比较选择类作文

比较选择类作文（共6篇）

比较选择类作文 篇1

A Better Way to Get Information----Internet

It is said that the 21 century is the “century of information”.The ways for people to get information are varied.Between two main sources, internet and printed materials, I hold that internet is an obviously superior choice to printed books.My belief that internet is a better way to get information than printed books is based on the following two reasons.The first reason is that internet can provide us with information more conveniently.Just getting on the line, finding the right web-site and typing in the key words we want to search for, in several seconds, we can get thousands of pieces of relevant information.Sometimes, we can even get the exact message we want.But by reading books, we have to spend much time finding the right books, the right chapters, and then the right pages.The second reason for my preference for internet is that it can transmit the newest information much faster than printed materials.Internet can tell us what is happening throughout the world in few minutes.But if you want to get the same information in printed materials like newspapers or magazines, you have to wait until they are published.According to the above mentioned reasons, we can easily draw the conclusion that, compared with the printed materials, internet is for sure superior in conveying information.Which to Choose: to Further Study or to Find a Job?

A survey says that in recent years more students enter for postgraduate entrance examination.But many people argue against the tendency.They hold that to find a good job soon after graduation is more practical.Actually, different people have different opinions as to the question whether we should further study in graduate school or we should begin work, because both have their advantages and disadvantages.Many people appreciate the bright future a master’s degree may bring to them.Three years’ accumulation of knowledge is more likely to enable them to solve more challenging problems.And it is a fact that in many cases a graduate has more chances to get a promotion, and to have high salary than an undergraduate.But a promising job after college graduation is also attractive, especially when the job hunting competition becomes more and more fierce.A job in hand is worth two in the future.Another three years’ study means a delay but more heated competition with others later.However, both of them have their own problems.Academic study in graduate school may be difficult fir a freshman from college who has no practical experience, which may be also a problem when they search for a job three years later.Those without a master’s experience may come across many problems too, like special knowledge inefficiency, and research ability inadequacy.As far as I am concerned, I want to be more knowledgeable and capable through postgraduate study.So , given me the chance, I would choose to further study in graduate school.二、意义、重要性、危害性说明类作文

A Major Advantage of Advertising on TV

Some people complain abut the interference of TV adds in their enjoying excellent performances.Many others even turn to other channels when TV ads are released.They believe that TV ads mislead customers especially youngsters to have unreasonable consuming concepts.In spite of such hostile attitudes, we must admit that TV advertising is beneficial to us in various ways.The major advantage is to promote consumption.TV advertising promotes consumption for, firstly, it is an efficient way for manufacturers to publicize their products.TV is a medium, through which information can be spread quickly, vividly, and in a large scale.When WaHaHa, a kind of children’s drink, is released on TV, the song is imitated by children all over the nation nearly overnight.Along with its release the sales of the drink increases greatly.Without TV adds, a product would get a longer time to be acknowledged by a limited number of people.TV advertising promotes consumption for, secondly, it provides a good way for consumers to learn the products.This is a time when information is too excessive to be processed.Without TV adds, customers will spend large quantity of time looking for goods they want, and choosing from the alternatives.TV adds give them much information about products, the manufacturers, the places they can purchase or enjoy, and the possible effects.From the above reasoning, we can easily see the consumption promoting function of TV adds.We hope that TV ad agencies will give us more colorful and more trustworthy advertisements.The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood

Competition is one of the traits of this society.Heated competition in career and education has exerted great pressure on people, which brings about many physical illness and mental problems.In my opinion, a good mood is critically important for us under whatever situations.The importance can be show in the follow two aspects.For one thing, a good mood is beneficial to our health, both physically and mentally.People who are always gloomy, according to the Chinese traditional medicine, have more chance to suffer from physical illness such as kidney pains.On the contrary, keeping a good mood ,we can make ourselves relaxed and therefore can keep calm and optimistic in difficulties.Therefore , a good mood keeps doctors(including mental healing)away.For another, with a good, we are likely to work efficiently.The reason is that in a good mood we are more willing to cooperate with others, and are more willing to listen to others’ advice.With such relaxation, it is easy for all the people to cooperate to figure out solutions to the problems.Therefore it is not exaggerating to say that keeping a good mood is the precondition of working efficiency.From the reason we have presented above, we can surely come to the conclusion that keeping a good mood, we will be healthier, and in a good mood ,we are more likely to succeed in our career.Being Indulged in Computer Games Is Harmful

An excellent college student flunked because he could not concentrate on the study for being too indulged in computer games.He spent nearly all the money on games, which was earned by his father’s selling blood.When his father knelt down to beg him to return school, he was too much to show any regret.When computers’ entertaining function is highly spoken of, such a problem does deserve our serious concern.The most serious harm of computer games comes from their contents, which affect children’s mental health.Many games involve violence, such as fighting killing.To win or kill their opponents, children are permitted to use all various turn of mind is developed and rooted in them, which may induce future violent behaviors in their real life.Being indulged in computer games also does harm to children’s health.The computer can arouse many uncomfortable feeling , like a headache , poor eye sight and even losing hair.Being lack of sleep and dinner, children are more likely to get irritable and suffer from severe malnutrition.Of course, it is not the end of the story.Being indulged in computer games also affect children’s study, and their communication with others.All these facts show that it is time for us to manage computer games by the whole society.三，观点论证类作文

My View on Man-Made Beauty

The Chinese traditional saying “Close make a person” reflects the importance of “appearance”.nowadays such a belief has its new content.Many people, especially young girls or ladies, are not content.with getting more beautiful by clothes.They turn to a more challenging practice of physiological reform to make them man-made beauties.I don’t think this practice should be advocated.The desire for beautiful appearance is one of human nature.The operations may really mean something to some people.At last they turn more beautiful.But a coin has two side, and so does the man-made beauty practice for two following reasons.Firstly, one’s appearance is the God’s blessing, and has been one part of our life.The reform of the original physiological structure may bring great harm to our body.After breast enlargement surgery ,many women look sexier than before.However many of them are found mammary gland disease.The more serious effect is that they risk being unable to breast feed.Secondly, the advocating for such a practice will mislead people in the judgment of true beauty.The concept of beauty is quite rich in its content.I should include many virtues like honesty, diligence, etc, which should be the real mainstream of our spiritual life.The practice and some contest about man-made beauty will confuse those who are to develop correct concept of beauty.Concerning the above possible harms the practice may bring about, we are strongly against it and advocate seeking true and natural beauty.四，现象解释类作文

Why do College Student Have Difficulty in Finding Jobs?

In recent years college graduates are facing greater challenge in job markets.To avoid such an embarrassment, many students even choose to further their study to wait for another there years for a possible job opportunity.The reasons for the employment difficulties lie in the following three aspects.Firstly, the enlarged college enrollment supplies more than enough graduates with a certain specialty.There has been an overabundance of executive secretaries, lawyers, etc.therefore in the contest for a single position by tens of hundreds of graduate, most will suffer the failure.Secondly, job-finding difficulty also comes from the curricula design of many colleges.They have not adjusted their majors and subjects to meet the demand of modern society, so that students can’t find a position in the market to apply their knowledge in practice.Thirdly, I believe the difficulty also come from graduate themselves.The job demand are quite unbalanced between developed areas and underdeveloped areas.A large number of graduate would rather stay jobless in big cities than take position in small or underdeveloped cities.Taking all these reasons into account, we’d like to suggest that the should have a micromanagement in college enrollment and major design, and students have a bboader and more reasonable vivd about caReer.五，提出建议，解决问题类作文。

The Best Way to Stay Healthy

In such a quick fixed soci%ty, peopld have to bear burdens from education, work and families.Therefore it is necessary for them to attach more importance to their health.As to the best way to keep healthy, some people insist on a balanced diet, and some others argue for physical exercise.I agree with the latter.My suggestion of sports as the best way to stay healthy lies in the following reasons.Firstly, doing sports can keep you fit, for it helps you burn your excessive fat, which is much safer than any wonder drug, miracle diet or liposuction to lose weight.Secondly, doing sports can contribute a lot to patient’s recovery.However severe one’s illness may be, the process of exercise can more or less do good to him or her, for it can speed up the rate of blood circulation, can help him or her to inhale more fresh air.In this way exercise can quicken the process of recovery.Thirdly, by doing sports you can get your brain refreshed, which is vital importance to the people working at office and student in intensive study.The benefits of sports are than I have listed.Doing sports will make us fit, strong, and in good working condition, namely, it helps us stay healthy.◆ 说明文，顾名思义，是用来说明，解释并阐述某一客观事物得特点，性质，原理，发展过程及揭示其客观事物本质的一种文体。说明文的目的在于给读者提供关于某一客观事物的信息，使读者对这一客观事物能有所认识，或是其原有的认识更新颖、更清楚、更完整。说明文一般用来解释或阐述某事物，比如机器的操作过程和工作原理，事物发展过程、自然现象或社会现象的原因、项目计划、解决问题的方法等。

