阅读理解考研英语二真题（精选8篇）
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in , [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.
There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.
21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______
[A] the impact of technological advances
[B] the alleviation of job pressure
[C] the shrinkage of textile mills
[D] the decline of middle-class incomes
22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______
[A] work on cheap software
[B] ask for a moderate salary
[C] adopt an average lifestyle
[D] contribute something unique
23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______
[A] gains of technology have been erased
[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
[C] factories are making much less money than before
[D] new jobs and services have been offered
24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____
[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution
[B] to ensure more education for people
[C] ro advance economic globalization
[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century
25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?
[A] New Law Takes Effect
[B] Technology Goes Cheap
[C] Average Is Over
在教学中, 英语阅读理解是考查和测试学生英语能力的一种主要形式, 高考阅读理解的题量逐年增加, 知识面逐年拓宽, 灵活度逐年增大。面对新的形势, 寻找即时的、地道的、活生生的、文化底蕴深厚的阅读材料是很有必要的。而每年的高考真题是不可多得的好材料。因为真题是经过命题专家认真研究分析决定的, 选取的材料也是最近最新的、原汁原味的, 题目的信度和效度也是非常高的。
英语真题中最有价值的部分是阅读理解篇章, 通过对真题的阅读, 可增加词汇量, 巩固语言结构, 提高对长难句的分析能力, 熟悉背景知识, 通晓文化习俗, 了解作者意图。同时也可以将阅读材料改编成完形填空和缺词填空, 还可以就文章的内容进行拓展, 写心得体会, 成为书面表达的写作训练。
一、英语高考阅读真题教学步骤
《普通高中课程标准实验教科书教师教学用书》明确指出, 阅读的基本技能主要指:掌握基本事实, 抓住中心思想, 了解时空顺序, 理解文章内涵, 从上下文猜测不熟悉的语言现象, 分析作者的观点、态度、意图, 读懂图表和说明书等, 分析语篇结构, 获取语言和文化知识, 综合评价文章等。根据语言学专家对于不同阅读目的的划分, 在实际的教学过程中, 我们可以采取四步训练法, 即:reading for information, reading for structure, reading for ideas, reading for writing。具体步骤如下。
第一步:reading for information。通读全文, 先不做题目, 而是了解文本的主要意思。同时在有疑问和重要的地方标注记号, 用简单的语句叙述大意, 也可以直接用文章的主题句来概括。
第二步:reading for structure。对所有标注记号的部分仔细分析, 可以借助词典或向老师同学求助, 重点突破难词和难句, 根据文章大意和上下文, 联系构词法和句法, 分析理解句子, 做到词不离句、句不离段, 在语境中强化词法和句法。这一阶段不能看文章的正确答案和解析, 而是要自己去解释、分析。
第三步:reading for ideas。再重新阅读文章, 经过对生词难句的处理, 阅读已经顺畅了很多, 但仍有一些看似简单、没有任何生词但意思却不容易理解的句子, 需要在再通读中解决。可以结合文章的思路, 分析语篇结构, 对作者的写作手法、逻辑顺序和技巧以及思想进行整理归纳, 以产生新的观点。
第四步:reading for writing。这是阅读比较高的境界, 在一定量的语言输入基础上, 结合读者的自身体验, 选取文章的适当话题发表自己的看法, 这样可以跨越时间和空间的限制与智者先人对话, 并训练语言表达能力, 是有意义的语言输出。
二、英语高考阅读真题教学过程
