大学课程中英文对照

大学课程中英文对照（精选4篇）

大学课程中英文对照 篇1

accountancy 美国研究

American studies 解剖与生物结构学

anatomy &structural biology 古代史

ancient history 动物行为学

animal behaviour 动物认知学

animal cognition 动物科学与心理

animal science & physiology 南极研究

Antarctic studies 人类学

anthropology 应用行为分析

applied behaviour analysis 应用经济/金融学

applied economics/ finance 应用科学

applied science 建筑研究/技术

architecture studies/ technology 艺术策展

art curatorship 艺术史与理论

art history & theory 艺术与语言教育

arts & languages education 艺术（应用型）arts(applied)亚洲语言

Asian languages 亚洲研究

Asian studies

天文学与天体物理学

astronomy & astrophysics 听觉学

audiology 行为分析

behaviour analysis 生化工程

biochemical engineering 生物化学

biochemistry 生物工程/生物加工工程

bioengineering/ bioprocess engineering 生物信息学

bioinformatics 生物科学

biological sciences 生物数学

biomathematics 生物医学科学/工程

biomedical science/ engineering 生物安全

biosecurity/ bioprotection 生物技术

biotechnology 广播

broadcasting 建筑科学/技术

building science/ technology 工商管理

business administration 商业电脑

business computing 商业管理

business management 商务

business/ commerce 细胞与分子生物科学/生物科技

cell & molecular 化学工程/技术

chemical engineering/ technology 化学物理

chemical physics 化学

chemistry 儿童与家庭心理学

child & family psychology 儿童权益

child advocacy 中文

Chinese 基督教思想与历史

Christian thought & history 电影研究

cinema studies 土木工程

civil engineering 古典学

classics 临床心理学

clinical psychology 临床教学 clinical teaching

服装与纺织学

clothing & textile science 认知科学

cognitive science 商业法

commercial law 通讯障碍

communication disorders 通讯研究/管理

communication studies/ management 社区牙科

community dentistry 社区营养

community nutrition 比较文学

comparative literature 比较生理学

comparative physiology 计算机应用数学

computational & applied mathematics 计算机建模

computational modelling 计算机平面设计

computer graphic design 计算机科学

computer science 计算机安全与验证

computer security & forensics 计算机系统/系统工程/网络

computer systems/ systems engineering/ networks 计算机技术/工程

computing technology/ engineering 计算机/计算机应用

computing/ applied computing 保育生物学

conservation biology 施工管理

construction management 咨询

counseling 创意写作

creative writing 刑事学

criminology 文化研究

cultural studies 舞蹈

dance 人口统计

demography 牙科卫生/手术/技术/治疗

dental hygiene/ surgery/ technology/ therapy 设计 design 发展研究/经济学

development studies/ economics 电子设计

digital design 电子音乐/声音艺术

digital music/ sonic art 外交与国际关系

diplomacy & international relations 争议解决

dispute resolution 戏剧

drama 土地与土壤科学

earth & soil science 生态及健康

ecology & health 生态学/生物多样性/生态系统

ecology/ biodiversity/ ecosystems 电子商务/电子商务技术

e-commerce/ e-commerce technology 经济学/经济计量学

economics/ econometrics 教育

education 教育与教学（幼儿教育）education & teaching(early childhood)教育与教学（小学）education & teaching(primary)教育与教学（中学）education & teaching(secondary)教育管理（领导）

educational administration(leadership)电子/电气与电子工程

electronics/ electrical & electronics engineering 应急管理

emergency management 雇佣关系

employment relations 能源研究与管理

energy studies & management 工程

engineering 工程与工业管理

engineering & industrial management 工程地质学

engineering geology 工程管理

engineering management 工程数学

engineering mathematics

英语语言能力

English language proficiency 英语教学/第二语言教学

English language teaching/ TESOL/ second language teaching 英语/英国问文学

English/ English literature 企业发展

enterprise development 创业/创新

entrepreneurship/ innovation 环境健康

environmental health 环境管理/规划

environmental management/ planning 环境科学/工程

environmental science/ engineering 伦理学

ethics 民族音乐学

ethnomusicology 欧洲研究

European studies 欧盟研究

European Union studies 活动管理

events management 生物进化学

evolutionary biology 高层管理培训

executive education 时尚

fashion 电影/电视/屏幕与媒体

film/ television/ screen & media 金融

finance 美术

fine art 消防工程

fire engineering 鱼类生理学

fish physiology 食品科学/工程/技术

food science/ engineering/ technology 法医学

forensic science 林业/林业工程/农林业

forestry/ forestry engineering/ agro forestry 预科

foundation studies 法语

French 淡水管理

freshwater management 人体机能生物学

functional human biology 性别与妇女研究

gender & women’s studies 遗传学

genetics 地理信息系统

geographic information system 地理

geography 地质

geology 地球物理学

geophysics 德语

German平面设计

graphic design 古典希腊学

Greek(classic)风险评估与管理

hazard assessment & management 保健发展与政策

health development & policy 健康科学

health sciences 历史

history 历史与科学哲学

history & philosophy of science 人类发展

human development

计算机人机界面技术

human interface technology 人力资源管理/发展 human resource management/ development 人性化服务