◆ 议论文, 顾名思义，是用来对某事物的现象、问题等进行逻辑分析和论证，从而表明作者对这种事物所持的观点、看法、立场以及见解的一种文体。议论文的目的在于表达作者的看法、立场、观点和见解，并通过合力的客观逻辑分析及主观感性的劝说，让读者同意或接受作者的观点，或对读者原有的观点产生偏向性影响。比如，说服读者赞同一项政策或参与某种行动。政策演讲，新闻社论，倡议书等都属于议论文的范畴。◆ 比较:从上面两种文体的概念和写作目的可以看出说明文和议论文的共同点是，两者均围绕着某一事物或问题展开论说，各有说理的部分，使读者对所写的事物有所认识，所以两种文体的界线不易划分清楚；具体写作时，两者之间会相互渗透，因此，又将两种文体称为论说文。从两种文体的写作目的看，两者还是有一定的区别：

A． 说明文的目的是提供信息，而议论文的目的是说服； B． 说明文基本上就事论事，不带个人感情色彩，强调通过阐述事理使读者对所写事物认识识更新颖、更清楚、更深刻；

C． 议论文写作时要求论点鲜明准确，论据充分有力，强调通过合理的客观逻辑分析和主观感情的劝说，即在客观上以理服人，在主观上以情动人，通过论证来影响或改变读者的思想和行动。

Topics: Exposition I.Illustration: 1.College Students’ Everyday Expenses are High 2.Changes in My Home Town or Beijing in the Last Ten Years 3.Life on Campus Is Interesting(or Monotonous)4.There Is a Generation Gap 5.Sunday Is the busiest Day of the Week to Me or to Many Chinese 6.What the Service Trades Can Do for Us

The Advantages of Temporary Jobs

Several years ago, people were often a little surprised when they heard that a college student was doing a part-time or a temporary job.“ Why? Maybe he is short of money,” they thought.Nowadays, lots of college students are working as tutors.Some serve as tour guides or do whatever work they can find during vacations.In big cities, students often put up advertisements on bulletin boards or wire poles near bus stops.Are they all short of money? Perhaps not.“By doing part-time jobs, we have broadened our vision and gained some experience,” those who do temporary jobs often say.Since most students enter college as soon as they finish middle school, they lack experience in the ways of society.When they graduate from college, they often find the outside world is not as simple as they thought and have difficulty in adjusting themselves to reality.Many students find doing temporary jobs is a good way to solve the problem.While working, they learn how to deal with different kinds of people and situations.Gradually, they increase their knowledge and deepen their understanding of society.One of my classmates taught English to senior middle school students in his hometown during the last vacation.The first difficulty he met with was to find a classroom.His request of using a classroom in a middle school was turned down.However, he did not lose heart and tried hard to find some other place.Later, with the help of a former teacher of his, he succeeded.Temporary jobs can also help students improve their academic studies.My own experience is an example.During the last winter vacation, a friend asked me to help him improve his ability to understand spoken English.When I saw the teaching material, I felt a little frightened.For it was something like TOEFL, and I had not had any practical experience with it.However, I accepted the job.Every time before teaching him, I would listen to the tape again and again in order to get everything clear.It was time-consuming and troublesome.But later I found my own listening comprehension improved too.If one works as a tutor, he ought to understand everything in the texts he is teaching, or he may not be able to answer the student’s questions.If one serves as a tour guide, he should know something about places of historic interest and scenic beauty.Whatever job it may be, one has to learn in order to be qualified.Part-time jobs can also provide students with pocket money.Nowadays, the expenses of college students are high.They spend 60 to 70 yuan per month on the average.Girl students like to have some fashionable clothes, while boy students want good sneakers and T-shirts.The pay for temporary jobs can help cover the expenses.Besides, doing temporary jobs makes students feel self-reliant.“I feel rather ashamed every time I receive money from home.I’m no longer a child, yet I still have to be supported by my parents” — such words are often heard on campus.Young people talk a lot about independence.They are aware if one is not economically independent, one cannot enjoy true independence.Recently, a report in China Youth said that about one fifth of the country’s college students have done or are doing temporary jobs, and as the economic reform is going on, the number is increasing.Today, when people hear that a student is doing a temporary job, they no longer think he must be short of money, but look at him with approval.II.Division and classification: 1.2.3.4.Youth of the 1990s Qualifications for a Good Teacher or Student My Requirements for a Friend Ways of Spending One’s Spare Time 5.Kinds of Second Jobs 6.Different Attitudes Toward Work, Life, Death, or Illness

What We Want from Sports

Students in our school have one thing in common — an interest in sports.According to their different intentions in taking part in sports, they fall into three groups.Many students go to the playground when they feel tired after a few hours of study.These students put much more stress on their study efficiency than the fun of sports.They just want to go back to their classrooms from the playground with a clearer and quicker mind.Thus they don’t actually care whether they can enjoy themselves on the playground.Most of them choose long-distance running, the kind of exercise which few real sports enthusiasts like.So this group of students can be well labeled as study-oriented participants.Students that make up the second group are real sports lovers.Sometimes they even put aside their studies for a match.They take part in the sport that interests them most, not caring whether it is most beneficial to their health.They may be called fun-oriented sports participants.The third group want beauty from sports.Boys want to become strong;girls want to be slim and graceful.Those who consider sports the only way of reducing weight also belong to this group.They are very careful in choosing the kind of exercise they do, and are afraid that certain sports may ruin their figures.Horizontal bars and parallel bars are the boys’ choice, and the hula hoop is now the girls’ favorite.The appropriate name for this group may be beauty-oriented sports participants.No matter which group we belong to, we all benefit from sports.If you look around the campus, you will find that bookworms have disappeared, and, instead, there are healthy, strong, clever, modernized students everywhere.III.Comparison and contrast 1.Life in Middle School and College 2.Chinese and Foreign Teachers 3.Youth of the 1990s and Youth of the 1950s 4.Traveling by Train and by Plane 5.Chinese and Western Medicine or Food

Eating and Reading

As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of my mind, they are in a way quite similar.To keep ourselves alive, we need all kinds of nutrition.Eating is the most important way by which we can get starch, protein, vitamin, sugar, fat, and some trace elements.On the other hand, we eat not only because we have to do so, but also because we enjoy doing so.Having satisfied our hunger, eating can then be a kind of enjoyment.The color, the smell, and the taste of the food are considered as important as its nutritive value.Very often we eat some food not because it is nourishing but simply because we like it.This partiality for certain food will not affect our health, so long as we do not indulge heavily in it.There are many people, however, who do not eat the food they dislike and consequently suffer from malnutrition.So, for the sake of health, we have to eat some food even though we may not like it.Similarly, to enrich our minds, we need information and knowledge, which can be obtained through reading.Reading is one of the most important ways of learning.Without reading our minds will become empty like that of an animal.Sometimes, we take reading as a pastime, and we relax and learn at the same time.Since recreation is involved, we will naturally have a partiality for some particular kinds of books, just as we do for certain kinds of food.It is all right if we read more books on history than books on literature.But suppose we focus on one subject only and pay no attention to anything else, we will face the problem of imbalance.Nutrition for our minds should be as comprehensive as the nutrition for our bodies.An educated person is a person who knows a lot of things about something and something about a lot of things.One’s mind needs all kinds of nourishment, whether they are to one’s liking or not.Besides, there are other similarities between eating and reading.We should not eat too much without digesting and assimilating, nor should we read too much without understanding.While we are eating, we should leave out the rotten part of the food which will do harm to our health;and while we are reading, we should be able to reject the poisonous content in a book, if any, for it will poison our minds.So, eat sensibly and read sensibly to give yourself a strong body and a healthy mind.IV.1.2.3.Cause and Effect Why Some Students Make Better Progress than Others Why People Want to learn a Foreign Language Why Many Young Men Do Not Want to Marry Capable Young Women 4.Job Discrimination Against Women in China 5.Causes and Effects of Divorce in China

