实用商务英语翻译教案（通用8篇）
120句商务英语交际实用套语
一轮会谈 one round of talks
决议 resolution
谅解备忘录 memorandum of understanding
现在开会 I declare the meeting open.请…发言 I invite the representative of …to take the floor.下面我给各位简要介绍一下北京的经济情况 Nnow I would like to give you a brief overview of Beijing’s economy.我的介绍完了，谢谢。That’s all for my presentation.thank you.我先说这么多。So much for my remarks for now.我要说的就是这些。That’s all for what I want to say.您看是先谈原则问题呢，还是先谈具体问题？ I wonder if you would like to start with matters of principle or specific issues?
让我先谈一个问题。If you agree,(With your permission)let me start with one issue
在谈那个问题之前我想对您刚才讲的话谈点看法。Before we turn to that issue, I wish to make a few comments/remarks on your presentation.您对此事怎么看呢？ I wish to benefit from your views on this matter./ What is your view on this matter?/ How do you see this matter?
我提议休会十分钟。I propose a ten-minute break.我想接着刚才的问题讲下去。I will pick up where we left off just now.对不起，我插一句。Sorry for the interruption but
当然可以。By all means
怎么都行。Whatever you say.我没有异议。I have no objection
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商务英语口语
我方对这个问题有异议。We take exception to this question.我们高兴地看到 We note with pleasure that
这个日期贵方觉得合适吗？ I wonder if this date wuld be suitable for you?
不知你们上午谈的怎样？ I wonder how the meeting went this morning?
我方很希望贵方能尽早给予肯定的答复。We would greatlyl appreciate it if you could give us your favourable and prompt commitment as soonas possible.请你们务必在8月1日前提出意向书。You are kindly requested to submit the letter of intent on the date no later than 1st August.纠缠这个问题 entangle this issue
提倡节约 advocate/uphold thriftiness
为了国家的繁荣 for the sake of national property
经受了时间考验的友谊给我留下了很深的印象。The time-tested friendship leave me a deep impression.密切注视 Keep close watch on
促进密切合作 spur/promote intensive cooperation
久仰 I’ve heard so much about you.好久不见了 Long time no see.辛苦了 You’ve had a long day.You’ve had a long flight.尊敬的朋友们 distinguished/Honorable/Respected friends
阁下(多用于称呼大使)Your Excellency
我代表北京市政府欢迎各位朋友访问北京.On behalf of the Beijing Municipal government, I wish to extend our warm welcome to the friends who have come to visit Beijing.对您的大力协助，我谨代表北京市政府表示衷心的感谢。On behalf of the Beijing Municipal government, I wish to express our heartfelt thanks to you for your gracious assistance.声明：本资料由听力课堂网站收集整理，仅供英语爱好者学习使用，资料版权属于原作者。
商务英语口语
在北京过得怎么样？ How are you making out in Beijing?
我一定向他转达您的问候和邀请.I’ll surely remember you and your invitation to him.欢迎美商来北京投资.American businessmen are welcome to make investment in Beijing.欢迎多提宝贵意见.Your valuable advice is most welcome.不虚此行 It’s a rewarding trip.您的日程很紧,我们的会见是否就到此为止.As you have a tight schedule, I will not take up more of your time.请代我问候...先生 please remember me to Mr.感谢光临 Thank you so much for coming.欢迎再来 Hope you’ll come again.欢迎以后多来北京 Hope you’ll visit Beijing more often.请留步,不用送了.I will see myself out, please.多保重 Take care.祝您一路平安.Have a nice trip.愿为您效劳。At your service.为…举行宴会/宴请 host a dinner/banquet/luncheon in honor of …
欢迎宴会 welcome dinner
便宴 informal dinner
午宴（附有情况介绍或专题演讲等内容）luncheon
便餐 light meal
工作午餐 working luncheon
声明：本资料由听力课堂网站收集整理，仅供英语爱好者学习使用，资料版权属于原作者。
商务英语口语
自助餐 buffet dinner/luncheon
答谢宴会 return dinner
告别宴会 farewell dinner
庆功宴 glee feast
招待会 reception
庆祝中华人民共和国成立四十五周年招待会 Reception Celebrating the 45th Anniversary of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China
鸡尾酒会 cocktail party
茶话会 tea party
包餐/点餐 table d’hote/a la carte
上菜 serve a courst
您的位置在这里 Here is your seat.请入席 Please have a seat.欢聚一堂 enjoy this happy get-together
请随便 Please yourself at home./Please enjoy yourself.请各位随意用餐 Help yourself please.您喝点什么？ what would you like to drink?
