Cullingford, and they can recall few details.They can remember exactly which programs they have seen but they can rarely explain the elements of a particular plot.Recall was in reverse proportion to the amount they had watched.It is precisely because television, unlike a teacher, demands so little attention and response that children like it, argues Cullingford.Programs seeking to put over serious messages are strongly disliked.So are people who frequently talk on screen.What children like most, and remember best, are the advertisements.They see them as short programs in their own right and particularly enjoy humorous presentation.But again, they react strongly against high-pressure advertisements that attempt openly to influence them.On the other hand, they are not emotionally involved in the programs.If they admire the stars, it is because the actors lead glamorous lives and earn a lot of money, not because of their fictional skills with fast cars and shooting villains.They are perfectly clear about the functions of advertisements;by the age of 12, only one in 10 children believes what even favorite ads say about the product.And says Cullingford, educational television is probably least successful of all in imparting attitudes or information.练习: 1.The study of children and television shows that
A)it is useless for television companies to delay adult viewing to the later hours.B)It is a waste of time for children to watch adult programs on TV.C)Children should not watch television programs late into the night.D)Children are supposed to learn a lot from television programs.2.Recall was in reverse proportion to the amount they had watched has almost the same meaning as A)the more they watch the less they remember.B)Programs seeking to put over serious messages are strongly disliked.C)They see them as short programs in their own right.D)educational television is probably least successful of all in imparting attitudes or information.3.Which of the following is NOT true according to the new study of children and television?
A)Some children stay up late to watch the programs they like
B)Children enjoy watching challenging programs.C)Children dont like serious messages and high-pressured ads.D)Though children like watching ads, most of them dont believe what ads say about the product.4.Cullingford concludes that
A)children are excited when they watch TV.B)Watching TV has little real effect on children.C)Parents should spend less time watching TV.D)Parents should be worried about the effect of TV on children.5.Whom would the result of the new study upset?
Questioned Educational Function of TV
Children learn almost nothing from television, and the more they watch the less they remember. They regard television purely as entertainment, resent programs that demand on them and are surprised that anybody should take the medium seriously. Far from being over-excited by programs, they are mildly bored with the whole thing. These are the main conclusions from a new study of children and television. The author- Cardiac Cullingford confirms that the modern child is a dedicated viewer. The study suggests that there is little point in the later hours. More than a third of the children regularly watch their favorite programs after 9 p.m. all 11-year-olds have watched programs after midnight. Apart from the obvious waste of time involved, it seems that all this viewing has little effect. Children dont pay close attention, says Cullingford, and they can recall few details. They can remember exactly which programs they have seen but they can rarely explain the elements of a particular plot. Recall was in reverse proportion to the amount they had watched. It is precisely because television, unlike a teacher, demands so little attention and response that children like it, argues Cullingford. Programs seeking to put over serious messages are strongly disliked. So are people who frequently talk on screen. What children like most, and remember best, are the advertisements. They see them as short programs in their own right and particularly enjoy humorous presentation. But again, they react strongly against high-pressure advertisements that attempt openly to influence them. On the other hand, they are not emotionally involved in the programs. If they admire the stars, it is because the actors lead glamorous lives and earn a lot of money, not because of their fictional skills with fast cars and shooting villains. They are perfectly clear about the functions of advertisements; by the age of 12, only one in 10 children believes what even favorite ads say about the product. And says Cullingford, educational television is probably least successful of all in imparting attitudes or information.
练习: 1. The study of children and television shows that
A) it is useless for television companies to delay adult viewing to the later hours.
B) It is a waste of time for children to watch adult programs on TV.
C) Children should not watch television programs late into the night.
D) Children are supposed to learn a lot from television programs.
2. Recall was in reverse proportion to the amount they had watched has almost the same meaning as A) the more they watch the less they remember.
B) Programs seeking to put over serious messages are strongly disliked.
C) They see them as short programs in their own right.
D) educational television is probably least successful of all in imparting attitudes or information.
3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the new study of children and television?
A) Some children stay up late to watch the programs they like
B) Children enjoy watching challenging programs.
C) Children dont like serious messages and high-pressured ads.
D) Though children like watching ads, most of them dont believe what ads say about the product.
4. Cullingford concludes that
A) children are excited when they watch TV.
B) Watching TV has little real effect on children.