human services 水文学/水科学与技术

hydrology/ water science & technology 免疫学

immunology 原住民研究

indigenous studies 工业与组织心理学

industrial & organizational psychology 工业生物科学

industrial bioscience 工业设计

industrial design 劳资关系与人力资源管理

industrial relations & human resource management 感染与免疫

infection & immunity 信息与通讯工程

information & communication engineering 信息科学

information science 信息系统/管理/技术

information system/management/ technology 创新科技

innovation & technology 室内设计

interior design 国际商务/经济学

international business/ economics 国际法律与政治

international law & politics 国际管理

international management 国际关系/外交/安全研究

international relations/ diplomacy/ security studies 口译

interpreting 毛利解读与翻译

interpreting & translating Maori 意大利语

Italian 日语

Japan 新闻学

journalism 韩语

Korean 劳工研究

labor studies 土地与空间信息研究

land & spatial information management 土地规划与发展

land planning& development 拉丁文

Latin（classic）拉丁美洲研究

Latin American studies 法律

law 图书馆与信息管理

library &information management 语言学/应用语言学

linguistics/ applied linguistics 物流与供应链管理

logistics & supply chain management 管理与可持续发展

management & sustainability 管理科学

management science 管理沟通/管理/系统

management communication/ management/ systems 制造系统工程

manufacturing systems engineering 毛利与本土文化

Maori & indigenous knowledge 毛利与太平洋发展

Maori & pacific development 毛利商务/毛利资源开发

Maori business/ Maori resource development 毛利研究/语言

Maori studies/ language 毛利视觉艺术

Maori visual arts 海洋科学 marine science 市场营销

marketing 市场营销与传媒

marketing& communication 大众传媒

mass communication 材料与工艺工程

materials & process engineering 材料科学/技术

materials science/ technology 数学物理

mathematical physics 数学与哲学

mathematics & philosophy 数学教育

mathematics education 数学/应用数学

mathematics/ applied mathematics 机电一体化/机械工程

mechatronics / mechanical engineering 媒体研究

media studies 医疗检验学

medical laboratory science 医疗物理学

medical physics 医疗物理学

medical physics（clinical）医疗科学

medical science 医药学

medicine 中世纪与近代欧洲研究

medieval & early modern European studies 心理健康

mental health 微生物

microbiology 现代语言

modern languages 分子生物科学/生物科技

molecular biosciences / biotechnology 分子医学

molecular medicine 货币与金融

money & finance 多媒体

multimedia 博物馆研究/文物研究

museum studies/ heritage studies 音乐

music 音乐（古典表演）

music（classical performance）音乐（合成）

music（composition）音乐（爵士乐）

music（jazz）音乐教育/历史/教学

music education/history/ teaching 音乐表演（器乐与声乐）/音乐才能

music performance(instrumental & vocal)/ musicianship 自然资源经济学/管理

natural resource economics/ management 自然资源工程学

natural resource engineering 神经学

neuroscience 新西兰法律研究

New Zealand legal studies 新西兰研究

New Zealand studies 护理学

nursing 护理与助产

nursing & midwifery 营养学

nutrition 职业健康

occupational health 职业理疗师

occupational therapy 运营管理

operations management 运筹学

operations research 验光

optometry 组织领导与发展

organizational leadership & development 组织领导与心理

organizational leadership & psychology 户外教育

outdoor education 太平洋研究

pacific studies 绘画

painting 公园与康乐管理

parks & recreation management 病理

pathology 和平研究

peace studies 表演艺术

performing arts 个人理财规划

personal finance planning 药理学/药学

pharmacology/ pharmaceutical science 药房

pharmacy 哲学

philosophy 摄影/摄影传媒与设计

photography/ photographic media & design 物理教育

physical education 物理学

physics 生理学

physiology 理疗

physiotherapy 植物生物学/植物学

plant biology/ botany 植物生物技术

plant biotechnology 波兰语（语言与文化）Polish（language & culture）政治学

political science 人口研究

population studies 版画制作

print making 产品开发

product development 专业进修研究

professional studies 资产研究

properly studies 精神病学

psychiatry 心理学/应用心理学

psychology/ applied psychology 心理治疗

psychotherapy 公共卫生

public health 公共政策

public policy 公共关系/管理

public relations/ management 康乐研究

recreation management 宗教研究

religious studies/theology 资源及环境规划/区域规划

resource & environmental planning/ regional planning 资源管理

resource management 俄语

Russian 萨摩亚研究

Samoan studies 科学

science 科学与技术

science & technology 科学与技术教育

science & technology education 科学与创业

science and entrepreneurship 科学传媒

science communication 科学教育

science education 科技创新与创业

science innovation & entrepreneurship 科技、毛利与本土文化