现在我提议，为了…和…之间的合作，为了…参议员的健康，干杯！At this point, I propose a toast: to the cooperation between … and … , to the health of Senator…, cheers!
最后，我借主人的酒，提议为…干杯！Lastly, taking up this glass of fine wine, I propose a toast to …
请各位举杯并同我一起为所有在座的朋友们的健康干杯！I’d ask you to raise your glass and join me in a toast ot the health of all our friends present here.敬您一杯。Here’s to you.声明：本资料由听力课堂网站收集整理，仅供英语爱好者学习使用，资料版权属于原作者。
商务英语口语
祝你健康 To your health.我要为此干杯 I’ll drink to that!
随量 Whatever you like.我失陪一会儿 Excuse me for a minute.菜不好，请多多包涵 Hope you enjoy yourself.女士们先生们，欢迎各位光临，演出很快就要开始了，请尽快就坐。Ladies and gentlemen, good evening.The concert/show would start soon.Please get yourself seated.Thank you.招待会现在开始。The reception will now begin.全体起立，奏国歌。All rise please.For the P.R.C.National Anthem.出席今天招待会的贵宾有 The distinguished guests paarticipating the reception are
现在请…讲话 I have the honour to call upon…
开幕式现在结束。This concludes the opening ceremony.隆重庆祝 grand celebration
情况介绍 presentation
小组讨论 panel discussion
同有关单位磋商 hold consultations with the organizations concerned
庆祝成立…一周年 celebrating the 1st Anniversary of the Establishment of …
热烈祝贺第一届…锦标赛 Hail the first FIFA of …
值此节日之际致以节日的祝贺 On the occasion of the season, I would like to extend season’s reetings.祝您工作顺利、事业成功、身体健康、家庭幸福！Wish you the very best of luck in your job, every successin your future endeavours, good health and a happy family!
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商务英语口语
衷心祝贺您当选… Hearty congratulations on your recent ecletion as …
举行会议/研讨会/大会/座谈会/学术报告会 hold a meeting/seminar/conference /forum/symposium
赞助人/主办人/承办人/协办人 patron/sponsor/organizer/co-organizer
举行谈判 enter into negotiation
交涉 make representations with sb.on sth./deal with sb.事物性会谈 talks at working level
对口会谈 counterpart talks
议程项目 items on the agenda
主题 theme
议题 topic for discussion
双方商定的议程 schedule mutually agreed upon
开幕会议 opening session
全体会议 plenary session
翻译课程 (英汉、汉英笔译) 是高职商务英语专业的一门必修课程。课程的讲授环节主要包括理念、理论介绍, 技巧讲解, 实际操作以及译文评价。“实用原则”可以作为联系翻译课程各个环节的一条主线, 贯穿于翻译教学的整个过程, 即介绍实用的翻译理论, 讲解实用的翻译技巧, 进行实用的翻译操作训练, 应用实用的译文评价标准。
一、实用的翻译理论介绍
实用的翻译理论, 就是指那些与高职商务英语学习特点密切相关的翻译理论。通过重点介绍这些理论, 使其对学生的翻译实践起到一个理念上的指导作用。
奈达·尤金的读者中心论、沃尔特提出的解构主义以及近年来在我国翻译界兴起的译者主体性研究, 是三种较为实用的翻译理论。
1.读者中心论
奈达在翻译史上第一个把社会效应 (读者反应) 原则纳入翻译标准之中, 认为必须以读者的反应作为衡量译作是否正确的重要标准。他将重点从信息的形式转换到读者的反应, 强调译入语读者接受译作的重要性, 从而尽可能的避免评论家对作品的主观评价。
读者中心论可以解决一个翻译目的的问题。当学生将为目的语读者服务的理念根植在翻译实践中时, 就会逐渐养成自我检验的习惯, 而自觉地检测译文是否符合目的语的表达习惯, 译文中是否有读者难于理解的表达等。
2.解构主义理论
解构主义的宗旨是“解构”传统的语言形而上的绝对规律性——意义、观念、理性, 以新的“文字学”, 对语言文字的结构和意义加以彻底相对论的阐释。据此理论, 解构主义翻译观认为, 翻译文本是创造的新生语言。
该理论可以解释在翻译过程中为什么在面对原文时, 学生往往会有“搜肠刮肚, 词难达意”的处境。这样的理论支撑将促使学生更有耐心的去比较、推敲相似词句的细微差别, 从而保证译文的质量。
3.译者主体性理论
译者主体性是指作为翻译活动主体的译者在尊重翻译对象的前提下, 为实现翻译目的而在翻译活动中表现出的主观能动性。
对译者主体性理论最主要的作用就是允许不同风格的译文创作, 增强学生的自信心, 激发学生的学习热情。
二、实用的技巧介绍
翻译过程从本质上说是一个寻找原文与译文之间语义逻辑对应和语法逻辑的对应过程。
1.语义逻辑对应的实用翻译技巧
语义逻辑对应的讲解重点应放在直译和意译的灵活运用上, 即必须考虑到文化、社会因素对语言表达的影响, 可将其具体分为增译与省略译的讲解。
增译法所谓增译就是在译文中加词, 使其意思更加清晰而不至于让人费解。增词和重复是两种增译法的常用手段。
例如:Preparation for the summit meeting is going on.