Being Short

Being short is something that cannot be helped.One cannot choose one’s appearance;it is already decided at the time when one is born.And it happens that one’s parents are both short, it is inevitable that one will remain short all his life, whether he likes it or not.Being short is a lifelong pity.Almost everyone wants to look beautiful and to be moderately tall.For me, it has always been a bad time during medical examinations when I have to stand on that terrible scale and have my height measured and recorded.Year after year, the figure seems to remain the same.Although now I have more or less reconciled to this unchanging fact, I just cannot help feeling regretful at times.How nice it would be if only I could be just an inch taller.Being short is a “handicap” and this is something that I hate most.During military training, I stood at the end of the line, because I was considered the shortest.And if they did not want too many students to march in a review, they always discarded the shortest, never the tallest.Though I do not really mind a great deal about joining in a review, I just do not feel good.I used to attend a volleyball training class, and every time we needed to separate into teams to play a match, the coach would say,“ You twelve shorter ones go there, and you twelve taller ones come here, please.”It sometimes makes me furious about being treated so unfairly.Short as I am, I am not a poor player and should be reckoned with.Being short is being inferior.Every day I live among people who are mostly taller than I am.Whether it is out of friendliness or whatever, very often, they pat me on the head, or throw one of their arms conveniently over my shoulder, and look down at me, while I have to look up at them.These gestures might not be ill intended, but I feel that these people are taking advantage of my shortness, and want to show they are superior to me.Being short is an impetus.When we, the short, have to live with these day-to-day disadvantages — the pity, the handicap, and the inferiority, we turn to other things to get self-confidence.We work industriously against prejudices to tell people that we are by no means inferior or handicapped.V.Definition 1.Materialism 2.Individualism 3.Happiness 4.Freedom 5.Values 6.Project Hope

The Red, Yellow, and White Roads

On reading the title, you may feel quite puzzled.“ What does it mean?” you may ask.To be frank with you, when a friend used this phrase, I was also at a loss what make of it until she explained it to me.“The red, yellow, and white roads”is a popular phrase among senior students in Chinese colleges.In their last year in college, students begin to consider their future jobs.It is time for them to decide whether they will be officials, businessmen, or intellectuals.Of course, different people make different choices.These choices, by and large, are generalized as the “red”, “yellow”, and “white” roads.The red road is considered to be the most promising one.Red in China is the color which has some connection with communism.The one who chooses to follow this road will, first of all, join the Communist Party.A diploma and a Party card will make it much easier for him than one without the two things to be promoted, first as section chief, and then as head of a department.Gradually, he will climb up the social ladder.The red road seems to provide a good chance for one to achieve his political goal.The second one is the yellow road.Yellow may remind us of gold.To be well-to-do is the goal.How does one achieve it? Positions in joint ventures run by China and some foreign countries are the most desirable for people who have chosen this road.Though they may have to work hard, they get good pay.Aside from that, those graduates who know foreign languages may have more opportunities to go abroad than people working elsewhere.On the whole, this is a profitable road.Lastly comes the white road.The color is not so delightful as the first two.People who choose this road will work very hard so as to become graduate students, and to be successful in the world of knowledge.It is an arduous road without much concrete and immediate benefits.Just like the color itself, the road is very clean and pure.The three roads reflect some characteristics of our society and show, in a way, what young people are thinking and dreaming of.It is good to know that young people are very practical now.But it is also rather disappointing to find that knowledge which is vital to our modernization is placed last.People are so obsessed by power and money that knowledge is devaluated.Argumentation  Requirements for argumentation: 1)a debatable point 2)sufficient evidence 3)good logic: Inductive reasoning;deductive reasoning 4)clear logic 5)good use of the other three types of writing 6)an honest and friendly attitude 1.Everyone Should Be Given an Opportunity to Study in College 2.Wealth or Power Is a Sign of Success 3.Clothes Make a Man or Cosmetics Make a Woman 4.People’s Worth Are Shown in the Reward They Earn 5.Opportunity, Diligence, Perseverance or Resolution Is the Key to Success 6.Life Can Be Happy and Meaningful

The Three Gorges Project Is Beneficial

The Three Gorges lie in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.After years of investigation and research, many scientists and engineers have suggested that to control the floods brought by the Yangtze River to its lower reaches, a large dam should be built there.But many scientists and engineers disagree.Thus a heated debate has begun as to whether the project is beneficial.I am in favor of the project and believe that it will have more advantages than disadvantages.Those who are against the project argue that the project will bring about serious consequences.The Three Gorges are among the most beautiful and famous places in China.Here the tourists see not only the natural scenery, but also a lot of ancient cultural relics, which are of great historical value.Many of those places of interest will be submerged when the dam retains water at the normal level(175m).The project will affect the ecological environment of the Yangtze River.Some rare species of aquatic animals are faced with the danger of extinction.Moreover, the river-bed will be worsened.More seriously, when the dam begins to retain water, there may be earthquakes and landslips in the Three Gorges area.The Persian Gulf War gave rise to another doubt: if there should be a war and the Three Gorges Dam destroyed, the consequence would be ghastly.In short, the risks of the project may be too great for it to be beneficial.Their worries and warnings are well justified.But we should not give up eating for fear of choking.First of all, the feasibility of the project has been thoroughly examined.A new feasibility report by hundreds of experts has been submitted to the government.In the report, all the harmful effects have been taken into consideration and appropriate measures suggested.For example, to solve the problem of earthquakes and landslips that may be caused by the project, monitoring and forecasting will have to be stressed.The success of the Gezhou Dam which has stood the test of many great floods proves that our technology of water conservancy is up to the mark and able to withstand the stiffest test of natural disasters.It is estimated that once the Three Gorges Project is completed, the loss in agriculture caused by floods will be reduced by six to eight hundred million yuan each year;if there is a catastrophic flood, the loss will be reduced by twenty billion yuan.More importantly, the project will protect the lives of three hundred and fifty million people living in the plain east of the dam.The hydropower station on the dam will have a generating capacity ranking first in the world, five times that of Gezhou Dam.That means each year fifty million tons of coal will be saved.The electronic power it will produce will greatly push the development of industry in our country.The project will improve the transportation of the Yangtze River.Those dangerous shoals and rapids in the gorges today will disappear.The river in the dam area will be broadened.As a result, giant vessels will be able to sail straight from Shanghai to Chongqing.This is of vital importance to the economic development of Sichuan Province.It is clear that the Three Gorges Project will be beneficial to the country.Everything has its advantages and disadvantages.Since the project will bring more benefits than losses, it is worthwhile to take some risks.Life Can Be Happy and Meaningful

Not long ago, a poll was conducted among students in a middle school.They were asked to make a choice between these sentences — “No one can be happy”, and “One can be happy.” Shockingly enough, about 20 percent of the students agreed to the first statement.When I asked some of my friends for their opinions, most of them thought the former statement was true.When asked for explanations, they said, “Frankly speaking, life is bitter and meaningless.But to live on, we’d better say to ourselves that there is happiness in life.”

I have been thinking of this opinion ever since.The more I think, the more I am convinced that if we have a right attitude towards life, our lives can surely be happy and meaningful.It is true that all people have some bitter experiences.But it is through overcoming hardships that our happiness emerges.Many people admire Madam Curie, and say with a sigh, “If I could live like her, I would be the happiest person in the world.” But if we take a close look at her life, we will find her happiness is closely connected with her misfortunes.First of all, she did not have a happy childhood.When she was in France, she studies twice as hard as others but lived a poor and simple life.In her research work, she had to sit up late night after night.She experienced many losses, too — she lost her beloved father, her dear husband, and later her eyesight.But she never complained and never stopped working for the benefit of mankind.That is why her life was happy and meaningful.She fought against life’s bitterness and difficulties and conquered them all.Some people complain that their work is insignificant and thus their lives are meaningless.But what kind of work is significant? Workers, peasants, teachers, and scientists, they are all working for the welfare of mankind, themselves included.That is where the meaning of life lies.But some people seem to think little of such a life.Once a friend of mine told me he felt very wretched for having to work as a teacher.“Our lives can be compared to candles.While giving light to others, we ourselves are burning out.Our students may become famous one day, but what will become of us? We shall only remain what we are — fameless and wealthless.” Paradoxically, I would rather think he was giving a vivid description of nobleness of a teacher.If I can live the life of a teacher, to contribute the only thing I own — my knowledge — to the upbringing of young people, I will be very happy, because I am useful to others.Different people may think of differently.But of one thing I am certain: happiness never favors those who merely care about themselves, and the meaning of life cannot be understood by those who refuse to sacrifice anything for others.便条的写作

书信由7个部分组成：

1.发信人信息（地址、邮编和写信时间）2.收信人地址

3.对收信人的称呼（后面的标点一般用逗号）4.正文 5.结尾客套语(后一定有逗号)6.签名(后面一定不能有标点符号)7.职务名称(如果写信不是以集体的名义写的,这部分则不要)便条则相对简单,仅仅由时间、对方称呼、正文、结尾客套语和签名组成，当然如果便条是以集体的名义写的，则要添加职务名称。