science、Maori and indigenous knowledge 雕塑

sculpture 社会政策与分析

social policy/ analysis 社会科学

social science 社会科学研究

social science research 社会工作

social work 社会学 sociology 软件开发

software development 软件工程

software engineering 土壤学

soil science 南亚研究

south Asia studies 西班牙语

Spanish 空间设计

spatial design 特殊教育

special education 言语与语言治疗

speech & language therapy 体育商业管理

sport business management 体育教练

sport coach 体育与运动

sports & exercise 运动医学

sports medicine 统计

statistics 战略管理

strategic management 供应链管理

supply chain management 系统开发

systems development 系统工程

systems engineering 税务与会计

taxation & accounting 技术

technology 技术教育

technology education 电讯

telecommunication 电视制作

television production 纺织品设计

textile design 戏剧研究

drama studies 时基媒体

time-based media 汤加

Tongan 旅游资源、影响与规划

tourism resources、impacts & planning 旅游/旅游与酒店管理

tourism/ tourism & hospitality management 毒理学

toxicology 翻译研究

translation studies 运输工程/研究

transportation engineering/ studies 怀唐伊条约研究

treaty of Waitangi studies 城市设计

urban design 估价与物业管理

valuation & property management 视觉艺术/人文/通信设计

visual arts/ culture/ communication design 葡萄栽培/酿酒

viticulture/ oenology 网络与数据密集型系统

web & data-intensive system 动物学

名大学校训的中英文对照版 篇2

Peking University(founded in 1898)： Patriotism, Advancement, Democracy and Science

北京大学(创建于1898年)：爱国 进步 民主 科学

Tsinghua University(founded as early as 1911)： Self-discipline and Social Commitment

清华大学(始建于1911年)：自强不息 厚德载物

Wuhan University(date back to 1893)： Improve Yourself, Carry Forward Stamina, Seek Truth and Develop Innovations

武汉大学(前身建于1893年)：自强 弘毅 求是 拓新

Tianjin University(founded in 1895)： Seek Truth from Facts

天津大学(创建于1895年)：实事求是

Zhejiang University(founded in 1897)： Seek Truth and Be Creative

浙江大学(创建于1897年)：求是创新

Shandong University(founded in 1901)： Noble in Spirit;Boundless in Knowledge

山东大学(创建于1901年)：气有浩然 学无止境

Nanjing University(founded in 1902)： Be Honest and Intelligent, Study Hard and Act Sincerely

南京大学(创建于1902年)：诚朴雄伟 励学敦行

Beijing Normal University(founded in 1902)： Learn to be an Excellent Teacher;Act as an Exemplary Person

北京师范大学(创建于1902年)：学为人师 行为世范

Southeast University(founded in 1902)： Strive for Perfection

东南大学(创建于1902年)：止于至善

Fudan University(founded as early as 1905)： Rich in Knowledge andTenacious of Purpose;Inquiring with Earnestness and Reflecting withSelf-practice

复旦大学(始建于1905年)：博学而笃志 切问而近思

Jinan University(founded in 1906)： Loyalty, Credibility, Sincerity, and Piety

暨南大学(创建于1906年)：忠信笃敬

Tongji University(founded in 1907)： Discipline, Practicality, Unity and Creativity

同济大学(创建于1907年)：严谨 求实 团结 创新

Nankai University(founded in 1919)： Dedication to PublicInterests, Acquisition of All-round Capability, and Aspiration forProgress with Each Day

南开大学(创建于1919年)：允公允能 日新月异

Harbin Institute of Technology(founded in 1920)： Strict Standard and Sufficient Effort

哈尔滨工业大学(创建于1920年)：规格严格 工夫到家

Xiamen University(founded in1921)： Pursue Excellence, Strive for Perfection

厦门大学(创建于1921年)：自强不息 止于至善

Sun Yat-sen University(founded in 1924)： Study Extensively,Enquire Accurately, Reflect Carefully, Discriminate Clearly, PractiseEarnestly

中山大学(创建于1924年)：博学 审问 慎思 明辨 笃行

Renmin University of China(date back to 1937)： Seek Truth from Facts

中国人民大学(前身建于1937年)：实事求是

Beijing Institute of Technology(founded in 1939)： Solidarity, Diligence, Practicality and Creativity

北京理工大学(创建于1939年)：团结 勤奋 求实 创新

Beijing Foreign Studies University(founded in 1941)： Be United, Alert, Earnest and Lively

北京外国语大学(创建于1941年)：团结 紧张 严肃 活泼

National University of Defense Technology(founded in 1953)： Dedication and Practicality

国防科学技术大学(创建于1953年)：奉献 求实

University of Science and Technology of China(founded in 1958)：Socialist-minded and Professionally Proficient, Associating Truth withFact

中国科学技术大学(创建于1958年)：红专并进 理实交融

National Tai Wan University(date back to 1927)：Cultivate Your Virtue, Advance Your Intellect;Love Your Country and People

国立台湾大学(前身建于1927年)：敦品 励学 爱国 爱人

Hong Kong Polytechnic University(founded in 1937)： To Learn and to Apply for the Benefit of Mankind

