中英语文化差异常识（推荐8篇）
中英委婉语的文化解读
委婉语是中英传统的修辞格.以往的研究多基于语言形式、语义特征或功能归类.从文化视角出发,对中英委婉语的.异同进行对比分析,从中英不同的宗教信仰和相似的礼貌原则入手,探讨中英委婉语的相异性和相同性,并对它们所折射出的不同文化价值取向进行总结.
作 者：王雅晨 方文礼 作者单位：扬州大学外国语学院,江苏扬州,225009 刊 名：淮阴工学院学报 英文刊名：JOURNAL OF HUAIYIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 年，卷(期)： 18(4) 分类号：H052 关键词：跨文化视角 宗教信仰 礼貌原则 委婉语 对比分析在英语国家,人们常常使用以下的表达方式来问候彼此:“早上好”,“下午好”,“晚上好”,“天气很好,不是吗”,“近况如何”。但是在中国,人们会说:“吃了吗”,“你要去做什么”,“你去哪儿了”等等。
为什么会发生这些情况?那是因为不同的民族有文化差异。一般而言,不同的民族有不同的语言。语言是人类文化的载体,所以它是文化差异的一面镜子。
本文将分析中国和英语国家之间在问候语上文化差异的原因,聚焦怎样缩小文化差异以及培养文化意识。
一、 问候语在现代交际中的重要作用
从20世纪60年代开始,有许多学者研究在跨文化交际中问候语的文化差异。
从微观角度来看,语言学家主要研究问候语的语言行为能力。作为开始于20世纪60年代的CA(会话分析)代表,Harvey Sacks和Emanuel A.Schegloff致力于会话结构的研究。他们相信问候语主要采用了话轮。来自于同一会话的FPP(第一部分)和SPP(第二部分)组成了话轮。一个话轮的组成是由两个不同的说话者轮流进行,并且后者的发言是由前者决定的,与前者相关。话轮是会话的最小单位。
社会学家关注问候语在社会交际角色的研究。Erving Goffman认为问候语是交际的开始。它是人类关系的一个标志、是一种行为礼仪。问候语有三个功能:1.问候语帮助人们重塑社会关系;2.问候语能够确认不同的社会地位;3.问候语能够确保当陌生人问候彼此时的社会安全感。
从宏观角度来看,人类学家研究文化对问候语的影响。Esther N.Goody研究在加纳问候语的使用。他认为问候语是社会和日常交际的开端。问候语能够树立和巩固使用者的身份和地位,能够为了特殊目的调节人际关系。在加纳,说话者的身份和地位能够通过问候语来建立和巩固。因此,在加纳的问候语的研究对于理解社会阶层和人际关系是有帮助的。
总之,问候语能够反映人际关系和社会结构。问候语对于理解社会和它的文化是非常重要的。
国内学者也在问候语方面进行了一些研究。
陈松岑是研究问候语的学者之一。他从社会语言学的观点研究问候语,他认为问候语被用于确定交际关系。从1986年到1987年,他在江西高安和北京做了一些在不同问候情况下的初级水平之上的成年人的调查。他认为问候的内容和结构与社会环境有关。
钱厚生从微观语言分析方面研究问候语。有了这些调查,他对表达方式进行了定量分析。他认为必须加强礼貌用语的对比学习。
总而言之,问候语对于研究英语国家的文化是重要的。
二、中英之间思想体系的差异
价值观的形成与社会密切相关。中国与英语国家有不同的社会体系,所以价值观不同。中国的核心价值观与儒家学说有关。儒家学说坚持“亲亲”、“尊尊”的原则,维护“礼治”,提倡“德治”,重视“人治”。儒家学说的“礼治”主张贵贱、尊卑、长幼有其各自的行为规范。只有贵贱、尊卑、长幼、亲疏各有其礼,才能达到儒家心目中君君、臣臣、父父、子子的理想社会。儒家学说的“德治”主张以道德去感化教育人,认为无论人性善恶,都可以用道德去感化教育人。这种教化方式,是一种心理上的改造,使人心良善,知道耻辱而无奸邪之心。儒家学说的“人治”就是重视人可能的道德发展,重视人的同情心,把人当作可以变化并可以有很复杂的选择主动性和有伦理天性的“人”来管理统治的思想。
从这些研究中可以发现,与英语国家不同,中国人更尊重权威、更重视有序社会。然而,英语国家更崇敬新想法、自由表达。
在儒家学说中,集体主义是被看重的。它强调了团队成员之间的合作,个人的成功也源于团队中成员的合作。为了集体主义,个人兴趣的牺牲是一种高尚的被中国人极力赞扬的品质。
英语国家的价值观经常有意无意地与中国的价值观相对。因此,找出英语国家的价值观是什么是必须的。
一些学者指出现代英语国家的价值观体系源于维多利亚时代的英国。在欧洲,人们重视社会规范和行为方式。价值观核心是个人主义。
在文艺复兴时期的英国,人们开始强调人性的尊严和当下生活的重要性,人们强调自己的信仰,不仅有权利享受生活的美好,而且有能力完善自己、实现梦想。这是人本主义的开端。从那时起,人们开始尊重人性,然后发展到我们称之为“自由、民主”的东西。从某种程度上来说,自由和民主是一种个人主义。
现在我们以美国为例,最优先的个人价值观是自我信赖、努力工作和维系在个人实现和帮助他人之间的纽带。在社会价值观的体系中,美国人崇尚的价值观有:言论自由、人身自由、个人权利和自由辩论等。
个人主义认为个人权利是社会中最重要的。大多数以英语为母语的人相信每个人应该有其身份和个性,应该被认可和支持。因此,没有理解个人主义是无法理解英语国家和它的人民的。理解了个人主义,中国人就能理解以英语为母语的人怎样定义家庭、友谊和隐私。个人主义的核心是追求个性和成功。在基督教的传统中,个人主义对个人、社会和天神都是重要的。个人主义传承于他们的祖先,因此,对以英语为母语的人来说,个人主义不是自私而是美德。
因此,对以英语为母语的人来说,他们不想知道别人的秘密。通常,在他们的对话中,不会涉及到任何个人隐私。问候时,他们更愿意从天气开始:“天气真好啊”,“昨晚的暴风雨真大”,“天快放晴了”,“天气很好,不是吗?”这些问候都是可以接受的,也不会打扰到他人,因此交流能够顺利进行。“你几岁了?”这种开场白在英语国家是绝不会被采用的。如果有人使用了,他将被认为是没有礼貌的。特别是对妇女而言,她们不谈论年纪。个人主义是英语为母语的人的信仰,即使他们老了,他们也不要别人帮助他们。在他们的讨论中,他们会避免讨论年纪,这样会使他们觉得舒服,也可以帮助他们保持一颗年轻的心。
三、 如何避免文化差异对交流的影响
中国人和以英语为母语的人在交流的时候总是有一些语用失误。在日常生活中,问候是交流中最重要的环节,因为文化差异,语用失误非常有可能发生。所以缩小文化差异变得非常必要。有许多解决问题的方式。在此,我们将聚焦在以下三个方面:
态度是感情和行为的一种方式。它是形成自我、他人以及社会的认知能力的一个部分。外语学习者应该建立对待不同文化的正确态度,例如,不抱有偏见。
当中国人用“近况如何?”来问候以英语为母语的人时,以英语为母语的人通常回答“很好!”在英语国家,这是非常普通的问候方式,但是一些中国人也许不理解。在中国人的问候中,人们问候倾向于提供更多信息,因为对他们而言,信息越多越好。这种文化差异可能引起偏见。
而偏见应该被避免。文化中的偏见涉及到对待其他文化的不容忍和不公平。不考虑偏见的存在,跨文化交际也可能变得困难,因为它阻碍了外国文化中知识的习得。当面对新的文化时,人们应该灵活,能够适应新的环境。“入乡随俗”对正在经历文化差异的人来说是有效的方法。因此,对文化差异抱持开放的态度是与以英语为母语的人成功交流的必要条件。
对于外语学习者而言,成功交流是主要目的。外语学习者需要的文化信息在真实的交流中比其他内容更为优先。
为了提高个人交流能力,外语学习者应该读真实的材料,例如外语报纸、广告、日志、小故事、小说、剧本和其他种类的文学作品。
对于外语学习者来说,文学作品是非常重要的。在许多文化中,特别是被广泛教学的语言,文学在社会中扮演着重要的角色。它能反映文化,帮助读者更深刻地了解目标社会,使读者更好地了解作者的民族性和其怀有的价值观。
如果外语学习者认为文学是珍宝屋,而且拜访过它,那么他们就能吸收文化信息并且储存下来。提供信息的文学作品与民族性有关,那是另一种文化信息。历史学家、社会学家和人类学家都从事目标社会的研究,然后写下这些作品。外语学习者能从这些作品中受益,因为这些作品提供了人们在目标社会中的具体诠释。
还有一些其他的与外语学习者日常生活密切相关的阅读材料,例如报纸和杂志。因为囊括了地理、历史、风俗、宗教和哲学的大多数内容是真实的,这将外语学习者暴露在真实的文化背景之下。这种阅读材料将帮助外语学习者更好理解目标文化并且关注它。
电影也能够通过传递重要的价值观来提高跨文化交际。看完电影后,外语学习者可以记下他们的观察,与那些已经分享了相同电影的人交谈,然后将来某一天他们能够运用他们已经学到的内容来进行真实的跨文化交际。
外语学习者也应该参加外语教师或者有在国外经验的人讲授的文化讲座。一些讲座可能聚焦在目标文化上,另一些可能对两种文化进行比较。无论参加哪种讲座,都可以通过不同文化的描述和在跨文化交际中行为技巧来增加文化意识。在讲座之后参与讨论可以巩固在讲座上获得的文化信息。还有,这些讨论能够揭示在社会活动中价值观体系和以英语为母语的人行为之间的关系。
外语学习者可以到英语角去学习文化。当与其他文化的人交流时,外语学习者容易犹豫是否开口,他们经常问自己这样的问题“我想知道他们会喜欢我吗?”,“假设他们不同意我的观点怎么办?”,“如果他们不理解我说的怎么办?”当以英语为母语的人问候中国人时,一些人会假装他们没听到,或者低下他们的头,莫不吭声。另一些人会害羞地笑笑,赶快走开。所有这些行为都会使以英语为母语的人尴尬。当以英语为母语的人问候我们“你好”时,为什么我们不回答一句“你好”呢?中国人必须尝试与以英语为母语的人交谈,积极争取每一次机会在放松的环境下与外国教师和学生交谈。我们将会从交谈中受益匪浅,我们不仅要练习语言,也要观察以英语为母语的人的行为,与以英语为母语的人交换我们关于文化差异的感受。
摘要：中国学生学了那么多年英语,进行简单的日常对话不成问题,而且可以说得很流利,无论语音语调都不输外国人。但是,中国学生与外国人交谈时,不免会出现一些令人尴尬的场面,特别是在一些问候语中,中国学生常常激怒对方。中国人熟知的问候语却被外国人当作不礼貌的行为,其原因在于文化间的差异。问候语作为跨文化交际中的重要一环,应当引起人们的高度重视。为了能够与外国人无障碍的交流,中国学生应该尽量多地学习外国的文化。此篇文章讨论的是问候语在中英文化间的差距,分析了其原因所在。在文化背景方面,从中国的儒家思想和英语国家的基督精神作了比较;在价值观方面,从中国的集体主义思想和英语国家的个人主义思想作了比较。最后提出如何缩小文化间的差距,具体的方法是树立正确的思想,学习更多的文化知识,以及多与外国人交流。
关键词：阅读教学；语法教学；口语教学
笔者结合自身的工作实际就初中英语课堂文化的构建提出了自己的见解，分别从初中英语口语教学、语法教学、英语阅读理解教学上提出了构建初中英语课堂教学文化的策略。
一、初中英语口语教学课堂文化的构建
初中英语口语教学对于提升学生英语语言的实际应用能力有着积极的作用，构建初中英语口语课堂教学文化应该从学生实际情况出发来考虑。构建初中英语口语课堂教学文化，一个重要的内容就是需要不断地提升在日常的教学活动中教师与学生的互动，这种教学模式能够增进学生与教师之间的交流，教师和学生在交流的过程中就是学生不断提升自己英语口语能力的开始。在这种互动式的教学模式中，教师应该有意识地通过和学生之间的互动教学模式来构建整个課堂主体。比如教师在每次课堂教学开始的时候，可用英语来引入，如：Today is a fine day， we will have an interesting class， so I want to ...通过这样一种简短的互动模式，让学生能够尽快地融入英语环境当中。这种互动式的教学模式不仅仅表现在课堂教学的开始，在英语课堂教学中也可以使用。初中英语教师应该尽可能多地使用英语进行教学，多和学生进行交流，这样才能够促进学生和教师之间的口语交流，在潜移默化的过程中，学生的英语口语水平逐渐得到提升，也逐渐培养起了一种英语课堂教学文化，让学生和教师在日常的学习和教学过程中提升自身的英语水平。
二、初中英语语法教学课堂文化的构建
英语语法作为整个英语教学的重要内容，对于培养学生积极的英语学习技巧和英语表达的完整性有着积极作用。在构建初中英语课堂文化的过程中，初中英语语法课堂教学文化在其中发挥着积极的作用。众所周知，语法教学在初中英语教学过程中占据着重要的位置，只有在初中英语教学过程中不断地提升学生用英语的思维习惯和英语的语法进行表达的习惯，才能够为学生今后更好地进行英语学习打下坚实的基础。英语语法能够促进学生英语交际能力的养成，英语语法是为了学生将来学习能力作铺垫的，而且英语语法的教学可以培养学生的语感，如： I lost my key. You had better match a key again. 学习语法以后，学生很容易就能够造句子，而且句子中不会出现滑稽的错误，动词的后面可以跟副词或者是名词，但是不能够跟形容词。从这个角度来看，初中英语语法教学不仅能够提升学生的语言表达习惯，而且还能够提升学生学习语言的准确性，创建属于学生语言表达的习惯，为学生今后学习英语奠定好的基础。在构建初中英语课堂文化的过程中，应该让学生在自由的基础上掌握英语语法知识，只有这样才能促进初中学生学习英语的积极性和主动性。在构建初中英语课堂文化的过程中，教师应该为学生提供自由发挥的空间，学生在日常学习语法的过程中，也要积极地配合教师。对于初中语法教学来说，重在训练，语法的运用也应该更加得当，这样才能促进英语交际能力的培养。比如在初中英语语法教学过程中可以看到如下例子：
—Do you think David killed the dog？ —Yes， I do. —Do you think David killing his dog？ —Yes. I do. killed是分词，但是还可以做动词，在这里killed还做了定语，这就表明，英语语法中有很多的知识值得我们挖掘，只有不断训练，才能使英语语法的应用更加的娴熟，而且英语语法学习重在对语感的培养。这种英语语法的培养过程从另外一个角度来看，就是英语课堂文化构建的过程，只有这样才能够让学生建立起属于自己的语言表达习惯。
三、初中英语阅读教学课堂文化的构建
在初中英语阅读教学过程中，英语阅读教学文化的构建对于整个英语教学来说是非常重要的。从一般意义上来说，初中英语阅读教学往往更多的是学生在其中发挥着更加重要的作用，对于学生阅读教学文化的构建应该从学生的角度来进行思考，首先应该不断地提升学生自我思考的能力，让学生对于不认识的单词和词汇进行猜想，在猜想的过程中掌握这些单词的意思，最终让学生不断地提升和完善。在初中英语课堂阅读教学过程中，教师应该给学生更多的思考空间，这样学生才能不断地提升自身的英语阅读技能。要想构建初中英语阅读教学文化，还应该关注学生的语言表达能力和输出能力的相互协调，这样才有利于促进初中英语课堂文化的建设。
综上所述，在构建初中英语课堂文化的过程中，应该重视学生和教师之间的交流与互动，另外还应该从口语教学、语法教学、阅读理解教学等多个角度考虑课堂文化的建设，只有教师和学生之间建立起完整的模式，才能促进初中英语课堂文化的构建和提升。
（作者单位 江苏省建湖县恒济初级中学）
With the rapid development of GWDC Drilling Branch’s overseas market and business, more and more new employees are getting to be engaged with international drilling activities who know little about HSE or even never get in touch with HSE basic knowledge before they enter into GWDC.As the consistent recognition and acknowledgement of all of us, GWDC, being an IADC important member, always pay extreme emphasis to its HSE performance and HSE training to its Chinese and overseas staff.随着长城公司钻井分公司海外市场和业务的迅速发展，越来越多的新员工在加入长城公司时，对从事国际钻井作业相关的 HSE 知识了解甚少，甚至从未接触。随着长城公司的声誉不断扩大，并且作为国际钻井承包商协会的重要成员，长城公司对公司旗下中国员工和海外员工 HSE 实践和 HSE 培训格外重视。
On the basis of being brief, easily-understandable, effective and capable of self-teaching, this manual aims at these new employees with the purpose of helping them to grasp HSE fundamental idea and being equipped with HSE common practices in order to meet HSE requirement from GWDC clients.It is a supplement to GWDC HSE Procedure Manual and Operation Manual.Those two manuals cover the other HSE documents and information whereas not being introduced in this manual.本着简明、易懂、实用和便于自学的原则，这本手册针对那些新员工，帮助他们领会HSE 的基本要点，掌握 HSE 一般实践内容，从而满足长城公司客户的要求。本手册还是对长城公司已有的 HSE 实用手册的补充。前面已有的两本 HSE 手册涉及的内容，本手册不再介绍。
SECTION ONE – HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMS 第一部分：健康、安全与环境方案 1.0 HSE Meetings HSE 会议
1.1 Safety Inspections and Logbooks 安全检查与记录 1.2 Job Safety Analysis 岗位风险识别 1.3 Incident Investigation 事故调查
1.4 Visitor / Service Personnel Orientation 外来人员指导培训
SECTION TWO – GENERAL GUIDELINES AND HEALTH CONTROL 第二部分： 一般指导和健康预防
2.0 General Housekeeping 物品摆放一般要求 2.1 Sanitation 卫生
2.2 Personal Hygiene 个人卫生 2.3 Drugs 毒品和药品
2.4 Fitness for Duty 岗位对健康的要求 2.5 Smoking 吸烟
2.6 Horseplay 打斗、玩耍与开玩笑 2.7 Proper Lifting Techniques 拿举重物技巧
2.8 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material(NORM)遭遇天然放射性物质 2.9 Heat Stress and Heat Related Conditions 受热和与高温环境 SECTION THREE – EQUIPMENT SAFETY 第三部分： 设备安全
3.0 Electrical Equipment 电气设备
3.1 Control of Hazardous Energy – Lockout / Tag-out 危险源的控制 –
锁死（安全保险）/ 警示标志 3.2 Hand Tools 各种手用工具
3.3 Drill Pipe / Collar Slips and Elevators 钻杆 / 钻铤卡瓦和吊卡 3.4 Hoists(Winches / Tuggers)提升设备（各种绞车 / 各种卷扬机）3.5 Pipe Tongs and Lines 管钳和绳索 3.6 Rotary Table Area 转盘区域 3.7 Equipment Guarding 设备防护
3.8 Derricks and Masts 井架（塔形井架与 A 形井架）3.9 Pipe Racks and Bins 管子架和储存盒 3.10 Derrickman’s Escape Device 井架工逃生装置
3.11 Drilling Line, Crown Block and Traveling Block 大绳、天车和游车 3.12 Drawworks, Brakes, Clutches 绞车、刹车、离合器 3.13 Mud Pumps and Equipment 泥浆泵与设备 3.14 Mud Pits and Equipment 泥浆池与设备
3.15 High-Pressure Lines and Fittings 高压管汇与配件 3.16 Engines 动力设备
3.17 Air-Operated Equipment 气动气控设备 3.18 Blowout Prevention Equipment 防喷器设备
3.19 BOP Accumulators, Pulsation and Suction Dampeners 防喷器蓄能器、蓄能器胶囊（空气包）
3.20 Stabbing Board（套管）扶正对扣台 3.21 Handling Tubulars 操作各种管子
SECTION FOUR – FIRE PREVENTION, FIRE FIGHTING AND FIRE CONTROL 第四部分：火灾预防、灭火和控制 4.0 Fire Prevention 火灾预防 4.1 Fire Protection 火灾预防 4.2 Fire Control 火灾控制
SECTION FIVE – WELDING, CUTTING AND COMPRESSED GAS & OXYGEN CYLINDERS 第五部分：焊接、切割和压缩空气 / 氧气瓶
5.0 General Precautions – Welding, Cutting and Other Spark/Flame Producing Operations 一般预防：电焊、气焊切割、其它遭遇火花/火焰的作业 5.1 Protective Equipment 预防设备
5.2 Preparatory – Precautions 事先预防：提示警告 5.3 Specific Precautions – Arc Welding 特殊提示：电弧焊
5.4 Specific Precautions – Gas Welding and Burning 特殊提示：气焊与燃烧 5.5 Compressed Gas and Oxygen Cylinders – Storage 压缩空气瓶和氧气瓶：存放 5.6 Cylinder Handling 气瓶搬运与安放 5.7 Cylinder Usage 气瓶使用 SECTION SIX – FLEET SAFETY 第六部分：机动车辆驾驶安全 6.0 General Rules 一般规则
6.1 Safe Driving Concepts for Accident Prevention 事故预防、安全驾驶原则 SECTION SEVEN – CRANE OPERATIONS 第七部分：吊车作业