峰会的准备工作正在进行。 (增加名词)
省略译就是在译文中减词, 使译文流畅自然, 符合目的语的表达习惯。
例如:I am sorry that we can not supply you this time with the items required.
此次无法供货, 深表遗憾。
2.语法逻辑对应的实用翻译技巧
语法逻辑对应的重点应放在否定与肯定转换、被动语态、长句翻译等几种技巧的讲解上。
1) 被动语态的翻译
英语被动语态译成汉语的主动语态
例如:The World Trade Organization (WTO) was founded in 1993.
世界贸易组织创建于1993年。 (保持主语不变, 即原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语。)
英语被动语态译成明确的汉语被动句
例如:To make matters more confusing, these similar deposit vehicles are called by different names from bank to bank.
使事情显得更为复杂的是, 这些相同的储蓄方式被不同的银行冠以不同的名字。 (将句子译成含“被……”或“给……”的句子。)
将英语被动语态译成汉语其他结构句型
例如:Something has to be done to counter the recent rise in unemployment.
必须采取措施抑制近来失业率的上升。 (将被动语态译成汉语的无主语句。)
2) 肯定与否定的转换
英语表示否定的方法主要有两种:借助词汇和借助结构。在英译汉时, 必须先弄清英语表达同样的否定意义时是否与汉语的表达形式相同。
例如: The two sides have traded with each other no longer after the war.
双方自打那场战争后就再也没有过贸易往来。 (借助含有否定意义的副词短语)
3) 长句翻译
英语的长句是由基础搭架 (主语+谓语) 扩展开来的, 其扩展方式可以使用增加句子的修饰语, 也可以使用增加并列成分或并列句, 或者是利用短语或从句充当句子成分。
例如:We have installed a new system recently, which is under adjusting.
我们最近安装了一个新系统, 该系统正处于调试阶段。 (将原文中的定语成分译成并列结构, 对原文进行了扩展。)
三、实用的翻译模块训练
根据高职商务英语专业的培养目标, 可以将翻译课程的教学内容分为两个实用的训练模块。
模块一:相关文体类型介绍与实训
这其中主要包括:
1.产品介绍∕说明书的翻译练习
2.合同与协议的翻译练习
3.广告的翻译练习
这个模块的训练重点在于篇章的文体类型特点介绍。根据提供的相关翻译素材, 主要从文化视角对其分析并点评, 了解不同国家的文化习俗、文化背景。使学生掌握这几类文体的语言特点及书写成文的基本要素, 能够借助工具书, 运用恰当的翻译技巧, 完成翻译任务。
模块二:进出口业务的基本环节及相关业务知识的讲解与实训
进出口业务主要包括下述10个基本环节:
1.建立贸易往来 2.询盘
3.报盘 4.还盘∕订购
5.销售确认 6.签订销售合同
7.付款∕信用证的使用 8.运输∕提单的功能
9.保险 10.索赔与仲裁
这个模块的能力培养目标有两个:1) 在掌握进出口贸易基本环节的过程中进行翻译训练;2) 在翻译训练的过程中进行翻译技巧运用。根据提供的相关商务英语往来信函范文, 可以让学生从句子翻译入手, 了解贸易专业术语以及基本进出口贸易的流程, 循序渐进地运用翻译技巧。
四、实用的译文评价标准
翻译标准, 顾名思义, 是指译者在翻译活动时所遵循的标准, 是衡量译文质量的尺度。在高职翻译教学中, 只有根据商务英语及学生的特点, 采用技术操作方面的评价标准, 并使标准具体化、层次化, 才能使学生为提高自己的翻译能力而设定目标, 极大的促进学生的积极性和创造性, 也为教师在教学方式、作业批改等方面提供明确的规范。
高职商务英语课程的教学中, 翻译标准在技术操作方面可划分为以下六个层次:
1) 译文表达流畅, 意思连贯。用词、语法、文体都贴切, 无须修改。
2) 译文用词、语法、文体上多少有些毛病, 只需进行简单的修改。
3) 由于用词、语法方面的原因, 使得对有些细节的理解有疑问, 短语、句子有丢失, 搭配有错误。
4) 原文的结构、内容没有很好地反映出来, 而且有一部分原文没有译出来, 须进行像调整词序那样的修改。
5) 译文短语与短语之间的关系, 过去时、完成时等时态, 单数与复数的区别, 副词的位置等有错误, 需要译后在结构上作必要的调整。
6) 译文完全不能反映原文的内容和结构, 脱落了主语或谓语, 成不了句子。
如下例子:
In 2001the export value of Hong Kong garments was 6.3 times compared with 2000.