邀请、约会便条

Dear Professor Ma，Feb.11 We would be very grateful if you could give us a talk on “the Skills for TeM-4 Writing” on this coming Friday, 3p.m.to 5p.m...If this subject does not suit you or that time is not convenient for you, any other similar topic and time would also be welcome.If you have any decision, call me at the cellphone number, 131X.Thank you.Respectfully yours，Mei Ying

Chairman of Students’ Union

July 15 Dear Professor Smith, These days I am very gloomy, because I meet many troubles in my thesis writing.I do not know how to define some key words of my study.So I am wondering whether you can give me some instruction.If it does not trouble you too much, shall we meet at your office this Friday morning and give me a call at 130x? Thank you.Sincerely yours, Wang Ling

抱怨、投诉便条

July 15 Dear Sir or Madam，I’m writing to bring your attention to a problem I’ve had with information availability with your product.I have been trying to get a person on the phone, but I filed by trying several departments.I hope you will address this problem to my satisfaction, or I will never do business with you again.I expect to hear from you soon.My telephone number is 0751X.Thank you.John Smith

Jun.15 Dear Sir or Madam, I’m writing to bring you attention to the noise from your construction site.It is time for many high school students to prepare for their college entrance examination.But your noisy working always lasts till midnight, which has disturbed their study and interfered in their normal rest.Therefore, it would be very considerate of you to stop working before 10 o’clock at least in these 10 days.Heartfelt thanks.Sincerely yours，John Smith

Chairman of Qingya Residential committee 道歉便条

Mar.1 Dear Professor Liu, I’m sorry I couldn’t make 2 o’clock appointment.There is to be an urgent conference in my department this afternoon and I have to make some preparation for it.Could we meet at 3 o’clock on this Friday afternoon? If that is not convenient for you, please leave me a note in my mailbox.With many apologies.Sincerely yours, Pan Yang

Mar.15 Dear Lucy, I’m terribly sorry for not being able to return you the book you lent me several months ago.You see, I’m writing my thesis paper, and this book is one of my important references.If it is possible, I want to keep it for another month.If not, I’ll return it soon.Many apologies and thanks again.Yours, John

祝贺便条

Mar.5, 2005 Dear Martin, I’m so pleased to hear that you’ve got the scholarship to the University of Columbia.Congratulations on your success.You really deserve it because you are such an intelligent and hardworking student.I’ve never doubted your ability to achieve great aims.You will have a brilliant future, and I wish you all the best in your life and academic studies in the USA.Yours, Ann

致谢便条

Jun.15 Dear Peter, I’m writing to show my gratitude for your invitation to your birthday party.That was a really wonderful party.I appreciate your considerate arrangement and wonderful performances you had prepared.And it also offered me a chance to meet many old friends.I really enjoyed that night and do hope you will have a wonderful life.Yours, Helen

留便条

Mar.15 Dear Mr.Zhang, A Mr.Lin Min who recently arrived from Beijing called you this morning when you were out.He said he wished to see you, for he had something important to consult with you.You’re requested to ring him up at any time this evening from 8 p.m.to 10 p.m.at 500-5566.Yours，Zhang Wei

通知、海报

Notice

May 18, 2005 Dear schoolmates, To improve our English, an English evening is going to be held by the Students’ Union of English department at the Students’ Center from 7 p.m.to 9 p.m.this Saturday.You can enjoy short plays, English songs and poems at evening.Many foreign friends will be invited to the evening and they will offer us wonderful performances.All the teachers and students are welcome to attend the English evening.Come and enjoy the evening.Students’ Union

Football Match

English 0401 vs.Chinese 0402 Time: 3 p.m., Dec.10, 2005 Place: The University Stadium Please contact the Physical culture and Sport commission.Tickets are limited.Fans should be quick.The Physical culture and sport commission

比较选择类作文 篇2

20世纪80年代以来, 随着经济法学科的兴起和经济法理论的不断研究深入, 各种经济法著述相继面世, 其中较为重要的部分即是《经济法》教材。在各种版本的《经济法》教材中, 不乏极具代表性的著作, 如刘文华教授主编的《经济法》、漆多俊教授主编的《经济法学》、李昌麒教授主编的《经济法学》等, 此类教材观点鲜明、学术性强, 是经济法学类专业学生的必读书目。但随着专业化进程的推进, 很多非法学学科尤其是财经类专业产生了对于经济法的强烈需求, 由于很多财经规则和法律联系紧密, 所以, 培养“懂经济、懂法律”的复合型人才的要求使得很多财经院校将《经济法》列为必修课程之一, 并且《经济法》课程在其专业体系中具有非常重要的地位。为达到设置经济法课程的教学目的, 一本好的《经济法》教材的选择至关重要, 而一本好的《经济法》教材首先要适合财经类学生。经管类学生学习经济法的特点主要有如下几点。

1. 法律基础薄弱。

由于经管类专业学生没有受过系统的法学教育, 除了部分学生选修过一些法学课程外, 其他学生有限的法律知识全部来自于《思想道德修养与法律基础》。暂且不论《思想道德修养与法律基础》任课老师的法学素养, 在短短几周的法律课上学生难以储备学习经济法所必需的法律基本概念和基本理念。比如说, 合同法里关于意思自治的理念, 民法里的行为主体行为能力的划分, 行政法里的行政主体、行政责任等的掌握, 而这些基本概念、基本理念会对经济法的学习产生致命的桎梏作用。

2. 所需法律知识以实用性为主。

经管类专业学生学习经济法的根本目的是为了将所学到的法律知识运用到其所从事的金融、保险、财务、管理类的实务工作中去, 而不是单纯为了进行法学的理论研究。所以即使经管类类专业开设法律课程, 其目标也是培养应用型法学人才, 而非理论型法学人才。经管类专业学生学习经济法的重要特点是要注重学以致用, 所学到的经济法中的法律知识要能和实际对应起来, 同时具有一定的操作性。

3. 所需法律知识繁多、涉及面广。

经管类专业学生学习的“经济法”和学术上理解的“经济法”并不是同一个概念, 其本质实是和“经济”有关的法, 也就是“大经济法”的概念。经管类专业学生除了要学习传统意义上的经济法的内容, 如反不正当竞争法、反垄断法、消费者权益保护法、产品质量法、银行法、证券法等外, 还要学习“大经济法”概念下的合同法、企业法、破产法、诉讼法、仲裁法等的内容, 内容横跨民法、商法、经济法、行政法、诉讼法等几大法部门。尽管经管类专业学生学习的经济法的内容庞杂, 但时间并不会相应增加, 仍然是用一学期的时间学完《经济法》的课程。

经管类专业经济法教材应当符合上述学习特点并能够满足上述学习要求。

二、现有经管类《经济法》教材情况简述

鉴于经管类专业的学生学习经济法的特点, 一本好的《经济法》教材可以起到事半功倍的效果。对照目前市面上经管类专业《经济法》各种版本的教材, 其中不乏在体系、结构、编写方法上很有创新的代表性著作, 如中国政法大学出版社出版, 张术麟、董占军主编的《经济法》 (第2版) ;清华大学出版社出版, 刘天善、张力主编的《经济法教程》 (第2版) ;中国人民大学出版社出版, 赵威等编著的《经济法》 (第3版) 等, 皆是此领域的优秀之作, 具有一定的权威性。但部分经管类专业《经济法》教材并没有凸显风格鲜明、精练简洁、操作性强等应该具有的特点。总结下来, 现有经管类专业《经济法》教材普遍存在的不足之处有以下几方面。

1. 学术层次偏低。

由于众所周知的一些原因, 比如高校将编写教材当做职称晋升的指标, 或是为了市场利润, 现在学术界越来来越不将教材编写当做严肃的学术工作, 有才华和学识的教授越来越不把编撰教材当一回事, 急功近利的思想直接导致今天的很多经管类专业《经济法》教材学术品位低下:很多教材之间内容上高度雷同, 思想上互相抄袭, 属于低水平的重复建设, 缺乏创新, 和国际上难以媲美。

2. 学术不规范。

教材同样是学术成果, 而且相比于其他学术成果, 编写教材需要更高的学术造诣和教学经验, 因为教材是学科体系的科学概括和严格系统的知识表述[1], 所以教材编写者只有深才能浅出、只有博才能返约。而当下学术界似乎已经形成了抄袭教材不算抄的学术怪圈, 一本教材可以在数月内速成, 很多经管类专业《经济法》教材通篇也看不到注释和参考文献。