大学课程中英文对照 篇3

——美国加州前州长阿诺德·施瓦辛格在清华大学的演讲 It is wonderful to be here at this university.What a special place.I just looked around a little bit here, it’s a gorgeous, gorgeous place.I want to congratulate you for going to this magnificent university here.Now, the last time I was here in China was five years ago, and then I was promoting my movies.They had a movie festival here, the Arnold Schwarzenegger Movie Festival.I remember they showed all my movies for a week—which was a rarity, may I remind you—and they also showed the movies on television.But we also were here to promote Special Olympics, which is an organization that helps people with mental disabilities, so I was here for both reasons.But this time I’m here as the governor of the great state of California.I’m here representing the people of California, and we’re here on a trade mission to see how we can do more business with China and to help each other, because both California is a very fast growing state, and China is a very fast growing country, and there are a lot of things that we can do for one another.But I didn’t want to miss the opportunity to come here today and to talk with the young people;as a matter of fact, to the brightest young people of China.And this is why it is so great to be here at the Tsinghua University, and I’m honored that I was invited here.Now, I read a little bit about the history of Tsinghua, and I learned that actually this school originally prepared students to attend universities in America.Now, I also know that since the attack on our World Trade Centers it has become more and more difficult to go to the universities in America because you need to fill out all kinds of paperwork now and you have to get visas, and it’s very complicated, and you have to wait a much longer period of time to go over there.But let me tell you, things are improving already.I’ve heard that it’s easing up, the restrictions, and it’s easier to get a visa.My young Chinese friends, I want to tell you that in case no one from America has ever invited you, let me do this right now personally.I want to warmly invite all of you here to come to the United States, and especially to come to California, because that’s the happening place.California is the best place.Please come and visit us, we will welcome you.I invite you all to come there and to travel, to meet the American people, and to come there and study in our universities, and some day hopefully you will come and do business over there, or maybe you’ll want to move over there.Whatever your goal is, you’re always welcome.America, after all, let’s not forget, is the land of opportunity.And it’s not only the land of opportunity for Austrians like me, but for Chinese people as well.Remember that.I know that beginning with this century, China is also becoming a land of opportunity.It’s a fast growing place, and as the students of this great university and the citizens of a rising China, I think that you have a great future also here in this country.And today I want to talk to you a little bit about the dreams, about the dreams of your future, and dreams for this country.I want to talk to you a little bit about dreams, because it seems to me that I’m somewhat of an expert in dreams, because I had a lot of my dreams become a reality.So let me just briefly tell you my story, and tell you a little bit about how I started with my career.I think that this story kind of relates a little bit also to you, and also to China.I started way back as a weightlifter.I always liked the idea of lifting weights and being a bodybuilder.From the first moment when I gripped a barbell and held it around the bar and lifted the steel up over my head, I felt this exhilaration, and I knew then that this is something that I’m going to do;that I was in love with that, and this is going to be something that I’m going to do.I’m going to pursue the sport of weightlifting and bodybuilding.Now, I remember the first real workout that I had.Eight miles away from my home village in Austria there was a gymnasium, and I rode to that gymnasium with a bicycle.And there I trained for half an hour, because they said that after half an hour you should stop because otherwise your body will get really sore.But after half an hour I looked at my body, and nothing had happened.So I said, “I’d better work out for another half hour.” So I lifted some more.My strength didn’t improve, I didn’t see the muscles pop out or anything like that, so I trained for another half an hour.And then after another half hour I trained another half hour, and all together I trained two and a half hours.Well, let me tell you something.After two and a half hours—even though they told me that I shouldn’t train that much or I would get really sore—I left the gymnasium, I rode my bicycle home.And after the first mile I got numb, and I couldn’t feel anymore the handle of the bicycle, and I fell off the bike and I fell into the ditch on the side of the road.So I got up again and I tried it again.Another few yards, I fell off the bicycle again.And I tried it three, four more times, and I just couldn’t ride my bicycle because my body was so numb and my legs felt like noodles.Well, let me tell you something.The next morning when I got up, my body was so sore that I couldn’t even lift my arms to comb my hair.I had to have my mother comb my hair, and you know how embarrassing that is.But you know something? I learned a very important lesson, that pain means progress.Pain is progress.Each time my muscles were sore from a workout I knew that they were growing and they were getting stronger.I think there is a real life lesson in that.After two or three years of discipline and determination and working out hard, I actually changed my body, and I changed my strength.And that told me something;that if I could change my body that much, and if I could change the strength of my body that much, then I could also change anything else.I could change my habits, I could change my intelligence, I could change my attitude, my mind, my future, my life.And this is exactly what I have done.I think that that lesson applies to people, and it also applies to countries.You can change, China can change, everyone in the world can change.My parents, of course, I have to tell you, didn’t understand my dreams at all.They were always wondering, they said, “What is he doing? When are you going to get a job, a real job? When are you going to make money?” And all of those questions I got.And they said, “I hope we didn’t raise a bum, someone that doesn’t make money and just wants to live in a gymnasium and think about their bodies.” Well, I endured all of this negative thinking, and the more negative the thinking got, and the more negative the questions got, the stronger and the more positive I became, the stronger I became inside.So of course some of your families maybe think the same way, and this is why I’m mentioning that.Some of your families maybe don’t believe in your dreams.But let me tell you something, my young friends.Keep your dreams.No matter what, keep your dreams.Don’t give up on them, even when you are temporarily defeated or denied.Keep your dreams.I remember the first time I went to the United States and I was competing in a competition, the World Championships in Bodybuilding.I lost.I came in second, and I was devastated.I was crushed.I felt like a loser, a major loser, let me tell you.I cried, as a matter of fact, because I felt like I disappointed my friends and I disappointed myself.But the next day I got my act together, I shifted gears, and I said, “I’m going to learn from that lesson.I’m going to stay here in America.I’m not going to go back to Europe.I’m going to stay in America and I’m going to train with the American champions, I’m going to train the American way.I’m going to eat the American food, I’m going to train with the American machines and the principles.And a year later, in America, I became the World Champion in Bodybuilding.So I think this is a very, very important lesson.And from then on, I continued.My career took off, and everything that I wanted to do I accomplished.First it was to become a champion in bodybuilding.Later on I became a movie star, to do all the great movies, the Conan movies and the Terminator movies and all this.Then I became the governor of the great state of California, of the sixth largest economy in the world.All of this happened because of my dreams, even though other people told me that those dreams were bogus and they were crazy, but I held onto my dreams.And people would always say, no matter what, even in bodybuilding they said I would never make it.And later on in the movies, in Hollywood they said I would not make it.They said, ”You will never make it.You have a German accent.No one in Hollywood has ever made it with a German accent.Yeah, maybe you can play some Nazi roles or something like that, but you cannot become a leading star with an accent.Plus your body, you’re overdeveloped, you have all these muscles.They did Hercules movies 20 years ago, that’s outdated.Now it’s Woody Allen.Woody Allen is in, his body is in.“ And those were the messages.”And Al Pacino, the skinny guy, he is in.But not your body, it’s too big.And your name, Schwarzenegger, it will never fit on a movie poster.Forget it.Forget it, you will never make it.Go back to bodybuilding.“