C) Parents should spend less time watching TV.
D) Parents should be worried about the effect of TV on children.
5. Whom would the result of the new study upset?
A) the advertisers.
B) The children viewers.
C) The movie stars.
D) The educators.
英语释义法(Paraphrase)是高校英语专业学生必须掌握的一项技能,也是语言输出的一项重要训练方式。采取英语释义这一教学手段,让学生在综合英语课上进行英语释义,教师既能得到学生对课文内容理解程度的反馈,又可通过学生语言组织结构看到学生英语思维的改变和英语语言表达的变化。学生进行英语释义时,需要根据所给句子及其语境理清逻辑顺序,然后用同义词、句式变换等方法将原句用自己的语言重新表述,有效地复习所学词汇及语法,学会语言在具体情境中的准确使用,不断优化自己的语言表达和英语思维能力。
近年来,国内的有关英语释义在英语专业教学中应用的研究主要集中在以下几个方面:第一,强调英语释义对英语学习和能力提高的重要性及积极作用(李哲、刘葆华2005;张瑞芳2005),它有助于学生透彻理解课文内容,扩大并熟练掌握词汇、巩固并深化已学语法;第二,研究如何对课文中的具体句子进行英语释义的方法和手段,总结出可运用词汇替换、语句诠释、长句拆分、句式变换、联系背景、修辞通俗化等方法与技巧进行英语释义(陈建军2009;陈立志1998);第三,研究英语释义在听力、写作、阅读、翻译课程中的应用(常虹2004;徐菊2008)。许多研究更多关注于对语言形式的展示,均从教师的角度来观察英语释义的教学应用,关于实际应用的探究也仅仅局限于具体句子的英语释义方法,缺乏对课堂教学中教师应如何引导学生完成英语释义的研究,对实践教学中英语释义的运用的不足之处探讨得也不够。本文从学生的视角,采用问卷调查和采访等方式,分析综合英语课上学生英语释义的实际水平和英语释义过程中遇到的困难,提出在综合英语课堂中提高英语释义水平的有效方法,旨在为英语教师开展英语释义提供教学参考。
二、研究方法
(一)调查对象和研究工具
本研究以质性研究为主,使用了三种研究方式收集数据:问卷调查、访谈和课堂观察。以广西师范大学外国语学院2008级英语专业本科三年级学生为对象,进行抽样调查,共发放问卷130份,收回129份;随机采访英语专业50名学生和4名综合英语教师,对25名英语教育专业学生综英课堂的英语释义情况进行了为期两个月(2010年9月~2010年11月,共40个课时)的跟踪调查。
(二)数据收集和处理
本研究采用目的性抽样。为提高调查问卷和测试题的信度和效度,笔者首先在广西师大作了一个小规模的试验研究,在对调查问卷和测试题做出适当修改后再完成整个测试工作。问卷和测试均采用无记名方式。
三、数据分析
(一)学生对英语释义的了解程度
由表1所示,94.87%的学生认为自己对英语释义有一定的了解;92.12%的学生认为英语释义对英语学习具有重要作用;46%的学生认为英语释义对于听、说、读、写、译五大英语技能中“译”影响最大。以上统计表明学生对英语释义有所了解,并承认英语释义的重要性,但对英语释义非常了解的只有8.54%。在对2008级英语教育专业25名学生的跟踪调查中,笔者发现,大部分学生仅仅把英语释义定位为“只是为了能更好地理解课文”,而没有形成将英语释义应用于提高听力、口语、阅读、写作等各项技能的意识。
(二)学生对自身英语释义水平的评价