对该句学生可能会有不同的理解, 出现不同的译句。
A.2001年香港服装的出口额比2000年增加了5.3倍。
B.2001年香港服装的出口额比2000年增加了6.3倍。
C.与2000年相比, 香港2001年的出口价值是6.3倍。
D.在2001年, 香港的出口价值是6.3倍, 与2000年比较。
原句中的was 6.3times 可直译为“是6.3倍”或“增加了5.3倍”;export value应“出口额”, 而不可根据字面意思直译为“出口价值”。因此, 上面的译句中, A句在意思的连贯、用词以及语法的正确理解方面都无须修改, 符合第一层次的翻译标准; B 句只对英语的倍数的理解有错误, 其他方面无须修改, 符合第二层次的标准;C句在语序的表达上比较流畅, 但对关键词汇的理解错误, 应使用第四层次的标准对其判断;D句不仅关键词汇没有译出, 而且译句语序不符合汉语表达, 因此属于第六层次的译句。
通过对例句的分析, 可以看出在应用层次性的标准对各种译句进行评价, 可以使学生对自己的翻译错误有明确的认识, 并针对具体的错误制定具体的提高目标。而教师也可以在讲解中抓住重点, 客观的分析不同译句优缺点, 提高教学效率。
结语
“实用为主, 够用为度”是高职教学应遵循的一个理念。但对于翻译课程的教学, 特别是在培养适应现代商务的复合型外语人才的过程中, 只有“实用”还是不够的。因此, 在介绍实用的翻译理论与技巧, 进行实用的实践训练与评价的同时, 还要因时、因事引导、督促学生不断地提高自身的素养, 包括双语素养、文化素养, 这样才能更有效地在今后的工作中能真正的将所学的翻译理论与技巧运用到实践中。
参考文献
[1]郭建中.汉英/英汉翻译:理念与方法[J].上海翻译, 2006, (1) .
[2]单其昌.汉英翻译技巧[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1990.
[3]石定乐, 蔡蔚.实用商务英汉互译[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社, 2007, (5) .
[4]周方珠.翻译多元论[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2004.
摘 要：为了适应今天我国商务市场需要，高职院校商务英语翻译教学改革势在必行。笔者试通过在商务英语翻译课中从教学内容、形式、方法、考核方式、教学团队建设等方面开展全方位教学改革试验，探讨出一套针对商务英语翻译培养目标、商务英语翻译自身特点、高职学生实际，适用于高职教育需要，符合职业行业特点的商务翻译多元化教学模式，以培养复合型实用商务英语翻译人才。
关键词：多元化；教学模式；复合型实用英语商务翻译人才；培养
[中图分类号]H319
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1006-2831（2013）11-0133-5 doi：10.3969/j.issn.1006-2831.2013.04.036
教育部1998年颁布的《关于外语专业面向21世纪本科教育改革若干意见》指出：“由于社会对外语人才的需求已呈多元化的趋势，过去那种单一外语专业和基础技能型的人才已不能适应市场经济的需要，市场对单纯语言文学专业毕业生的需求量正逐渐减少。因此，外语专业必须从单科的‘经院式人才培养模式转向宽口径、应用性、复合型人才的培养模式”。教育部2000年颁布的《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》进一步明确了外语专业人才培养目标，具体提出“高等学校英语专业培养具有扎实的英语语言基础的广博的文化知识并能熟练地运用英语在外事、教育、经贸、文化、科技、军事等部门从事翻译、教学、管理、研究的复合型英语人才”。据此，高职院校商务翻译教学的首要任务应该是培养既精通英语语言知识，又具有国际商务知识和翻译技能的复合型实用商务翻译人才，即“通识型”人才（戴炜栋，2008： 71），以满足国内外企业对商务翻译人才不断扩大的需求。
然而，现今不少高校商务英语翻译专业教学由于受传统翻译教学模式影响，不能有效地培养出适应社会需求的复合型实用商务翻译人才，主要体现在：1. 教学内容单一、手段单一、考核方式单一、教师队伍元素单一；2. 课堂教学表现为不注重翻译理论对实践的指导意义，只是通过翻译学翻译，就事论事，一味罗列现象，未从理论上进行阐述、解释、说明，一味强调授人以鱼而不授人以渔，只限于某一商务项目翻译，即重在“翻什么”，而不注重“如何翻”及其缘由，致使学生缺乏创新能力；3. 仍然遵循传统的以教师为中心、“填鸭式”授课方式、模式单一、方法陈旧，不能适应我国商务翻译人才培养要求，不利于全面培养学生的实际应用能力，这种滞后性在高职教育中尤为明显。为此，本文倡导并试验商务翻译课中实施多元化教学模式。