7.0 General Operation Requirements 一般操作要求 7.1 Slings and Shackles 吊索 和 各种钩环
7.2 Standard Hand Signals for Crane Operations
起吊作业时使用的标准手势信号 SECTION EIGHT – FORKLIFT OPERATIONS 第八部分：叉车操作
8.0 General Operation Requirements 一般操作要求
8.1 General Training Requirements 一般培训要求
SECTION NINE – CONFINED SPACE ENTRY GUIDELINES 第九部分：进入危险区域指导 9.0 Procedures 步骤 9.1 Entry 进入危险区域 9.2 Exit 退出危险区域
SECTION TEN – HYDROGEN SULFIDE 第十部分：硫化氢
10.0 Properties of H2S 硫化氢的特点
10.1 H2S Exposure Limits 接触硫化氢的极限指标
10.2 Rescue/First Aid Procedures – Hydrogen Sulfide 遭遇硫化氢后 抢救/急救步骤 10.3 Detection 硫化氢检测
10.4 Breathing Equipment(SCBA)呼吸设备(自给式呼吸器)
SECTION ELEVEN – PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 第十一部分：环境保护
11.0 Spills Prevention and Control 泄漏的预防与控制
11.1 Drilling Site Environmental Considerations 钻井井场环境保护要考虑的因素 11.2 Material Storage 各种材料的存放 11.3 Waste Management 废物的管理 11.4 Camp Expectations 营地的管理
SECTION TWELVE – EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN(S)第十二部分：各种紧急预案
12.0 Medical Emergency Action Plan 医疗紧急预案 12.1 Media Crisis Communication 媒体危机时的沟通交流 12.2 Emergency First Aid 紧急急救
12.3 Emergency Procedure on Blow-out 井喷时的紧急预案 12.4 Emergency Procedure Against H2S 遭遇硫化氢时的紧急预案 12.5 Emergency plan against fire扑灭火灾时的紧急预案 SECTION THIRTEEN – DROPPED OBJECT PREVENTION 第十三部分：预防落物
13.0 Equipment Inventory 设备清单
13.1 Derrick/Mast Equipment Guidelines 井架设备安全指导 SECTION FOURTEEN – AIR AND GAS DRILLING 第十四部分：空气钻井
SECTION FIFTEEN – PERSONNEL HOISTING OPERATIONS 第十五部分：起吊人员作业 15.0 General 一般要求
15.1 Job Safety Analysis / Pre-Job Checklist 岗位风险识别 / 上岗前检查内容表15.2 Pre-Job Safety Meeting 上岗前安全会议 15.3 Personnel Lifting Operations 起吊人员操作
15.4 Winch Operator(s)绞车操作人员 SECTION SIXTEEN – FALL PROTECTION 第十六部分：预防坠落
16.0 General Fall Prevention 坠落的一般预防 16.1 Key Requirements for Fall Arrest Systems 对坠落预防设施的要求重点 16.2 Work at a Height 高空作业
16.3 Fall Restraint System and Equipment 预防坠落设施 SECTION SEVENTEEN – RIG PERSONNEL OBLIGATIONS 第十七部分：井队人员职责
17.0 rig manager obligations平台经理职责 17.1 toolpusher obligations 队长职责职责 17.2 camp manager obligations 营地经理职责 17.3 mechanical engineer obligations 机械工程师职责 17.4 electric engineer obligations 电气工程师职责 17.5 driller obligations 司钻职责
17.6 assistant driller obligations 副司钻职责 17.7 derrickman obligations 井架工职责 17.8 floorman obligations钻工职责 17.9 roustabout obligations场地工职责 17.10 mudman obligations泥浆工职责 17.11 motorman obligations机工职责 17.12 welder obligations电焊工职责 17.13 cleaner obligations清洁工职责 17.14 laundryman obligations洗衣工职责 17.15 cook obligations厨师职责
17.16 security guard obligations安全保卫人员职责 17.17 radio operator obligations无线电操作员职责 17.18 rig nurse obligation井队医护人员职责 17.19 driver obligations司机职责
17.20 crane operator obligations 吊车司机职责
SECTION ONE – HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMS 第一部分：健康、安全与环境方案 1.0 HSE Meetings HSE 会议
One of the most important parts of any company’s Health Safety and Environment Program should be regular HSE meetings.Safety meeting should include: 对于任何公司的HSE方案而言，定期的HSE会议是非常重要的，安全会议应该包括：
A.Weekly Safety Meeting Report 周安全会议记录 B.Information from equipment manufacturers 设备生产产家提供的情况
C.Information from the well operator 井上操作人员提供的情况 D.Recent company communications 最近公司交流讨论的情况
E.Recent incident investigations, their causes, and corrections 最近的安全事故调查，它们的发生原因和整改措施
F.Safety equipment operating procedures 设备安全操作步骤 G.Employee suggestions 来自员工的建议
H.Job Safety Analysis(JSA)Program 岗位风险识别方案
I.IADC HSE Committee Safety Alerts 国际钻井承包商协会 HSE 协会的安全提示
1.1 Safety Inspections and Logbooks 安全检查与纪录
Regular inspections should be made to determine if the equipment is safe to operate.Although a supervisor or other designated company representative should perform inspections, all employees are responsible to report any unsafe conditions they observe.The rig should be inspected from every viewpoint.Unsafe conditions and acts should be reported to the supervisor.定期检查设备的安全使用情况，虽然监督和其有关人员会检查，但是所有的员工有义务通报他们看到的不安全隐患。全面检查钻机设备，有不安全的情况和操作随时通报监督。
1.2 Job Safety Analysis 岗位风险识别
The Rig Manager(Tool pusher)will have the primary responsibility for training and/or retraining rig crews in the following processes:平台经理（队长）在对井队员工培训和指导上，负有主要责任 1.Job selection 岗位选择 2.Hazard identification 危险识别 3.Safe job procedures 安全作业步骤
4.Documentation on the JSA form 岗位风险识别相关材料
A.All injuries, no matter how minor, should be reported immediately to the supervisor and treated.所有的损伤，无论多轻，都应该及时通报监督并及时治疗。
B.All injuries, which occur during the course of employment, must be reported on the appropriate Incident/Injury form.在本公司就职期间，所有的损伤，都应该在事故和损伤表格中记录。C.The employer should contact the appropriate agencies to ensure that all regulatory reports are completed and submitted.公司有关领导应该及时和有关部门联系，确保完成定期的报告，并及时送达。1.3 Incident Investigation 事故调查
Incident investigations should be conducted ASAP after the incident occurs.Facts are clearer, more details remembered, and the conditions are nearest those at the time of the incident.The incident investigation may be conducted in the following manner: 事故一旦发生，就必须尽快分析调查。事实尽量清晰，细节尽量详实。与事故相关的各种情况都要分析到。事故分析应该按下面的方式进行：
A.Interview the worker(s)who had the incident, medical considerations permitting.如果医疗条件允许，应该与事故有关人员见面。
B.Interview all the witnesses and other personnel who may have been involved in the incident.与事故目击者和其他有关人员见面。
C.E.Review the JSA for the task involved in the incident(if applicable).重新论证酿成事故岗位，回顾其岗位风险识别（如果可行的话）
D.F.Review maintenance or manufacturers records for the equipment involved(if applicable).重新检查相关设备的维护纪录或者制造纪录（如果可行的话）E.G.Determine the facts, based on all information gathered.根据收集到的情况，确定事实真相
F.H.Document names and addresses of all witnesses, personnel who did not witness the incident, 纪录目击者的姓名和地址，记录那些没有目击事故的人员
G.but may have knowledge that is pertinent to the investigation, and other personnel on location 这些人员与事故的调查也相关，以及现场的其他人员。H.who did not witness the incident.谁还没有目击（看到）事故
I.Determine how the incident happened.确定事故是如何发生的
J.Document the facts of the investigation.纪录分析调查的细节与事实
K.Develop an action plan to prevent the incident from occurring again, 拿出防止类似事故再发生的行动方案
L.Share the results of the investigation and action plan with other personnel in the company so that they are aware of what happened and can take efforts to avoid a similar situation on their rig.将调查结果和措施方案通报公司其他人员，这样他们对事故也能认识，并且采取措施避免类似事故的发生。
1.4 Visitor / Service Personnel Orientation 外来人员指导培训
Visitors and service personnel who are new to the location should be met upon arrival, given an orientation immediately and be assigned muster stations.外来人员和外来服务人员初次来到井场，必须立即对这些人员进行指导和培训。
SECTION TWO – GENERAL GUIDELINES AND HEALTH CONTROL 第二部分 一般要指导和健康预防
2.0 General Housekeeping 物品摆放一般要求
A.Good housekeeping, cleanliness and order are first steps in safety.工作现场房间干净，整齐有序是安全的第一步。
B.All walkways and steps, rig floors etc., should be kept clear of tools, trash, boards, barrels, hoses and slipping hazards such as oil or grease.所有的步行通道，梯子和钻台等活动区域，不能有各种工具、废物、挡板、桶、软管以及容易让人滑倒的油脂等。
C Each work area should have a storage space or locker for tools and equipment used in that area.Rig floors should have a tool board or locker for hand tools and good storage racks for subs and other rig floor equipment.每一个工作区域，都应该有储存或者固定该地点常用工具的地方。钻台上应该有存放和固定各种工具、各种接头和其它常用设备的地点。
D.To protect slings, shackles, pipe hooks, etc., each rig should have a storage locker.Boards used on pipe or casing racks should be neatly stored.为了保管各种绳索、钩环、管子钩等，每一台钻机都应该配备专用存放箱，管子上使用的各种挡板，套管上使用的托架等必须洁净后存放。
E.Workshops should have proper storage areas for tools and equipment.All tools and equipment should be cleaned, inspected for damage, repaired if necessary and stored in the proper place after use.工房内必须有妥当的区域来存放工具和设备。所有的工具和设备应该保持干净，经常检查其破损情况，必要时维修，使用后放在适当位置。
F.Trash and disposal containers should be placed in different areas around the rig.垃圾箱和废物箱必须安置在钻机周围不同的区域。
G.Combustible materials such as oil, oil filters or oily rags should be kept in cans designed specifically for such materials.易燃材料比如:油品、滤油纸、带油抹布必须放置在专用容器内。H Guardrails or other suitable means should properly guard all temporary or permanent openings in the floor.钻台上的孔洞必须有护栏或其它设施来临时或者永久遮挡。
I.Drilling fluid should be cleaned off of the rig floor after making a connection and regularly during trips, or as quickly as the operation allows.在起下钻和接单根作业完毕后，钻台上的泥浆要及时清理干净。
J Masts/derricks should be kept free of loose items such as tools, shackles, etc.Any item used above a work area should be secured to prevent it from falling.10 井架上避免摆放没有固定的各种工具、链钳等，工作区域上方的任何物品，必须安全固定，避免坠落。
K Spills from sack or bulk chemicals should be cleaned up as soon as possible.袋装或者散装各种处理剂一旦散漏，必须立即清理。
L All rig waste should be disposed of in a proper manner.Non-deteriorating waste such as plastic bags, wrappers, wood, etc., may require special disposal procedures.所有的井场废物废料都必须妥善处理，一些不容易处理的材料塑料袋、包装袋、废木料等需要经过专门的处理。
M.Mix only enough paint to accomplish the task at hand.当需要使用油漆时，要估算好需要的量。
N Dispose of paint and thinner properly.Do not mix with other waste.妥善处理油漆和稀释剂，不要与其废料混合。
O Scrap metal should be kept separate from all other waste(hot metal could cause a fire if mixed with other waste).废金属料应该与其它废料分开（因为与其它废料混合容易引发火灾）。2.1 Sanitation 卫生
A.Galley personnel(personnel preparing food)should wear clean clothes and other proper attire, including shoes.A hat or hair net should be worn at all times by galley personnel while preparing meals.厨房工作人员（准备食品人员）应该服装干净，穿着得体，包括鞋。在准备食品时，厨房工作人员应该带帽子或者将头发罩住。
B.Galley personnel should keep all abrasions or cuts covered with a clean dressing.厨房工作人员必须将清洗或者切过的食品用干净物品覆盖。
C.Hand cleanliness is essential for galley personnel.Keep fingernails trimmed and hands clean.厨房工作人员必须注意手上卫生，经常修理手指甲，保持手干净。D.Galley personnel should be in good health.厨房工作人员必须身体健康。
E.Smoking and use of tobacco should be allowed only in designated areas.在指定区域吸烟。
F.Leftover food should be covered, dated and properly stored at the appropriate 11 temperature.剩下的食品必须遮盖，注明日期，在适宜的温度下存放。G.Careful attention should be made to the expiration date.注意食品的有效期。
H.Shelves and racks should be used to store food with stored items rotated so that the oldest is used first.存放食品的货架，在摆放食品时，要做到存放久的食品先食用。I.Insects and vermin should be controlled and kept out of food area.食品区域不能有各种害虫和寄生虫。