Well, the rest is history.After Terminator 3, I became the highest paid movie star in Hollywood.And let me tell you something, it continued on.Even when I ran for governor people said, ”Arnold, you will never make it.You will never become governor of California.What do you know about government?“ Well, the fact is, I knew exactly as much about government as the rest of the people knew in California, which is that government is out of touch, and it’s out of sync with the people, and it needed a shakeup.So I didn’t listen to all those people that said I would never make it.I continued campaigning, I listened to my dreams, and the rest also is history.I became governor.So always it just carried me on, those dreams.So bodybuilding gave me the confidence, movies gave me the money, and pubic service and being a governor gave me a purpose larger than myself.And that is the brief story of my dreams and a brief story of my early life, and how my dreams made me successful.A person, of course, should not be stingy with their dreams.So I, of course, don’t just think and dream about myself, but I also have dreams for you, and dreams for China.So let me just talk a little bit about that.China’s economy has become an engine of human progress, lifting millions of people out of poverty.This is a moral and economic good for China and for the rest of the world.I often read that China’s economy is likely to become the largest in the world over the next 50 years, and I think this is terrific.This does not mean, of course, that America will get poorer;it just means that China will get richer, and the United States will benefit from China’s progress as much as the U.S.benefited from the rise of Western Europe after World War II.Some in my country fear that China’s research and development will overtake America’s, but I believe that America and the world will benefit from China’s scientific and technological advances.I think we will benefit from that.If China makes advances in stem cell research, the rest of the world will benefit from that.If China discovers an energy breakthrough, this is good for the rest of the world, such as the benefit of a free market.Some fear that China will buy up American companies, but that fear also existed in the ‘80s, when America feared that Japan was going to buy up American companies.So what? It was just good, and to the benefit of America.We should welcome China’s investment in American companies, just as we welcome the billions of dollars that China has invested in U.S.treasury bonds.This shows that China has faith in America, and American investment in China shows that we have faith in you.So I believe that China and U.S.economic relations will become even closer in the years ahead.Certainly I realize that we do not agree on everything, but who does? Certainly I realize that China has major hurdles to overcome, but it is not for me to say how China should overcome those hurdles and achieve its dreams.But I can tell you, however, what has given America such energy and strength over the last 200 years, and perhaps there are some insights in this for China.America is a nation that believes in the power of the individual, and what the individual can accomplish, no matter the color, no matter the religion, no matter the ethnic background of the individual.Recently, as you probably have read, Rosa Parks, a former seamstress married to a barber, married to a hairdresser, died, and she lay in honor in the Rotunda of the U.S.Capitol in Washington.People from around America came to say farewell to her and to thank her for changing our history and for changing our society.Now, what did this 92 year-old black woman do that deserved such great honor? What did she do? Well, in 1955, the days of racial segregation, she had refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man.She had refused.Her simple refusal to move to the back of the bus put into motion events that led to my country’s great civil rights movement.The small protest of a woman that maybe weighed less than 100 lbs.brought down a racist system.As you can see, the individual can make a difference.Let me tell you about another individual, Ken Behring, a millionaire California businessman who found his passion in giving wheelchairs to poor and physically disabled people all around the globe, including China.He says that he has met people who have spent years in rooms with no window, just lying there and staring up at the ceiling, never seeing the outside world unless someone was willing to pick up that person and take them outside to show them the world.He says that it’s no wonder so many of those physically disabled people dream about being a bird.Mr.Behring says that most of us think that a wheelchair would be a confinement, but to millions of people it is not a confinement, it is freedom, freedom to move and to go to school, freedom to vote, freedom to get a job, and freedom for hope for the future.He has given freedom and wheelchairs to 400,000 people around the world.The individual can make a difference.My mother-in-law, Eunice Kennedy Shriver—I always like to mention her, because it gets me on the good side of her—she, for instance, started an organization called Special Olympics.She stared Special Olympics which is for people with mental disabilities.And of course when she started that organization she was told by the experts, ”Don’t do it.You cannot take people with mental disabilities out of mental institutions and have them participate in sports events.They will drown in the swimming pools.They will kill each other out there, they will hurt each other.Don’t do it.“ But Eunice Kennedy Shriver had a dream and a passion, and today millions of people compete in Special Olympics around the world, including right here in China.This is why I was here five years ago.Five years ago you had 50,000 participants in the Special Olympics.Today, five years later, you have 500,000 participants in Special Olympics.500,000 people are getting a chance to participate in sports programs, getting a chance to have health care, have a chance to be treated equally, with respect and with tolerance.So Eunice Kennedy Shriver exemplifies that the individual can make a difference.And I think what I’m trying to say to you is that each and every one of you can make a difference.So as you study and as you become smarter, and as you become richer, think about that, that there are millions of people that need your help.Now, you maybe ask yourself the question, what can I do? Well, let me tell you.Even though you maybe have no money or anything, you can go out and help a child that has not yet learned yet how to read.You maybe can go out and help a person that is physically handicapped, to lift them up and to take them outside so they can see the world.There are so many different things that you can do.You maybe can take a person that is mentally disabled, to take them to a soccer game.There are all kinds of things that the individual can do to reach out and to help.Imagine what could be accomplished if the dreams of China’s 1.3 billion individuals could be unleashed.Imagine what could happen.Each of you here has the power of the individual within you, you have the power of your dreams within you, and these are tremendous powers.You’re young, you’re educated, and you are the very best China has to offer.My young Chinese friends, I believe in your dreams.I believe that you can achieve them, and I believe you can make a difference, a big difference.All you have to do is just make the commitment.All you have to do is create the action and commit, and say, ”Let’s do it." Go out and do it.I’m asking you.Do it for yourself, do it for China, and do it for the good of the world.Thank you very much for listening.Thank you.很高兴来到这所大学。这真是一个特别的地方。我刚才到处看了一下，这是一个很棒、很棒的地方。祝贺你们能到这么好的大学学习。