多元化理论最初由美国哲学家费耶阿本德（Paul Karl Feyerabend， 1924～1994）提出，其基本思想是反对单一、独断，主张开放型、创新型的方法，也就是“怎么都行”的认识（刘放桐，2000：539）。此理论用于教学，突出全方位、立体式思维，强调多取向、多视野、“多模态教学模式”（冯奇，2011：317），也就是辩证综合的教学模式（田式国，2001：293）。
而所谓商务英语翻译课中实践多元化教学模式，即是贯彻“英语、商务、实践”有机结合的高职商务英语翻译复合型实用人才培养思路；创立工学结合、课证一体教学体系，实行理论与实践相结合，课堂教学与实训、技能竞赛相结合，校外翻译专家、行业兼职教师与课程专任教师相结合，学校与社会相结合，传统教学和网络教学相结合，从教学内容、形式、方法、考核手段、教学团队建设等方面，全方位开展教学改革；探讨出一套针对商务英语翻译培养目标、商务英语翻译自身特点、高职学生实际、我国商务市场需求实际，适用于高职教育需要，符合职业行业特点的商务英语翻译多元化教学模式；以培养学生自我获取知识的能力和实际操作的能力，为学生商务翻译方面可持续发展奠定良好的基础，造就能适应并服务我国外贸新形势、新需求的真正复合型实用商务英语翻译人才。
1 . 设计多元化的教学内容
目前，国内不少高校尤其高职高专商务英语翻译教学内容单一、零碎，往往只介绍某一翻译方法，只涉及某一商务翻译现象，不重视理论依据、翻译本质学习；只介绍某一商务项目翻译，不重视对商务英语、汉语基本特点的介绍、对比研究，教学体例上多是由词到句的语法体例，多是采用“知识点+例句”，侧重句法层面，模式单一，使学生学习“只见树，不见林”，学到的知识缺乏系统性、科学性和理论性；翻译练习形式单一，与教学内容及实际脱节，多做单句机械性练习，较少做活用性练习尤其篇章练习。
为了改变这种现象，我们教学中设计商务英语翻译教学应体现多元化教学内容，即由商务英语知识+商务翻译基础理论及技巧知识+国际商务、外贸、旅游等知识+常用商务文体知识+文化背景知识等构成，突出商务翻译知识学习与人文素养教育并重，专业理论教育与实际技能培养并重原则，构建商务英语翻译理论教学体系和商务实用文体翻译的实践教学体系，并自行编写出了针对商务英语翻译培养目标、商务英语翻译自身特点、高职学生实际、我国商务市场需求实际，适用于高职教育需要，符合职业行业特点的英文商务翻译教材《A Course of Translation for International Business》（2012年8月北京出版社出版，彭开明主编），以培养学生自我获取知识的能力和实际操作的能力，为学生商务翻译方面可持续发展奠定良好的基础。主要体现在以下几个方面：
（1）实施突出商务主题、以综合学习商务英语总体特点为切入点的理念，注重在学习商务（文献、合同、信函、单证等）英语语言（包括用词、结构、语体风格）特点基础上开展翻译理论、技巧探讨，突出商务主题，体现商务翻译特点、学习理据，使教材架构具有系统性、科学性，有利于培养有扎实基础、有发展潜力的复合型翻译人才。
（2）商务英语翻译是一门非常特殊的课程，它既注重商务能力的操练和培养，又必须打好语言技能的基础，因而，在教学中我们十分注重学生综合能力的培养。包括：1）注重翻译理论及技巧的系统学习，在教学内容安排上，综合介绍商务英语语言文体特点后，就商务翻译标准（忠实、道地、同一性）、过程（理解与表达）及常用商务翻译方法及技巧专门作较全面、系统阐述，使学生对商务翻译基本性质、要求、过程及手段有一个整体概念和系统了解，而不是零碎的片面的印象，能把握翻译要素及主要注重方面；此外，在方法、技巧章节后，我们对反映商务英语共相的语言现象如缩略词等的构成、表现形式及其翻译作了专门介绍，这种学习具有普遍意义，能有助于学生掌握商务翻译的普遍规律，实践中举一反三，培养真正的商务翻译实用人才。2）致力于突破传统教学通过翻译学翻译、就事论事的方法，重视理论对翻译实践的指导意义，将现代科学中相关学科的有关知识以及正在研究中的新观念、新方法应用于翻译学理论的探讨，运用语义学、语用学、对比语言学、修辞学、文体学、逻辑学、符号学、社会学、文化学等近缘学科，多角度、多方位、多层次阐述翻译标准、过程、方法、技巧等，使其成为教学有机部分。