J.The dining area should be cleaned after each meal.每顿饭后，就餐区域应清理干净
L.The galley should be cleaned on a continual basis.Floors should be disinfected frequently.厨房要随时保持干净，地面要经常清洗消毒。L.Dishes should be sanitized before re-use.盘子下次使用前要消毒。
M.Toilet facilities should be kept clean and sanitized.卫生间设施保持干净，并消毒。
N.All potable and non-potable water should be labeled.饮用水和非饮用水要注明。
O.Dirty towels and clothes should be laundered after each use.每次使用后的脏毛巾和桌布都应该清洗。
P.Garbage and waste should be segregated for proper disposal of after each meal.每顿饭以后，各种垃圾和废物要做到分类收集处理。
Q.Changing rooms should be kept clean and orderly.Work clothes should be properly stored.更衣间应该保持干净、整齐。工作服妥善存放。R.Beds should be made daily.每天要整理床铺。
S.Personnel should not lie on beds in dirty work clothes and boots.工作人员不允许穿着脏的工作服和靴子躺在床上。2.2 Personal Hygiene 个人卫生 A.Personnel should bathe daily and start each day with a clean change of clothes.工作人员必须每天洗澡，穿戴干净。
B.Personnel should have an extra set of clean clothing at the rig to change into should their work clothes get contaminated with oil, diesel or other material that could cause skin irritation.工作人员还应该在井场多预备一套衣服，衣服一旦被油、柴油和其它物品污染，及时更换，避免伤害皮肤。
C.Consideration should be given to the prevention and spread of colds, influenza and/or other infectious diseases.注意及时预防感冒、流感和其它疾病的传染。
D.When air breathing apparatus, dust or organic vapor respirators are required, facial hair should be removed to facilitate a proper face seal.在使用呼吸用具，灰尘或者有气体呼吸过滤用具时，要将面部头发移开，确保呼吸用具与面部门密封紧密。
E.Hair should be maintained in a manner that does not create a safety hazard.头发不宜过长，避免不必要的危险。
F.Rig personnel should wash hands and face before eating.井队工作人员吃饭前应洗手、洗脸。
G.Using solvents to clean the skin is never a good practice.Workers who use a solvent to clean their hands may develop dermatitis or possibly becoming sensitized to the chemical or solvent.用碱水等来洗手不妥当，经常用碱水来洗手会引发皮肤疾病，或者对化学品和溶剂敏感。
2.3 Drugs 毒品和药品 A.Illegal drugs, intoxicating beverages, firearms, weapons or other contraband should not be allowed on the rig or location.非法毒品、麻醉性饮料、枪炮、武器或者其它禁止携带的物品不允许带到井场和营地。
B.Prescription drugs should be taken in strict accordance with the drug’s label and doctor’s guidance.Personnel who are taking prescription drugs should inform their supervisor.各种处方药品应该按照说明和医生的要求服用。个人开处方药应该向他们的责任 13 监督汇报。
C.Any medications brought to the rig should be in the original container in which they were dispensed or purchased.擅自带到井场上的各种药品，要退回原处。2.4 Fitness for Duty 岗位对健康的要求
The physical fitness of employees can affect their job performance and safety at the rig.In addition to being physically fit to carry out the physical requirements of the job, fitness includes being rested, and free of chemicals that could affect the employee’s performance.Employees should arrive at the work site fit for duty.This includes: Rested, Free from drugs or alcohol , Illness ,Injury.员工的身体健康状况会影响到工作和钻井作业现场的安全，保持身体健康，方能胜任工作。健康包括良好的休息，不随意服用药品，因为这些药品有时会影响工作。员工一到达现场，身体就应该胜任工作。它包括：良好的休息，不服用药品和酒类，无病、无伤残。2.5 Smoking 吸烟
A.Smoking areas should be designated and identified on the rig site.指定井场上的吸烟场所，并标注说明。B.Smoking is permitted only in designated areas.只能在指定区域吸烟。
C.Smoking should not be allowed in food preparation areas.在准备饭菜区域，不允许吸烟。2.6 Horseplay 打斗、玩耍与开玩笑
A.Horseplay should not be allowed at any time.工作时，任何时候都不允许打斗、玩耍。
B.Wrestling, mock fights, practical jokes, etc., are examples of horseplay.打斗、玩耍包括：摔跤、打斗、各类玩笑等。2.7 Proper Lifting Techniques 拿举重物技巧
A.Avoid manual lifting of heavy or awkward objects.Mechanical advantage or lifting devices should be used or assistance should be requested.避免人工提升笨重的物品，必要时要使用机械或者专用提升设备。B.When lifting an object with another person, coordinate the lift by using good 14 communication.(For example: “One, Two, Three, Lift”)与他人一起提升搬运物品时，要注意配合。（比如喊一、二、三、起！）C.Check for proper footing before lifting or carrying an object.Make sure the area is clear of slip or trip hazards.高举和搬运物品时，要注意脚下，避免绊倒或者各种危险。D.Proper lifting techniques should be followed when lifting any object.举提各种物品时，要按照正确技巧来做。
B.Over-reaching, lifting over shoulder height, or body twisting should be avoided while lifting or moving an object.高举和搬运物品时，要免远距离取拿，举过肩部，身体扭曲等不良行动 F.Carrying objects up or down stairs or steps with two hands should be avoided.避免用双手搬运重物上下梯子。
2.8 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material(NORM)遭遇天然放射物质 Radiation is a natural component in our environment.There are two natural radiation sources: Cosmic rays external to the earth, and radiation from naturally occurring radioactive materials(NORM)found in the earth’s crust.The following are precautions all company employees, contractors, and visitors should take: 放射物质是自然界的产物。一般有两种放射源。从宇宙到地球的放射，来自地壳的天然放射物质。所有公司员工、承包商和外来人员都要遵守下面的要求。A.Wear proper protective equipment, including respiratory or breathing air apparatus, when entering contaminated vessels and when handling equipment or materials with exposed NORM.在进入放射污染的容器和处理暴露在放射物质下的设备的时候，要穿戴合适的防护设备，包括呼吸设备。
B.Avoid direct skin contact with radioactive scale and solids to the extent reasonably possible.尽可能地避免皮肤与放射场，放射物质接触。
C.Thoroughly wash hands and face immediately following any skin contact with contaminated materials, especially before eating, drinking, smoking or otherwise using tobacco.在与放射物质接触以后，要认真洗手、洗脸。尤其是在吃饭、喝水和吸烟之前。D.Keep the number of personnel in the work area to a minimum.将在放射区域工作的人员控制在最少。
E.Any contaminated equipment or vessels that are to be worked on should be isolated, ventilated and left standing idle for 4 hours, before work commences.任何受过放射污染的设备在重新使用以前，必须隔离、通风，闲置4小时以上。G．Handle contaminated equipment and pipe in accordance with approved waste and surplus equipment disposal, and/or storage procedures.处理受到放射污染的设备可以参照报废设备的处理程序进行。H.Confined Space procedures should also be followed.可以参照危险禁区的处理程序。
2.9 Heat Stress and Heat Related Conditions 受热和高温环境
Heat stress is a serious issue in industrial work environments.When poorly ventilated clothing is worn in high heat and humidity, heat stress can become a danger.The keys to preventing heat stress are understanding why it occurs, altering the work environment, providing fluids, and providing appropriate protective clothing.If someone shows symptoms of heat stress, it is important to take the individual to a cool, shaded area and provide plenty of drinking water.Seek medical attention immediately.受热是从事工业作业常见的严重问题。如果衣服透风性差，遭遇高热高湿度，就很容易受热。找到原因，就知道如何避免。适当更换工作地点，保证通风，提供必要的防护服装。如果有人受热，马上转移到阴凉的地方，提供足够的水，必要时及时治疗。
Avoiding Heat Stress 如何避免受热
1.Drink plenty of fluids each day.每天喝足够水。
2.Stay physically fit.A higher degree of physical fitness can increase heat tolerance.操持身体健康，身体越健康，抗热能力越强。3.Take frequent breaks to a cooler location.经常在凉快地方休息一下。
4.Acclimatize yourself to the work environment.逐步适应工作环境。
5.When performing strenuous work on hot days, the buddy system should be used.当在炎热的天气条件下，从事繁重的工作，要有紧急救护措施。
6.Watch your health.Some medications and medical conditions such as hypertension 16 can worsen the effects of heat stress.注意你自己的身体状况，有时一些药品和过渡紧张会加剧受热。7.Avoid use of alcohol or drugs.不喝烈性酒或者不使用药品
8.Wear clothing that offers appropriate protection from the environment.穿戴合适的服装。
SECTION THREE – EQUIPMENT SAFETY 第三部分：设备安全
3.0 Electrical Equipment 电气设备
A.The breaker switch for any electric equipment should be locked and/or tagged out and tested to ensure no current is present at the equipment to be worked on before conducting any repairs.在对设备维修之前，要先断开电器开关，测试确保没有电流，方可维修。B Splicing or cutting of electrical wire by unauthorized personnel should not be permitted.非专业人员不允许善自拼接、切割电线。
C.A fuse puller should be used to remove and replace defective fuses.使用专业工具来更换失效的保险丝。
D.Plugs and cords should be protected from being damaged.避免损坏各种插座、插头。
E All electrical wall outlets, hand tools, extension cords, etc.should be provided with proper grounds or removed from operation.所有的墙上插座、手动工具、外接电线等必须有地线，作业时要搬走。F Power hand tool safety devices should not be modified.(For example: Applying tape to keep the power switch on a hand grinder engaged.)电动手用工具的开关要加强保护（比如用胶带密封，防止碎屑进入）。G.Electrical power tools should not be used in gaseous or explosive atmospheres,.电动工具不能在天然气环境和容易爆炸的环境中使用。
H.All electrical tools should be turned off before connecting to or disconnecting from the power supply.所有的电动工具在连通或者断开电源时，工具上的开关都必须放在断开位置。I.Electrical devices should not be operated when water hazards are present.当有水蒸汽环境时，不能操作电器设备。
J.Water or any substance containing water should not be used to extinguish an electrical fire.不能用水或者含水的物质来扑灭由于电引起的火灾。
K.All extension cords should be checked regularly and kept in good condition.所有的外部电线接头，必须定期检查，并处于良好的状态。
L.Cords should be disconnected from the power source before coiling for storage.在把电线盘起来存放之前，一定要先断开电源。
M.All guards on electrical equipment should be kept in place and in good repair.所有电器上的保护设施都必须完好无损。
N.Water, dirt, oil or dust should not be allowed to accumulate around electrical equipment.电器设备周围不能有水、油、灰尘等杂物。
O.All overhead lights should be equipped with safety fasteners.所有头顶上方的照明灯都必须安全固定。N.Explosion-proof lighting fixtures should be used where required by the classification of the area.依照工作场合，照明灯必要时要采用防爆固定装置。
Q.SCR units, rig and auxiliary generator plants should be grounded.可控硅装置，钻机上使用电器和其它辅助发电设备必须接地线。
R.Before main breaker switches are thrown “in” or “out”, the equipment controlled by these breakers should be turned off or on by the equipment control switch.在将主刹车的开关位于“合”、“离”位置之前，必须先将那些受刹车系统控制的设备控制开关也分别设定在“合”、“离”位置。
S.Should a circuit breaker kick out(disengage), the reason the breaker kicked out should be determined before the circuit breaker is re-engaged.如果电路保护系统突然跳闸短路，在重新合上之前，必须查明原因。
T.When re-engaging a circuit breaker that has kicked out, always stand to the side and look away from the breaker as it is re-engaged.当电路保护系统跳闸，在合闸的时候要注意身体站侧面，并与电闸保持一定距离。U.Explosion-proof equipment should be returned to its explosion-proof condition when repaired.当对防爆设备进行维修时，必须将防爆设备设定在防爆状态。
V.Non-conductive mats should be placed in front of the switchboards and maintained in a clean condition.在电器控制开关控制箱的前面放置绝缘的各种脚垫，并经常保持垫子干净。W.All high voltage panels should be clearly marked “DANGER – HIGH VOLTAGE.”
