初中英语时态教学(共7篇)
英语的动词时态这一语法现象与我们母语的语法差别较大,学起来也较乏味。如何教学这些语法,从而使学生更好、更有效地掌握它们,是经常困扰教师的问题。笔者在教学实践中进行了努力的尝试和探索,并依据信息加工的学习理论,总结出较为行之有效的“三元”教学法:从“标志”信息输入着眼,经过“概念”思维加工,达成“结构”形式输出,从而使师生摆脱枯燥的时态教学,掌握动词时态的规律,形成有效的语法教学策略。
一、从“概念、结构、标志”三个方面把握动词时态
“概念、结构、标志”三个方面是学习一种时态所必须把握的,三者相互联系,相互制约,共同表述一个完整的时态含义。“概念”清楚地说明了一种时态的用法。对于概念的把握一定要全面、准确,表述严密,如对于一般现在时的用法,不能只表述为“表示经常性或习?
下面列举两种时态进行说明。
(一)一般现在时
1、概念:一般现在时的基本用法有四种。(1)表示现在的状况,如Mr、Green has two children、(2)表示主语所具备的性格或能力,如Ann enjoys listening to the radio、Miss White speaks Chinese very well、(3)表示经常性、习惯性或反复出现的动作或状态,如I usually rest on Sundays、Mr、Brown always gets up early、LiLei goes to see Uncle Wang once a month、(4)表示客观事实和普遍真理,如It never snows in Australia in December、Light travels faster than sound、2、结构:一般现在时的结构在一般情况下用动词原形,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词也要相应变成单数形式,其否定式、疑问式要加助动词do或does。例如:Miss Gao teaches us English、Does your mother work in a factory?
3、标志:一般现在时常与下列表示频率的副词或短语连用:always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,never,twice a week,on Sundays等。
(二)现在完成时
1、概念:基本用法有两种。(1)表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。(2)表示从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,常与表示一段时间的状语连用。
2、结构:助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词。
3、标志:用法(1)常与下列词语连用:already,yet,just,ever,never,before,recently等;用法(2)常与“since+时间点”或“for+时间段”所构成的表示一段时间的状语连用,也可与包括“现在”在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如this morning,these days等。
其他几种时态不再一一列举。在平时的教学中,只要我们从上述三个方面去把握动词时态,学生就会逐渐发现其规律,做到有章可循,主动地学习,从而变以教师为主体的讲语法为以学生为主体的学语法,收到事半功倍的效果。
二、要善于进行各种时态的用法比较
学习了几种时态以后,就容易出现混淆、错用的情况,这就要求我们要不断地将一些时态加以比较,以便能够更好地把握其本质。其实,动词时态的比较也是以“概念、结构、标志”三元为依据比较的。试看下面几种时态的比较。
(一)一般过去时与现在完成时的用法比较
1、一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系,它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用;而现在完成时既涉及过去又联系现在,但它强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。试比较:I have posted the letter(说明现在信不在这里)。I posted the letter yesterday(只说明昨天寄信这一事实)。
2、有些时间状语(标志),如this morning,tonight等,既可用于一般过去时,也可用于现在完成时,但所表示的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时的表示“现在”在内,而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。例如:I have read the book this May(讲话时仍是五月)。I read the book this May(讲话时五月已过)。
(二)一般过去时与过去完成时的用法比较
1、一般过去时表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态;而过去完成时则表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作或状态,其标志是“过去的过去”。当强调过去某一动作发生在过去另一动作之前时,常用此时态。例如:The film had already begun when I reached the theatre、2、一般过去时与过去完成时都可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用,但侧重点有所不同。试比较:They had done the work at five o’clock、They did the work at five o’clock、第一句说明工作在五点钟已完成,并未说明是什么时候完成的;第二句说明工作是在五点钟做的。
3、在带有before或after引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,由于主、从句动作发生的先后顺序已非常明确,所以可用一般过去时代替过去完成时,如The train had left before I got to the station、也可以说:The train left before I got to the station、其他时态的比较,如一般现在时与现在进行时,一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较不再列举。时态的混合使用是以掌握好每一种时态的用法以及各时态的比较用法为基础的,在中学阶段使用较少,在此不做详谈。
三、注意时态与时间不一致的特殊情况
如前所述,判断时态要从“标志”(时间状语)着眼,这是一般规律。但有些情况下,时态与时间(标志)并不一致,在教学中应引起足够的重视,做到灵活使用,可视之为“特殊标志”。
1、一些表示来往动作的动词(动向动词)常用进行时表示将来时,常见的这类动词有arrive,come,go,leave,set off,start等、例如:The Browns are leaving for Paris next month、2、一般现在时有时可以表示预定的近期将发生的动作或状态,也可用来表示说话时正在进行的动作。例如:Are you free tomorrow? The train starts at 7:50 in the evening、Here comes the bus!There goes the bell!
3、一般过去时可以表示目前非真实的情况或不能实现的愿望(即虚拟语气)。例如:I wish I could fly to the moon by spaceship、It’s high time you went home、If I were you,I would go with him、4、在含有状语从句的复合句中,当主句是将来时态或是祈使句时,状语从句应用一般现在时或现在完成时代替一般将来时,用一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如:I will go to town if it doesn’t rain tomorrow、He said he would come to see us if he had time、Please tell him about it as soon as he comes back、Are you going to play with us when you have finished your homework?