上一次我来中国是五年前，当时是来宣传我的电影。他们在这里举办了一个电影节，名叫“阿诺德·施瓦辛格电影节”。我记得他们在一周时间内放映了我所有的电影——要知道，这是很难得的——他们还通过电视台播放了这些影片。但是我们当时来这里还有另一项任务，就是宣传特殊奥林匹克运动会，它专为帮助智障人士而设立。所以上一次我来是有两个目的。

但是这一次我的身份是加利福尼亚州州长，代表加利福尼亚人民。我们来了一个贸易代表团，看看怎样才能扩大与贵国的商业合作，并且相互帮助，因为加利福尼亚是一个飞速发展的州，中国是一个飞速发展的国家，我们在很多方面都能相互合作。

但是，我不想错过今天来这里与年轻人交谈的机会。其实，你们是中国最优秀的青年。所以能来到清华大学是我的荣幸，我很荣幸能受到邀请。

我阅读了一些关于清华历史的资料，了解到其实这所学校最初是为了培养学生去美国的大学深造而设立。我还知道，自从“9·11”事件以来，去美国大学留学的难度越来越高，因为现在你们需要填写一大堆资料，要得到签证，这非常复杂，你们必须等待比以前长得多的时间才能成行。但是听我说，情况已经有所好转。我听说限制已经有所缓和，得到签证的难度降低了。我年轻的中国朋友，我想告诉你们，即便你们未曾受到任何美国人的邀请，现在我就以私人身份邀请你们。我想热情邀请你们所有人前去美国，特别是去加利福尼亚，因为那是时尚之都。加利福尼亚是最好的地方。

请前去访问，我们会欢迎你们。我邀请你们所有人去旅游，去见见美国人民，去我们的大学深造，希望有一天你们会去那里做生意，或者可能是定居。不论你是什么目标，我们都永远欢迎。毕竟，我们不要忘记，美国是充满机遇的国度。不论是对于我这样的奥地利人，还是中国人，都是如此。记住这一点。

据我所知，本世纪以来，中国也在不断孕育着机会，日新月异。你们是这所伟大的学校的学生，也是崛起的中国的公民，我相信你们在中国也会拥有美好的未来。

今天，我想与你们聊聊梦想，对于你们未来的梦想，对于这个国家梦想。我想与你们聊聊梦想，因为我似乎是一个梦想专家，我实现了自己的许多梦想。所以让我向你们讲述我的故事，讲述我如何开始我的职业生涯。我认为这个故事与你们，也与中国有些许关联。

一开始我是个举重运动员。我一直喜欢举重和健美。当我第一次抓起杠铃，稳稳握住，并高举过头顶，我就一直享受这份愉悦，我知道这就是我要做的事情；我喜爱举重，这将是我要做的事情。我要从事举重和健美运动。