现以2009年浙江省高考英语阅读理解D篇文章为例, 采取四步训练法进行高考阅读真题教学。这篇文章选材地道、语言优美、有文化底蕴, 而且例子形象生动, 容易让人产生共鸣, 是很好的精泛读教学材料。
第一步:让学生阅读文章, 了解文章大意, 并将生词和重要词句画出来。这一步骤五分钟内完成。阅读后请了四个学生分别说出该文的大意:“When hearing bad news, some people will be very angry.”“We should receive it with a calm state of mind.When facing bad news, we should learn to accept it.”“Everyone will hear bad news.We should face it.”“Big winners know, when delivering any bad news, they should share the feeling of the receiver.”前面三个学生的回答差不多, 都是从读者的角度来看待。第四个学生的回答直接引用了文章的句子。对于这四个答案, 让学生讨论哪个比较接近文章的真正意思。对于理解的偏差, 问题在哪里呢?带着这个问题, 我们进入了第二步reading for structure。
第二步:此时给学生三分钟的时间把所画的难点部分列出来。
首先是词汇问题。我们会碰到以下几种情况。第一, 误看单词, 如把poor看成pour, diner看成dinner, fist看成first;第二, 单词掌握不牢固, 如exhausted, broad, professionals, appreciated, 还有对关键词deliver意思的不确定, 在教材中学过的有“送报纸”“接生孩子”的意思, 在这里“deliver bad news”学生有点转不过弯来;第三, 不能利用构词法知识识别生词, 如misfortune, employee, merrily, 尤其是merrily, 当提示“Merry Christmas”时, 学生才知道它的含义。其中最重要的词就是文章中的unsympathetic, 文章用了“a smiling neighbor, with a broad smile, cheerfully, merrily”来衬托当事人沮丧、焦急的心情, 从全文的理解不难猜出是“幸灾乐祸的, 毫无同情心的”意思, 但也有一些学生把握不到位。
其次是句型结构。在这篇文章中有两个句型值得一提。It’s not the news that makes someone angry...这句很好地烘托了主题, 但很多学生理解为定语从句, 对典型的句型掌握不到位影响了整体的理解。另外是虚拟语气的倒装用法:Had my neighbor told me of the upcoming rainstorm with sympathy, I would have appreciated his warning.Had the Greyhound salesclerk sympathetically informed me that my bus had already left, I probably would have said, “Oh, that’s all right.I’ll catch the next one.”对于这块知识掌握不扎实的学生, 在理解时会有云里雾里的感觉。
在reading for structure阶段, 学生可以学习和巩固许多语言知识, 如第二段中的“strike sb on the face”, 第四段中的两个句子“A doctor advising a patient she needs an operation does it in a caring way”和“A boss informing an employee he didn’t get a job takes on a sympathetic tone”的结构完全一样, 分词短语作定语来修饰主语。
第三步:在这步中, 主要了解作者的写作手法、逻辑顺序和技巧以及思想。如文章的第一段用古埃及法老的故事引出作者的想法, 很多学生在做第一道题目时对选项“introduce a topic”弄不清楚, 这里的introduce仅仅理解成“介绍”, 就很难选择了;第二、三段则是作者用亲身经历的两件事来说明第一段中法老的做法, 表达了作者在接到坏消息时的愤怒心情, 由此引出下段对于传递消息, 尤其是坏消息时一种恰当态度的重要性。这样的写法让读者容易产生共鸣, 易于接受作者的观点, 文章的主题句“Big winners know, when delivering any bad news, they should share the feeling of the receiver”的出现就顺理成章了, 形成了一篇很好的说理文章。接下来, 作者用“unfortunately”作为关联词, 谈到很多人在很多场合没有这种“share the feeling of the receiver”的意识, 又是两个情景问句, 让读者身临其境地感受对于幸灾乐祸的、毫无同情心的这种态度的愤怒, 用“land your fist fight on their unsympathetic faces”来佐证了“Dreams of head-cutting”, 这样第三个题目就迎刃而解了。最后, 作者用了两个虚拟语气的句子, 对前面谈到的两个例子进行了假设, 一种恰当的态度可以改变很多事情, 大家会心存感激, 缓和气氛, 首尾呼应, 引出结束语:Delivering bad news properly is important in communication.这也就是第四个题目“What is the main idea of the text?”的答案。