5、在含有宾语从句的复合句中,主从句动词时态有如下不一致情况。
(1)当宾语从句表示科学真理、客观事实、格言或其他不受时间影响、限制的客观存在的事物时,如:Long ago people didn’t know that the earth moves round the sun、She told hers on that practice makes perfect、(2)当宾语从句用来解释、表达科技内容时,如:The teacher told us that the attraction of the earth for all bodies is called gravity、(3)当宾语从句表示一种反复出现或目前习惯性动作时,如:He said he does morning exercises everyday、(4)当宾语从句中谓语动词的动作在转述时仍在继续,或表示现在时刻仍存在的状态时,如:LiLei said his father is attending a meeting in Shanghai、She told me the other day that she is only seventeen、6、其他从句,如比较状语从句、定语从句等不受主句时态的影响,应根据实际需要,选择适当的时态。例如:It was colder yesterday than it is today、Last night I read the book which you are reading now、对于这些特殊情况,在平时的教学中,应特别注意。其实,我们也可以把上述情况视为一种特殊的“标志”,进而判断相应的时态形式。
一、重视学生学习策略的培养
英语的时态 (tense) 是谓语表示的动作或动作发生时间的各种状态。不同的时态表示不同的时间与状态, 所以, 时态就是动词呈现的形式。就好像名词的复数形式是名词的另一种形式。英语动词的时态种类很多, 但初中学生只需掌握八种基本时态, 那就是, 一般现在时 (the present tense) 、一般过去时 (the past tense) 、一般将来时 (the future tense) 、过去将来时 (the past future tense) 、现在进行时 (the present continuous tense) 、过去进行时 (the pest continuous tense) 、现在完成时 (the presen perfect tense) 、过去完成时 (the past perfect tense) , 教学中应引导学生学会八种基本时态。在一般现在时中的动词变为过去式时就构成了一般过去时, 现在完成时中的“have/has”变为过去式就构成了过去完成时, 等等。每种时态都有各自的标志性时间状语, 学生掌握了一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时, 其他时态就很容易学了。
二、分清一般过去时和一般现在时
一般现在时和一般过去时的主要区别是:一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态, 常与时间状语搭配;真理名言, 客观存在的, 科学结论。后者则表示在确定的过去时间里发生的事情或存在的某种状态。
一般现在时的用法是表示经常性或习惯性的某一动作, 常与时间状语always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day等连用。真理是不需要证明的事实或现象, 例如:The earth moves around the sun.格言:Pride goes before a fall.
一般过去时表示在确定的过去时间内发生的某种动作或存在的某种状态, 常与时间状语yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, just now, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, etc等连用。也可表示在过去的时间里, 经常性或习惯性动作, 如When I was ten years old, I often played basketball in the park。
三、比较一般过去时与现在完成时
首先一般过去时仅仅表示过去发生的动作或状态, 与现在的状态没有任何关系, 它一般与表示过去的时间状语搭配;而现在完成时不仅与过去联系还与现在联系, 着重强调的是现在的状态, 因此它不能和确定的表示过去的时间状语搭配。例如:I have posted the letter. (说明现在信不在这里) 。I posted the letter yesterday. (只说明昨天寄信这一事实) 。
其次有些时间状语, 例如:this morning, tonight等, 不仅用于一般过去时, 还可用于现在完成时, 只是所表示的意义不同罢了。用在现在完成时时表示“现在”情况, 用于一般过去时就与“现在”的状态无关了。例如:I have read the book this May. (讲话时仍是五月) 。I read the book this May. (讲话时五月已过) 。
四、辨析一般过去时与过去完成时
一般过去时表示的是在过去某段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态, 过去完成时则表示在过去的时间里或这个动作之前就已经完成了的动作或状态, 也就是“过去的过去”。如果强调的是过去某一动作发生在过去的另一个动作之前, 就要用这种时态。例如:The film had already begun when I reached the theatre.
一般过去时与过去完成时同样可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语搭配, 只是突出的特点不同。例如:They had done the work at five o’clock, They did the work at five o’clock, 前句说明工作在五点钟已经完成, 但未说明具体是什么时候完成的;后句说明工作是在五点钟时进行的。
一般情况下, 在含有before或after引导的表示时间状语从句的复合句中, 因为从句动作发生的先后顺序很明确, 所以可用一般过去时代替过去完成时, 例如:The train had left beforeI got to the station.或者说:The train left before I got to the station.
参考文献
[1]徐筱滢.高中英语不可忽视语法教学[J].中小学英语教学与研究, 2009, (10) .
[2]战加香.新课标下的英语语法教学[J].中小学英语教学与研究, 2010, (10) .