所有的高压电路控制箱（板、台），必须用文字清楚表明：“高压，危险！” X.Never assume electrical wiring is harmless.Check the source to ensure it has been disconnected, even if only changing a light bulb.杜绝电线不导电，不危险的想法，即使是更换一个电灯泡，也必须断开电源。Y.Never assume low voltage cannot be dangerous.杜绝低电压不危险的想法。
Z.Personnel rescuing a victim of electrical shock should first switch off the power causing the shock.If this is not possible, attempt to pull the victim away from the live conductor by using a dry stick, a dry rope, or other nonconductive material.在抢救触电人员时，必须先断开引发触电的电源，如果不行，则要使用干燥的木棍，干燥的绳索，或者其它绝缘的材料。
AA.A work permit may be necessary when using electrical power tools in some areas.在某些地方使用电动工具时，必须有相关的许可。
BB.All explosion-proof junction boxes and breaker boxes should be properly sealed with all bolts.所有的防爆设置和电路安全保护装置都必须用螺钉固定、封住。CC.All wires should be properly secured in wire trays.所有的电线都应该固定在线盒（盘）内。
3.1 Control of Hazardous Energy – Lockout / Tag out
危险源的控制— 锁死（安全保险）/ 警示标志
A.All employees should understand that before any employee performs servicing or maintenance on a machine or equipment where the unexpected energizing, start up, or release of stored energy could occur and cause injury, the machine or equipment shall be isolated from the energy source, rendered inoperative and energy source tested to ensure that energy has been released or not present.所有的员工都必须清楚，在含有各种潜在危险源动力设备上从事作业和维护时，19 这些设备会在作业人员不注意的情况下启动，或者释放出储存的能量，造成意外伤害。所以，必须先将这些设备和装置与动力源切断，通过测试等手段证明能量已经被释放掉，或者能量已经不存在。
B.If an energy-isolating device is not capable of being locked out, the employer’s energy control program should use a tag-out system.如果能量断开设施不能够被锁死，则要采取现场警示标志措施。
C.Whenever replacement or major repair, renovation, or modification of a machine or equipment is performed, and whenever new machines or equipment are installed, energy isolating devices for such machines or equipment should be designed to accept a lockout device.当进行设备更换、大修、改装或者修补等作业时；当新设备进行安装时，都要对这些设备采取安全保险措施，而且要求能够实现锁死功能。
D.employees should understand the purpose and function of the energy control program and that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage and removal of the energy controls are acquired by the employees.员工都应该了解各种动力源控制手段的功能和目的，而且要掌握它们安全运用的知识和操作技能。
E.Lockout / Tagout Plans may include the following elements.锁死（安全保险）/ 警示标志 方案包括以下方面的内容.1.All machinery or equipment that is capable of movement should be de-energized or disengaged and locked out during cleaning, servicing, adjusting or setting up operations, whenever required.所有的设备在进行清洁、维护、调试和安装的时候，需要时，都应该能够实现将能源释放，设备能源断开和锁死功能。
2.Where the power disconnecting means for equipment does not also disconnect the electrical control circuit: 断开设备动力的手段并不是指设备的控制电路断开。a.The appropriate electrical enclosures are identified.要对各种的带电的外罩（盒）进行明显标注。
b.Means is provided to assure the control circuit can also be disconnected and locked 20 out.要有措施来保证电路不仅可以被断开，同时还可以被锁死。
3.Locking out main power disconnects for equipment may be required as opposed to only the locking out of specific control circuits.安全锁死不仅仅是锁死特定的控制电路，而是要能够将设备的主动力切断锁死。4.All equipment control valve handles should be provided with a means for locking out.所有设备的控制阀也应该具有锁死功能。
5.Stored energy(mechanical, hydraulic, air, etc.)is required to be released or blocked before equipment is locked out for repairs.在将设备锁死进行维修之前，设备储存的能量（机械能、液压能、气能等）都要释放掉，或者封死。
6.Employees required to work on equipment should be provided with individually keyed personal safety locks.要给在设备上工作的员工提供锁死设备用的单独安全锁。
7.Employees who work on equipment should keep personal control of their key(s)while they have safety locks in use.当设备被锁死后，在设备上工作的员工要管好锁死设备安全锁的钥匙。8.Only the employee exposed to the hazard is to place or remove the safety lock.只有在危险场所工作的那些员工才有权力使用和打开安全锁。
9.Employees should check the safety of the lockout by attempting a startup after making sure no one is exposed.只有在确保危险场地没有员工的时候，才能够通过试启动设备来检查锁死装置的安全性。
10.There should be a means provided to identify any or all employees who are working on locked-out equipment by their locks or accompanying tags.通过识别安全锁或者相关的警示标志，可以知道有员工在锁死的设备上作业。11.There should be a sufficient number of accident prevention signs or tags and safety padlocks provided for any reasonably foreseeable repair emergency.要预备数量足够的预防标志、标牌和安全锁装置，防备在各种可能出现的紧急维修时使用。
12.A log should be kept for equipment that is locked out over a crew change or 21 extended period of time.如果设备锁死时间遇到换班或者更长的时间，则对锁死的设备要有书面记录说明。
3.2 Hand Tools 各种手用工具
Hand tools such as hammers, wrenches, and other hand tools are often underrated as sources of potential danger, but they are the causes of many injuries.These injuries can be serious, including loss of fingers or eyesight.手用工具如榔头、搬手以及其它工具通常被认为具有潜在危险，但是这些工具也经常引发伤害。某些伤害甚至是严重的，如断手指、眼睛伤害。
A.Frequent inspection of all hand tools should be made to ensure that they are in safe operating condition.Hand tools should not be altered or welded on.经常检查各种手用工具，确保它们出于良好的状态，不能对工具随意改装和焊接。B.Driving faces of hammers, chisels, drift pins, bars and similar tools should be inspected to eliminate mushroomed heads, broken faces and other defects.检查各种榔头、凿子、销子、橇杠的工作面，不能出现卷刃、破裂和其它缺陷。C.Driving faces that are mushroomed should be ground smooth.Driving faces that exhibit cracking should be removed from service.出现卷刃的必须重新磨平，出现破裂的不能再使用。
D.Use the right tool for the job.Hammer handles should not be used as pry bars, nor should a wrench be used as a hammer.正确使用各种工具、榔头的手柄不能用作橇杠，不能把搬手当成榔头来用。E.Tools should be returned to their proper storage place after use.工具使用后要妥善保管，便于下次使用。
F.Sharp tools, such as screwdrivers, should not be carried in pockets.口袋里不要装锋利的工具比如：起子（螺丝刀）等
G.When tightening pipe, swab nuts, swab rods, etc., you should not stand or jump on the wrench for additional force.当上紧管子、套筒螺母和套筒螺栓时，不要站在搬手上加力量。
H.Cheaters should be used only if absolutely necessary.Do not use cheaters on chain binders at any time.Secure chain binders with rope or chain once fastened.如果需要使用加长钳把的管子时，不要把管子直接套在钳把上，要使用绳索或者 22 链条固定钳把。
I.Wood handles should be sound and securely wedged or fastened to the tool.Tape should not be used to cover defects such as cracks in wooden handles.工具的木制手柄必须光滑，与工具要楔牢，不要用胶布包缠手柄上的裂缝。J.Tools carried into the derrick should be secured to prevent being dropped.带工具上井架，必须有固定措施，防止坠落。
K.When hand tools are being used overhead, those working or standing below should be notified and the area restricted.In addition, secure the tools with a safety lanyard to prevent them from falling in case the grip is lost.当各种手用工具在使用中过热，要小心周围人员和周边环境，另外，可以用一根绳子系住工具，防止因发热手松，工具飞出伤人。L.Pipe wrenches should not be used to bend, raise or lift pipe.管钳不能用来弯曲、提举管子。
M.When using a hammer wrench, attach a piece of rope, or rubber “O” ring to the handle to apply tension on the wrench to hold it in place.在使用锤钻时，用一段软绳或者橡胶圈包住手柄，这样可以方便拿握。N.When using hand tools around the rotary table or the well bore, be sure to cover the bore hole.当在转盘和井口周围使用各种工具时，要将井口盖住，防止物体落入井内。O.Insulated hand tools should be used when working on or around electrical equipment.在电器设备上，或者周围使用工具时，工具必须绝缘。P.Brass hammers may be necessary in gas-sensitive areas.在一些天然气敏感的区域作业，要使用铜棰。
Q.Electric hand tools should be grounded or double insulated.使用各种电动手用工具要接地线，并且使用双绝缘。
3.3 Drill Pipe / Collar Slips and Elevators 钻杆/ 钻铤卡瓦和吊卡 A.Slips and elevators should not be modified or welded on.卡瓦和吊卡不能修补和焊接。
B.Keys, pins, dies, handles and bodies on all pipe and collar slips should be checked frequently for wear or damage.钻杆和钻铤用卡瓦上的各种销健、板牙、手柄和本体要经常察看其磨损和损害情况。
C.Rig personnel should keep their hands and feet, away from slip handles when rotary or top drive is in motion.当转盘和顶驱在工作时，钻台上的工作人员手和脚要远离卡瓦手柄。D.Slips should be properly positioned out of the way when not in use.当不使用卡瓦时，要正确地移出。
E.Slip handles should be used to raise and lower slips.Handles should be grasped with palm up.Slips should NOT be kicked into the rotary bushing.卡瓦的手柄是用来提升和下放卡瓦，要用手掌抓住卡瓦。不要用脚将卡瓦踢进转盘补芯内。
F.Using proper lifting techniques, at least two employees should pull slips.要正确操作提升卡瓦，至少两个人一起来提卡瓦。
G.Latches, latch springs, hinge pins and elevator shoulders should be inspected periodically and maintained as necessary.These areas should be checked for cracks and deformities.锁紧部分、锁销弹簧、销子和吊卡的台阶等部位要定期检查和维护，要检查有无裂缝和缺陷。
H.The elevator ear locks should be fitted with proper size steel bolts as recommended by the manufacturer.Bolts should be checked often to ensure tightness.吊卡的锁紧耳朵要使用厂家推荐的，大小合适的插销，插销要确保插紧。I The elevators or bails not be grasped in the area of the link eyes.作业中，不能抓吊卡和吊环的联结耳部，以免擦伤。
J The load bearing areas of elevators and links(bails)should be inspected as per company policies and procedures developed in consideration of the manufacturer’s recommendations.根据生产厂家的建议和本公司的制度，要对吊卡的承受载荷部分和联结部分（吊环）进行检查。
3.4 Hoists(Winches / Tuggers)提升设备（各种绞车 / 各种卷扬机）A.Only those personnel, who through experience and training, are determined by the rig supervisor to be competent should be allowed to operate the rig floor hoist(s).只有具有经验，受过培训并且得到监督认可的人员才能够操作钻台上的绞车。B.All hoists should be equipped with a drum guard and line guide.所有的绞车都必须配备刹车鼓护罩和排绳器。
C.The hoist operator should check the hoist mechanism, brake, drum guard, and line guard to ensure proper working order prior to each lift.绞车操作人员在作业前，应该检查绞车结构、刹车系统、刹车鼓罩、钢丝绳罩等部位，确保工作正常。
D.The hoisting line should not be in contact with any derrick member.绞车钢丝绳不能与井架的任何部分接触。
D.Loads lifted by the hoist and wire rope should not exceed the manufacturer’s recommendation.绞车提升的载荷量不能超过绞车生产厂家的规定。F.Rig personnel should stand clear of suspended loads.钻台上的工作人员要躲避远离提升物。
G.The hoist operator should set the drum brake anytime a load is in suspension.The operator should not leave the hoist unattended.绞车操作人员在提升过程中，随时可能刹车，操作人员不应能离开绞车。H.The hoist-operating lever should return to the neutral locked position when the operator releases it.要保证操作人员松开时，刹车操纵杆能够自动返回原位。
I.The hoist should be equipped with an emergency shut-off valve within easy reach of the operator.绞车必须配备紧急停车装置，并且操作人员容易控制它。
J.The hoist operator should raise the load at a slow, steady rate and stay alert to the situation and flagman at all times.绞车操作员提升载荷时要慢速、平稳，要密切关注周围环境和指挥人员。K.Continuous communications should be maintained either through direct sight, through a flagman or via two-way radio.在提升作业中要不断与现场工作人员交流配合，交流可以是直接的，可以通过指挥人员，也可以通过通讯工具。
3.5 Pipe Tongs and Lines 管钳和绳索 A.Snub lines should be installed on makeup and breakout tongs and secured to a structural part of the rig floor or derrick.内钳和外钳上必须系上缓冲保护绳，并将该绳股固定在钻台或者井架上。B.Tong counterbalance and components should be restrained, guarded or located so as to prevent them from falling on or striking crewmembers.Makeshift weights such as tools, pipe protectors, bits, etc.should not be added to the counterbalance weights or tongs.大钳的平衡块要放置妥当，防止它坠落或者伤人。不要把各种工具、护丝、钻头等物品当作临时性的重量平衡块来使用。C.Tong die slots should be properly maintained.大钳的板牙槽部分要经常维护。
D.Tongs should be provided with sharp dies at all times and properly pinned in die slots.Die drives should be used to remove tong dies.随时保证大钳板牙锋利，往板牙槽里装板牙时要正确妥当，要使用专用工具来装板牙。
E.Tongs should be properly secured when not in use.不使用大钳时，要妥善固定。
F.The rotary table should not be used for final making up or initial breaking out of a pipe connection.Two tongs should be used during makeup and breakout.转盘不能用来紧扣和松扣，应该使用大钳完成此操作。
G.When greater-than-normal pull is needed to break a tight joint, all floor crewmen should move away from the rotary, and out of the path of the tongs before torque is applied.(Maximum rating of tongs or lines should not be exceeded.)当使用过大力量来松扣时，钻台上的人员要远离转盘，躲开大钳周围的危险区域，施加的力量不要超过规定最大载荷。
H.Employees should not stand between the two pipe tongs while the driller is making up or breaking out pipe or collars.当司钻在进行钻杆和钻铤的紧扣和松扣操作时，其他人员不要站在大钳之间。I.All bolts/pins used to secure tong jaws should be kept in place, with nuts and secured with cotter pins or safety pins.所有固定大钳巴掌的螺栓/销子都要用螺母、开尾销或者安全销固定就位。
J.The lockout / tagout procedure should be used when working on power tongs.当维护维修动力大钳的时候，要采取安全保险措施（锁死），并且有警示标志。
J.Tongs should be inspected for stress cracks as per manufacturer’s recommended inspection and maintenance programs.Qualified inspectors should carry out tong inspections.要按照生产厂家的要求来检查大钳，防止出现应力裂纹。必需安排合格人员检查大钳。
K.Drawworks Line Pull Level – Line pull should be level with tong to reduce stress on the tong from this operation.Breakout/makeup tong arm should be as close as possible to a 90-degree angle to the line of pull.拉绳要摆平---大钳上的上卸扣拉绳要尽量和大钳对平，以减少操作中大钳的应力。上扣和卸扣时，大钳臂要尽量与拉绳摆成90度。
3.6 Rotary Table Area 转盘区域
A.The rotary table area should be constructed or covered with a non-skid material.转盘附近的区域应该是用防滑材料建造。
B.Hoses, ropes and lines should be clear of the rotary table and adjoining rotating equipment while it is in motion.转盘附近不要放置软管、绳索和钢丝绳等，因为转盘一旦工作，这些东西会被转盘缠住。
C.When not in use, the pipe tongs should be secured away from the rotary table.当不使用大钳的时候，大钳要远离转盘并且固定住。
D.If the rotary table is removed, the pick-up lines should be of sufficient strength and condition, and placed evenly around the block hook to ensure a level lift.吊装转盘时，提升钢丝绳要有足够的强度，往大钩上挂钢丝绳时，要确保水平起吊。