第四步:这是一篇很好的文章, 尤其可以在学习语言之后学生可以学习一些为人处世、做人做事的道理, 对于现在的学生有现实的教育意义。因此, 在读完之后, 可以让学生就“How to deliver bad news after reading this passage?”进行讨论。在讨论的基础上, 让学生写一篇题为“What do you think of the passage?What can you learn from it?”的读后感。
学生的书面练习又是很好的改错训练材料。教师可以事先打印好, 让学生改错, 然后一起欣赏, 也可以让学生评分, 鼓励学生去发现文章中值得借鉴的地方, 丰富自己的表达, 从而提高自身的英语写作水平。
三、英语高考阅读真题教学反思
英语高考阅读真题教学是以高考真题为载体, 对阅读材料进行深入挖掘, 从而扩大词汇量, 巩固语言知识, 熟悉英语国家的文化背景, 深入了解英语国家人士的语言思维, 从而扩展学生的阅读思路, 训练学生的阅读技巧, 培养学生的思维能力, 进一步提高英语能力。教师在教学中也要注意以下一些问题。
1. 教师要积极研读高考阅读真题, 利用精泛读
结合的办法, 选取一些文章给学生泛读, 教师做简单的讲评, 对于内容丰富、语言优美、底蕴深厚的文章进行精读, 激发学生的兴趣, 保持阅读的激情, 可以使学生有很大的收获, 从而提高学生的语言能力。
2. 在高考阅读真题教学中, 要结合高考词汇
表, 对于高频词和常见的短语搭配、语言结构要做到落实, 真正让学生掌握, 做到在阅读中学习, 在学习中巩固, 在巩固中提高。
3. 在教学中, 不要急于做文章后的选择题, 要
Part A：传统阅读
Part A部分主要包括四篇传统阅读文章，笔者将从文章来源、解题原则和题型分析三个方面对这一部分进行讲解和评析。
文章来源
纵观历年考研英语传统阅读部分的真题，考生可以发现，这些阅读篇章通常来源于英美报刊的网站，例如《经济学人》(The Economist)、《新闻周刊》(Newsweek)、《时代周刊》(Time)以及《美国新闻与世界报道》(US News and World Report)等。所选的这些文章一般是近几年发表的，选题多是考生熟悉的人文科学、社会科学等，并不回避社会热点。
在本次考试中，Text 1选自《时代周刊》2011年4月的一篇文章，原文题目为“Herd Mentality”，主要谈论的是从众心理，属于社会生活类文章。Text 2选自Boston.com网站2011年4月的一篇文章，原文题目为“Vermont Yankee Plant’s Owner Must Honor Its Own Promises”，主要谈论的是美国某能源公司违背承诺的事，属于商业经济类文章。Text 3选自《科学家》(The Scientist) 2011年2月的一篇文章，原文题目为“The Evolution of Credibility”，全文围绕科学发现的可信性的证实过程这一话题展开论述，属于科普类文章。Text 4选自《经济学人》2011年3月的一篇文章，原文题目为“Enemies of Progress”，主要讲述了工会阻碍公共部门改革的问题，属于社会生活类文章。
在备考过程中，考生可以从著名的英文报刊网站上选择一些与考试中出现的篇幅相仿(400～500词左右)、话题类似的文章进行阅读练习，提前熟悉文章的语言风格、行文难度、思维逻辑和论述方法，这样在考试时就不会感觉陌生了。
解题原则
在本次的传统阅读部分，考生可以按照以往的解题思路答题：运用关键词定位原则和同义替换原则。下面我们逐一解析。
解题前——关键词定位原则
在解答传统阅读题目时，很多考生喜欢先细读文章，再去看题目，认为只有这样答题时才觉得心里有底。但由于个别词句和段落较难理解，运用这种方法的考生往往会迷失在阅读篇章的过程中，最后的结果是没有抓住文章中的重点信息，答题正确率也不高。在答题前，笔者建议考生先看题目，根据题目中的关键词回原文定位答案区域，即运用关键词定位原则。出题者在设置题干时通常会使用一些关键词，这些词是考生回原文寻找正确答案的线索，可以帮助考生找到答案出处。关键词通常包括明显的段落提示词、专有名词、数字、核心动词、时间等。考生可以利用关键词迅速回原文定位答案区域。例如，此次考试中，Text 2讲述的是新英格兰一家公司购买了核电站后，不遵守核能源的一些相关规定而引发的争议。考生在解答与文章对应的第26题至第30题时，就可以利用reneging on (Line 3, Para.1)、the 2002 agreement、Paragraph 4、the Vermont case、the last paragraph等题干关键词依次而下地将答案信息定位至原文第一、三、四、五和最后一段中。明确了每道题的答案区域之后，考生在解题时就不会再受到其他无关信息的干扰，可以通过仔细阅读答案所在的段落或区域，把原文内容与选项逐一对比，进行解题。
解题时——同义替换原则
考生在解题过程中要注意，出题者在设置正确选项时都是以原文内容为基础的，有的是选项直接用原文词句，有的是对原文句式进行了改写，但更多的是运用改写的方法对原文进行了同义替换，以增加试题的难度。因此，考生解题时首先要把握住原文句子的基本含义，然后在四个选项中寻找与原文内容一致的信息。下面我们以本次考试Text 3中的第31题为例进行具体分析。
例：According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its _________.