【关键词】初中英语 时态教学 教学要点
英语时态是英语语法的基础。初中阶段,学生必须熟练掌握一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、现在进行时和过去进行时的构成和基本用法,理解过去将来时、过去完成时的构成和基本用法。如何教授好这些相关时态语法呢?笔者根据多年的英语教学实践,认为时态语法教学应把握以下几点:
1.明确时态的含义,抓住重点词,理解时态的发生时间。比如,在进行一般现在时教学时,我们首先要明确一般现在时的含义:一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。在这里,要特别抓住“经常性”与“习惯性”这两个词,举例让学生理解什么是经常性、习惯性的动作或状态。最好让学生联系实际,从自身理解出发,从而增强学生学习兴趣,充分体会学习的实用性。可以通过问学生“我昨天吃了一个苹果”、“我天天都要吃苹果”、“我明天要吃一个苹果”等一系列的问题来让学生明白哪些动作应该归为经常性和习惯性的动作或状态。在学生理解了什么是经常性习惯性的动作、状态之后,要求学生再从日常生活中列举经常性、习惯性的动作或状态,包括表示主语具备的性格和能力等,从而一步步理解运用时态。
2.明确时态中明显的时间或其它标志词。每一个时态都有明显的标志词,其中有时间标志词的时态比较多。一般现在时里经常出现usually, always,ofen , every day ,every year 等时间标志词。一般将来时里则会出现tomorrow, next week 等表将来时间的标志词。教师要让学生明确记住这些词,把这些词的含义和时态的含义联系起来,让学生进一步的理解每一个时态的发生时间。
3.要让学生明确掌握时态的谓语动词构成。英语时态变化最主要体现在谓语动词的变化。每一个时态谓语动词的构成都是不一样的,一般过去时里谓语动词要用过去式,现在完成时里谓语动词要用have或has后跟动词过去分词。在初中阶段,要求掌握的时态中,最复杂的谓语动词变化是一般现在时,它的谓语动词总体上分为be动词和实义动词两类。学生刚进初中就开始接触be动词am, is, are的用法,印象也最深刻,实义动词则相对难一些。笔者在讲解be动词时,先呈现I am a student , I am a boy . She is a girl ,he is a student , LiMing is my friend , We are friends , We are students , LiMing and Jenny are friends 等特例让学生观察,从主语和be动词的关系入手,要求学生总结出be动词的用法:主语有且只有I 时用am ,主语一个不可数用is,主语两个或两个以上用are。有了这个基础,在讲解实义动词时,学生也可以根据特例总结出一般现在时中实义动词的用法规律。
英语中动词有五种形式即动词原型(V原)、第三人称单数(Vs/es)、现在分词(Ving)、过去式(Ved)和过去分词(Vpp)。在不同的时态里,所用动词的形式不同。在相应时态里涉及到相应的动词形式变化规则一定要让学生记住并学会应用。在讲解Vs/es的变化规则时一定要让学生对比名词复数的变化规则,提醒学生不要混淆两者。另外,要让学生单独记忆不规则动词的过去式和过去分词。
4.要求学生掌握时态的否定句和一般疑问句句型。英语中任何时态的句子都包括了肯定句、疑问句和否定句,它们是一个整体。在讲解时态时,一般先由此时态的肯定句入手且习惯性重点讲解,但一定要记住这个时态否定句和一般疑问句的讲解,让学生全面的理解、掌握、应用这个时态。
5.注意时态的对比教学。时态的对比,可以是明显不同的时态对比,也可以是比较相似的时态的对比。明显不同的时态对比,比如一般现在时和一般过去时的对比,让学生判断动作是经常发生的还是过去发生的,对比谓语动词的用法进一步在具体的语境中理解应用这两个时态;比较相似的时态的对比,比如现在进行时和过去进行时的对比,让学生判断动作发生的时间,比较两个时态的相同和不同之处。通过时态的对比教学,让学生更加准确的掌握每个时态的发生时间和谓语动词的变化。
6.适当应用教学策略。根据学习金字塔理论,教师教授学生学到并保持的知识量只有5%,学生自己阅读学到并保持的有10%,学生小组讨论可以学到并保持的有50%,实践练习可以学到并保持的有75%,向他人教授可以学到并保持的高达90%。在时态教学中,教师应该根据学生的实际情况因材施教。在教师讲授学生主动参与的情况下,可以让学生进行相关阅读;可以让学生相互讨论、相互增益;可以创设情境,让学生从“模仿练习——对语法涉及情境做出有意义的语言反应——有意义的练习”,最终实现现实情境交际;可以让学生在理解掌握并把知识内化之后,用自己的语言和方式教授其他的学生,从而对所学知识进一步理解应用;可以利用所学知识去完成一些具体的事情,最终形成综合语言应用能力;可以在适当的时候选择性的应用呈现法、归纳法、演绎法、练习法、游戏法、故事法、任务教学法等教学方法。
总之,英语的时态教学不是一个独立学习语法的过程,是一个让学生主动积极参与,应用正确的学习策略学会时态语法,并应用时态知识进行交流、阅读、理解英语国家语言习惯、文化差异等方面的过程,是一个综合应用语言能力的过程。因此,在教学中,我们应以培养学生综合应用语言能力为前提,综合各方面信息,结合上述几点进行有效教学。
参考文献:
[1]爱德加·戴尔.学习金字塔.百度百科.
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. “I _____ his telephone number.” “I have his number, but I ____ to bring my phone book.”
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
【陷阱】容易误选A,认为“忘记”是现在的事。
【分析】仔细体会一下对话的语境:第一个人说“我忘记他的电话号码了”,这个“忘记”应该是现在的情况,即现在忘记了,要不然就没有必要同对方说此话了,故第一空应填 forget;第二个人说“我有他的号码,但我忘记带电话本了”,这个“忘记”应该是过去的情况,即过去忘记带电话本,所以现在电话本不在身上(注意句中的转折连词 but),故第二空应填 forgot,即答案选应C.请再看一例:
- Oh, I ______ where he lives.
- Don’t you carry your address book?
No, I ______ to bring it.
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
答案选C,理由同上。
2. I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _____ too busy.
A. was B. had been
C. would be D. would have been
【陷阱】容易误选B或D,认为前句用了had hoped,所以此句谓语要用B或D与之呼应。
【分析】但正确答案为A,前一句谓语用had hoped,表示的是过去未曾实现的想法或打算,可以译为“本想”,而后一句说“我太忙”,这是陈述过去的一个事实,所以要用一般过去时。请做以下类似试题(答案均为A):
(1) We had hoped to catch the 10:20 train, but _____ it was gone.
A. found B. had found
C. would find D. would have found
(2) We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you _____.
A. didn’t B. hadn’t
C. needn’t D. would not have
(3) We had wanted to come to see him, but we ____ no time.