（3）重在双语对比的理念。翻译属于语际间的交际活动，涉及至少两门语言，翻译理论的探讨、方法和技巧的建立和翻译实践都离不开双语的对比研究。我们教学中，注重对英汉语言及商务英语和商务汉语在语言成分、修辞手段、交际功能等方面的基本特点，其共性以及各自异质性表现和双语的对应情况，以使翻译时能自觉地运用这些特点，重视一切难译的地方，认真地研究同一思想内容如何运用不同语言形式进行表达，有效提高实际商务翻译能力。
（4）练习中，注意将翻译实践与教学内容相结合，机械性练习与活用性练习相结合，句子翻译与语篇翻译相结合。
2 . 实施多元化教学形式
传统翻译教学方式单一，基本上局限于课堂，一般都是以教师为中心，作填鸭式教学，满堂灌，结果导致学生只是被动地学到一些不完整的模糊不清的知识，理论与实际脱节，缺乏实际动手能力。为了扭转这种状况，我们提出实施多元化教学方式，将课堂教学与翻译实训、翻译竞赛、翻译讲座等相结合，大众教育与精英教育相结合，使教学生动活泼、充实、丰富多彩、仿真感强，实效，从而调动学生的学习积极性，提高他们的实际动手能力和创造力。
课堂教学我们改静态、单一方式为动态、综合形式，在有针对性介绍必要的翻译理论知识基础上，引导学生开展仿真式教学，进行现场模拟、演示报告、翻译点评等实景活动，如组织学生开展外贸谈判翻译、旅游翻译等课堂仿真活动。这样教学使课堂气氛活跃，学生学习兴趣浓厚、逼真、收效大。要特别提及的是，我们课堂上进行的翻译点评较有特色。包括两个方面：一是利用课堂最后一刻钟左右时间作佳译欣赏讲评，也就是选择与教学内容密切相关、有学习价值的佳译就原文风格、内容理解、传译方面作画龙点睛的双语对照讲评，这样能培养学生的欣赏能力，学到高招；二是对学生作业主要是篇章练习作专门讲评，首先对原文的文体风格及语言特点及翻译中拟注意方面和可运用的方法、技巧作要点提示，然后针对一些大多学生较难理解、传译的句子作重点剖析、订正，最后给出老师自己的译文，学生反映这样学习影响深刻，具有醒目作用。
翻译课是一门实践性很强的课程，必须通过接受翻译任务及在线作坊翻译实践等进一步巩固、强化、检验课堂教学，使理论与实践密切结合，因而课后翻译实训是课堂教学的后续和必然。我们的做法是，在基础性课程教学的基础上，安排大量的课外实践机会，针对特定教学内容，通过接受企业翻译任务及与实训基地即广州某翻译有限公司等合作实践，要求学生分组按时、按质、按量完成一些较简易的产品介绍、使用说明书、商务信函、广告、导游、合同等英译汉或者汉译英。大家感到，这种学习刺刀见红，能够提高大家的翻译实战能力，立竿见影。此外，我们还不时开展翻译竞赛，以活跃外语学习气氛，检验学生的实际翻译能力。比如2011年5月5日开展了商务翻译竞赛活动。竞赛在09、10级商务英语专业（大一、大二）学生中进行，报名参赛人员共43名。本次竞赛为英译汉单向翻译，翻译材料取自徐锡华主编、浙江大学出版社出版的《高级商务口笔译：笔译篇》（2009年）一书，内容为“谈判策略”，篇幅为约1000英语单词，难度适中。竞赛采取闭卷考试方式，时间150分钟。竞赛较为成功，大多译文基本忠实、道地、符合一致性原则，参赛人员全部及格以上，其中70分以上26人，80分以上8人，90分以上4人。考虑到教育部2000年修订的《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》翻译课教学要求对翻译速度要求每小时300字左右以及高职院校学生的实际底子，应该说这一结果较为难得。
在开展分级教学、因材施教过程中，我校翻译课程组为了加速优秀人才培养，采用了大众教育与精英教育相结合的教学模式，每年选拔各班成绩出色、笔译能力都较强的学生举办Top Class，开办全国商务英语翻译资格认证辅导班，实施课证一体，取得了良好效果，如2010年5月组织09级大二学生参加全国商务英语翻译资格统一考试（初级），72人参考，通过的达60人之多，并且其中获优秀（85分以上）者2人，良好（75分以上）5人。这一做法在江西省高校外语界中属于首创，现已成了本课程固定的教学模式。实践证明，实施因材施教，举办精英班是高职院校快出人才的有效途径，同时能有效促进整体教学质量。
3 . 运用多元化教学方法
“社会对英语人才的需求影响着英语专业人才的培养模式和英语教学法的选择和使用”（戴炜栋，2008：200）。商务英语翻译课是一门具有很强的功能性和实践性的综合型应用课程，传统的单一的“填鸭式”教学法无法实现培养既精通英语语言知识，又具有国际商务知识和翻译技能的复合型实用商务翻译人才这一目标，而是需要运用多元化的教学法，多视野、多手段开展教学。因此我们探索、设计多种方法服务于商务英语翻译教学，开展翻译教学改革。