[A] uncertainty and complexity
[B] misconception and deceptiveness
[C] logicality and objectivity
[D] systematicness and regularity
解析：根据题干关键词first paragraph和the process of discovery，考生很容易在文章第一段中找到该题的答案区域，即原文第一段第二句话：“But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.”通过把原文和四个选项对比，考生可以发现，原文中的ambiguous and complicated与选项A中的uncertainty and complexity属同义替换，所以选项A为正确答案。
但此处笔者要提醒考生注意一点，出题人在设置选项时也会设置一些看似但并非是同义替换的干扰选项，给考生的答题造成一定难度，比如加大或缩小原文所述概念的范围。这就需要考生仔细对照选项与原文，谨慎答题。
题型分析
按照考研英语大纲的要求，传统阅读部分主要考查以下六种题型：细节题、主旨题、猜词题、态度题、推断题、例证题。虽然考查的题型众多，但是笔者提醒考生在备考过程中要分清主次，练习时应以细节题为主，其他题型只要能掌握大致的答题方法即可，因为其他题型的出题量很少。此次考试也印证了传统阅读部分仍以考查细节题为主的出题思路。
细节题主要考查考生对文中事实信息的理解和掌握，是考试中出现次数最多的题型。细节题有难有易，对于较容易的题目，考生可以根据题干关键词回原文定位答案区域，然后根据原文相关句子直接得出正确答案；对于较难的题目，考生需在回原文定位答案区域后，再根据原文内容进行推断，得出正确答案。正确解答这类题的关键是考生要耐心和细心。笔者在此提醒各位考生，备考时一定要把单词和句法复习透彻，以防因不认识个别词或看不清句式结构而导致失分过多。在本次Text 1后所给的五道题目中，前四题均为细节题，只有最后一题为态度题。接下来，我们以Text 1的一道细节题为例来具体分析。
例：In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to ________.
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure
[C] illustrate the functions of state funding
[D] produce a long-lasting social effect
解析：根据题干关键词Rosenberg’s book，考生可将该题的答案区域定位至文章第四段第二句：“Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.”通过将原文和四个选项对比，考生可以发现，题干中的fails to是对原文not enough的同义替换，选项A中的probe是对原文exploration的同义替换，原文中的social and biological factors在选项A中原词复现。所以，本题正确答案为选项A。
Part B：新题型
考研英语阅读理解Part B部分主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。该部分题型有如下三种，每年出题者会从中选取一种进行考查。
①选择搭配题(7选5)：出题者给出一篇总长度为500～600词的文章，其中有五处空白，要求考生根据文章内容，从文后所给出的6～7段文字中选择恰当的五段填入原文空白处。
②段落排序题：出题者给出一篇长约500～600词的文章，文章各段落的原有顺序被打乱，要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(7～8段)重新排序。
③标题对应题：在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6～7个概括句或小标题，分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述，要求考生根据文章内容从中选出最恰当的五个填入文章的空白处。
考研英语阅读理解继2005年开始考查新题型以来，选择搭配题(7选5)被考查的次数最多，段落排序题次之，标题对应题考查次数最少。2012年考研英语阅读理解新题型考的就是选择搭配题(7选5)。对于如何快速、正确地解答选择搭配题(7选5)，笔者建议考生可以遵循以下步骤。
第一步，快速浏览全文，把握文章大致内容。
考生在阅读新题型文章时，一定要注意文章首段和全文重点词句(一些专有名词、段首句或段尾句)，通过首段和重点词句判断文章的大意。如果考生在短时间内无法掌握文章所讲的要点，理不清文章的整体结构，不知道文章的主旨大意是什么，那最好不要再重新阅读，以免浪费时间，此时建议考生边做题边阅读原文。就2012年的新题型来说，出题者所选的文章内容通俗易懂，结构也比较清晰。文章选自《新科学家》(New Scientist) 2011年7月的一篇题为“How Computers Can Cure Cultural Diabetes”的文章，主要讲的是计算机改变人们被动消费的趋势，属于社会生活类文章。
第二步，利用句间关系解题。
在解题过程中，考生要重点阅读原文空白处附近的句子，并在原文圈定关键的线索词(包括名词、动词、连词、代词等)，最后从各选项中寻找在内容和语法结构上都与原文衔接合理的选项，确定答案。
第三步，回原文检查，验证所选答案。
得出答案后，考生需将答案放回到原文中，通读全文，检查所选答案是否与文章主题一致，从而验证所选答案是否正确。
下面我们以2012年新题型第41题为例来具体分析。
例：The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. 41
2013年2月份雅思阅读真题下载二
Passage One
题目：新手，熟练工和专家
题型：TFNG, 填空
分析：07年9月8号旧题，文章介绍一个“novice”怎么成为一个“expert”, 并且举例说明两者在看待及解决问题上的差别。还讲述对expertise掌握程度研究，从novice到journeyman然后蜕变到expert的过程。另外也提到了一些researchers和theorists, they are better in making predictions than experts.两种题型均为有序题，技巧题，难度不大，按顺序做题，从头读文章即可。
推荐练习：632 Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions
Passage Two
题目：鳄鱼的进化 the crocodile’s evolution
题型：小标题题，填空，搭配
分析：09年1月21日旧题，详细讲述了crocodiles的生活习惯，如何控制自己的温度以及喜欢的生存环境等。包括提到鳄鱼的特点、历史以及对两组处在不同水供给环境下的生存情况对比。小标题题难度较大，考察考生阅读基本功，填空题和后面的细节搭配题，难度较低，可用平行阅读法，先做每一个段落的细节题，在做小标题题。
All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.