A. had B. had had
C. would have D. would have had
(4) I had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone ______ and I couldn’t get away.
A. called B. had called
C. would call D. would have called
(5) The traffic accident wouldn’t have happened yesterday, but the driver _______ really careless.
A. was B. is
C. were D. had been
3. Dear me! Just _____ at the time! I _____ no idea it was so late.
A. look, have B. looking, had
C. look, had D. looking, have
【陷阱】此题容易误选D,认为第一空用现在分词表伴随,第二空填 have 的一般现在时,以保持与前面时态的一致性。
【分析】其实,此题应选C,第一空应填 look, 因为这是祈使句的谓语;第二空应填 had,因为前一句说“看看时间吧”,这一看当然知道了现在很迟的情形,“不知道这么迟了”显然应是“过去”的事,故应用一般过去时态,许多同学由于忽略这一隐含的语境而误选。
4. “Your phone number again? I _____ quite catch it.” “It’s 4331577”
A. didn’t B. couldn’t
C. don’t D. can’t
【陷阱】此题容易误选C,认为此处要用一般现在时态,表示现在“没听清对方的话”。
【分析】其实,此题答案应选A,根据上文的语境“请把你的电话号码再说一遍好吗?”可知“没听清对方的电话号码”应是在说此话以前,故应用一般过去时态。请看以下类似试题:
(1) “Mr Smith isn’t coming tonight.” “ But he _____.”
A. promises B. promised
C. will promise D. had promised
答案选B,“他答应(要来)”应发生在过去。
(2) “Hey, look where you are going!” “Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _____.”
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
答案选B,“我没注意”是对方提醒之前的事,现经对方一提醒,当然注意到了。
(3) “Oh it’s you! I ________ you.” “I’ve had my hair cut.”
A. didn’t realize B. haven’t realized
C. didn’t recognize D. don’t recognized
答案选C.“没认出是你”是说此话之前的事,说此话时显然已经认出了对方。
(4) “What’s her new telephone number?” “Oh, I _____.”
A. forget B. forgot
C. had forgotten D. am forgetting
此题应选A,从语境上看,“忘记”的时间应是现在,即指现在不记得了。
(5) “Since you’ve agreed to go, why aren’t you getting ready?” “But I ______ that you would have me start at once.”
A. don’t realize B. didn’t realize
C. hadn’t realized D. haven’t realized
答案选B.“没意识到”是对方提醒之前的事。
(6) “It’s twelve o’clock, I think I must be off now.” “Oh, really? I ______ it at all.”
A. don’t realize B. haven’t realized
C. didn’t realize D. hadn’t realized
答案选C.“没意识到”是在听到的话之前的事。
5. Mr Smith ______ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether he has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote
C. had written D. was writing
【陷阱】容易误选B或C.
【分析】此题应选D,这是由 but I don’t know whether he has finished it 这一句话的语境决定的,全句意为“史密斯先生去年在写一本书,但我不知道他现在是否写完了”。有的同学可能由于受 last year的影响而误选B.但若选B,则句子前半部分的意思则变为“史密斯先生去年写了一本书”,既然是“写了”,那么这与下文的“但我不知道他现在是否写完了”相矛盾。
6. He has changed a lot. He _______ not what he _______.
A. is, is B. was, was
C. is, was D. was, is
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案选C,上文说“他”变化很大,即“他”现在不是过去的那个样子了,故第一空填is,第二空填 was(其实第二空也可用 used to be)。请看类例:
“What place is it?” “Haven’t you found out we _____ back where we ______?”
A. were, had been B. have been, are
C. are, were D. are, had been
答案选C,We are back where we were 的意思是“我们(现在)又回到刚才来过的地方”。
7. He is very busy. I don’t know if he _____ or not tomorrow.
A. come B. comes
C. will come D. is coming
【陷阱】此题容易误选B.认为 if 引导的是条件状语从句,从句谓语要用一般现在时表示将来意义。
【分析】其实,此题答案应选C,句中if引导的不是条件状语从句(即if≠如果),而是宾语从句(即if=是否),句意为“他很忙,我不知道明天他是否会来。”请看以下类似试题:
(1) I don’t know if she _____, but if she ____ I will let you know.
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案选 D,第一个 if 引导的是宾语从句,第二个 if 引导的是条件状语从句。
(2) “When _____ he come?” “I don’t know, but when he _____, I’ll tell you.”
A. does, comes B. will, will come
C. does, will come D. will, comes
答案选 D,第一个 when 疑问副词,用于引出一个特殊疑问句;第二个 when是从属连词,用于引导时间状语从句。
(3) “When he _____ is not known yet.” “But when he ____, he will be warmly welcomed.”
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案选 D,第一个 when 引导的是主语从句,第二个 when引导的是时间状语从句。
8. The bridge, which _____ 1688, needs repairing.
A. is dated from B. was dated from
C. dates from D. dated from
【陷阱】此题容易误选B或D,认为句中用了 1688 这个过去时间,所以应选过去时态,又因为 date from 不用于被动语态,所以只能选D.
【分析】其实此题的最佳答案应是C,因为 date from 的意思是“自某时起存在至今”(=have existed since),它通常用于一般现在时,而不用过去时态(尽管其后接的总是表示过去的时间)。如:
The church dates from 1176. 这座教堂是六世纪建的。
The castle dates from the 14th century. 这座城堡是14世纪建的。
但若所谈论的东西现在已不复存在,则可用一般过去时。如:
The church, which dated from the 13th century, was destroyed in an earthquake two years ago. 那座教堂是13世纪建成的,两年前在一次地震中被毁了。
注:与 date from 同义的 date back to 也有类似用法。
9. “You’ve left the light on.” “Oh, so I have. _____ and turn it off.”