3. 风格不统一。

由于现在大都采取分工合作制的编写模式, 各编写者之间缺乏必要的沟通、交流, 而如果组织工作不到位的话, 会导致整本书的学术风格前后不统一, 内容前后不一致:有的章节用语烦琐、有的章节用语简练;有的章节偏重于理论性, 有的章节偏重于实用性;有的章节在全书中所占比重过大, 有的章节在全书中所占比重过小或者根本缺失, 如此等等, 不一而足。

4. 有学术偏见。

有的虽然标注适用于经管类专业, 但实际上和法学类专业所使用的《经济法》教材并无区别, 教材中过多地涉及理论问题, 并且带有明显的个人学术倾向和学术偏见。过于偏重学术性, 且带有一定的学术偏见很难带给学生全面客观的学术视野, 同时会给不具备法学基础理论功底的经管类专业学生带来不必要的理论困扰。

5. 通篇是《经济法》律法规条文的简单堆砌, 没有理论的必要铺垫, 也没有学术观点的必要说明。

选择此类教材的老师会感觉无法拓展, 选择此类教材的学生则会觉得枯燥无味。所以, 对此类简练有余, 理论不足的教材也不适应当下经管类专业学生的专业学习要求。

这种学术上的不理性、不严谨导致市面上的经管类专业《经济法》教材质量良莠不齐, 很难达到适应经管类专业《经济法》教学的要求。

三、经管类专业《经济法》教材应当具备的特性分析

理论上讲, 一本好的经管类专业《经济法》教材至少应该具备以下特性。

1. 专业性。

经管类专业《经济法》教材首先应该是由专业的法学教师向学生教授专业的法学知识的一门课程, 在教材编撰中要体现出专业的知识载体的功能。只是经管类专业《经济法》教材的专业性并不体现在学术思想和学术著述上, 而是对整个经济法体系的高度提炼, 对《经济法》中的基本概念、基本原理、基本精神要有最精准的专业描述。

2. 实务性。

经管类专业《经济法》教材应该体现出为解决经济事务、经济纠纷提供法律途径的特征, 所以教材在编排时要尽力为这一思想服务。从教材的体系, 到每一章、每一节内容的编排, 都应该本着问题的重要程度以及提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的思路引导学生进行经济法的学习。一本好的经管类专业《经济法》教材应该可以为解决现实生活中的经济法律问题提供必要的法律思维和专业技巧。

3. 一定的学术前瞻性。

如果经管类专业《经济法》教材仅仅是为专业性和实务性而设, 那么学生仅限于用学到的知识解决现有的理论和实践问题, 对于未来生活中层出不穷的新情况、新问题将束手无策, 所以经管类专业《经济法》教材还应该具有一定的学术前瞻性, 教会学生用现有知识去解决新问题, 具有举一反三、类推适用的思维和能力。

四、胡智强等主编的《经济法》教材评析

基于以上因素的考虑, 作为一名普通的、一线的经济法教学老师, 在为经管类专业学生选择《经济法》教材时总是感觉不尽人意。后看到这本由胡智强、颜运秋主编, 专为全国高等学校财经、管理类专业法学课程编撰的教材, 整体观之, 定位清楚、目标明确, 值得推荐。

1. 高质量的编写团队。

笔者与编者中的大多数成员相熟, 这本教材的编写团队是由多年从事《经济法》教学与研究的教授、博士生导师和一批在经济学科各个方向有专门研究的博士构成, 他们都是活跃在法学教学和科研第一线的教师, 其中既有学术底蕴深厚的专家, 又有具有开阔学术视野、创新精神的中青年学者。他们治学态度严谨、谦和, 既牢牢把握当前的学术走向, 体现最新的学术前沿成果, 又不虚妄骄纵, 逞一家之言, 避免在内容中加入个人学术专著的思想。

2. 实践性的教学成果体现。

现在很多教材的功利思想严重, 为编教材而编教材, 通篇所见为材料的堆砌, 既没有课堂的实践检验, 更没有课后的沉淀思索。而作为从事《经济法》一线教学的教师, 笔者看到的这本《经济法》教材浓缩了编写团队的老师们多年从事教学工作的心血, 从结构的编排到内容的阐述上, 都是极富实践性的教学成果的体现。最优的编排只能是从教学实践中总结出来的最优模式。所以, 这是一本非常适合老师上课、学生学习用的教材。

3. 行文流畅、风格统一。

由于一本教材大都由数人合力编著, 每个人在写作上的风格也会也较大的差异, 反映到教材上就会出现前后风格不统一的现象, 破坏教材的整体性。这本教材虽然也是集体智慧的结晶, 但本教材的编写组并非临时拼凑而成, 而是在学术交流和教学工作中基于信任关系而形成的工作团队, 在编写的过程中各位编写者精诚团结、互相帮助, 体现了可贵的团队协助精神, 最后统编者的付出更是为整本教材风格的统一奠定了基础。所以整体阅读下来, 此本教材在风格的把握上比较统一, 不会给人以突兀感。

4. 体例、结构合理。

既然是针对全国高等学校财经、管理类专业的学生所编著的法学教程, 也即这本书的受众为非法学类专业学生, 那么在专业定位和能力要求上务必与法学类学生有所区别。这本教材本着“必需、够用”的原则, 做到了适应财经类和管理类专业特色和课程层次多样化需要的最佳经济法体系结构。在“必需”原则上, 这本上涵盖了非法学类专业学习《经济法》课程所必备的法律基础知识, 如第一章经济法基础理论部分对法律行为、法律关系、法律责任等的阐述, 扫清了学生理论学习上的障碍。就“够用”原则而言, 既最大限度地把基础理论知识阐述透彻, 又不做过多赘言, 整洁而又透彻。

5. 学术规范。

这本教材在学术上体现出规范化、科学化的特征, 具体表现在所有引用的法律法规条文都是最新的发展状态, 不引用已被改、被废的法律法规条文;所有借鉴和引用的他人成果都在注释和参考文献中有所体现, 尊重他人的劳动成果;所有注释的体例都按照标准进行修改。

6. 适用性。

“适用性”是指适用于经管类专业学生而言, 当然就其他非法学专业的学生, 这也是一本好教材。因为就经管类专业学生而言, 单纯地掌握法学知识进行理论研究并不是学习《经济法》的初衷, 学习《经济法》的主要目的是为了用所学法律知识去处理经济领域内的相关法律问题。而这本教材符合经管类专业学生的培养目标, 也符合《经济法》课程的教学要求, 既具有鲜明的理论观点和充分的学术思想, 又与非法学专业本科生的接受能力相适应, 取材适当、深浅有度, 能够激发学生的学习兴趣和动力。

参考文献

[1]万俊人.推进学科和教材体系建设[J].人民日报, 2012, (6) .

管理类选择题 篇3

33.下列哪类组织最适宜采用矩阵式组织结构？

A.汽车制造厂B.医院C.电视剧制作中心D.学校

35.实施事业部制组织形式可能带来的主要问题是：

A.有临时观念，且双重领导B.最高管理者一旦退休，后继无人 C.可能发生内耗，难以协调D.多头领导，削弱统一指挥

49.根据马斯洛的需要层次理论，下列哪一类人的主导需要最可能是安全需要？ A.总经理B.刚参加工作的大学生C.刑满释放人员D.私营企业的雇员

12．对组织中重复发生的、由多个环节构成的例行活动，为了简化决策和提高办事效率，高层管理人员应该为下级人员制定：

A.政策 B.程序 C.规则 D.预算

13．管理是一个过程，是让别人与自己一道去实现既定目标，是一切有组织的集体活动所不 可缺分的要素。管理的核心是：

A.决策 B.处理好人际关系 C.组织 D.控制

19．“士为知己者死”这一古训反映了有效的领导始于：

A.了解下属的欲望和需要 B.为下属设定崇高的目标

C.为了下属的利益不惜牺牲自己 D.上下级之间的友情

22．周密、细致全面的计划工作能使得主管人员从日常事务中解脱出为，从而把精力放在重 大的非常事件上，这符合管理的： A.目标统一原则 B.集权与分权原则

C.例外原则 D.统一指挥原则

24．下列哪项职能的功效就是为各个职能的进行提供保证，进行沟通联络，运用各种手段和方式，并施加影响力，以统一员工意志，从而保证组织目标的实现。

A.计划 B.组织 C.人员配备 D.指导与领导

27．有效率但是无效能的组织，用另外的话来形容就是：

A.把错事干糟的组织

B.把错事干好的组织

C.把对事干糟的组织

D.把对事干好的组织

29．下列哪项可以让组织各级主管人员全面了解整个组织的不同工作内容，从而得到各种不 同的经验，为其今后在较高层次上任职打下基础：

A.职务轮换 B.提升

C.理论培训 D.助理

30．管理的四大职能：计划、组织、领导、控制，计划排在第一位，制订计划时，人们常常 说要讲究效率，这里的效率是指：

A.编制计划要快

B.计划的预期目标保证实现

C.投入与产出的比例高

D.计划指标既先进又可行

36．主管人员根据组织的内外环境，将组织中各要素有机地联系在一起，利用这些要素以最 少的消耗去获得最大的利益，从这个意义来说，主管人员是一个： A.建筑师B.领导者C.执行者D.集合者