During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.
There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.
Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.
26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to
[A]the growing demand from clients.
[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.
[C]the prospect of working in big firms.
[D]the attraction of financial rewards.
27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?
[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.
[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.
[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.
[D]Receiving training by professional associations.
28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from
[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.
[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.
[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.
[D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.
29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it
[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.
[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.
[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.
[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.
30.In this text, the author mainly discusses
[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.
[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.
[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.
写作题型依然延续了一贯的考查方式：应用文+图表作文，非常符合英语二专硕的考查要求。但是具体来说，今年英语二的写作在考查难度上偏难，原因大部分在于考查内容出乎很多老师的预料，也就说有些偏离一贯的考查重点，因此，在之前的复习过程中很多同学并没有将之作为重点内容来复习。那么接下来就看一下20英语(二)的大作文到底考了哪些内容?对此又应该如何应对呢?
48. Directions：
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing， you should
1) interpret the chart， and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
我国某市居民春节假期花销比例
今年大作文依然考图表作文，文字规定部分只字未变，但是图表却发生了很大的改变。从到，英语二大作文考了4次柱形图、1次表格，但是从未考过饼图，由此不少老师认为大作文不太可能考饼图，但是今年恰恰考的就是饼图，这也就给大家的答题带来了难度。其实，仔细看一下，如表格一样，饼图反映的其实很大一部分就是各个部分之间的`差异性，因此在写作时可以大部分借鉴表格的写作方法。除此之外饼图本身还反映了事物整体与部分之间的关系， 因此在应用表格描述方式时需要进行适当的调整，但是变化不大。
根据考前所讲，英语二中图表作文分成三段内容来写。
第一段：描述图表。根据之前所讲表格写作思路，整段内容包含5句话，直观评价、图表主题、主流趋势、最大差异、过渡句。
1. 直观评价。本句比较简单，可以直接用准备的句型，Here is a chart， simple but accurate.
2. 图表主题。先将“我国某市居民春节假期花销比例”译成英语，根据倒鱼钩翻译法，可译成the proportions of the Spring Festival‘s expense of the residents in a certain city in China.再套用课上所讲句型，即成It goes without saying that the chart records the proportions of the Spring Festival’s expense of the residents in a certain city in China， which successfully arouses our curiosity.
3. 主流趋势。在饼图中，主流趋势指的就是事物的整体与部分的关系，也就是其整体体现。在本题中，表现为“全部花销花在了各种各样不同的东西上面”。由此，套用固定句型，即是As is clearly reflected by the graph， the expense has been spent on totally different things.
4. 最大差异。饼图中此句指的就是部分与整体的关系，也就是每个部分占了整体多少比例。而且在这些比例中往往会存在最大值或最小值，那么这就是该部分与其他部分之间的差异性。本题中体现为用在“新年礼物”上面的花销占比最大，为40%.那么可以表达为Especially， the money used to buy the New Year‘s gifts accounts for 40% of the entire expense， which already outweighs all the others.
5. 过渡句。此句的作用就是总结第一段，铺垫第二段，可以直接用固定句型Definitely， what the chart reflects is supposed to be given further analysis.
以上就是该题第一段的写作思路及语言表达，接下来看第二段。第二段中需要对于第一段中的最大差异这一现象进行原因分析，那么按照之前所讲需要包含关键句和具体原因两部分。
首先，关键句。在这一部分，需要具体点明原因分析的对象，也就是第一段话中的第四句，但是需要注意的是不要全句照抄，而要将意思再用不同的语言表述出来。那么套用固定句即成Theoretically， several reasons may trigger the trend that people tend to spend more money to buy gifts during the Spring Festival， but as for my part， the following two are of great value.
其次，具体原因。对于春节期间人们更乐意将钱花在购买新年礼物上这一现象，其原因很多，包括春节在中国节日里面的重要性促使人们回家时购买大量礼物，以及春节期间各种礼物广告的泛滥变相鼓励了人们去花钱等等，当然还有其他的一些原因，大家可以自由发挥，只要合情合理即可。但是要注意：考虑到语言多样性的评分标准，写作时不可只用简单的单词或短语来衔接列举原因，因此可以用句子来列举，具体如下：On the top of list is that the current state of the affair may have been encouraged， though not justified， by the widely spreading advertisements of gifts. In addition， there is the other point that no one can ignore. It is universally acknowledged that the Spring Festival is the most important festival in our nation during which most people will buy gifts for their families and friends.