A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone
C. I go D. I’m going
【陷阱】容易误选D.
【分析】A和D两者均可表示将来,填入空格处似乎都可以。但实际上只有A是最佳的,因为根据上下文的语境来看,“我去把灯关掉”这一行为是说话人听了对方的话后临时想到的,而不是事先准备的。而按英语习惯:will 和 be going to后接动词原形均可表示意图,但意图有强弱之分,如果是事先考虑过的意图,要用 be going to;如果不是事先考虑过的,而是说话时刻才临时想到的意图,则用 will.比较:
“I’ve come out without any money.” “Never mind, I will lend you some.” “我出来没带钱。”“没关系,我借给你。”(句中用will lend,表示“借”钱给对方是临时想到的,即听了对方的话后临时作出的反应)
I’ve bought a typewriter and I’m going to learn to type. 我买了台打字机,我想学打字。(句中用 be going to learn to type,表示说话人要学打字是事先准备的,并为此买了台打字机)
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. Look at that little boy wandering about - perhaps he _____ his mother.
A. will lose B. is losing
C. had lost D. has lost
2. It’s good that we _____ to the park because it’s started to rain.
A. don’t go B. hadn’t gone
C. didn’t go D. wasn’t going
3. I _____ for five minutes; why don’t they come?
A. am calling B. called
C. was calling D. have been calling
4. You _____ your turn so you’ll have to wait.
A. will miss B. have missed
C. are missing D. had missed
5. We _____ to move but are still considering where to go to.
A. are deciding B. decided
C. have decided D. had decided
6. I left my pen on the desk and now it’s gone; who _____ it?
A. took B. has taken
C. will take D. had taken
7. They won’t buy any new clothes because they _____ money to buy a new car.
A. save B. were saving
C. have saved D. are saving
8. I _____ your last point - could you say it again?
A. didn’t quite catch B. don’t quite catch
C. hadn’t quite catch D. can’t quite catch
9. You’ll never guess who I met today - my old teacher! We _____ for 20 years.
A. don’t meet B. haven’t met
C. hadn’t met D. couldn’t meet
10. I feel sure I _____ her before somewhere.
A. was to meet B. have met
C. had met D. would meet
11. They haven’t arrived yet but we _____ them at any moment.
A. are expected B. have expected
C. are expecting D. will expect
12. I think you must be mistaken about seeing him at the theatre; I’m sure he _____ abroad all week.
A. is B. was
C. has been D. had been
13. The students _______ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _______ in the office.
A. had written, left B. were writing, has left
C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
14. I tried to phone her, but even as I _____ she was leaving the building.
A. phoned B. would phone
C. had phoned D. was phoning
15. “I suppose you _____ that report yet?” “I finished it yesterday, as a matter of fact.”
A. didn’t finish B. haven’t finished
C. hadn’t finished D. wasn’t finishing
16. -Didn’t the guard see him breaking into the bank?
-No, he _______ in the other direction.
A. was looking B. had looked
C. looked D. is looking
17. How can you possibly miss the news? It _______ on TV all day long.
A. has been B. had been
C. was D. will be
18. “I thought you might have got drunk.” “Yes, I ______.”
A. almost have B. almost had
C. almost did D. might have
19. You ______ television. Why not do something more active?
A. always watch B. are always watching
C. have always watched D. have always been watching
20. “I took part in the TOEFL. It was really hard.” “Did you ______ a lot?”
A. Have you studied B. Did you study
C. Had you studied D. Do you study
21. “What’s your opinion on the matter, please?” “Oh, sorry, I _______.”
A. wasn’t to listen B. haven’t listened
C. wasn’t listening D. hadn’t listened
22. “Aha, you’re a chain smoker!” “Only at home. Nobody _______ that but you.”
A. discovered B. had discovered
C. discovers D. is discovering
23. The telephone _______ three times in the last hour, and each time it ________ for my father.
A. had rang; was B. has rung; was
C. rang; has been D. has been ringing; is
24. The thief tried to break away from the policeman who ______ him, but failed.
A. has held B. had held
C. was holding D. would hold
25. When I arrived at the company, the manager ______, so we had only time for a few words.
A. just went away B. had gone away
C. was just going away D. has just gone away
26. “John took a photograph of you just now.” “Oh, really? I ______.”
A. didn’t know B. wasn’t knowing
C. don’t know D. haven’t known
27. “Mike is not coming to the football game this afternoon.” “It’s a shame! He _______!”
A. promises B. promised
C. will promise D. had promised
28. Please call again. Jim _______ a bath just now.
A. has had B. was having
C. is having D. has
29. “Was Andrew there when you arrived?” “Yes, but he ______ home soon afterwards.”
A. had gone B. has gone
C. is going D. went
30. “Where is Mother.” “She is in the kitchen. She _______ the housework all morning.”