13．管理理论来自实践，来自生活。观察自然界中的一些现象，也会让我们对管理问题有些 感悟。壁虎能在天花板上爬行，因为它们脚趾上长有吸盘。吸盘是一排排极细的钩子，紧紧 钩住天花板上肉眼很难分辨的粗糙表面，起到充分接触的作用。从慢动作镜头看得很清楚，壁虎爬行时，每只脚掌（吸盘）都不是猛地一下提起，而是先从一侧开始，一点点逐渐挪动，最后整只脚掌提起，就像我们揭掉紧贴在身上的膏药一样。这对哪方面管理工作启发更大？

A．组织变革B.团队建设C．群体决策D.管理控制

37．双因素理论将影响人们的态度与行为的因素分成“保健因素”和“激励因素”，管理者的重要任务就是防止“激励因素”变成“保健因素”，同时挖掘和提升“保健因素”的激励作用。下面哪一种做法较好地体现了这样的工作思路或原则？

A．在生产工作中采用“差别计件工资”制度。B．将奖金转换为津贴，按工作年限分配。

C．暗示你的下属们，你将来要提升他们。D．培养大家“低头拉车不抬头看路”的勤奋工作意识。

38．在变革时代，创新对于一个企业所具有的意义已经为无数事实所证实。同时，人们也逐步掌握了一些企业管理创新的基本规律。管理创新需要特定的条件，请问以下哪一点可不作为管理创新的特定条件？

A．采用有机式组织结构

B.管理者有较长的任期 C．建立一种积极的文化

D.聘请专家作有关指导

12．“三个和尚没水喝”说明：人浮于事，可能反而不如人少好办事。但是反过来，如果 “三个和尚”都很勤快，也许会造成水满为患。这两种不同的说法表明：（）

A.管理工作的有效性需要考虑内外部环境各部分的整体效应。

B.即使管理无方，人多还是比人少好办事。C.在不同心态作用下会产生不同的群体合作结果。D.纵使管理有方，也不一定是人多好办事。

40．如果在一个组织中，存在着许多非正式群体，各群体相互之间看法分歧，但这些群体内 部的凝聚力却很强。这样，当这些群体对该组织的高层领导的态度很不一致时，则对该组织 的工作效率及员工满意度可作如下推断：（）

A．工作效率与员工满意度均很高。

B．工作效率取决于群体目标与组织目标的一致性，员工满意度很高。

C．工作效率高，员工的平均满意度适中，但满意度高低相当分散。D．平均工作效率低，员工满意度很高。

40．如果在一个组织中，存在着许多非正式群体，各群体相互之间看法分歧，但这些群体内 部的凝聚力却很强。这样，当这些群体对该组织的高层领导的态度很不一致时，则对该组织 的工作效率及员工满意度可作如下推断：（）

A．工作效率与员工满意度均很高。

B．工作效率取决于群体目标与组织目标的一致性，员工满意度很高。

C．工作效率高，员工的平均满意度适中，但满意度高低相当分散。D．平均工作效率低，员工满意度很高。

9.某市市委和市政府最近准备表彰全市十名“人民最满意的公务员”，但表彰意见并不统一。市委的表彰方案是：在市日报和电视台上宣传他们的事迹并报上级组织；送他们到省党校和 行政学院学习，这是他们日后晋升的重要基础；可以作为市人大代表的候选人。市政府的方 案是：每人奖励一套两室一厅的住房；组团到日本的友好城市学习并参观；每人可以要求解决一些具体的问题。事后的反馈发现，最受欢迎的是到党校和行政学院学习，其次是住房。某食品公司年终对其五位最佳部门经理的奖励是：每人奖给公司的10000元股份；送往美 国学习新的技术；在适当的时候，可以休假15天；可以到车间和行政上挂职。事后的反馈 发现，最受欢迎的是到美国学习技术，其次是作为股份的奖金。从十名“人民最满意的公务 员”和五位最佳部门经理对各项奖励措施的欢迎程度可以说明：

A．无论是公共部门的行政人员，还是企业部门的技术人员，作为优秀的人才，他们都愿 意学习新知识，他们都具有“自我实现的需要”，是“自我实现的人” B．这些人都有晋升的需要，是注重权力和尊重的人 C．他们对金钱看得并不重，没有“经济人”的一面 D．他们有着各种各样的需求，是“复杂人

18.管理人员激励员工的措施之一是对职务进行重新设计。如果重新设计得好，能激起员工 更大的工作满足感和工作动力。要成功地对职务进行重新设计，关键在于：

A．由员工自发建立自主工作小组

B．对员工正在从事的工作增加类似的任务

C．实行职务轮换，使员工能从事具有变化性的工作

D．改变工作内容，使工作更好地满足员工自身发展的需要

54、十八届二中全会审议通过的《国务院机构改革和职能转变方案》就进一步理顺国务院各部门的权限关系，提出了三个整合的新重点，其中不包括（）。

整合分散在国务院不同部门的相同或相似的职责

整合和加强部分社会管理和公共服务部门

整合业务相同或相近的机构

整合分散在不同部门的管理资源

56、当前，根据我国社会公共需求的变化，要重点研究和解决以下公共服务体系，其中不包括（）。

加快完善公共教育服务体系

加快完善养老保障体系

加快完善公共住房保障体系

加快完善公共医疗卫生服务体系

64、要抓紧制定行政管理体制改革总体方案，着力转变职能、理顺关系、优化结构、提高效能，形成权责一致、（）的行政管理体制。

分工合理

决策科学

执行顺畅

监督有力

.5、深化行政管理体制改革的总体目标是，到（）年建立起比较完善的中 国特色社会主义行政管理体制。

A.2015

B.2020

C.2030

高手是如何选择信托类理财产品 篇4

如何选择信托类理财产品?现阶段信托类理财产品受追捧，主要是因为其收益较高、稳定性好，从目前市场上在售的信托理财产品的收益率来看，不论是一年以内还是一年以上的，预期年收益率都高于同期银行存款利率。而从风险级别上看，信托类理财产品的风险评级多为中等，虽然一般都不对客户提供本金保护，但本金亏损的概率较低，适合稳健型投资者。

越是低利率的时代越应该注意理财规划。去年以来，国内股票市场持续低迷;黄金市场急涨急跌，波动性很强;而房地产市场，国家正在进行调控，前景尚未明朗。这时候，以信托类理财产品为代表的一些风险性适中的理财产品便开始浮出水面，日益受到投资者的青睐。

信托类理财产品是指由银行发行的人民币理财产品所募集的全部资金，投资于指定信托公司作为受托人的专项信托计划。信托类理财产品的收益可以是固定的，也可以是浮动的。信托类理财产品的风险性介于国债和股票之间，所以它具有风险适中、预期收益较高的特点。

投资信托类理财产品首先要看投资标的，因为凡是投资都存在风险，研究投资标的就可以大致判断出此种信托类理财产品的风险等级，一般情况下，投资于房地产、股票市场的信托项目风险略高，但其预期收益也相对较高;而投资于能源、电力、市政基础设施建设等的信托项目比较稳定，风险性较低但预期收益相对较低。

分销模式的比较与选择 篇5

一、分销模式的比较

分销模式不外乎经销制、直营制，以及界于经销制与直营制中间的助销制与经销制+直营制，下面就每种分销模式的基本含义及优缺点逐一进行比较分析： 1经销制

经销商需要全部或者部分现款从厂家进货．厂家提供一定的宣传、促销支持，经销商对市场运作处于绝对控制地位。这种模式又可分为独家经销制、选择经销制 密集经销制．独家经销制是厂家在某区域市场只开发一个经销商．选择经销制是厂家在某区域开发少数几个经销商 密集经销制是厂家在某区域市场开发若干个经销商。由于独家经销制市场覆盖面窄，难以做到较好的市场渗透，在区域较大的市场，许多企业不采用 而密集经销制．经销商数量过多 企业难以管理与控制且容易导致经销商之间发生矛盾 许多企业也不采用 所以 多数企业采用选择经销制。需要指出的是，9便是选择经销制 经销商之间也会生产各种矛盾．为了避免这些矛盾的生产．有些行业或企业．在某区域市场采用多家分品种经营的办法．就产品而言实质上还是区域独家经销制。《1)经销制优点