以上是第二段的主要内容，接下来继续看第三段。
第三段中主要就上面分析的这一现象进行趋势预测，那么很明显在接下来的很长一段时间里春节期间人们都会花大量地钱来为身边的亲人、朋友购买新年礼物，这种形式将会持续下去。因此，按照之前准备的固定句型，可用Taking into account what has been discussed above， we may safely come to the conclusion that the present situation concisely conveyed by the pie chart will sustain in the forthcoming years.
整合以上所讲，今年的大作文写作可如下：
Here is a pie chart， simple but accurate. It goes without saying that the chart records the proportions of the Spring Festival‘s expense of the residents in a certain city in China， which successfully arouses our curiosity. As is clearly reflected by the graph， the expense has been spent on totally different things. Especially， the money used to buy the New Year’s gifts accounts for 40% of the entire expense， which already outweighs all the others. Definitely， what the chart reflects is supposed to be given further analysis.
Theoretically， several reasons may trigger the trend that people tend to spend more money to buy gifts during the Spring Festival， but as for my part， the following two are of great value. On the top of list is that the current state of the affair may have been encouraged， though not justified， by the widely spreading advertisements of gifts. In addition， there is the other point that no one can ignore. It is universally acknowledged that the Spring Festival is the most important festival in our nation during which most people will buy gifts for their families and friends.
从09年6月的大学英语四级考试快速阅读理解题来看, 本次的快速阅读题与去年6月份的快速阅读题在文体上大致相同, 既存在大标题, 也存在小标题, 文章篇幅也大体相当, 但与去年12月份的快速阅读题相比, 有较大差异。今年的快速阅读的题目难度来讲和去年12月份相比应该是有一个下降的程度, 由于去年12月份的快速阅读题难度过高, 段落也比较多, 今年的难度从形式和内容上都回归了常态。第1～7题都相对简单, 基本都可以在原文中找到“信息”, 能在原文中可以直接找到答案的类型。而第8题虽然是填空题, 但从句子意思的理解上来看也是直接信息的转换题。此外, 难度稍大的应该是第9和10题。难在对生词的词义理解上难, 而且形式也要写对;同时, 第10题不能直接在原文中找到现成的答案的, 需要在对文章的理解基础上做出归纳和总结才能做对。下面, 笔者以2009年6月CET4快速阅读理解真题为例进行详细的分析, 并提出具体的解题技巧。
★真题呈现 (保留原题号)
How do you see Diversity
As a manager, Tiffany is responsible for interviewing applicants for some of the positions with her company.During one interview, she noticed that the candidate never made direct eye contact.She was puzzled and somewhat disappointed because she liked the individual otherwise.
He had a perfect resume and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said“untrustworthy”, so she decided to off the job to her second choice.
“It wasn’t until I attended a diversity workshop that I realized the person we passed over was the perfect person, ”Tiffany confesses.What she hadn’t known at the time of the interview was that the candidate’s“different”behavior was simply a culture misunderstanding.He was an Asian-American raised in a household where respect for those in authority was shown by averting (避开) your eyes.
“I was just thrown off by the lack of eye contact;not realizing it was cultural, ”Tiffany says.“I missed out, but will not miss that opportunity again.”
Many of us have had similar encounters with behaviors we perceive as different.As the world becomes smaller and our workplaces more diverse, it is becoming essential to expand our understanding of others and to reexamine some of our false assumptions.
Hire Advantage
At a time when hiring qualified people is becoming more difficult, employers who can eliminate invalid biases (偏见) from the process have a distinct advantage.My company, Mindsets LLC, helps organizations and individuals see their own blind spots.A rea estate recruiter we worked with illustrates the positive difference such training can make.
“During my Mindsets coaching session, I was taught how to recruit a diversified workforce I recruited people from different cultures and skill sets.The agents were able to utilize their full potential and experiences to build up the company.When the real estate market began to change.It was because we had a diverse agent pool that we were able to stay in the real estate market much longer than other in the same profession.”
Blinded by Gender
Dale is an account executive who attended one of my workshops on supervising a diverse workforce.“Though one of the sessions, I discovered my personal bias, ”he recalls.“I learned I had not been looking at a person as a whole person, and being open to differences.”In his case, the blindness was not about culture but rather gender.
“I had a management position open in my department;and the two finalists were a man and a woman.Had I not attended this workshop, I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel.My reasoning would have been that even though both candidates were great and could have been successful in the position, I assumed the woman would have wanted to be home with her children and not travel.”
Dale’s assumptions are another example of the well-intentioned but incorrect thinking that limits and organization’s to tap into the full potential if a diverse workforce.
“I learned from the class that instead of imposing my gender biases into the situation, I needed to present the full range of duties, responsibilities and expectations to call candidates and allow them to make an informed decision.”Dale credits the workshop, “because it helped me make an informed decision based on fairness.”