A. is doing B. was doing
C. has done D. has been doing
31. The books, ________ the dictionaries, must be put back where they ________.
A. included; were B. to include; are
C. including; were D. including; are
◆答案与解析◆
1. 选D.根据那个小男孩徘徊的现象,推知他可能是找不到妈妈了。用现在完成时表示结果。
2. 选C.句意为“好在我们(刚才)没有去公园,因为天(现在)已经开始下雨了”。
3. 选D.用现在完成进行时表示持续到现在的一段时间。
4. 选B,用现在完成时表示结果,即你已经错过了机会,其结果是:你只能等。
5. 选C.用现在完成时表示影响。
6. 选B.用现在完成时表示影响或结果,即现在笔不见了,是由于某人已经把它拿走了的结果。
7. 选D.用现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。
8. 选A.从下文的语境看,既然现在叫对方重复一遍,说明“没听清对方的最后一点”应发生在过去(即说此话之前)。
9. 选B.用现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的一段时间。
10. 选B.before 用作副词时不与具体时间连用,泛指“以前”,通常与一般过去时或现在完成时连用。
11. 选C.用现在进行时表示目前的一种状态。
12. 选C.用现在完成时表示影响或结果,即他整个星期都在国外,所以你说你在剧院见过他,你一定是搞错了。
13. 选D.“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前,因此“忘了书”这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在“同学们正忙于……”这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
14. 选D.注意even as 的意思,它表示“正当……的时候”或“恰当……的时候”。
15. 选B.注意下文语境--事实上,我昨天就做完了。从该回答的语气上推测,填空处应填现在完成时态。
16. 选A.表示当时正在进行的动作。
17. 选A.表示目前一种持续的状态。
18. 选C.句中的 might have got drunk是对过去情况的推测,故答句所指的情况也应在过去,故选C.
19. 选B.always 与进行时态连用,可以表示高兴、满意、抱怨、厌恶等感情色彩。
20. 选C.根据took的时态可知,“参加托福考试”发生在过去;而对方问“是否努力学习过?”这肯定问的是参加考试以前的事,故用过去完成时。
21. 选C.“没听”肯定是刚才的事,所以应用过去时态。
22. 选C.答句陈述的是客观事实,故用一般现在时态。
23. 选B.按英语语法,“in the last [past]+一段时间”通常与现在完成时连用。
24. 选C.用过去进行时表示当时在持续的一种状态。
25. 选C.由于下文说we had only time for a few words,说明“经理”正准备离开。
26. 选A.“不知道”是对方告诉自己之前的事,故用一般过去时。
27. 选B.根据语境,他“答应”发生在过去,故用一般过去时。
28. 选C.just now 有两个意思:一是表示“刚才”,此时just now 为习语;二是表示“现在”、“眼前”、“就在此时”,此时 just 意为“正好”、“恰好”,用以修饰副词now.根据句子语境,句中的 just now 应取上面的第二个意思。
29. 选D.Andrew“回家”发生在你见到他(发生在过去)之后不久。
30. 选 D.现在完成进行时表示从过去至今一直在持续的动作。
31. 选 C.第一空including不填 included,因为其后带有宾语;第二填 were,是因为它是指“原来放的地方”。
1, present simple 一般现在时
A, structure 结构: V---动词原形Vs---第三人称单数
B, use
a, a fact that is always true or that is true for a long time
eg.I come from China.She works for a big company.b, a habit: every, often, usually, always, sometimes, never…
eg.My father always goes to work by car.C, negative: don’t / doesn’t + V
D, questions: Do / Does + 主语+ V
2, present continuous
A, structure: am/is/are+ V-ing
B, use
a, sth.in progress now: now, at the moment, today
eg.We are having an English class now.b, a future arrangement: this evening, tonight, tomorrow, next…
eg.She is playing tennis with her friends this afternoon.C, negative: be + not
D, question: be 提到主语之前
3, present perfect
A, structure: have / has + p.p
B, use
a, an experience in life: ever, never, all one’s life
eg.Have you ever been abroad?
b, a past action continues to now: for, since, recently, so far, for the past two weeks…how long
eg.I have worked in this company since I graduated from university.c, a past action with a result now: just, already, yet
eg.She has already done the washing up.C, negative: have / has + not
D, question: Have / Has 提前
※no definite time in this tense现在完成时没有确定的时间
4, present perfect continuous
A, structure: have / has + been + V-ing
B, use
a, a past action continues to now
eg.I have been waiting for you for ages!
b, a past action with a result now
eg.My back aches because I have been working in the garden all day.I’m hot because I have been running.My eyes are red because I have been reading all day.I’m wet because I have been washing my dog.C, negative: have/has + not
D, question: have/has提前
E, the differences between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous
a, to emphasize the result, we use the present perfect simple强调结果,用一般的现在完成时。
to emphasize the activity, we use the present perfect continuous强调动作,用现在完成进行时。
b, the results are different: for the direct results of the activity, we use the simple, for the indirect ones, we use the continuous form.对动作造成的直接结果,用一般的现在完成时,对间接结果,用现在完成进行时。
eg.I have repaired the car.(the result here: the car is ok now)
I have been repairing the car.(the result here: my hands are dirty now/ I’m tired now)
c, some words have an idea for a short time: lose, stop…we use the simple eg.I’ve lost my purse.some words have an idea for a long time: work, learn…we use the continuous eg.I’ve been working here for 3 years.d, some state verbs can’t be used in the continuous form, so we use the simple one.状态词不能用在进行时里。
e, if there are numbers and quantity, we use the simple form.如果有数字和数量,用一般的现在完成时。
eg.I have written three letters this morning.I have been writing the letter this morning.补充:state verbs
a, verbs of thinking and opinions
think(认为),know, understand, believe, mean, remember, forget
b, verbs of emotions and feelings
like, love, hate, want, hope, wish
c, verbs of having and being
have(有),belong, own, cost, need, depend on
d, verbs of the senses
look看起来, hear听起来, taste尝起来, smell闻起来, feel摸起来
※ 有标注中文意思的这些词,只有在这些意思的时候,才是状态词,没有进行时,意思改变的时候是可以的。
eg.I am thinking of changing my job.考虑
We were having dinner when someone called.吃
She is tasting the soup.品尝