①充分利用经销商的资金。采用经销制 由于经销商需要全部或者部分现款从厂家进货 厂家可以较快地收回货款，不需要垫付过多的资金。如果是厂家采用直营制．客户往往要求有一定数量的铺底资金，不同的产品、不同的客户群体，要求的铺底资金数额不同 但一般可能需要货款1O％左右的铺底资金，如果每个区域市场的这些费用都由厂家来承担．厂家是难以担当得起的。如果采用经销制．这些铺底资金，则是由经销商来承担，对厂家而言，则是相当有利的。这恐怕是目前许多厂家采用经销制的一个相当重要的原因。

② 充分利用经销商的网络与关系资源，降低资金风险。经销商是本地人 一般同下游中间商客户有一定的关系并且对其资信情况有一定的了解，可以降低风险。同时，经销商可能有相对稳定的顾客群体 容易开拓市场．容易管理下游客户．容易使厂家的新产品快速上市。(2)经销制缺点：如果厂家所选择的经销商其自身素质或能力低，厂家与经销商的合作很难达到预期的效果，比如：经销商不能理解厂家的营销理念与配合厂家营销策略的实施 产品的分销、陈列、促销等销售工作难以迅速落实到位．公司很难控制市场运作等。2．直营制

生产厂家在产品销售市场注册营业执照和税务登记．建立自己的销售分公司 由分布在各个区域市场的销售分公司的销售人员运作市场，开发与管理下游客户 自己销售公司的产品，自己能开发票。

(1)直营制优点．

①由于分布在各个区域市场的销售分公司还是属于生产企业内部的单位 人员也是企业内部人员 这样，就能够使企业的营销理念和营销策略得以贯彻，有关分销，陈列、促销等销售工作也能迅速地落实到位。

②企业对市场的运作，费用的投入得以有效的控制。

③分布在各个区域市场的销售分公司及人员直接面向客户 面向市场 能够及时的了解市场行情，企业能够据此及时地做出科学合理的决策。(2)直营制缺点：

①对生产企业的人力资源与管理水平要求高。

②企业需要大量的资金予以支持并面临很大的资金风险。因为需要企业自己在各区域市场建立自己的销售分公司．这些销售分公司无疑都需要相应的办公地点、产品储存地点、需要相应的设施与设备、需要安排为数众多的销售人员，企业投入势必较大。另一方面．企业产品只有销售给了下游客户，才能算实现销售，对厂家而言．风险会增大。3助销制

生产厂家在分销模式上采用经销制．对每一个经销商派一个或几个销售人员协助其开拓市场，被派遣的销售人员不能开发票，不直接进行销售。从销售人员的安排与分配来看 经销制与助销制是不同的．经销制是公司的一个销售人员负责-N几个区域市场，市场运作主要由每个区域的经销商自己负责；助销制是公司的一个或者几个销售人员负责一个区域市场，和经销商共同开发市场 对市场运作厂家居主导。

{1)助销制优点：具有经销制的所有优点，并且，由于生产厂家在经销商处有自己企业内部的销售人员，这样，使企业更能及时的了解市场行情 更能保证企业有关营销理念、营销策略的有

效实施，有关分销、陈列、促销等销售工作也能迅速地落实到位。(2)助销制缺点：由于该分销模式本质上仍是经销制，助销制势必存在经销制一些类似的缺点。另一方面 由于经销商其自身经营理念的不同及从自身的利益出发，在某些情况下，可能会与厂家派遣的销售人员发生矛盾甚至冲突。4．经销制+直营制

生产厂家一方面采用经销制，同时。在目标市场注册营业执照。进行税务登记 采用直营制。厂家分布在各个区域市场的销售分公司，对该区域市场经销商覆盖不了或者不愿意覆盖的渠道

进行直接销售。这种分销模式存在经销制与直营制所有的优点和缺点，在此不再细述。需要指出的是此种模式如何取得经销商的信赖和认可及如何协调厂家销售分公司与当地的经销商之间的关系，是值得 关注的问题。

分销模式就是上述四种 可能有人说．还有代理模式，这种讲法应该有其道理。在此需要说明的是，代理商从其字面上的意思理解．代理商是指从厂家进货，不需要将产品买下，对产品没有所有权，靠赚取佣金的一种中间商。但现实情况是真正意义上的代理商在我国目前是少的．多数生产厂家要求其下游的中间商 进货时交付相应货款的．并且基本上是靠赚取差价来获取利润．实际操作是倾向于经销性质。由此看来．我们可以将代理模式归为经销制模式。二 分销模式的选择

1明确分销模式选择的标准

(1)成本低。指企业选择的分销模式有利于企业节约成本费用，尽可能利用渠道成员的资金、网络、关系等资源，在不影响管理与控芾4效果的基础上 应该尽量降低企业销售渠道建设与管理成本。(2)风险少。指企业选择的分销模式尽可能降低有关销售风险，企业应该选择财务状况与信誉较好的分销商以降低风险。(3)易控制。指企业选择的分销模式能够使企业控制分销商配合本企业达到目标．分销商都有其独立的利益．他们可能不按本企业的要求去做，比如：忽视一些重要的顾客、不推销一些产品、不积极促销 不及时提供情报．不提供良好的服务、不及时付款、窜货、乱价等，对于分销商这些不良行为．企业能够通过相应的制度、措施与能力来约束与管理其经营行为．配合企业实现销售目标。(4)适应性强。指企业选择的分销模式及因此而选择的分销商应具有灵活应变的能力．能适应环境的变化和事物的变化，能做到与企业步调一致，实现企业盈利目标。(5)产品快速流动 产品从生产制造企业到终端的时间要尽可能的短，分销的渠道结构要扁平化。

(6)市场重心下沉。指从以省级大城市作为重点开发的目标市场转化为以地区 县、甚至乡镇作为重点要开发的目标市场。2考虑影响分销模式选择的因素

(1)产品的销售区域与目标顾客群体的选择情况。每个企业在制定自己的营销战略的时候．都应该事先考虑其产品的销售区域与目标顾客群体的选择或定位，企业根据其自身的规模、实力及战略．是将产品销售定位于全国市场还是某些区域性市场7是定位于省会一级的大中城市市场还是定位与中小城市和乡镇市场7 目标顾客群体的选择是定位于高收阶层还是中低收入阶层 销售区域与目标顾客群体的选择与定位如何在很大程度上影响到企业分销模式的选择。如果企业将销售区域与目标顾客群体主要定位

于少数的大中城市、面向的客户群体主要是高收入阶层．可能会倾向于选择直营制。如果企业将销售区域与目标顾客群体主要定位于顾客分散、收入水平偏低的中小城市和乡镇市场．则可能倾

向于选择经销制。

(2)企业的销售管理水平情况。企业是否组建了高效的销售组织团队7是否建立了健全的销售规章制度7是否拥有良好的激励与约束机制7也会影响到分销模式的选择。直营制模式对公司的内部管理提出了很高的要求．公司如果没有一套很好的人员管理机制财务监督机制，采用直营制将会引发内部腐败、带来巨大的资金风险。比如：巨人集团垮台的相当部分原因就是此方面．因为巨人集团在财务收支上存在两大问题：一是由于公司实行销售分公司制度．客户的钱先通过销售分公司再流入公司总部。这必然降低现金流转速度．同时还会引发携款潜逃 分公司人员和经销商勾结制造坏账等问题。巨人集团现金流困难时 引起很多销售分公司经理哗变．截断了公司的现金流。虽然当时巨人集团有3亿多元的应收款．

但依然于事无补．几乎一夜之间就休克了。第二个问题是因为采用赊销制度，造成很多坏账。从另一方面讲，如果企业采用经销制，则需要企业建立完整、系统的经销商管理制度与办法。(3)区域市场的消费者集中与分散情况。如果企业产品所在的销售区域目标消费者数量众多而且集中，需求潜量大，在这些区域市场，企业可以采取直营制。反之．如果企业产品所在的销售