我记得自己的第一次真正的训练。我老家在澳大利亚，离我们村庄八英里远的地方有一座体育馆，我骑车过去。在那里训练了半个小时，因为他们说半小时后你要停下来休息，否则身体会酸痛。但是半小时后我看着自己的身体，什么事也没有。我说：“我还是再练半小时吧。”所以我举了更多。我的力量没有增强，我没有发现肌肉隆起，或者类似的事情。于是我又练了半小时，之后又是半小时，再之后又是半小时，共计两个半小时。

两个半小时之后，我离开了体育馆，骑车回家。虽然他们告诉我不应该练那么久，否则身体会酸痛。骑了一英里之后，我感觉身体发麻，再也握不住自行车把手，摔了下来掉进路边的沟里。爬起来后我试图再骑。骑了几码之后我又摔下了车。我又试了三四次，但就是没法骑车，因为我的身体已经麻木了，我的腿像面条一样打颤。

第二天早晨起床后，我浑身酸痛，甚至没法举起手臂梳头。我不得不让我妈妈帮我梳头，你们知道那有多么尴尬。但你们知道吗？我学到了非常重要的一课，那就是痛苦意味着进步。痛苦就是进步。每一次训练之后我的肌肉都酸痛不已，但我知道那是它们在生长，变得更加强壮。

我认为这是现实生活的宝贵经验。在坚持两三年艰苦训练之后，我的形体和力量都发生了改变。我从中学到了一些东西，那就是：既然我可以改变我的形体，既然我可以改变我身体的力量，那么我也可以改变其它任何事情。我可以改变我的习惯，我可以改变我的智力，我可以改变我的态度、我的思想、我的未来和我的人生。这正是我已经做过的事情。我觉得这个经验也适用于其他人，适用于各个国家。你们可以改变，中国可以改变，世界上每一个人都可以改变。

当然，我必须告诉你们，我的父母起初完全无法理解我的梦想。他们总是困惑，他们说：“你在干什么？你打算什么时候找一份工作，一份真正的工作？你打算什么时候挣钱？”我听到的都是这样的问题。他们还说：“我希望我们没有养一个乞丐，一个不会挣钱，只想住在体育馆里成天想着自己形体的人。”好吧，我忍受了所有这些消极的想法。这些想法和问题越消极，我就变得越积极，我的内心就变得越强大。

之所以说这些是因为我觉得你们中有一部分人的家人可能会有同样的想法。他们可能不相信你们的梦想。但是让我告诉你们，我年轻的朋友们，坚持你们的梦想。无论如何，坚持你们的梦想。不要放弃，即便遭遇打击和挫折。坚持你们的梦想。

我记得我第一次去美国，去参加世界健美锦标赛，我输了。我只得了第二名，我崩溃了。我感觉像是个失败者，彻头彻尾的失败者。而且，我还哭了，因为我觉得我辜负了我的朋友们，还有我自己。但是第二天，我就重整旗鼓，对自己说：“我要吸取这个教训。我要留在美国。我不回欧洲了。我要留在美国，和那些冠军一起训练，以美国的方式训练。我要吃美国的食物，使用美国的运动器械和原理。”一年以后，在美国，我成为了世界健美冠军。所以，我觉得这是很重要的一课。

从那时起，我一步一个脚印。我的职业生涯开始腾飞，所有我想做的事都如愿以偿。先是成为了世界健美冠军，后来变成了电影明星，出演的都是伟大的影片，《蛮王柯南》系列和《终结者》系列，还有其他的。之后，我成为了加利福尼亚州的州长。这一切的发生都是因为我的梦想，即使其他人告诉我那些梦想不切实际，太过疯狂，我依然坚持不懈。

不论我做什么，即便是健身，总有人会说我不可能成功。后来拍电影，在好莱坞他们也说我不会成功。他们说：“你不可能成功的。你有德国口音，在好莱坞从来没有带德国口音的人成功过。是的，你或许能演一些纳粹之类的角色，但是因为你有口音，你不可能成为一线巨星。还有你的身体，你的肌肉过于发达了。20年前他们拍过赫拉克勒斯的电影，但是现在过时了。现在是伍迪·艾伦的时代。伍迪·艾伦很红，他的身材很红。”都是一些这样的信息。“还有阿尔·帕西诺，瘦得皮包骨头，他也很红。但是你不行，太壮硕了。别想了，你不会成功的。回去健身吧。”

好了，其他的就不提了。《终结者3》上映后，我成了好莱坞片酬最高的影星。听我说，故事还没完。即使当我竞选州长时，人们也说：“阿诺德，你不会成功的。你不会成为加利福尼亚州州长的。你对政府了解多少呢？”好吧，事实是，我对于政府的了解和其他加州人民一样，那就是政府遥不可及，高高在上，这亟待改变。所以我没有在乎那些人的话。我继续竞选，我坚持自己的梦想，其他的也不提了。我成功当选。

那些梦想一直是我前行的动力。健美给了我信心，电影给了我金钱，为人民服务和州长的工作给了我比实现自我更大的目标。以上就是我的梦想，我的早年生活，还有我的梦想如何帮助我取得成功。