E.Rotary and motion compensator hoses should be equipped with safety lines at both ends.要把水龙带和其它运动的补偿软管（带）的两端用安全绳链固定绑牢。F.Safety lines should be used to secure cementing or fracturing bumper hoses to an immovable object such as pump base or sub base.在进行固井或者井下压裂作业时，要确保缓冲软管与固定设备连接，比如泵底座、井架底座。
G.Hoses should be inspected periodically and maintained to manufacturer’s specifications.要定期检查各种软管与水龙带，并为达到厂家的技术规范。
H.Rotary slip bushings should be locked in the rotary at all times.转盘的卡瓦补芯要始终放在转盘内。
3.7 Equipment Guarding 设备防护
A.All moving machinery that presents a hazard to employees working in its proximity should be adequately guarded.所有运动机械设备，如果对工作人员造成危险，就应该加护罩。B.Any removed guard should be replaced before the machinery is returned to operation.任何挪走的护罩，在设备开动前，必须恢复就位。
C.Lockout and or tag-out procedures should be used before removing guards.在挪动护罩前，要采取安全保护措施，并且有警示标志。D.All piping that could cause burns should be insulated or guarded.所有可能导致起火和燃烧的管子都必须采取绝缘和加罩。
E.All portable tools with exposed moving parts should be equipped with proper guards.所有的可以移动的工具中，如果有运动部分或者运动件，对必须加防护罩。L.If expanded metal is used to fabricate equipment guards, the openings should be of a size(1/2 inch)that will prevent a person’s fingers from going through it.如果用铁皮等软质材料来做设备的护罩，则护罩开口缝隙尺寸不能让人的手指进入通过（1/2英寸）。
3.8 Derricks and Masts 井架（塔形井架与A形井架）
A.Inspections of the derrick or masts should be performed periodically.定期检查井架
B.The pipe racking fingers should be kept straight and properly secured.A safety cable or chain should be attached to each finger.各种管架的横挡要平直、稳固，必要时要使用安全绳（链）将每个横挡固定好。
C.Drill collar tieback ropes should be secured to a derrick or mast member.拉钻铤的绳索必须固定在井架上。
D.As each stand of drill pipe is set in the fingers it should be tied back or secured in the finger.当把每一根钻杆立柱往管架上拉靠后，要将立柱固定好。
E.Personnel should not be in the mast or derrick when pulling or jarring on stuck pipe.当进行解卡作业时，无关的工作人员不要滞留在井架内。
B.The derrick escape device should be visually checked by the derrickman before each trip.在每次进行起下钻操作时，必须用肉眼检查检查井架工的逃生装置。C.Safety lines should be attached to all sheaves hanging in the derrick(i.e.tong, hoist, catline, etc.)These lines should be inspected frequently.各种安全绳索（大钳上的、提升设备上的和猫头绳等），必须装在悬挂于井架上的滑轮中，这些绳索必须经常检查。
D.A full body safety harness and lifeline should be provided and used by each employee who works more than six feet above the drill floor.如果员工在钻台面六英尺以上高空作业，必须穿戴完备，系上保险绳。E.The derrickman should wear a full body harness that is attached to a fall arrest device as well as positioning rope.All derrick safety harnesses should be the full-body type and inspected frequently.A backup should be provided if the one in use becomes defective.井架工作业时，必须穿戴完备，系上保险绳。所有的安全保护措施必须齐备，并且经常检查。同时必须有一套备用。
F.The derrickman should inspect the monkey board before its use.井架工在作业之前，必须检查井架二层台。
K Any time the derrickman plans to connect to the ladder-climber assist/anti-fall device, or do anything other than routine operations, the driller should be notified.如果井架工在井架上安装梯子护栏 / 防止摔落安全设施，或者进行其它非正常的操作，司钻要密切关注，以防意外。
3.9 Pipe Racks and Bins 管子架与储存盒
A.Each layer of tubulars should be secured to avoid movement.管子的每一层都必须固定好，避免移动。B.Pipe racks should be inspected periodically.定期检查管子支架。
C.Pipe racks and bins should be level.管子架和管子盒应该放平。
D.Personnel should not be on the catwalk when tubulars or other equipment is being hoisted to the rig floor.当往钻台上起吊各种管子和其它设备时，员工不要站在坡（猫）道上。3.10 Derrickman’s Escape Device 井架工逃生装置
A.Derrickman’s escape device should be installed during rig up and should be operable when the mast is raised.在安装钻机时，必须安装井架工逃生装置，一旦井架安装完毕，该设施就应该能够使用。
B.The derrickman should perform a visual inspection of the escape device and escape line before each trip in or out of the hole.井架工在进行起下钻作业之前，必须用肉眼检查逃生装置和逃生路线。C.The device should be used only in the event of an emergency.该设施仅在紧急情况下使用。
D.The safety device should be inspected prior to rigging up and periodically 该设施在安装前要检查，并且定期检查。
3.11 Drilling Line, Crown Block and Traveling Block 大绳、天车和游车 A.Derrickmen should never touch the active line while traveling blocks are moving.当游动滑车运动，井架工不要摸活绳。
B.Drilling lines should be visually inspected daily for wear and breaks.每天用肉眼检查钻井大绳磨损和断丝情况。
C.The drilling line should not be allowed to rub against other objects that may cause damage.钻井大绳不允许其它物品摩擦，避免损伤。D.Drilling line is stiff and can flip when being cut.在切割大绳时，钢丝很坚硬，会弹起来伤人。
E.The deadline anchor bolts should be checked periodically to ensure that they are properly torqued.定期检查死绳固定器螺栓，确保其拧紧。
F.All excess drilling line should be spooled up off the ground or deck.所有剩余的钢丝绳要盘起来，不要堆在地上或者台面上。
G.Crown sheaves and traveling block should be inspected and lubricated each day.每天都要检查和润滑天车滑轮和游动滑车。
H.A slip-and cut-program should be followed.Calculate the ton-miles and follow the slip-and-cut program as recommended by the drilling line manufacturer.按照规定程序步骤进行倒大绳作业，按照钢丝绳生产厂家的要求计算吨-英里载荷量。
I.The line guide cable and rollers should be inspected each tour to determine their condition.每个工作班都要排绳器的绳索和滑轮滚子，确保其状态良好。3.12 Drawworks, Brakes, Clutches 绞车、刹车、离合器
A.All rig personnel should be instructed in how to shut down the drawworks and rotary table in the event of an emergency.所有的井队人员都要学会在紧急情况下关掉绞车和转盘。
B.All guards should remain in place at all times and be kept in good condition.Guards should only be removed for maintenance or repair(follow lockout/tagout procedures)and replaced prior to putting back in operation.所有的设备护罩都必须就位完好，只有在进行维护和维修的时候才能取下，应该在作业之前更换各种护罩（按照 锁死（安全保险）/ 警示标志 要求实施）。C.Only designated personnel should operate the drawworks.只有指定人员才能操作绞车。
D.While operating the drawworks, the operator should not be distracted.操作绞车时，操作人员不允许走神，必须专心。
E.The driller should supervise all drawwork repairs.Do not start up other operations until repairs are completed and guards are in place.司钻必须监督所有的绞车维修工作，维修完成，护罩就位后才能重新操作。F.Defective zerk and alemite fittings should be replaced.及时更换各种损坏、实效的联结部件。
G.The brake blocks, linkage, pins, cotter keys, etc.should be checked periodically.定期检查刹车部分、刹车带、各种固定销健等。
H.The crown-o-matic should be visually checked at tour change and function tested at first opportunity.It should be reset and checked after drill line is cut and slipped.每次换班时，要用肉眼检查防碰天车装置，并测试。每次倒完大绳；应该重新调试防碰天车。
3.13 Mud Pumps and Equipment 泥浆泵与设备
A.Caution should be used when working around high-pressure components.在高压设备附近工作要有相应的防范预警措施。
B.Lockout/tagout procedures should be used when repairing or maintaining equipment.当修理和维护设备时，要采取安全保险和警示措施。
C.Mud pumps should have pressure relieving safety(pop off valve)devices.There should not be any valves or other restrictions placed in the pressure release relief line.Shear pins recommended by the manufacturer are the only pins that are to be used in shear pin type pop off valves.Pressure relief device cover should be in place.泥浆泵应该有安全阀（泄压阀），在安全泄压管线上不能有任何阀和障碍。安全阀上的安全销子必须使用厂家推荐的，安全阀的防护盖必须就位完好。D.Liners should not be removed from or seated in a pump by running the pump or by applying hydraulic, pneumatic or gas pressure.不能在泵运行，或者有液体压力、气体压力情况下装卸泥浆泵缸套。E.Guards should be in place and secured while a pump is in operation.当泥浆泵工作时，泥浆泵护罩必须就位固定好
F.Studs and nuts on the fluid end should be maintained in good condition and kept tight.泥浆泵液力端的各种螺栓和螺母必须完好，紧固。
G.Good housekeeping and lighting should be maintained around the mud pumps.泥浆泵附近的泵房设施和照明必须完备良好。
H.Discharge lines coming from the pump should be snubbed off.泥浆泵的排出管线必须平滑。
3.14 Mud Pits and Equipment 泥浆池与设备
A.Mud pits may be considered confined spaces so proper precautions should be taken.32 泥浆罐之间要有合理的间距，以便采取各种防范措施。
B.High-pressure fittings and lines should be properly rated for the expected working pressures.各种承受高压的接头何管线，必需满足工作压力的要求。C.Mud gun unions and connections should be kept tight.各种泥浆搅拌设备的联结部件必须紧密。
D.Only designated employees should be allowed to operate mud guns.泥浆搅拌设备必须由专人来操作。
E.Walkways should be kept clear of tripping hazards.泥浆罐上的通道不能有障碍物。
F.Electrical equipment should be located to prevent contact with fluids.避免电器设备与钻井液接触。
G.Caustic soda should be added to water slowly to avoid splashing and should be mixed using a mixture tank or barrel.往水里加入烧碱的时候，要慢慢加入，避免溅出伤人。要使用搅拌桶或者搅拌罐。
H.When mixing chemicals employees should follow precautions as stated on the manufacturer’s MSDS and warning labels.Chemicals that are not compatible should not be mixed together.在搅拌处理泥浆用的化学品时，操作人员必须按照产品生产厂家安全数据表上的要求或者说明书要求进行，不相容的化学品不能混合。
I.Approved explosion-proof lighting fixtures should be installed on mud pits.泥浆罐上要安装有安全许可的防爆照明设备。
J.The agitator’s power source should be isolated and locked out before entering the mud pits.搅拌设备必须绝缘良好，进入泥浆罐的电线必须有安全保险措施（安全锁）。K.At the mud mixing hopper or mixing location, the following items should be available for the employee’s use:
再混合漏斗和混合作业场地，必须为操作人员提供下列内容： 1.Eye protection.眼部防护用具 2.Face protection.面部防护用具
3.Proper respiratory protection.呼吸道防护用具
4.Rubber gloves and apron.防护橡胶手套和围裙 5.Eyewash station / shower, and 洗眼站和冲洗设施
6.Appropriate caution and/or danger signs.及时的安全提示和危险标记。7.MSDS for chemicals.各种化学品的安全数据表。3.15 High-Pressure Lines and Fittings 高压管汇和配件
A.Employees should not attempt to tighten or loosen unions or other connections under pressure.Never hammer on a pipe or connection that is under pressure.操作人员在有压力的情况下，不要上紧或者松开联结部分，不要用榔头敲打管线或者联结部分。
B.Pressure relief valves should be checked periodically as manufacturer’s recommendation.安全阀必须按照厂家的要求，定期检查。
C.Lines or piping systems that may kick under pressure should be secured.那些在有压力的情况下，容易产生爆裂的管线要妥善固定。
D.Care must be taken to ensure proper halves of hammer type unions are mated together.“1502“ threads in a two inch wing nut will appear to be completely made up to the ”602" threads on the female half but will come apart when the line is pressured up.在使用锤打联结式的尤任连接时，要保证联结紧密，蝶形螺母上的1502型丝口要与对接的602型丝扣完全配合，要保证在管线充压力以后，尤任连接不出现问题。
E.High-pressure lines should be fitted with high-pressure fittings.高压管线要准备承受高压的联接件。
F.All personnel should stand clear of high-pressure lines being used during cementing, acidizing, well testing procedures, etc.在进行固井作业、酸化作业、试井作业时，无关人员要远离高压管线。G.Chicsan sections in high-pressure lines should be watched for leaks.Chicsan connections should be secured with a safety line.密切观察各种高压管汇的旋转部分，防止渗漏。必要时旋转部分用安全绳索固定。
H.Do not stand in front of valves or bull-plugs when they are under pressure.34 在有压力的情况下，不要站在各种高压阀门和高压堵头面前。
I.Snub each end of high-pressure lines.Where possible, high-pressure lines should be snubbed to a structural part and not back to other parts of the high-pressure line.要注意让高压管线有缓冲，如果可能，要尽量让高压管线缓冲地进入其它设施，不要返回到高压管线的其它部分。3.16 Engines 动力设备
A.Positive lockout measures should be provided to ensure that the source of power is not activated during the engine repair, inspection or adjustments.在设备维修、检查或者调整时，采取有效的安全锁死措施来保证设备不能被启动。
B.All exposed revolving parts such as radiator or cooling fans, belts, flexible drives, generators, water pump pulley, shafts, couplings and other moving parts should be provided with adequate guarding to prevent contact or items being caught in moving parts.Guarding removed for maintenance purposes should be replaced as soon as possible.对于一些设备，它们暴露在外运动部件，比如散热器、风扇、皮带、万向轴、发电机、水泵驱动轮、运动轴、联轴器等，要有相应的防护措施，避免与运动件接触。各种护罩在打开后，必须尽快恢复就位。
C.Spark arresting devices should be installed in engine exhaust systems.在动力设备的排出口上要安装火焰火花阻挡装置。
D.Engines should be equipped with safety alarms and/or automatic shutdown controls to be activated during emergencies or operational difficulties such as overheating, low oil pressure and over speeding.动力设备应该配备有安全报警装置/或者是紧急情况下或者人工操作困难情况下的自动关闭装置。这些情况如：过热、油压过低、速度过高等。
E.Exhaust manifolds and piping should be constructed, installed and maintained to prevent exhaust gases from leaking between the engine and the discharge line.废气排出管汇和管线维护良好，避免废气从动力设备与排出管线之间泄漏。F.Areas below engine skids and beneath the sub base should be kept clear of drained motor oil and debris.动力设备底座下面的区域应该保持干净，没有各种污油和杂物。G.“Caution High Noise Area” signs should be posted and hearing protection
available in the engine area.Personnel working in high noise areas should wear adequate hearing protection.要放置“高噪声区域”的标志，要提供听力保护用具，工作在高噪声区域的人员要戴听力保护用具。
3.17 Air-Operated Equipment 气动气控设备
A.Air tanks should be drained frequently to prevent accumulation of moisture.各种气灌和气瓶要经常清理排水，防止积水过多。
B.A valve should not be installed between the tank/compressor and the pressure relief valve.在气罐和空气压缩机、安全阀之间不要安装其它阀。
B.Compressed air used for cleaning purposes should be regulated to limit pressure.用于清洗目的压缩空气，要限制压力值，避免过大。
C.Each air line should be secured to prevent it from coming loose at the connections.每一条气管线，必须固定良好，防止在联结部位松动。3.18 Blowout Prevention Equipment 防喷器设备
A.Pick-up lines, eyes and shackles should be inspected for strength and condition before lifting a blowout preventer or the entire stack.在吊装防喷器和整个防喷器组之前，要检查吊装绳索、吊装扣眼和各种联接件的强度和完好情况。
B.Check with the manufacturer before using any padeyes on the annular for picking up the annular and other BOP units.Most annular padeyes are designed only for picking up the weight of the annular itself.在要使用环形防喷器上的各种座眼和吊扣来吊装防喷器和其它防喷器组前，要与设备生产厂家一起检查，因为这些座眼和吊扣只能用来吊装设备本身的重量。C.Blowout preventers and components should not be climbed on until they are set on the wellhead flange, the test stump, flange of another blowout preventer unit or in the stowed position.When climbing on BOP stacks, fall protection should be utilized, but not attached to the BOP.在防喷器被安装到井口法兰上、试油设备上、其它防喷器上或者安装就位之前，不要在防喷器上爬上爬下。当需要爬上防喷器时，要采取防摔到措施，并且防摔到设施不能与防喷器联在一起。