Year of the Know-It-All
Doug is another supervisor who attended one of my workshops.He recalls a major lesson learned from his own employee.
“One of my most embarrassing moments was when I had a Chinese-American employee put in a request to take time off to celebrate Chinese New Year.In my ignorance, I assumed he had his date wrong, as the first of January had just passed.when I advised him of this, I gave him a long talking-to about turning in requests early with the proper dates.”
“He patiently waited, and then when I was done, he said he would like Chinese New Year off.Not the Western New Year.He explained politely that in this culture the New Year did not begin January the first, and that Chinese New Year, which is tied to the lunar cycle, is one of the most celebrated holidays on the Chinese calendar.Needless to say, I felt very embarrassed in assuming he had his dates mixed up.But I learned a great deal about assumptions, and that the timing of holidays varies considerably from culture to culture.”
“Attending the diversity workshop helped me realize how much I could learn by simply asking questions and creating dialogues with my employees, rather than making assumptions and trying to be a know-it-all”Doug admits.“The biggest thing I took away from the workshop is learning how to be more‘inclusive’to difference.”
A Better Bottom Line
An open mind about diversity not only improves organizations internally, it is profitable as well.These comments from a customer service representative show how an inclusive attitude can improve sales.“Most of my customers speak English as a second language.One of the best things my company has done is to contract with a language service that offers translations over the phone.It wasn’t until my boss received Mindsets’training that she was able to understand how important inclusiveness was to customer service.As a result, our customer base has increased.”
Once we start to see people as individuals, and discard the stereotypes, we can move positively toward inclusiveness for everyone.Diversity is about coming together and talking advantage of our differences and similarities.It is about building better communities andorganizations that enhance us as individuals and reinforce our shared humanity.
When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past, from the media, peers, family, friends, etc., we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed (有缺陷的) or contrary to our fundamental values.We need to train ourselves to think differently, shift our mindsets and realize that diversity opens doors for all of us, creating opportunities in organizations and communities that benefit everyone.
★答案与解析
1.What bothered Tiffany during an interview with her candidate?
A) He just wouldn’t look her in the eye.B) He was slow in answering her questions.
C) His resume didn’t provide the necessary information.D) His answers to some of her question were irrelevant.
根据文中第一段中“During one interview, she noticed that the candidate never made direct eye contact.She was puzzled and somewhat disappointed because she liked the individual otherwise.”可知蒂芙尼在面试她的候选人时她所困惑的是她的候选人在面试时从来就没有眼神的接触与交流。因此, 本题的答案是:A) 。
2.Tiffany’s misjudgment about the candidate stemmed from_________.
A) radical stereotypes B) invalid personal bias C) cultural ignorance D) emphasis on physical appearance
根据文中第三段中“what she hadn’t known at the time of the interview was that the candidates’different behavior was simply a cultural misunderstanding.”可知蒂芙尼对候选人做出错误的判断来自于她对不同文化的错误理解。同时, 选项A) , B) , D) 三项与第三段的意思不相符。因此, 本题的答案是:C) 。
3.What is becoming essential in the course of economic globalization according to the passage?
A) Hiring qualified technical and management personal.
B) Increasing understanding of people of other cultures.
C) Constantly updating knowledge and equipment.
D) Expanding domestic and international markets.
根据文中第五段中“it is becoming essential to expand our understanding of others and to reexamine some of our false assumption.”可知因为随着世界变得越来越小以及工作地点的多样化, 所以, 在经济全球化的进程中有必要不断地更新知识和武装自己。因此, 本题的答案是:B) 。
4.What kind of organization is Mindsets LLC?
A) A real estate agency.B) A personnel training company.C) A cultural exchange organization.D) A hi-tech company.
根据文中第六段第二、三、四行“My company, Mindsets LLC, helps organizations and individuals see their own blind spots.A real estate recruiter we worked with illustrates the positive difference such training can make.”可知Mindsets LLC主要是帮助组织和个人明白他们自己的盲点以便有针对性地进行培训。此外, 在后面一句作者还举了一个例子说Mindsets LLC帮助房地产公司的招聘人员阐述了诸如培训所带来的某些差异。所以, 从这里可以判断出Mindsets LLC是个人事培训公司。因此, 本题的答案是:B) 。
5.After one of the workshops, account executive Dale realized that_______
A) he had hired the wrong person.B) he could have done more for his company.
C) he had not managed his workforce well.D) he must get rid of his gender bias.