当然，人不应吝啬梦想。所以我不仅有自己的梦想，也有对你们，对中国的梦想。让我慢慢道来。中国的经济已经变成了人类进步的引擎，使数百万人摆脱了贫困。对于中国和全世界而言，这是道德和经济的双重成功。我经常读到新闻，说在接下来的五十年，中国可能会成为世界最大的经济体。我认为这很好。当然，这并不意味着美国会变得贫穷；只是意味着中国会变得富裕，美国也会从中国的发展中获益，一如二战后美国从西欧的崛起中获益。

我可以告诉你们，在过去的两百年里，美国的能量和力量源泉是什么，或许中国可以从中学到一些东西。美国信奉个人能力，以及个人所能取得的成就，不论其肤色、宗教、种族背景如何。

让我向你们介绍另一个人，肯·贝林，他是一个加州的商人，身价百万。他也找到了自己的热情所在，向全世界（包括中国）的贫困残疾人赠送轮椅。他说他遇见过一些人，多年来受困于没有窗子的房间，成天躺在床上盯着天花板，从来没有见过外面的世界，除非有人愿意背起他们，带他们出去。他说难怪这么多残疾人都梦想变成一只小鸟。贝林先生说我们很多人认为轮椅是一种禁锢，但是对于数百万残疾人而言，它不是禁锢，而是自由，行动和上学的自由，投票的自由，求职的自由，展望未来的自由。他已经为全世界40万人带去了自由和轮椅。这就是个人的力量。

我的岳母，尤妮斯·肯尼迪·施莱佛——我总是喜欢提到她，因为她的善良——例如，她创办了特殊奥林匹克运动会，专为智障人士设立。当然，设立之初专家们告诉她：“不行，你不能把智障人士带出精神病院去参加体育活动。他们会在游泳池里溺水，他们会自相残杀，互相伤害。不要这样做。”但是尤妮斯·肯尼迪·施莱佛有梦想，有激情。今天全世界有几百万人在特殊奥林匹克运动会上比拼，包括中国。这就是我五年前来这里的原因。五年前，一共有50万人参加了特殊奥林匹克运动会。50万人得到了一个参加体育比赛的机会，得到了医疗保健的机会，得到了被平等对待的机会，还有尊敬和宽容。这就是个人的力量。尤妮斯·肯尼迪·施莱佛是又一个例子。

我想告诉你们的是你们每一个人都具有这种力量。所以，当你们的学识不断丰富，当你们变得更聪明，更富有，请想一想，有数百万人需要你们的帮助。现在，你们可以问自己一个问题，我能做什么？让我告诉你们。即便你们可能没有钱，甚至一无所有，你们依然可以走出去，教一个孩子学会阅读。你们可以走出去帮助残疾人，抱起他们，走到户外，让他们看看外面的世界。你们可以做太多不同的事情。你们可以带智障人士去看一场足球赛。个人可以通过做各种各样的事，来伸出援手，帮助他人。

设想一下，如果全中国13亿人民都能放飞各自的梦想，将会取得多大的成就。设想一下美妙的前景。你们每一个人都有改变的力量，都有梦想的力量，这些力量是无穷的。你们朝气蓬勃，你们学识丰富，你们是中国培养的精英。我年轻的朋友们，我相信你们的梦想。我相信你们可以梦想成真，我相信你们可以做出改变，巨大的改变。你们要做的只是为之奉献，你们要做的就是把梦想付诸行动并全心投入，对自己说：“让我们放手去做。”

中英文对照 篇4

随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大，对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间，以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线，已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性，因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时，喷油量必须精确计算，燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型，预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。

共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分： ①低压部分，包含燃油共轨系统组件。

②高压系统，包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。

电控柴油机系统EDC主要由系统模块，如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器)，这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。

所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油，这就是“共轨”的由来。在共轨燃油喷射系统中，燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。EDC控制每个组件。

(1)压力产生。

燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。

由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低，还是燃油喷射量的多少，油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式，高压泵的设计可以小的多，而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低，这源于高压泵的负载很小。

高压泵是径向活塞泵，在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。(2)压力控制

所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。

一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。

在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取，但是在一些应用中，它被直接安装在高压泵中。

另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量，以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。

发生故障时，压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。

在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量，降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时，流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。

双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式，它通过计算单元对压力进行控制，并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制，因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。

(3)燃油喷射

喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。

喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下，燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比，因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。

(4)液压辅助动力

与传统燃油喷射系统相比，将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来，有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴，将来会达到1800巴。

共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放，也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的，以保证喷射结束的快速性。

(5)控制和调节

发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括：

① 曲轴转速和转角； ② 燃油轨道的压力； ③ 进气压力；

④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度； ⑤ 进气量； ⑥ 车速等。

电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步，电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如EGR阀，废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。

喷油器的开关时间应很短，采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。

根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据，对照发动机状态(时间控制)，角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(EDC)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外，EDC还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制，和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样，它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。

其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具体例子有：

① 废气在循环控制； ② 增压控制； ③ 巡航控制；

④ 电子防盗控制系统等。(6)控制单元结构。

由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口，所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速CAN网络的“主/从”接口进行连接，因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被 分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;