从表2可以看出,仅有7.03%的学生认为自己的英语释义做得好。此外,笔者在对学生进行采访时,不少受访谈学生表示教师给出的英语释义句子偏难;对于一些特殊用法及结构,尤其是原句中一语双关的部分,学生难以理解。还有受访学生表示有时虽然明白原句的意思,但在重新组织语言时,逻辑思维比较混乱,重组后的语言用词生硬,句子冗长。在对教师的采访过程中,受访的四位大三综合英语教师均认为学生英语释义的能力欠缺,水平大多居于较低层次;学生虽承认英语释义的重要性,但重视度不够,平时缺乏练习;英语释义的方法和技巧相对单一,主要还是运用词汇替换、句式重组的方法,而变换逻辑、联系上下文等技巧较少使用。
(三)学生兴趣程度调查
表3表明,仅有25%的学生选择“喜欢”,51.72%的学生选择“一般”,23.28%的学生“不喜欢”甚至“反感”英语释义。这说明,学生普遍对英语释义缺乏兴趣,这造成学生情感过滤网厚度增加,影响学生对英语释义的掌握。
(四)影响学生英语释义水平的因素调查
由表4可知,28.63%的学生虽然理解原句意思,但对语言重组没有把握,不知如何释义;在英语释义做得不好的学生当中,34.02%认为原因在于“自身词汇量少”,“语法基础差”。受访教师也指出,一旦涉及英语国家文化背景知识的句子,学生几乎做不出英语释义,而且使用的替换词汇、句型不够丰富。
(五)英语释义教学调查
在采访过程中,50.78%的学生反映在课堂上学生做完英语释义之后,教师基本不作任何评价,就直接给出参考书上的答案。在这种情况下,学生不知道自己的英语释义情况如何。虽然有参考答案,但在缺乏教师点评和分析的情况下,学生很大程度上失去了通过对比反思不足、优化语言结构的机会,最终导致学生感觉英语释义收效甚微。
四、讨论与建议
(一)学生须加强英语输入,做到词汇、“语块”积累与语法并重
根据Krashen(转引自Johnson 2002:89)在语言输入假说中提到的大量的、可理解性输入是语言输出的关键,学生个人知识输入不足,直接影响英语释义的输出。我们在调查中也发现,学生个人知识储备不足严重影响了其英语释义能力。英语释义在一定程度上能直观反映学生的知识积累情况。平时注重英语输入的学生,通常英语表达能力较强,在英语释义环节,也表现得更出色。而英语释义能力不足的学生,往往缺乏英语文化底蕴,基础知识不牢。因此,学生必须认识到,好的英语释义是原文意思的正确反映与地道的英语表达的统一。换言之,要做好英语释义,不仅需要准确理解和把握原文含义,而且需要不断完善语言表达,尽可能丰富语言形式,在“达意”的基础上贴近地道的英语表达。不断优化语言结构,加强英语输入是必由之路,其中要着重注意词汇、“语块”的积累和语法的加强。
在英语学习资料量大面广的今天,当大量的英语信息进入大脑时,学生要着重留意词汇和介于语法和词汇之间的“语块”。英语学习者要想达到熟练运用英语的程度就得掌握大量语块(文辉等2007:121)。这种预先调整的输入有助于学生避免中式英语思维(刘凤灵2007:208)语言习得理论中的情感过滤假说,学生的情感过滤因素高低直接影响学习效果;而影响外语教学和语言习得的速度和效果有三个方面:动机、兴趣和自信心(于薇2004:89-90)。兴趣越大,情感障碍就越小,语言习得效果就越好。笔者通过跟踪调查发现,在英语释义教学中当涉及学生比较感兴趣的话题时,学生的积极性明显提高,教学效果也相对较好,英语释义得出的句子更加符合原文要表达的含义。可见,兴趣在情感等因素中占举足轻重的地位,它不仅可以消除情感障碍,而且还会激发语言学习者主动表达见解、不断探索和自我学习的意识(于薇2004:90)。作为第二语言学习中一项重要的技能,英语释义的训练同样受到情感因素的影响;情感因素过滤假说同样适用于英语释义练习的分析。笔者通过观察和对比发现,大三的综英课堂与大一、大二的相比,学生的课堂参与性大大降低,多是固定的几个学生发言,大部分学生通常只有在教师表示某活动表现将会与平时成绩挂钩时才会积极参与,英语释义这一环节的参与情况也不例外。
通过采访,笔者得知,一些学生在课堂上不积极做英语释义练习是因为他们认为已经过了在课堂上畅所欲言、表现自己的时期,大三应该是“沉稳的、安静的”时期,即使他们懂得怎样英语释义也不举手发言。一些学生则是对自己的理解没有把握,不敢发言,还有一些学生则认为英语释义只是为了检测自己是否了解句意,只要明白意思即可,没有必要表达出来。