5, past simple
A, structure: V-ed 动词用过去时,有的是不规则变化。
B, use
a, a past action.eg.I went camping with colleagues last weekend.C, negative: didn’t + V
D, question: Did + 主语+ V
E, the differences between the past simple and the present perfect
a, if there is a definite past time, we can’t use the present perfect: yesterday, last night, last Monday…in 1999, when I was a little child…有确切的过去时间,不能用现在完成时。
eg.I met my husband when I was in the university.6, past continuous
A, structure: was / were + V-ing
B, use
a, an action that was in progress at a certain time in the past: this time yesterday, at 8:00 last night…
eg.I was doing my revision this time yesterday.b,a past simple interrupted a past continuous一般过去时打断过去进行时: when, while, as
eg.I was shopping when I lost my mobile.c, to describe a scene in a story 描述故事的场景
eg.It was Sunday.The sun was shining and the birds were singing.C, negative: was/were + not
D, question:: was/were 提前
7, past perfect
A, structure: had + p.p
B, use
a, a past action happened before a past action 过去的过去
eg.When I got to the station, the train had already gone.※ 在时间状语从句中,特别是when, while, as引导的从句中,肯定是有两个动作,时态要这样用:
如果两个动作是一个借一个发生的,两个都用一般过去时:
eg.When I got home, she cooked dinner.我到家之后,她去做饭。
如果两个动作同时发生,短的动作打断长的动作,短的用一般过去时,长的用过去进行时:
eg.When I got home, she was cooking dinner, 当我到家的时候,她正在做饭。如果两个动作,一个是过去发生的,另外一个在这个过去时间的过去发生,那么第一个用一般过去时,第二个用过去进行时:
eg.When I got home, she had cooked dinner.8, future tenses
Struture1: will + V
Use: a, express an intention, decision, offer made at the moment of speaking.eg.-----I have a letter to post.-----well, I’m going to the post office, so I will post it for you.b, a prediction based on personal opinion, often with “I think…will/ I don’t think…will”
eg.-------Where are you going on holiday this year?
c, a future fact.Eg.Those followers won’t grow under the tree.You will be ill if you eat all those sweets!
-------I don’t know.Maybe I will visit my grandmother.Structure2: am/is/are + V-ing
Use: a future arrangement made before speaking
Structure3: be going to + V
Use: a, a future plan, intension made before speaking
b, a prediction based on fact and evidence
1.一般现在时的用法。
1) 表示经常性, 习惯性的动作或状态;表示现在的状态, 特征 , 客观事实或普遍真理。句中常用often, usually, always, every day, sometimes, on Sunday, in the morning或表示频率的词, 如once a year等时间状语, 例如:
He goes to school every day. (经常性动作)
He is a boy. (现在的状态)
The earth moves around the sun. (真理)
2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中, 用现在时表示将来, 例如:
If it doesn’t rain this afternoon, we’ll go swimming.
When I see him, I’ll tell him the news.
2. 一般过去时的用法。
1) 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。句中常用yesterday, just now,
the day before yesterday, last week (month, year…) , in1998 (过去的时间) , at that time, at that moment, just then 等。
They played soccer yesterday.
I worked in a factory in 1986.
2) 表示过去经常发生的动作, 运用“used to do ”。例如:
I used to live here.
注意:used to表示过去常发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“be used to+名词 ( 动名词) ”表示 “习惯于…… ”。例如:
I am used to the climate here. (我习惯了这里的气候)
He is used to taking a walk after supper. (他习惯晚饭后散步) .
3. 一般将来时的用法。
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。 句中常用tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, next week (month, year…) , in+时间段, 其表达形式除了“will或shall+动词原形”外, 还有
1) “to be going to+动词原形”, 表示即将发生的或打算, 计划要做的事。例如:
There are lots of black clouds?It is going to rain.
We are going to have a picnic this afternoon.
2) leave , go, come, start, move, 等可用进行时态表示将来的动作。例如:
We are leaving for Beijing.
He is coming.
4. 现在进行时的用法。
现在进行时表示现在正在发生的动作或行为, 由“ be+ v-ing”构成。句中常用now, at the moment, Look, Listen, this week , these days。
例如:What are you doing now?
Look! The boys are playing basketball.
5. 过去进行时的用法。
过去进行时表示过去某一具体时刻, 或某一阶段正在发生的动作, 由“was (were) +v-ing”构成。句中常用at this time (或具体时间) yesterday, when, while。
例如:
When the teacher came into the classroom, the students were talking.
While he was doing his homework, his mother was cooking.
6. 现在完成时的用法。
现在完成时由“have (has) +过去分词”构成, 所表示的动作在说话之前已完成, 对现在造成一定影响。句中常用ever, never, once, just, already (用于肯定句) , yet (用于否定和疑问句) , so far, recently, for+时间段, since+过去时间点。
I have studied English for 5 years.
I have lived here since five years ago.
现在完成进行时的用法
现在完成进行时由“have (has) +been +v-ing”构成, 表示以前进行的动作直到现在都还在发生。句中最常用for或since, 动词用延续性动词。
I have skated for three hours. (已滑完冰)
I have been skating for three years. (还在滑冰)
注意:
①表示短暂时间动作的词, 如: buy, borrow, come, go, die, …在完成时态中不能与for, since等表示一段时间的词连用。
②have (has) been to与have (has) gone to的区别
have (has) been to (人在说话地点) 曾经过去某地
have (has ) gone to (人不在说话地点) 到某地去了
I have been to Beijing (我去过北京) (人现在在说话地点)
Ann has gone to the library. (安已经去了图书馆) (安不在说话地点)
7. 过去完成时的用法。
过去完成时由“had+过去分词” 构成, 过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作状态。句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。例如:
By the end of last year we had learned two thousand English words.