根据文中第八段“Dale is an account executive who attended one of my workshops on supervising a diver workforce.Through one of the sessions, I discovered my personal bias, he recalls.I learned I had not been looking at a person as a whole person, and being open to differences.In his case, the blindness was not about cultural but rather gender”可知这个account executive Dale在参加完Mindsets LLC的讲习班后意识到他没有注意到人的差异性, 并且在后面作者分析了他的问题说在他这个例子中盲点在这里不是有关文化方面的而是性别的差异。所以, 从这里可以推断出Dale必须改掉他的性别歧视。因此, 本题的答案是:D) 。
6.What did Dale think of Mindsets LLC’s workshop?
A) It as well-intentioned but poorly conducted.B) It tapped into the executives’full potential.
C) It helped him make fair decisions.D) It met participants’diverse needs.
根据文中第十段“I learned from the class that instead of imposing my gender biases into the situation, I needed to present the full range of duties, responsibilities and expectations to all candidates and allow them to make an informed decision.Dale credits the workshop, because it helped me make decisions based on fairness.”可知Dale认为Mindsets LLC’s学习班有助于他消除偏见, 帮助他从职责、期望等多方面考查候选人, 并以此为基础对候选人做出公正的决定。因此, 本题的答案是:C) 。
7.How did Doug, a supervisor, respond to a Chinese-American employee’s request for leave?
A) He told him to get the dates right.B) He demanded an explanation.C) He flatly turned it down.D) he readily approved it.
根据文中第十二段“one of my embarrassing moments was when I had a Chinese-American employee put in a request to take time off to celebrate Chinese New Year.In my ignorance, I assumed he had his dates wrong, as the first of January had just passed.when Iadvised him of this, I gave him a long talking-to about turning in requests early with the proper dates”可知由于文化的差异导致的新年时间上的差异性, 由于Doug不了解这一点, 所以, 当美籍华人要求请假过新年时, Doug说新年时间已经过了, 同时, 他还与那位美籍华人谈了很长一段时间要求美籍华人注意时间。因此, 本题的答案是:A) 。
8.Doug felt when he realized that his assumption was wrong.
根据文中第十二段第一、二行“one of my embarrassing moments was when I had a Chinese-American employee put in a request to take time off to celebrate Chinese New Year.”可知当他意识到他的假设是错误时他感到很尴尬。因此, 本题的答案是:embarrassed。
9.After attending Mindset’s workshops, the participants came to know the importance of________to their business.
根据文中第十五段a better bottom line小标题下的最后一行“it was not until my boss received Mindset’s training that she was able to understand how important inclusiveness was to customer service.As a result, our customer base has increased.”可知那位老板在参加Mindsets的培训班后说通过培训使她能够理解对客户服务的包容是多么重要啊, 并且由于包容客户的需求, 她的客户也越来越多了。因此, 本题的答案是:inclusiveness。
10.Whenweviewpeopleasindividualsandgetridofstereotypes, wecanachievediversityandbenefitfromthe betweenus.
Harvard University health policy researcher Ellen Meara says scholars have found some clues as to why some groups of people have more or less disease than others. She says one important factor in people’s health is the amount of education they have．
In her most recent paper, Meara looked at data from the United States census. These counts of people occur every 10 years. Meara and her colleagues examined data from several decades．
“We looked at life expectancy(预测寿命)at age 25,” Meara says．
“How many additional years can you expect to live if you arrive at age 25 and your education has stopped at high school, or sooner？ Versus how many years, can you expect to live if you’ve reached aged 25 and you’ve gone on to at least some college…”
Meara says they found that in 1990, a 25-year-old who only had some secondary school could expect to live for a total of 75 years. In 2000, a 25 year old with some secondary education could also expect to live to the age of 75．
In contrast, for a better educated 25-year-old, they could expect to live to the age of 80 in 1990. Someone with a similar education level in the year 2000, could expect to live to be more than 81 years, 816 years to be exact．
Meara says, not only do better-educated people live longer to begin with, but in the past ten years, more educated people has made gains in the length of their lives. Meanwhile, the life expectancy hasn’t changed for less educated people．
Some of these gains can be explained. Meara says researchers know that people who are more educated are more likely to quit smoking cigarettes, or not start at all, compared to people with less education．
“I think it’s a reminder not to be satisfactory, “Meara says.” Just because a population overall appears to be getting healthier, it doesn’t always mean that those advantages and successes that many people have enjoyed really extend into all parts of the population. And I think that’s something to really pay attention to regardless of whether you live in the US or elsewhere.”
Meara points out that education can often determine income-people with more education frequently make more money. This makes them aware of health care, and purchase other resources and services that can keep them healthier. But the data on income do NOT show that people who make more money are automatically healthier．
Meara says education is key. People need to be educated in order to take advantage of opportunities for better health.
（南京市第四中学 王静提供）
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