D.While hammering up the blowout preventer, bolts and nuts, closed socket hammer wrenches of correct size, as well as sledgehammers of suitable weight and size should
be used for agility and accuracy.当使用工具紧固防喷器、螺栓和螺母时，要选用大小合适的套筒搬手和手用大锤。
E.A rope or rubber “O” ring should be used on the hammer wrench to hold it in place when hammering.必要时，要在套筒搬手上软绳或者橡胶圈防滑。
F.Employees should not be permitted on the blowout preventer when the stack is being pressure-tested.If during pressure testing the BOP stack, it is discovered that repairs are required, all pressure to the stack should be released before repair work is begun.当防喷器组在进行试压时，员工不要站在防喷器附近。如果发现有必要对防喷器进行维修时，必须先将压力释放掉。
G.When nippling down the blowout preventer, all hydraulic lines should be bled to zero pressure before hammering is permitted on the hydraulic unions.在拆卸防喷器时，必须先将液压管线里的压力全部泄掉，压力显示为零。H.Scaffolding and work platforms should be inspected before being utilized for access to BOP stack.为操作、维护防喷器所搭建的脚手架和工作台要定期检查。
I.Choke and Kill lines should be snubbed off at each end and at each connection on long vertical installations.在垂直安装设备上连接的节流管线和压井管线，必须有内控管线妥善缓冲释放。
J.BOP bolts should be long enough to allow for a full nut when fully tightened.防喷器的螺栓必须足够长，便于螺母紧到位。
K.Be sure that the proper ring gasket is used.Ring gaskets should not be reused.使用大小合适的密封圈，密封圈不能重复使用。
3.19 BOP Accumulators, Pulsation and Suction Dampeners
防喷气蓄能器、蓄能器胶囊（空气包）
A.Rig supervisors should ensure that personnel are instructed in the proper use and maintenance of accumulators, pulsation and suction dampeners.监督必须确保有关人员正确地使用和维护防喷气蓄能器、各种蓄能器胶囊（空气 37 包）。
B.Toolpusher should charge accumulators and high-pressure pulsation dampeners.The pre-charge should be checked as per company policies and procedures developed in consideration of manufacturer’s specifications.队长负责给蓄能器和各种蓄能器胶囊（空气包）预充压力操作，预充压力的步骤和压力值大小要按照公司的有关要求和生产厂家的要求来执行。
C.Each control on the BOP accumulator and each BOP remote unit should be clearly marked as to its exact function.防喷器蓄能器和远程控制装置上的每一个控制阀都要注明外部功能。D.After a ram is placed in open or closed position, flag the controls;do not leave controls in neutral position.在防喷器闸板位于打开和关闭位置后，要将控制阀固定住，避免它回到自然位置。F.The blind / shear ram control handles should be protected in a way to prevent against accidental closure.(Accumulator and Drill Floor Remote Control Units)防喷器闸板和剪切闸板的控制手柄要有安全保护措施，防止意外关闭。（蓄能器和防喷器远程控制台也同样如此要求。）
F.Suction and mud pump pulsation dampeners should be charged by qualified personnel as per procedures developed in consideration of manufacturer’s recommendations.吸入端和泥浆泵空气包预充压力要由合格人员来操作，并且按照厂家的要求执行。
3.20 Stabbing Board（套管）扶正对扣台
A.Stabbing board and components should be inspected periodically and prior to use.套管对扣扶正台及相关设备部件，要定期检查，在使用以前还要检查。B.The stabbing board is to be properly installed and safety lines attached as required.对扣台要安装稳当，必要时，要配备安全绳。
C.Stabbing board locking devices should be provided such that: 对扣台的锁紧装置应该按照下面的要求来设置：
1.One locking device operates when the lifting handle is in neutral.当提升操作手柄处于自然位置时，一个锁紧装置作用。2.One locking device operates if the hoisting mechanism fails.当提升操作没有成功，另一个锁紧装置作用。
3.Both devices are independent of each other.两个锁紧装置是相互独立的。3.21 Handling Tubulars 操作各种管子
A.When stabbing tubulars, personnel are to keep their hands and fingers from between the pin and box of the two joints of tubulars.在进行管子对扣作业时，操作人员不要将手和手指放在接头公扣和母扣之间。B.Joints of drill pipe that are to be added to or removed from the drill string should not be allowed to remain in the mousehole while hoisting or lowering pipe during a trip.在进行起下钻作业时，不要把将下入或者起出的钻杆放在小鼠洞内。C.Each stand of drill pipe being hoisted from the rig floor should be held back as the pipe is lifted so it will not swing freely across the rig floor.起钻时，起出的立根要扶着就位，不要让它在钻台上自由晃动。
D As the person tailing the pipe gives the stand to the stabber, each should keep their hands from between the tongs and pipe.当操作人员拖着管子对扣的时候，不要把手放在大钳和管子之间。
E.The driller’s view of the drill pipe in the rotary table should not be obstructed at any time.在任何时候不要阻挡司钻对转盘内钻杆的视线。
F.When setting pipe back, it should be racked by pushing against the outer face of the pipe.Do not get fingers caught in between pipes(collars).Feet should be kept away from beneath the pipe as it is set down.当推动钻杆进入钻杆盒内时，要推钻杆向外的一侧，不要把手放在管子之间，管子下放就位时，脚下要躲开。
G.Feet should not be placed beneath the pipe when rabbiting drill pipe or tubing.Never put feet directly under pipe, especially when using YT type elevators.当通钻杆或者其它管子时，脚不要放在管子下面。尤其在使用YT型吊卡时，不要把脚放在管子下面。
H.When rabbiting tubulars, crewmen should face away from the pipe rack to avoid possible eye injury, even though eye protection is being worn during this operation.尽管在进行通管作业时，操作人员戴有护目器具，但是，还要注意与管架保持距离，避免伤害眼睛。
I.Feet, knees and hands should not be placed on the underside of a drill collar clamp while the clamp is being tightened onto a drill collar in the rotary table.当用钻链安全卡瓦对转盘内的钻铤紧扣时，脚、膝盖和手不要放在卡瓦的下面。J.A drill collar clamp secured to a drill collar should be removed prior to hoisting the collar so as not be hoisted overhead height into the derrick.在起吊钻铤之前，要将钻铤用安全卡瓦拿开，起吊钻铤高度不要超过头顶。K.When setting the drill bit into a bit breaker, hands and feet should not be placed on the bit breaker while the bit and collar are guided into the bit breaker opening.Feet should not be used to adjust the lock on the bit breaker.当把钻头和钻铤往钻头盒里引导时，手和脚不要往上放，不要用脚来调整钻头盒上的固定装置。
L.Stabilizers, wall scrapers or pup joints being added into the drill string should be set on the rotary table unsupported by a hoist line.通过转盘往钻具上安装扶正器、井眼刮泥器和各种短节，不使用提升机械钢丝绳。M.Tools added or removed from the drill string should be handled with a hoist line.Tools should not be thrown or allowed to fall onto the rig floor, but laid down with a hoist line.往钻具上装卸各种井下工具的时候，要用提升机械钢丝绳吊装和下放到钻台上，不允许往钻台上扔甩。
N.Formation mud should be scraped off the drill collars or stabilizer before it is hoisted into derrick.要及时将钻铤和扶正器上的泥浆刮掉。
O.Employees should not peer into the bell nipple or through the rotary table when the BOP is operated.In addition, the supervisor should make sure that everyone is well away from the rotary table when the blind rams are operated.当操作防喷器的时候，人员不要从转盘去探头看防喷器顶部的钟形导向短节（导管，又称喇叭口），当操作防喷器闸板的时候，监督要确保人员远离转盘。P.Casing equipment should not be rigged up until the drill pipe has been completely hoisted out of the wellbore.钻杆全部从井眼内全部起出后，才可以安装下套管设备。
Q.The casing-tong safety door should not be removed so that hands and limbs will be protected from the tong’s drive works.40 不要移走套管钳的安全口，这样可以保护手和身体。
R.A work scaffolding or platform should be constructed around the casing spider to prevent overstretching or becoming off balance in order to reach the equipment.在套管顶部位置搭建一个工作台，防止操作人员为了勾套管失去平衡跌落。S.Hands should not be placed on top of the casing collar joint protruding from the casing slips when another joint of casing is being stabbed.Hands should be kept on the outside of the casing at all times.当套管接头对扣时，手不要放在从套管卡瓦伸出来的套管上方，手随时都要放在套管的外面。
T.When lowering the casing elevators over a joint of casing in the derrick, the driller should be aware of the derrick stabber’s hands to prevent catching them between the elevators and the joint of casing.当下放套管吊卡到套管单根的时候，司钻要小心不要把对扣人员的手夹在吊卡和套管接头之间。
U.Single joint casing pick-up elevators of the correct size should be used and should have a safety pin attached by chain.使用正确尺寸的套管吊卡，用保险链条将吊卡安全销固定好。
V.When removing cores from a core barrel on the drill floor, employees should not place their hands or feet under the core barrel opening.当把岩芯从岩芯筒内取出时，操作人员的手和脚不要放在取芯筒的开口下面。SECTION FOUR – FIRE PREVENTION, FIRE FIGHTING AND FIRE CONTROL
第四部分：火灾预防、灭火和控制 4.0 Fire Prevention 火灾预防
A.Smoking should only be allowed in the designated areas.These areas should be established after a review of the rig or location(100 feet from well bore when possible.)Signs printed in English and the predominant local language should be present in these areas.All employees and visitors should observe “No-Smoking” rules.只能在指定场所吸烟，对井场考察后，专门划定吸烟场所（如果可能，在离井口100英尺以外），用英语和当地主要语言指示说明，所有的员工都要遵守不随意吸烟的规定。
B.Welding or burning should not be done outside the designed welding area without a hot work permit.All hot work, including welding, should cease in the event that hazardous conditions develop.没有特殊允许，不要在指定区域以外进行电焊或者见火作业。因为电焊之类的见火作业，会引发危险事故。
C.A fire watch with a fire extinguisher should be present during welding and cutting operations that are done outside the designated welding area.在指定区域以外进行电焊、切割等操作时，防火员要在现场，准备好灭火器。D.Oil, diesel or petrochemicals that can ignite should be prevented from collecting beneath engine skids, in cellars or in other areas.在动力设备底座下、库房和其它重要区域，不要集中存放各种易燃易爆的油品、石油化学品等。
E.Explosion-proof covers on fixtures should be maintained in proper working order.各种固定的防暴护罩必须完备良好。
E.Refueling operations should include a bonding and grounding system.All piping and connections should be checked to ensure against leakage.加油作业要接地线（防静电），所有的管线和联接件都必须检查确保没有泄漏。G.Electrical circuits should not be overloaded.Vapor-proof lighting with clean gasketted cover-globes and safety lines should be used.各种电路不要过载，防水照明设施要干净，线路要安全可靠。
H.Only approved rig heaters or fans that are appropriate for the hazard classification of the area should be used.No direct or open flame heating devices should be used on or near the rig floor.合格的加热器和风扇只能在符合安全要求的区域使用，在钻台附近不能使用明火加热器装置。
J.Keep supply, storage, and changing rooms clean and in order.Greasy clothing, rags, paper, or any other combustible material should be removed from these areas and cleaned or properly disposed of.Good housekeeping should be enforced.保持材料供应间、存放间和换衣间等场合干净，整齐。管理或处理好各种带有油污的衣服、抹布、纸张或者其它易燃易爆物品，加强房间的有序管理。L.Investigate any unusual odor, especially smoke or gas.警觉和分析任何异味，尤其是烟味和天燃气味。
L.All storage tanks that contain combustible or flammable liquids or gasses should be located so they will not add to a fire on the rig.All tanks should be labeled as to contents and properly grounded.所有装有易燃易爆液体和气体的瓶灌，应该远离钻机设备，对设备不造成危险。注明灌内的材料名称，并且接地线（防止静电）。
M.Material used for cleaning should have a flash point of not less than 100o F(38o C)用于清洁的各种材料的闪电点应该在华氏100度（摄氏38度以上）。N.Burning of trash should not be allowed on the rig or location.Where permitted, approved incinerators should be used.在钻机和井场上，不允许烧垃圾。如果必须烧，要使用焚烧装置。O.Areas affected by the flare should be free of combustibles.Where possible a minimum 100ft safety zone should be established.受火焰影响的区域杜绝任何易爆材料，如果可能，应该建立一个最小 100 英尺的安全区。4.1 Fire Protection 火灾预防
A.Fire protection equipment should be kept in good condition and should not be tampered with.防火设备要齐备良好，不能有任何损坏。
B.The following recommendations are aimed at maintaining the highest possible level of fire emergency preparedness.为了保持高度的戒备状态，下面提供一些建议：
1.Training in the use and care of available fire fighting equipment should be conducted at initial employment and annually thereafter.As a minimum, one different item of fire fighting equipment should be reviewed during each fire drill that is conducted on a periodic basis.新员工要培训防火设备的使用和维护，往后一年一次。作为最低要求，每一件防火设备在演习时，要检查一次。防火演习要定期举行。
2.The supervisor should ensure that the rig has emergency procedures and employees are familiar with their duties.监督要保证钻机设备有紧急抢救预案，每个员工对预案中自己的岗位和职责要熟悉。
3.Fire drills should be conducted in accordance with the stated procedures and should be held periodically with a record of the activity maintained.要按照预先规定的步骤进行防火演习，演习要定期举行，并记录演习情况。
4.All fire fighting equipment should be inspected periodically, tagged, and the conditions of the equipment recorded.Portable fire extinguishers and extinguishing systems should be serviced according to the manufacturer’s recommendation.Once an extinguisher is discharged, it should be replaced and taken out of service immediately until it is re-serviced.所有的防火设备要定期检查，标注检查时间，记录设备的状况。要按照生产厂家的建议来使用便携式灭火器或其它灭火设备。一旦灭火器泄漏，要更换，在修好以前，不要使用。
5.Quick access to fire fighting equipment should be available at all times and materials should not be placed on or in front of the hose stations, water monitors or extinguishers.保证随时能够快捷地拿到各种防火设备，在水龙带、防火水源和灭火器前面，不要堆放物品。
6.Fire blankets should be located in the galley, welding shop and/or other designed areas.在厨房、电焊间和其它指定的地方要放置防火的罩布等用具。7.During inspections, close attention should be paid to the underside of fire extinguishers.Moisture can cause this area to rust and, if left unchecked, the bottom can blow out, causing serious injury.检查防火设备，要特别注意灭火器的底部，潮湿容易使底部生锈，如果不检查，严重时，底部会泄漏，造成严重伤害。
8.Fire extinguishers should be hung up or placed in brackets designed for the extinguisher.灭火器要悬挂或者放置在专用的支架上。4.2 Fire Control 火灾控制
Using a portable fire extinguisher use the P A S S system – it can be a helpful reminder of the correct steps to follow when attempting to extinguish a fire: 遵照PASS操作系统的要求来使用便携式灭火器，这样在灭火的时候，能够保证操作步骤正确：
1.Pull the pin 拔安全销
2.Aim low;point at the base of the fire 低放，对准火焰底部 3.Squeeze the handle 按动手柄
4.Sweep from side to side keeping the extinguisher aimed at the base of the fire.对着火焰根部，从一侧向另一侧扑灭。