When I got to the station, the train had left.
8.过去将来时的用法。
过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看将要发生的动作或状态。过去将来时由“should或would+动词原形” 或was (were) going to构成.第一人称用should, 其他人称用would.常用于宾语从句中.例如:
They said that they would win the football match.
因此, 我们在做题时, 一定要找准时间提示词。
练习:
选择最佳答案:
1.He______ back in three hours.
A、 is B、 was C 、will be D 、has been
2. My uncle in London______ a birthday present to me yesterday.
A 、send B 、sends C、 sent D、 has sent
3. If you go there by taxi, it ______much faster.
A、 is B、 is going to C、 shall be D、 will be
4. He______just______ his supper.
A、 is, having B 、will, have C、 has, had D 、had, had
5. I______in his hometown since he left here.
A 、lived B、 live C、 have lived D 、 am living
6. I______when you phoned me.
A、 sleep B、 slept C、 am sleeping D、 was sleeping
7. What______he______at this time yesterday?
A、 did, do B 、is, doing C、 does, do D、 was, doing
8. She______the car in 1999.
A、 has bought B、has had C、 bought D、buys
9. Listen! Some of the girls______about Harry Potter. Let’s join them.
A、 are talking B、talk C、 will talk D、 talked
10. He said that he______ me up when he got there.
A、 rang B、 will ring C 、rang D 、would ring
1.C 将来时提示词in。
2.C 过去时的提示词yesterday。
3.D if 引导的条件状语从句, 主句将来时, 从句一般现在时。
4.C 完成时态的提示词just。
5.C 完成时态的提示词since。
6.D过去进行时的提示词 when you phoned me。
7.D过去进行时的提示词at this time yesterday。
8.C过去时的提示词in 1999。
9.A 进行时的提示词 Listen。
【关键词】初中英语 常见时态 教学 探讨
前言
常见时态可以说是初中英语极其重要的基础,其直接影响学生英语运用的正确与否,但是受到诸多因素所影响,当前初中英语常见时态教学不容乐观,不少学生对于常见英语时态知识的掌握较为混淆,从而严重地制约他们英语正确的使用。对此,下文将重点探究一些较为有效的初中英语常见时态教学方法。
一、初中英语常见时态教学中对比教学法地应用
与其他语法知识不同的是,初中英语常见时态虽然有八种:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去将来时、过去完成时、现在进行时、一般将来时和过去进行时,然而实际上这八种常见时态彼此间区别却很小,这就导致了很多学生在英语写作、表达等应用中极易因此而出现错误。为了有效地解决该问题,笔者认为可以通过在常见时态教学中应用对比教学法,即广大初中英语教学在具体的时态教学中,首先将具有一定相似性的时态作为一组,随后分别为每一种时态列出一句例句,最后在让学生通过例句的对比发现该组时态的区别。如,在现在完成时与现在进行时这两个常见时态的教学中,虽然两者都有表示现在的意思,但二者却还有着一定的区别,对此教师可以通过采用对比教学法实施教学,在现在完成时中列举出:He has already finished his homework,而现在进行时中则列举出:He is doing his homework.随后让学生对比分析出这两种时态所具有的不同之处。通过对比教学法地应用使得学生能够在准确地区别常见时态的不同前提下更好地掌握它们。
二、结合学生实际创设情境开展初中英语时态教学
相比于小学英语,初中阶段英语知识专业性以及难度性上更大,因而要想使得学生更好地学习常见时态的知识,笔者认为结合学生实际创设情境至关重要,因为通过创设出学生所熟悉的情境,能够使得他们借助于此掌握常见英语时态。对此,广大初中英语教师在进行常见时态教学时应更广泛地应用该教学方法。首先,英语教师在备课阶段中应根据所要实施的时态教学内容以及学生实际生活中有可能遇到的情境列出来,随后将这二者充分融合创设出情境开展教学。例如,在现在进行时ing时态教学中,教师在讲解完该时态的基础知识后,可将师生当前上课所处的状态作为情境创设,比如老师正在教学:The teacher is teaching,而学生正在学习:Students are learning。通过这样联系学生实际的创设情景不但能够有利于学生良好的掌握相关时态的知识点,同时也有助于增强他们英语运用的能力。需要特别注意的是,初中英语常见时态中应用该教学方法中教师所创设的情境除了充分结合学生实际情况以外,所创设的情境必须是学生所熟悉并较为浅显的,从而使得学生能够更易于掌握常见时态知识。
三、数轴表示法应用于初中英语常见时态教学
数轴表示法指的是借助于数学中数轴的部分概念,将数轴原点作为现在时,负方向作为过去时而正方向则作为将来时处理。通过这样的数轴能够很好地将初中英语常见时态的区别和联系展示给学生,从而使得时态教学在有效降低教学难度基础上利于他们学习。例如,在一般现在时、一般过去时以及一般将来时这三种时态教学中,教师首先在黑板中画出一条数轴,其中原点0表示一般现在时、-1表示一般过去时、1则表示一般将来时,随后教师以李明写作业为例句,随后分别将数轴中原点0一般现在时下表述为:Li Ming is working on a homework、-1一般过去时表述为:Li Ming wrote the homework以及1一般将来时表述为:Li Ming is going to do homework,随后教师通过如此直观形象的数轴表示法进行这三时态教学,不但使得学生能够清晰地理解三者所具有的不同,同时也有助于他们有效地学习到此三者时态的知识点。
四、结束语
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