试论时尚类期刊营销策略选择 篇6

一、从4P理论到4R理论:营销理论的嬗变轨迹

1964年, 美国的伊·杰·麦卡锡提出4P营销理论, 该理论的核心思想是企业在进行市场营销时应该以适当的产品 (product) 、制定适当的价格 (price) 、通过合适的分销渠道 (place) 、辅之以合适的促销策略 (promotion) , 从而将产品送至消费者手中。此后, 菲利浦·科特勒认4P理论过于注重企业内部因素, 故而对4P理论进行扩展, 形成6P理论和10理论。但是无论是4P理论又或是6P理论和10理论关注的重点仍然在于企业内部, 对于消费者和竞争者等外部因素都考虑甚少。

1990年, 劳特朋基于当时社会经济环境的变化, 提出从消费者角度出发的4C理论。4C理论认为企业在进行市场营销时, 应以消费者 (custom) 为中心, 提供便利的购货渠道 (convenience) , 降低消费者购买产品的成本 (cost) , 同时企业要经常倾听消费者的意见和建议 (communication) 。4C理论是对4P理论的进一步发展, 但是4C理论也有其不足之处, 主要表现为对竞争对手关注不够。基于此, 艾略特·艾登伯格提出了以竞争者为导向、以建立消费者忠诚度为目标的4R理论, 该理论提出四个全新要素, 即与消费才建立关联 (relevance) 、反应 (react) 、关系 (relation) 和回报 (return) 。4R理论的核心在于提出企业应该仔细倾听消费者的需求, 与消费者建立长期稳定的关系, 保证消费者对于产品的忠诚度, 从而获得最大的利润回报。

上述可见, 在市场营销理论发展的历程中, 4P理论提供了市场营销的基本框架, 而4C理论和4R理论则是对4P理论的不断补充和完善。企业在进行市场营销时, 应综合考虑多种因素, 用4C来思考, 用4P来行动, 用4R来发展, 选择合适的营销策略, 以保证企业营销目标的达成。

二、《瑞丽》的营销策略选择

同其他类型的传媒产品一样, 时尚类期刊的主要盈利模式在于双重市场上的二次售卖。具体来说, 时尚类期刊的第一次售卖将内容产品出售给读者, 第二次售卖则是将读者的注意力出售给广告商。双重市场彼此影响, 共同构成时尚类期刊的主要收入来源。因而, 时尚类期刊在进行市场营销时, 应选择正确的营销策略, 提高发行收入和广告经营收入, 从而赚取最大利润。

(一) 进行市场细分, 选择目标市场。

20世纪五十年代中期, 美国的温德尔·史密斯提出市场细分这一概念, 该学者认为企业应该按照消费者的需求差异将一个总体市场划分为若干个具有共同需求特征的小市场, 根据每个小市场的特定需求, 进行产品和服务的提供。在全媒体的背景之下, 受众的注意力日益呈现碎片化趋势, 为了准确到达目标受众, 期刊必须进行市场细分。此外, 期刊进行市场细分不仅是取得成功发行的关键, 亦是取得广告商青睐的重要原因, 因为受众的需求和实际购买能力直接决定着广告的类型, 广告商更愿意用最小成本到达最大规模的受众, 而进行市场细分则是这一要求的保障。《瑞丽》杂志以年龄为市场细分依据, 对整个时尚类期刊市场进行细分, 《瑞丽》杂志的市场边界相当清晰, 有效的市场细分为《瑞丽》成功奠定了基础。

(二) 实施准确的市场定位。

期刊在进行市场细分之后, 应选择某个细分市场作为目标市场, 然后进行期刊的市场定位, 这被称为STP营销战略, 是现代市场营销的核心。期刊在进行市场定位时, 应根据细分市场的特征, 考虑目标受众的需求特征及收入情况、产品自身的情况以及竞争对手的情况, 将自身产品的独特性传递给受众。《世界时装之苑》是改革开放以来进入国人视野当中最早的时尚类期刊, 该期刊将自身定位于国内最权威的高档女性生活杂志, 当时取得了不错的成绩。七年之后, 《瑞丽服饰美容》进军时尚类期刊市场, 并没有盲目模仿当时十分成功的《世界时装之苑》的市场定位, 而是另辟蹊径, 开启时尚实用化的全新期刊模式, 即“东方风格, 女性视角、实用导向”, 将自身定位为“给读者带去服饰美容等实用信息的扮美工具书”。经过十多年的发展历程, 今天的《瑞丽服饰美容》已成为中国女性时尚类期刊的龙头老大, 每月向100万的受众提供服务。根据世纪华文数据显示, 2005-2011年, 《瑞丽服饰美容》占据了女性时尚期刊的市场份额的第一位, 拥有绝对的竞争优势。《瑞丽服饰美容》的成功与其创刊之初准确的市场定位是须臾不可分的。

(三) 选择适当的价格策略。

4P理论强调产品价格在市场营销中的重要性, 价格策略会直接影响到受众规模的大小, 因此, 价格竞争是许多期刊使用的重要营销策略之一。期刊价格的定位基于多方面的影响, 如期刊市场集中度、竞争对手的定价情况、目标受众的收入及所处的社会阶层等。《瑞丽》杂志, 如《瑞丽服饰美容》、《瑞丽伊人风尚》、《瑞丽可爱先锋》、《瑞丽家居设计》的零售价格均为20元, 价格定位属于高码洋女性时尚类杂志层次。这一高定价策略是在仔细考量目标受众的情况上做出的决定。《瑞丽》的目标受众人群收入一般较高, 有着较高的社会阶层, 追求良好的生活品质。马斯洛需求理论将人们的需求分为五个等级, 即生理需求、安全需求、情感和归属需求、尊重的需求和自我实现的需求。当较低需求被满足之后, 人们会寻求更高一级的需求, 因而《瑞丽》实施的高定价策略符合目标读者的心理需求机制。

(四) 选择合适的分销渠道。

期刊的分销渠道是指期刊从生产者手中转至读者手中所经历的中间渠道。分销渠道的选择成功与否直接决定着期刊经营的成败。期刊发行有多种渠道, 如自办发行、邮局发行以及委托发行。《瑞丽》期刊采取委托发行的模式, 由北京大华弘景期刊发行有限责任公司作为《瑞丽》期刊的总代理。大华弘景在全国拥有销售及展示合作网点62000多家, 主要合作的省级经销商近50家, 间接管理的地级经销商286家。大华弘景凭借其强大的发行网络, 实现传统覆盖网络如报刊亭、书店和新的销售通路, 如机场、超市、便利店和校园的有效对接, 降低了受众获取《瑞丽服饰美容》的难度。

(五) 实施关系营销, 打造品牌忠诚度。

该策略基于4R理论为出发点, 以打造受众忠诚度为目标。《瑞丽》通过瑞丽俱乐部在期刊和会员之间形成长期友好的关系, 同时为瑞丽会员和客户提供多种增值服务。此外, 瑞丽传媒每年都会举行一系列活动, 如瑞丽封面女孩大赛、美丽大课堂走进高校活动、瑞丽暑期训练营、金牌造型等活动, 拉近受众与杂志的距离, 树立品牌效应, 构建受众的情感忠诚度和行为忠诚度。瑞丽集团大力对集团资源进行整合, 以《瑞丽服饰美容》为先导, 继而开发出《瑞丽伊人风尚》、《瑞丽可爱先锋》、《瑞丽家居设计》的平面媒体品牌系列, 再从平面媒体延伸至网络媒体, 创立亚太地区最大的女性垂直门户网——瑞丽女性网, 实施品牌延伸战略。

三、结论

《瑞丽》成功的源头在于市场细分的清晰和市场定位的准确, 此外, 其在期刊内容、定价策略、分销渠道等方面也有着独到的视角。《瑞丽》通过与读者建立长久稳定的关系, 构建受众的品牌忠诚度, 亦是其在市场营销方面积累的成功经验。对《瑞丽》的成功经验进行梳理和分析, 可以为其他期刊提供经验借鉴。

从1995年9月《瑞丽服饰美容》诞生开始, 瑞丽集团已走过十七个年头。瑞丽集团在“媒体整合, 品牌延伸”的战略指导之下, 实施多元化战略, 形成以高档期刊为核心业务, 同时发展网络、图书、无线移动媒体等多种媒体, 经营范围涵盖期刊、网络、图书、广告、无线移动媒体、发行、整合营销、模特经纪等多项业务, 成为中国领先的时尚传媒企业。

摘要：改革开放以来, 我国期刊发展态势良好, 其中, 时尚类期刊表现尤为抢眼, 本文以市场营销理论为基础, 以《瑞丽》为研究对象, 分析时尚类期刊的营销策略, 旨在为其他期刊提供有益借鉴和启示。

关键词：4P理论,4C理论,4R理论,时尚类期刊,营销策略

参考文献

[1]崔保国.2012年:中国传媒产业发展报告[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2012