SECTION FIVE – WELDING, CUTTING AND COMPRESSED GAS & OXYGEN CYLINDERS
第五部分：焊接、切割和压缩空气 / 氧气瓶
5.0 General Precautions – Welding, Cutting and Other Spark/Flame Producing Operations 一般预防：电焊、气焊切割、其它遭遇火花 / 火焰的作业/
A.All welding, grinding and cutting operations should be prohibited during certain operations, such as when encountering well control problems or testing, unless it can be determined by the operator’s representative or contractor’s representative that such an operation could be carried out safely.Hot Work Program should be followed.在进行某些作业如：井控作业和测试等，要禁止电焊、磨碎（容易起火花）和切割等工作，除非得到甲方或者乙方代表的许可，在这种情况下，要按照有关作业要求来进行。
E.To control or eliminate fire hazards, good housekeeping should be maintained in and around areas of welding, cutting or grinding.为了消除火灾危险，在电焊、磨碎和切割等工作现场附近，要摆放和管理好各种物品。，C.In the event that the work area is located in a confined space, ventilation and other safety systems should be provided to ensure the area is safe.A Confined Space Entry Permit should be issued and include initial and on going atmospheric testing.如果在危险区域内作业，要有通风和其它措施，以确保安全。要履行相关的登记手续，作业前和作业中，要对大气进行安全检测。
F.Welding or burning should not be allowed on any structural member of a rig, mast, well control equipment, tubulars, high-pressure systems or lifting apparatus without management approval.没有特别许可，不允许在下列设备上面进行电焊、燃烧等作业，它们是：钻机设备、井架、井控设备、各种管子、高压系统、提升设备等。
E.Fire prevention equipment should be located in the proximity of the welding and cutting operating area.An employee trained as a Fire Watch should be present and be ready to use the extinguisher if needed.45 在进行电焊、切割作业时，附近要有防火设备，同时工作现场要有一名防火员，随时准备需要时用灭火器扑火。
F.Fumes, gases and dust fumes produced by the electric welding process can be toxic and may require local source extraction.电焊作业中产生的各种烟雾、气体和烟尘具有毒性，需要妥善处理。G.A welding process generates a tremendous amount of heat.A welder may be exposed to a heat stress situation as a result of the process.电焊作业会产生大量的热，电焊工会遭遇受热高温作业。
H.The welding area should always be equipped with a fire blanket and a well-stocked first aid kit.电焊作业现场应该随时配备灭火毯和急救箱等。5.1 Protective Equipment 预防设备
A.When arc welding, the welder should use a shield or helmet that will protect both the eyes and the skin.The proper shade shield should be used based on the particular operation being performed.在进行电弧焊作业时，电焊工要穿戴防护面罩和眼镜来保护皮肤和眼睛。根据特定的作业，配备相应的遮阳光器具。
B.Proper welding gloves, arm coverings, and aprons should be used at all times.Safety footwear should also be worn to protect the feet from contact with heat and sparks.穿戴专用手套、袖套和围裙，穿安全靴，防止热和火花伤脚。
C.Ears should be protected from sparks or slag entering the ear to the degree possible.佩戴耳朵防护用具，预防火花和焊渣进入耳部。
D.Ventilation or proper respiratory protection should be utilized when cutting or welding on metals that might produce harmful fumes.在切割或者焊接金属的时候，会产生有毒烟雾，要注意通风或者配备呼吸保护设施。
5.2 Preparatory – Precautions 事先预防：提示警告
A.The welder should do his best to prevent sparks, flames or hot slag from being blown into or falling upon any combustible material or equipment likely to be ignited or damaged.在作业中，电焊工要尽量避免火化、烟雾和热电焊渣落到易燃易爆材料和设备上，46 引发火灾或者损失。
B.Areas saturated with oil should be washed down and cleaned thoroughly to remove any ignitable substances.A gas test should be made to determine that no combustible vapors are present.在含油的场所，要将油清洗干净，移走易燃易爆材料，检查测试作业现场是否有易燃易爆气体。
C.Cutting or welding should not be conducted on pipelines, containers, tanks, or other vessels which may have contained flammable substances until they have been thoroughly cleaned.不要在装有易燃材料的管线、容器、罐等设施上进行切割或者电焊作业。D.In confined areas where there is a possibility of combustible vapors being present, gas tests should be made before approval is given to begin work.Periodic gas tests should be made during the time the work is in progress.在封闭的环境内作业前，要检查测试是否有易燃易爆气体存在，在作业进行中还有定期检查测试。
E.When cutting or welding, a fire watch should be assigned.在进行切割和电焊作业时，防火员应该在现场。
F.When cutting or welding has to be done on bulkheads or overhead structures, the adjacent spaces should be cleared of combustibles and/or flammables before allowing the work to begin.当在一些复杂结构场合作业时，作业前要将附近的易燃易爆材料和物品清理干净。
G.Whenever Perforating Guns, Jet Cutters, Chemical Cutters, etc., are being armed, welding operations should be suspended and machines turned off until these pieces of equipment are well below the mud line.The wire line operator in charge should notify everyone when it is safe to continue work.The same procedure should be followed when the equipment is pulled out of the hole.当使用长电焊枪、喷射聚能切割枪、化学切割枪等特殊电焊作业设备的时候，要采用悬空式的电焊作业手段，要先关掉各种电焊设备，等把电焊设备摆放在泥浆管线的下方以后，方可开始作业。有关人员要及时通报给每个人什么时候作业才安全。当各种井下工具从井内起出以后，进行此类电焊作业时，也要按此要求来执行。
5.3 Specific Precautions – Arc Welding 特殊提示：电弧焊
A.All rig personnel should be advised not to watch the arc, or the reflections off the wall as this can also cause eye burns.In order to prevent eye injuries, the welder should give the workers nearby a warning and time to protect their eyes before striking an arc.提醒所有的人员不要看电焊弧光，以及弧光从墙上反射回来的光线，避免伤害眼睛。为了保护眼睛，电焊工在作业前，要提醒周围的人员，并给他们留出准备防护的时间。
B.All work to be arc welded should be adequately grounded.The earth return lead should be hooked up between the electric welding plant and the point of welding.It should not be permitted to use any part of the rig structure as a return lead.所有的焊接件都要接好地线，在电焊设备和焊点之间挂好地线导线。C.The rod should not be left in the electrode holder when laid down.The stub ends should be placed in a suitable container and not on the floor.不使用电焊枪的时候，电焊条不要留在电焊枪上，电焊条残余要放入专门的箱内，不允许扔在地上。
D.If an electrode holder becomes too hot to be used, an extra holder should be provided so that one can cool while the other is in use.当电焊枪的头部过热，要换一把电焊枪，待过热的电焊枪冷却后再使用。E.The welder should keep welding cables dry and free of grease and oil to prevent premature breakdown of the insulation.电焊工要要保持电焊设备电线干燥，避免遭受油污，使电线绝缘部分过早老化。F.The welding machine should be turned off or leads disconnected from the welding machine when the equipment is not in use.当不使用电焊设备的时候，关掉电焊机，断开导线。5.4 Specific Precautions – Gas Welding and Burning 特殊提示：气焊与燃烧
A.When opening valves on fuel gas cylinders, the fuel gas cylinders should be opened one quarter turn only.The oxygen cylinder valve should be fully open.A valve wrench should be kept in close proximity while using these cylinders.打开天燃气瓶的时候，只拧开四分之一圈。打开氧气瓶的时候，要全部打开。气 48 瓶附近要随时备有搬手工具。
B.In order to prevent eye injuries, welders should give workers nearby a warning and time to protect their eyes.未了避免伤害眼睛，电焊工在作业前要提醒附近的人员，给他们留出准备防护的时间。
C.When discontinuing gas welding or cutting for a short time, close the oxygen and acetylene cylinder valves, bleed the line and close the torch valve.When welding or cutting is to be stopped for a longer period, you should proceed as follows: 当断断续续地进行电焊和切割作业的时候，要注意关好氧气和乙炔气瓶阀门，放空软管线管和焊枪。如果长时间不作业，应该采取以下步骤： 1.Close oxygen and acetylene cylinder valves.关闭氧气和乙炔气瓶阀门。
2.Open torch valves to release all gas pressure from hoses and regulators.打开焊枪的阀门，将所有的压力气体从软管和调节阀中释放。3.Close torch valves and release regulator pressure adjusting screws.关闭焊枪阀门，松开调节阀压力调节螺丝。
E.If welding over a drip pan, the drain line to the sump should be plugged.如果是在漏盘（斗）上进行焊接作业，通向排泄池的管线要堵上。
F.Oxygen and acetylene valve connections should be kept clean.Do not use oil on oxygen valves or hose connections.氧气瓶和乙炔气瓶的阀门联结部分要保持干净，不要在氧气阀门或者软管联结部分抹油。
F.To prevent flash backs, cylinders should have an anti-reverse flow-check valve(flame arrester)located between the regulator and hose.未了防止闪火回流，在调节器和软管之间要安装防止回流的单项阀（挡火阀）。5.5 Compressed Gas and Oxygen Cylinders – Storage 压缩空气瓶和氧气瓶：存放 A.Cylinders should be properly secured in an upright position with protective caps in place at all times, except when the cylinder is in use.在不使用的时候，各种气瓶必须垂直安全摆放，装上防护罩。B.Stored Oxygen cylinders should be separated from fuel gas cylinders or combustible materials a minimum distance of 20 feet(6 m)or by a non-combustible barrier at least five feet high.49 备用的氧气瓶必须与各种天燃气瓶或者易燃易爆材料分开，最少保持20英尺（6米距离），或者与非燃容器保持至少5英尺空间距离。
C.Oxygen and fuel gas cylinders should be protected from direct sunlight and excessive heat.氧气瓶和天燃气瓶要避免阳光直接照射和过热。
D.Defective cylinders should be labeled and sent back on the next available transportation.有问题的气瓶要标明，下次运输时送回。
E.Cylinders should be stored so they do not stand or lie in water.不要将气瓶直立或者平躺在水中。
F.Cylinders in storage should have the protective caps placed over the valves, if so equipped.如果有保护帽，存放的气瓶在阀门上要装保护帽，5.6 Cylinder Handling 气瓶搬运与安放
A.Cylinders should be labeled as to their contents.If in doubt as to the contents, test the gas.要标注气瓶内气体的名称，如果有疑问，一定要检测一下。
B.Cylinders should be handled with care.Do not roll cylinders on their side.They should not be handled roughly, dropped, knocked around or used as rollers or supports.要搬运气瓶要小心，不允许放倒在地上滚动，不允许野蛮搬运、摔扔、敲打或者把气瓶当作滚动和支撑用工具。
C.Protective caps should always be in place on both full and empty cylinders while they are being moved, transported or stored.在搬运、运输和存放过程中，无论气瓶有气还是空瓶，阀门保护帽都要戴上。G.A special rack should be built for the purpose of transporting and storing oxygen and acetylene cylinders.在运输和存放氧气瓶和乙炔气瓶时，要配备专用架子。
G.Empty cylinders should have the valve closed, valve protection cap replaced, marked empty and returned to the vendor.空气瓶要将阀门关好，更换阀门保护帽，标注清楚然后送回。
英语语法术语汇总（中英对照）
英语语法术语（中英对照）语法 grammar 句法 syntax 词法 morphology 句子 sentence 从句 clause 词组 phrase 词类 part of speech 单词 word 实词 notional word 虚词 structural word 单纯词 simple word 派生词 derivative 复合词 compound 词性 part of speech 名词 noun 专有名词 proper noun 普通名词 common noun 可数名词 countable noun 不可数名词 uncountable noun 抽象名词 abstract noun 具体名词 concret noun 物质名词 material noun 集体名词 collective noun 个体名词 individual noun 介词 preposition 连词 conjunction 动词 verb 主动词 main verb 及物动词 transitive verb 不及物动词 intransitive verb 系动词 link verb 助动词 auxiliary verb 情态动词 modal verb 规则动词 regular verb 不规则动词 irregular verb 短语动词 phrasal verb 限定动词 finite verb 非限定动词 infinite verb 使役动词 causative verb 感官动词 verb of senses 动态动词 event verb 静态动词 state verb 感叹词 exclamation 形容词 adjective 原级 positive 比较级 comparative 最高级 superalative 副词 adverb 方式副词 adverb of manner 程度副词 adverb of degree 时间副词 adverb of time 地点副词 adverb of place 修饰性副词 adjunct 连接性副词 conjunct 疑问副词 interogative adverb 关系副词 relative adverb 代词 pronoun 人称代词 personal pronoun 物主代词 possesive pronoun 反身代词 reflexive pronoun 相互代词 reciprocal pronoun 指示代词 demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词 interrogative pronoun 关系代词 relative pronoun 不定代词 indefinite pronoun 物主代词 possecive pronoun 名词性物主代词 nominal possesive prnoun 形容词性物主代词 adjectival possesive pronoun 冠词 article 定冠词 definite article 不定冠词 indefinite article 数词 numeral 基数词 cardinal numeral 序数词 ordinal numeral 分数词 fractional numeral 形式 form 单数形式 singular form 复数形式 plural form 限定动词 finite verb form 非限定动词 non-finite verb form 原形 base form
从句 clause 从属句 subordinate clause 并列句 coordinate clause 名词从句 nominal clause 定语从句 attributive clause 状语从句 adverbial clause 宾语从句 object clause 主语从句 subject clause 同位语从句 appositive clause 时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time 地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place 方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner 让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession 原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause 结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result 目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose 条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition 真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition 非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition 含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition 错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition 句子 sentence 简单句 simple sentence 并列句 compound sentence 复合句 complex sentence 并列复合句 compound complex sentence 陈述句 declarative sentence 疑问句 interrogative sentence 一般疑问句 general question 特殊疑问句 special question 选择疑问句 alternative question 附加疑问句 tag question 反义疑问句 disjunctive question 修辞疑问句 rhetorical question 感叹疑问句 exclamatory question 存在句 existential sentence 肯定句 positive sentence 基本句型 basic sentence pattern 否定句 negative sentence 祈使句 imperative sentence 省略句 elliptical sentence 感叹句 exclamatory sentence 句子成分 members of sentences 主语 subject 谓语 predicate 宾语 object 双宾语 dual object 直接宾语 direct object 间接宾语 indirect object 复合宾语 complex object 同源宾语 cognate object 补语 complement 主补 subject complement 宾补 object complement 表语 predicative 定语 attribute 同位语 appositive 状语 adverbial 句法关系 syntactic relationship 并列 coordinate 从属 subordination 修饰 modification 前置修饰 pre-modification 后置修饰 post-modification 限制 restriction 双重限制 double-restriction 非限制 non-restriction 数 number 单数形式 singular form 复数形式 plural form 规则形式 regular form 不规则形式 irregular form 格 case 普通格 common case 所有格 possessive case 主格 nominative case 宾格 objective case 性 gender 阳性 masculine 阴性 feminine 通性 common 中性 neuter 人称 person 第一人称 first person 第二人称 second person 第三人称 third person
2、安全规程系生命，自觉遵守是保障。
3、文明行车，让我们的城市温馨一点。
4、严查细查安全隐患，精益求精防范未然。
5、车辆抛锚莫大意，处置措施要得体。标志码放应到位，开启“双闪”不忘记。路边修车不可能，驾乘人员速撤离。
6、安全是天，安全是地，没有安全，就没有了天和地。
7、没有比生命更宝贵的财富，没有比安全更重要的幸福。
8、人民利益高于一切，安全责任重于泰山。
9、交通法规是您生命之友!