以上均为学生对英语释义课堂活动的错误认识和态度。英语专业高年级的学生,在深入学习英语文化知识的同时,口语表达和交流能力的继续培养同样不能忽视。学生的母语和第二语言都不是英语,生活与学习缺乏英语的浸润和熏陶。如果学生在日常生活中缺少英语口语输出,英语口语表达能力就会减退,成为“哑巴英语”学习者。而综英课堂的英语释义环节为学生们开辟了一个口语输出的机会,学生们应积极把握,大胆表达。另外,有些学生理解句子意思,也知道如何翻译成中文,于是就认为没有必要进行英语释义。他们常常因此而忽略了英语释义的难点所在,有些句子易于用中式思维理解并表达,但用英语释义却并非易事,因为这涉及两种文化在表达方式上的差异。所以,英语释义不仅是对句意的理解,更是对英语思维的锻炼,使学生能更深入了解不同语言由于所代表的文化不同而存在的表达上的差异并提高语言表达素养。因此,学生们应保持对课堂参与的热情和积极性,主动参与英语释义的课堂活动。
(四)英语释义教学须多样化
根据Swain(转引自Johnson 2002:95)语言输出假说可知,明白语句的意思和产出语言是不同的技能,而后者的提高只能通过敦促学习者不断输出来实现。在本次调查研究中,大多数综英课堂上的英语释义活动仅仅是教师选出课文中几个难以理解的句子让学生英语释义,然后在基本不做评价的情况下,教师给出参考书上的答案让学生自己对照。这样的英语释义活动对于教学双方都是不利的:学生认为这样的活动枯燥乏味,仅仅是用其他的方式转述句子,学不到东西,因而学习的兴趣与效率降低;教师也无法把握学生的掌握程度,有时会因为得不到学生的反馈,而不断用中文解释句意,既拖延了上课进度,又没有达到锻炼学生理解能力和应用语言能力的目的。笔者认为,教师可以将英语释义更多地与其他教学活动融合起来,而不是将英语释义作为单独的活动环节。教师在课堂上可以充分利用多媒体教学,通过电影、视频、图片等直观的展示,以学生喜闻乐见的形式让他们了解词汇背后的文化故事。有时一个故事中又有另外一个故事,当教师开启了一个知识点并引发了学生的兴趣后,那么学生自己就会在课外不断深入探索。这样学生会增加对英语释义的重视与兴趣,因为这样的英语释义活动让学生收获的不仅是词汇和语法的正确理解和使用,还学到了英语背景文化知识。
另外,教师应该充分发挥学生的“脚手架”的作用,当学生做英语释义有困难的时候,适当地给予协助,如在句子难度较大的时候,先将可替代的同义词汇列于黑板上供学生参考,或先用提问的方式进行“头脑风暴”,搜索那些难词、难句的同义表达。
此外,教师还可以将英语释义与听力、阅读等训练有机结合起来,比如不让学生提前看课文,先放一段录音,然后请学生用英语释义复述所听到的内容;或模仿阅读理解题型,让学生自己根据课文内容出题,自己编写选项,等等。教师可以将目前课堂上枯燥乏味的英语释义,通过开展学生乐于参与的教学活动,提高学生的学习兴趣,于潜移默化中提升英语释义的能力。
(五)教师须以学生为主体,注重点评
学生作为课堂活动的主体,是语言舞台中的主角。教师要尽可能降低学生情感过滤网的厚度,让更多的学生参与课堂活动,敢于表达和交流。本次调查受访的50名学生中,61.54%表示当自己在英语释义的过程中遇到困难时,希望教师多给自己一些时间考虑,如果还不能继续完成,需再给予提示和引导。然而很多教师忽略了这一点,或者为了课堂的整体节奏,而急于给提示,提问其他同学,或者直接给出答案。结果往往抑制了学生表达的欲望,降低了学生对英语释义的兴趣,使学生的自信心受挫。因此,教师应多给学生表达的机会,不要遇到学生给出与参考书基本吻合的版本时就停止提问,而是可以继续鼓励学生用其他的方法表达,力求丰富的表达方式,多听学生的不同声音,不拘泥于答案的版本。