（1）实施“①课前翻译实践（课外练习，包括试译本翻译基地的商务翻译资料）；②翻译讲评；③学习翻译理论及技巧，开展翻译实例解析（包括翻译范文学习）；④课后翻译实践（语篇翻译为主）”的四步教学法，突出以工作任务为导向，将理论与实践密切结合，用理论指导实践，提高实际运用能力。
（2）贯彻“融翻译教学、翻译理论探讨、翻译实践为一炉”的理念，以教学推动科研，以科研促进教学。如本课程组教师教学中运用自己在《外语教学与研究》、《中国翻译》、《外国语》等杂志已发表系列翻译理论探讨论文中提出的理解层次观、照应、运用微观整合性和宏观整合性、翻译的多元性、运用图式进行表达等观点、思想讲授翻译标准、过程、技巧、方法等，丰富了翻译教学内容，拓宽了视野，有深度，教学中还利用我们为广州某翻译公司等企业从事商务文献翻译中大量较成功译例及学习商务文献翻译资料发现的佳译阐述翻译理论、技巧，用作翻译实践材料，极大丰富了教学内容，有利现身说法，使学生印象深刻。
（3）抓好译例案例教学。翻译课中无论是学习翻译理论、方法和技巧，或进行两种语言的对比，都要围绕具体的译例案例。通过译例案例教学，帮助学生提高商务英语翻译的分析和鉴别能力，找到一些带有规律性的东西，找到自己独特的招数。
（4）运用情境教学法。传统翻译教学的素材常常是黑白的文字，而我们《商务英语翻译》课教学中的案例（项目）和丰富的翻译基地视频资源为翻译教学提供了具体翻译的情景，便于学习者根据具体情境选择合适的翻译策略，提高学生的学习兴趣。
（5）教学中强调“授人以鱼”与“授人以渔”并行，重在“授人以渔”。即既注重实用商务文体翻译案例教学，以适应高职高专学生毕业后工作需要，更重视掌握、运用必要翻译理论、方法、技巧等能力培养，使他们在完成学校教育之后，也具有终身学习的能力和技巧。这里包括两个方面的基本能力：自我获取知识的能力和实际操作的能力。这是高职高专院校培养实用型人才根本途径。
（6）运用循环递进法（cycle）（Quirk，1985： 37）。先是提纲挈领，而后层层深化，互参对比。即是教学中通过反复不断对学生进行某一语言知识或翻译知识刺激，不断感知，达到认知目的。如商务英语基本特点首先在第二章作了总体简介，此后在商务翻译标准、专项商务翻译章节中再深入了解；再如在理解一章节提出运用逻辑包括暗含逻辑分析进行理解，而后在增词法、拆译、定语从句翻译、长句翻译等章节中反复出现，加深逻辑推理在翻译中重要作用。
4 . 实践多元化的考核手段
通常翻译课考核与其他英语专业课雷同，都是以课堂考试为主，约占70%，再加上平时作业成绩，约占30%。课堂考试多为应试式，学生按考前老师布置的范围复习，基本知识考核靠背，有些翻译考题取自课本上或老师上课列举的体例，某种意义上流于形式，不能客观、科学地评价学生的理论知识掌握水平及实践技能。为了全面、客观地检测学生的学习情况，我们设计多元化的考核手段，即课堂考试+平常作业成绩+校内外实训考核+翻译基地实习成绩+翻译资格证考试等，考核形式由教师阅卷、专家鉴定等构成，强调注重学生实际动手能力的培养，对学生商务英语翻译能力进行多角度的评价。考核由三个方面构成：即理论知识考核、实践技能考核和平时成绩考核。实训考核主要是指考查学生接受企业翻译任务完成情况；就翻译证资格考试我们规定，凡是参加全国商务英语翻译资格认证考试及格以上，课堂考试可免试。
5 . 建设多元化的教学团队
培养复合型实用翻译人才关键在教师，然而由于历史原因，商务英语翻译师资力量普遍来说非常薄弱，人员不足，尤其具有一定的翻译理论知识和技能及商务英语的教师严重稀少，不能适应培养目标的需要，高职院校尤其如此。为了克服这一瓶颈状况，我们教改中通过引进、聘用、派出培训及老教授与青年教师结队等方法，着力建设多元化教学团队，组建一支由能融翻译教学、翻译理论探讨、翻译实践为一炉的“双师型”专任、兼职教师及校外翻译实践指导专家相结合的教师队伍。建设中注重团队建设与课程建设、专业建设相结合，教学与科研相结合的原则，突出专任教师专业技术水平、教学能力、职业能力培养及课程骨干教师和专业带头人的队伍建设。今天我们这支队伍不仅有多年从事翻译教学的教授，还有“双师型”教师，还聘请了广州及南昌两家翻译有限公司商务合同、信函、工程等方面翻译专家讲学、兼课，承担具体的翻译实践指导工作，帮助学生掌握实际翻译工作中的最新动态和技术手段，从而有效地提高了我校商务英语专业翻译教学整体水平。