10、骑车上路别着急，争超抢道不安全
11、安全开车是大事，文明走路非小节
12、交通安全要记住，莫用生命来。
13、出门在外，自珍自爱;人在旅途，平安是福。
14、人命关天，安全第一。安全第一，防灾防损。力保安全，促进安全。
15、遵章守规连你我，道路畅通有保障
16、树立文明意识，搞好交通秩序
17、品质在良心，良心看人心。
18、安全在你脚下，安全在你手中。安全伴着幸福，安全创造财富。
19、安全一点，幸福十分，要挣钱保平安，要想富灭事故。
20、加强劳动人员保护工作就是保护生产力。保护职工的安全健康是企业的头等大事。
21、良药苦口利于病，交通规则利于行
22、井然有序谋求和谐交通，车水马龙共创平安大道。
23、进一步将受到谴责，退一步将得到尊重
24、注意安全时刻不能忘。
25、开开心心上学，平平安安回家。平安到家，家人放心。
26、违章不禁，危险难险，违章不止，事故难消。
27、千里之堤，溃于蚁穴，生命之舟，覆于疏忽。
28、校园是我们与老师的家，安全也要时刻铭记在我们心中，同学们我们共同携起手，让安全永远在校园内。
29、我爱我们的祖国，因为是祖国培养我，教育我，还让我们感到有安全感。
30、生活中最珍贵的是什么，是平安。
31、坚决查处生产企业和交通运输企业的“三超”行为!
32、车铃车闸齐全，维系您的安全
33、预防校园侵害，创建平安校园。
34、人的生命只有一次，当失去了，后悔已晚。“平安”两字到哪都忘不得，伴你左右，给你幸福，无以伦比。
35、注意安全用电，防止触电事故。
36、丽水是我家，平安靠大家。
37、严厉打击非法生产经营烟花爆竹行为!
38、要遵守交规，不要乱行乱停
39、遵守交规得平安，道路畅通保安全
关键词：中英广告语,文化,比较
文化是人类所创造的物质财富与精神财富的总和, 不同的国家、不同的民族都有着不同于他人的具有自身特色的历史和文化。在经历了漫长的发展和演变之后, 中西方民族在文化上也形成了许多差异。这种差异存在于人们文化生活的各个方面, 语言则是其中重要的一项。随着全球化进程的加快, 加深中西方文化间的相互了解, 促进中西方良好的交流与沟通已经成为重要议题。其中语言上的沟通顺畅问题尤为突出。
商业广告语作为一种特殊的语言, 在沟通中起着传递商品信息实现良好广告效果的重要作用。同时, 作为一种文化的载体, 它也受到文化的影响, 并影响着文化。现今, 中西方交流愈加频繁, 这也要求我们清晰地认识到中西方商业广告语的文化差异, 并在交流沟通和翻译中正确使用广告语, 使广告语更加本土化, 取得最好的广告效果。
一“天人合一”与“天人各一”
各民族对世界不同的认识和表达、不同的哲学观念也体现在中英商业广告中, 其中典型的代表就是中国传统的“天人合一”的一元论和西方“天人各一”的本体论。
“天人合一”思想源于我国古代人民对世界的认识:认为世界是一个整体, 人和自然都包括在整体之内, 要了解部分, 必先了解整体, 是一种综合概括、众多归一的思想。我国的很多商业广告也体现了这一特点:“集天地之灵气, 吸日月之精华”。 (滋补品) 这则广告把天地、日月和人的身体联系在一起, 灵气、精华和补品联系在一起, 充分体现了人和自然的合一、同一的一元论的观点。
“天人各一”的本体论思想源于西方人的崇尚科学, 相信人类可以征服自然:认为人和自然是对立的而非统一的, 人是万物的中心、是主体, 外物是客体, 注重客体的变化和多样性, 因此他们注重通过努力去改变自然。这样的思想在商业广告中也有所体现:“why grow old gradually?Fight it.” (化妆品) 从“Fight it” (战胜它) 中我们明显可以看到这是一种对“变老”这一自然现象的对抗和征服, 而不是和谐相处。
二权威观念与事实依据
使他人接受自己的观点, 就要提出相应的论据支持, 在这一点上中西方文化有着不同的方式。中国传统文化强调权威的力量和可信度, 而西方人更加民主, 注重事实的重要性。这一不同也体现在商业广告上。
中国传统文化强调绝对的权威, 尤其是权威机构, 这也成为很多人做决定时的重要依据。因此在中国的广告中我们经常会看到各级各单位评选出的诸如“全国驰名商标、著名商标、优质产品、质量奖”等各项荣誉。
与之不同的是西方文化强调个人的经验, 以及事实权威, 即具体的事例的印证。例如在一则手表广告中用到“Selected by James Bond The Sign of Excellence”。这则广告中用成功人士的具体实例做印证, 告诉购买者该产品所代表的文化内涵为通过奋斗最终取得成就的成功人士的形象。
三群体取向与个人取向
群体与个人的利益往往存在着对立和矛盾, 有时人们并不能同时满足双方的要求。此时, 中西方文化给出了不同的取向答案:中国传统文化倾向于个人服从集体;西方个人主义观念强调个人成功。
中国人的集体倾向表现在:统一思想行动, 提倡个人为集体的利益的无私奉献, 个人的利益与集体保持一致。因此每个人都紧密地和小到家庭大到社会的集体联系在一起, 个人的幸福与社会和家庭的和谐、安定是密不可分的。在一则脍炙人口的商业广告“大家好才是真的好”中, “大家”成为集体的代表, 而“好”字明显地体现了利益的取向。
西方人的个体倾向表现在:突出个体、讲究机会均等、强调个性和以自我为中心、宣扬个人自由。鼓励个人通过奋斗得到发展、受到重视, 达到自我价值的实现。因此在商业广告中为了强调消费者的个性、突出个体, 多强调产品的特性及与众不同。例如在一则汽车的广告中就提出:“Now it is your turn to have an extraordinary driving experience”, 其中“your turn”强调的就是消费者个体的体验。
四历史倾向及未来倾向
在看待时间的问题上, 不同文化也有着自己的特色。中国更加尊重传统, 而西方国家更倾向于展望未来。
中国历史悠久, 更加强调尊重历史、以史为鉴, 会让历史作为制定方针政策的指南和参照。一则白酒的商业广告:“千古佳酿, 万代留香, 中华酒宗, 汝阳杜康”, 其中“千古”“万代”体现了品牌的历史悠久性, 厂商希望从久远历史的角度来证明产品的品质。
西方文化看中未来, 并对未来有不断的规划, 在新的规划中使未来更美好。一则经典的钻石广告:“A diamond lasts forever”, 其中“forever” (永远) 就是一个典型的具有未来含义的词, 强调在未来时间里永远不会变, 突出了钻石的品质也同时寓意了爱情的永恒。
五高语境文化与低语境文化
语境是学习语言及进行交流的环境, 在不同的语境中, 即使是同样的句子含义也不同。高语境传播指的是在传播时绝大部分信息或存于物质语境中, 或内化在个人身上, 极少存在于编码清晰的被传递的语言文字中, 而低语境正好相反。中国社会正是高语境社会, 而英美社会则是低语境社会。
在高语境文化中, 语言的意义与文化背景相关。只有少量信息是通过语言编码被清晰传递出来, 大量的信息是通过语境甚至是非言语行为或历史文化传统被传递出来的, 这也就造成了一种含蓄的沟通。在这种沟通中, 人们对含蓄的信息非常敏感, 非常重视语境。中国人交流时并不完全依赖语言本身, 而更多依赖社会语境, 从语境中获得字面没有传达出来的信息。一则手机广告:“梦幻魅力, 舍我其谁”。其中“舍我其谁”出自《孟子》“当今之世舍我其谁”, 通过这短短几个字的广告语的特殊历史文化语境, 高语境的中国消费者可以获得的信息是:这是一家有使命感和责任感的厂商, 手机的质量和功能也是值得信赖的。
低语境文化中, 语言的意义与文化背景无关, 人们通常需要通过明确的词句获得信息。体现在语言上便是直言不讳, 比较直白。在广告中也是如此, 消费者可以从广告语中直接了解产品的功能、优势、新颖之处。如手机广告“bigger than bigger”, 用了两个比较级来直接突出产品的“大”这一特点。
六思乡之情与迁徙之好
在对待故乡这一问题上, 来自于农耕文化的中国和来自于海洋文化的西方国家的人民有着不同的态度。中国人以家族为本, 喜聚居, 讲究落叶归根。西方人家庭观念淡化, 强调个人生活和自由。
农耕文化的安逸、稳定、诚实等意识使人们的故土难离的思想根深蒂固。个人对家庭家族和邻里故土都有着深深的依赖和眷恋之情。白酒广告:“千万里, 千万里, 我一定要回到我的家, 孔府家酒让人想家”, 道出了游子的心声, 也触动了消费者的内心深处。
海洋文化的开放、流动、宽容等意识, 使得西方国家尤其是欧美发达国家的人在迁徙成为生活常态时, 家园观念薄弱, 人与人之间更多地是理性的契约关系, 相对的人情世故较为淡漠。一款纪念币广告:“A voyage to the labyrinth throughout China’s Centuries”, “voyage” (旅行) 恰好契合了人们喜欢迁徙的习惯。
七内敛保守与奔放外向
受农耕文化、儒家思想和封建传统的影响, 中国人的观念相对保守传统, 在海洋文化的影响下, 西方人则走上了开放与突破前人的道路。
传统文化一脉相承, 建立了一套相对保守的伦理道德规范, 这其中的一些保守传统的思想至今仍然存在。例如在传统文化中女性是弱势的, 如今女性已经得到了同男子相同的地位、待遇和社会角色。但在一个电饭锅广告“给太太一份安全感”中, “太太”和电饭锅的关联还是能看出中国传统文化中女主内、由女性来照顾家人的传统思想。
海洋文化使得西方人更加开放, 他们通过冒险甚至叛逆和不断地变革突破前人的思想。他们外向、好动、感情奔放、富于冒险精神, 他们可以漠视文化遗产, 注重创新。比如:“百事可乐, 新一代的选择”, 就是百事可乐面对传统可乐业的霸主可口可乐, 迎合“新一代”的年轻人想确立自己独特选择的心理创作的广告语。
在全球化的大背景下, 西方商品纷纷涌入中国, 与此同时中国的强大也将大量中国制造的产品推向全世界, 在此过程中广告起着重要的作用。如何在跨文化的经济交流中让广告的定位更加准确, 效果更加显著, 答案很明显:在充分认识和了解中西方两种不同文化对中英两种广告语产生的影响, 以及两种广告语存在的差异的基础之上, 人们在实际交流当中要做到广告创作和翻译的本土化, 以促进中西经济交流和文化沟通。
参考文献
[1]爱德华·霍尔.超越文化[M].何道宽, 译.北京:北京大学出版社, 2010.
[2]顾嘉祖.跨文化交际:外国语言文学中的隐蔽文化[M].南京:南京师范大学出版社, 2000.
关键词：翻译；文化背景；圣经
[中图分类号]：H315.9 [文献标识码]：A
[文章编号]：1002-2139（2016）-17--01
一、引言
翻译中的英语习语翻译是相当困难的，由于不同国家和地区之间传统习惯和思维方式的差异，或许学生们清楚地知道习语中每一个单词的意思，但他们对原语的理解还是可能会稍有偏差，甚至差之万里，与之背道而驰。
何谓习语？习语是经过长时间的使用而提炼出来的固定短语或短句，是人民智慧的结晶。习语大都具有鲜明的形象， 适宜于用来比喻事物，因而往往带有浓厚的民族色彩和地方色彩。
在我们的中文写作中，习语的运用能为我们的文章增光添彩，也使我们的语言文化气息浓厚，韵味十足。同样的，英语习语的学习与运用在英语学习中也有着十分重要的意义。任何习语都包含以下三个要素：语言外壳、表达方式、本义，有些习语还有转义即比喻意义（田传茂、许明武，2001）。
由于中国多年来的传统英语教学，各类考试也基本上以多项选择为主的客观题占较大比例，而真正的主观题，即靠自己动手做的翻译比例很小，学生们把重心都放在了单词和语法上，而忽视了翻译综合技能的提升，更不用说英语习语了。
二、学生英语习语翻译的错误
由于西方国家大都信仰基督教，《圣经》作为英语国家文化的源头之一，则在西方国家人尽皆知。学生对《圣经》习语的翻译往往容易出错，究其原因，主要是习语文化的空缺。下面我们先来看一下《圣经》中的一些习语的翻译。
记得有一则英翻汉练习原文中有这几句话，“The professor， annoyed at the interruption of his flow of eloquence， held up his hand：‘Wait just one minute， gentlemen， I have a few more pearls to cast.’”对此，大多数学生的译文是：这个教授，对学生们打断他口若悬河的演讲感到非常恼火，便举起手来，说道：等一等，各位，我还有一些珍珠要投。此译文前面的理解大致没有什么问题，但把 后半句直译为“我还有一些珍珠要投”，不免让读者有些费解，不知道原文想要表达什么意思。事实上，此处包含《圣经》中的一个成语，to cast pearls before swine，即“把珍珠抛在猪面前”。swine是个旧词，即今为pigs，不过swine单复同行，本句为复数。这个成语源自《新约·马太福音》第7章：Give not that which is holy unto the dogs， neither cast your pearls before swine， lest they trample them under their feet，and turn again and rend you（郝澎，2005：234-235）. 別把神圣的器物送给狗，也莫将珍珠置于猪前。它们践踏了宝物还会伤害于你。由于“to cast pearls before swine”， 比喻确切，在后世不断引用中而成为一个国际性成语，常用来表示轻蔑嘲笑色彩。按其字面意义，这个成语与汉语成语“明珠按投”相似，但是寓意不同，基本上不对应；按其比喻意义，它相当于“对牛弹琴”，“一番好意给狗吃”，“狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心”等。
由于学生对西方《圣经》中的历史文化背景了解不够，直译出的译文并不能准确地传达出原文的意思。《圣经》中的很多人物在现在成了一些固有形象的代名词，不了解历史背景，译者自己会感到很茫然。
三、学习建议
学生在习语翻译过程中对西方文化的缺失有很大一部分原因是中国传统的英语教育模式，单纯注重单词词义的讲解和句法结构的分析，以应付考试。学生不能忽略文化背景知识的学习。
即使是大学教育，对于文化背景知识的讲解也极少涉猎，学生对许多文学作品的解读，也只停留在表意，学生们无法把握其深层内涵。因此，学生课程上应增设关于西方文化历史背景的介绍，这既能开阔学生的视野，增加见闻，又让学生们把语言和文化有机结合，易于理解。
传授翻译技能的老师们也不能只拘泥于书本的理论知识，实战才是关键，尤其是一些约定俗成的英语习语，更要扩充其文化历史背景知识，扩大学生的知识面，这些文化背景小故事不仅能给无聊的翻译课堂注入新的生机与活力，还益于学生们理解与应用能力的提高，弥补习语文化空缺的不足。
参考文献：
[1]胡庚申.翻译与跨文化交流[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2007.
[2]郝澎.基督教与圣经[M].海口：南海出版公司，2005.
[3]田传茂，杨先明.汉英翻译策略[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社，2007，1.
[4]田传茂，许明武.习语文化与翻译[J].荆州师范学院学报，2001.
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