但是,营造以学生为主体的课堂,并不意味着教师将一切教学活动抛给学生独自完成,而应时刻做好评价和指导工作。在访谈过程中,笔者曾和部分教师探讨教师在学生英语释义之后不做点评的原因,受访教师表示,他们在课堂上做英语释义的目的只是为了得到学生对课文掌握程度的反馈信息,没有必要做任何评价。但是笔者根据对学生访谈的情况得知,学生十分期待教师对自己发言的反馈,指出优点与不足,并给出建议。教师及时的、恰当的评价工作可以增强学生课堂参与的学习动机。因此教师应重视学生英语释义完成之后的点评工作,对于完成出色的部分,及时表扬和鼓励,对于做得不足的部分,及时提出建议,这样的师生双向教学会促进课堂上英语释义的有效开展。
五、结语
本研究调查了英语释义在综英课堂上的应用情况,分析了学生对英语释义认识不足,总体水平不高的原因。在今后的英语释义教学活动中,教师应将其与多种课堂活动有机结合起来,活跃课堂氛围,鼓励学生大胆表达,提高学生的学习兴趣,增强信心,并在学生完成英语释义之后及时点评。而学生要树立“输入与输出同等重要”的学习观念,在课外主动摄入视听材料,积累英语知识;在课堂上要积极发言,主动输出。教师和学生的相应改进和调整,有助于提高综英课堂上英语释义的学习效果。
摘要:本研究以广西师范大学英语专业大三学生为研究对象,调查了英语释义法(Paraphrase)在综合英语课堂上的应用情况,以探讨提高释义能力的方法。结果表明,学生英语知识储备不足,对英语释义缺乏兴趣和信心,缺乏教师点评和指导,是导致学生对英语释义认识不足、总体水平不高的主要原因。针对这一情况,本文对如何在综合英语课中有效开展英语释义活动提出建议。
关键词:英语释义法,综合英语,语言输入假说,语言输出假说
参考文献
常虹.2004.英语同义表达法和大学英语阅读理解能力的培养[J].宿州学院学报,19(5):127-130.
陈建军.2009.如何运用paraphrase促进英语教学[J].辽宁中医药大学学报,11(2):183-184.
陈立志.1998.掌握paraphrase,提高英语理解和表达能力[J].湘潭师范学院学报,19(2):119-120.
李哲,刘葆华.2005.谈paraphrase在大学英语精读课教学中的作用[J].濮阳职业技术学院学报,18(1): 92-93.
刘凤灵.2007.情感过滤课和堂外语教学[J].时代文学(2):208-209.
文辉,涂红英,丘琳.2007.试论英语专业教学中加强语言输入和输出的策略[J].怀化学院学报,26 (11):120-121.
徐菊.2008.试论“paraphrase”在汉译英教学中的应用及其理据[J].上海第二工业大学学报,25(4): 305-308.
于薇.2004.情感因素和第二语言习得[J].继续教育研究(5):89-91.
张瑞芳.2005.发挥paraphrase在精读课文中的作用[J].集宁师专学报,27(1):52-55.
Johnson,K.2002.An introduction to foreign language learning and teaching[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
Krashen,S.D.1982.Principles and practice in second language acquisition[M].Oxford:Pergamon.
[关键词]高职院校;青年英语教师;能力培养;对策研究
我院英语教师以青年教师为主。虽然他们个个精力旺盛,工作热情高涨,但毕竟缺乏足够的教学经验。为了使这些青年英语教师尽快熟悉掌握教学环节与教学方法,迅速提高英语教学水平,最终成为一名合格的人民教师,对他们实施一系列的帮教计划是十分必要的。为此,我院党委、院领导出台了“青年教师导师制”政策:对参加工作不足两年的青年教师进行培养指导的决定,这充分显示了院领导对我院教学质量的重视和对人才的尊重与爱护,极大调动了一线教师的积极性,加强了全体教师爱岗敬业的责任感,有利地促进了各科教学。
如何在较短的时间内使青年英语教师迅速成长,独当一面,乃至形成具有自己独特的英语教学风格,成为一名合格的人民教师呢?
首先,要坚持四大培养计划。
1 加强教师职业道德的培养,提高青年教师综合能力与自身素质
高校青年英语教师的工作压力很大,他们既要授课,每周不少于12节,又要当班主任,组织学生参加学院的各项活动,他们的工作量甚至比一些老教师要多很多,但是这同时也是锻炼自己的大好机会。比如当班主任,要求他们必须要有组织能力、演讲能力和号召能力。一个班集体是否有凝聚力,是否有浓厚的学习氛围,是否有尊敬师长和互相关爱的良好班风,都取决于班主任的能力与魅力。而这些能力不是与生俱来的,这需要在工作和实践中不断历练。因此,加强对青年教师职业道德的培养,增强青年教师爱岗敬业的责任感和热爱本职工作的自豪感,对他们今后的成长具有重大意义。作为一名教师,只有自己拥有高尚的道德品质,良好的职业道德和素养,才能为人师表,以身作则,培养出同样优秀的人才。
2 狠抓教学环节,有效组织课堂教学,提高英语教学质量
一名优秀的教师首先必须遵循常规的教学环节,合乎情理地进行课堂教学。一般来说,英语教学的常规模式是:先进行“温故知新”环节,即复习上节课所学的内容,或听写生词,或提问,或检查作业,精炼概括总结所学内容,然后进行新的教学环节,包括单词的处理、课文祥解、语法剖析、布置作业等。这期间要有大量的双边活动,不能老师一言堂。不经意或不按点名册顺序的提问会使学生更集中听讲,最大限度地调动学生的积极性。教师还要根据不同的教学内容采取灵活多样的教学方法,学会科学地控制和把握教学内容上的重点与难点,合理安排掌控授课时间,使课堂教学循序渐进,环环相扣。青年教师思维开阔,热力四射,往往很难把握和控制时间,不是提前结课就是完不成教学计划,因此,必须狠抓教学环节的掌控,只有在熟练掌握各个教学环节的基础上才能做到运用自如。
新、老教师经常听、评课,有利于青年教师的进步。
3 规范板书与教案的写作,拓宽传授知识的渠道
板书是展示知识的最直观的方式,教案是教师传授知识的依据,然而很多青年教师不会书写教案,这种现象令人堪忧。有的青年教师板书凌乱,随意性强,洋洋洒洒,歪歪扭扭,偶有错别字,总之,没有合理的布局,重点难点不突出。所以,我们必须从基本功下手,帮助青年教师规范地书写教案和板书,力争做到:教学目的明确,重点难点突出,格式规范,字迹工整。板书要布局合理,力求节省板面,减少擦拭次数,力度适中,清晰明了。
经常在青年教师中开展英语板书大赛、教案展等活动,有助于青年教师的成长。
4 增强科研意识,提高英语学术研究水平
对一名青年英语教师而言,会上课、会写教案、会带班并不是到达终端了。一名合格的教师还应该具备独立创新、开发科研项目的能力。体现在学术成果上,就是能撰写出有独到见解的学术论文或参与科研课题立项等。这不仅仅是教师晋升职称的重要依据,也是衡量教师业务水平与能力的主要标志。因此,对青年教师综合能力的培养必须囊括科研能力的培养。
其次,定期进行阶段性的考核,强化培养效果,完善培养计划。
经过一个学期的教学实践,青年英语教师已经基本掌握了英语教学的每个环节,教学基本功也扎实了,初步形成了自己的教学模式。为了完善“青年教师导师制”培养计划,全面提高青年英语教师的综合能力,应该总结经验教训,查找漏洞,还应该制定更细、更新、更高的目标,要更加注重细节,力求打造精品课。此外,对青年英语教师的仪表、教态以及普通话的运用等都列入考核评定的范围。
对青年英语教师的培养对策研究表明:青年英语教师是我院教师队伍中不可缺少的中坚力量,他们已经迅速成长,为我院的英语教学注入了新鲜的活力,这一切都归功于“青年导师制”的倡导与实施,取得了丰硕的成果。
参考文献
[1]温莹.高职院校青年教师实践能力培养策略探究[J].辽宁师专学报:社会科学版,2009.
[2]来小平.关于高职院校英语教师培养问题的思考[J].山西青年管理干部学院学报,2009.
[3]蔡晶晶.高职青年英语教师教学能力核心指标研究[J].无锡职业技术学院学报,2014.
作者简介
王萨如拉(1981-),女,内蒙古通辽人,本科,通辽职业学院公共教学部外语教研室,讲师,从事英语教育教学研究。
【研究生综合英语答案】推荐阅读:
研究生综合英语教程01-13
研究生英语考试答案12-13
综合研究所09-27
毕业综合实践研究10-16
翻译研究综合法总结02-05
研究生英语面试12-10
河北工业-研究生管理学试题答案11-06
研究生考试英语作文07-02
研究生英语入学考试07-13
《研究生英语读写》试题09-19