6 . 结语
高职院校商务英语翻译课实施多元化教学模式，符合翻译课是一门集词汇、语法、阅读、写作等课为一体的综合型应用课程的特点及高职院校学生实际，是实现培养复合型实用商务英语翻译人才目标的需要，其理念在于以掌握实用的商务翻译技能、强化商务实际翻译能力培养为主线，着手构建商务英语翻译理论教学体系和商务实用文体翻译的实践教学体系，有针对性地采取理论指导、工学交替、任务驱动、项目导向、课堂与实习地点一体化等行动导向的、动态的、全方位的综合教学形式，以此提高高职学生的专业性和商务素质。
参考文献
Quirk， Randolf， et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M]. New York： LongmaInc.， 1985： 37.
戴炜栋.高校外语专业教育发展报告[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2008：71，200.
冯奇.外语教学与文化[M].上海：上海大学出版社，2011：317.
刘放桐等.新编现代西方哲学[M].北京：人民出版社，2000：539.
彭开明.国际商务翻译教程[M].北京：北京出版社，2012.
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一轮会谈 one round of talks 决议 resolution
谅解备忘录 memorandum of understanding 现在开会 I declare the meeting open.请„发言 I invite the representative of „to take the floor.下面我给各位简要介绍一下北京的经济情况 Nnow I would like to give you a brief overview of Beijing’s economy.我的介绍完了，谢谢。That’s all for my presentation.thank you.我先说这么多。So much for my remarks for now.我要说的就是这些。That’s all for what I want to say.您看是先谈原则问题呢，还是先谈具体问题？ I wonder if you would like to start with matters of principle or specific issues?让我先谈一个问题。If you agree,(With your permission)let me start with one issue
在谈那个问题之前我想对您刚才讲的话谈点看法。Before we trun to that issue, I wish to make a few comments/remarks on your presentation.您对此事怎么看呢？ I wish to benefit from your views on this matter./ What is your view on this matter?/ How do you see this matter? 我提议休会十分钟。I propose a ten-minute break.我想接着刚才的问题讲下去。I will pick up where we left off just now.对不起，我插一句。Sorry for the interruption but 当然可以。By all means
怎么都行。Whatever you say.我没有异议。I have no objection我方对这个问题有异议。We take exception to this question.我们高兴地看到 We note with pleasure that
这个日期贵方觉得合适吗？ I wonder if this date wuld be suitable for you? 不知你们上午谈的怎样？ I wonder how the meeting went this morning? 我方很希望贵方能尽早给予肯定的答复。We would greatlyl appreciate it if you could give us your favourable and prompt commitment as soonas possible.请你们务必在8月1日前提出意向书。You are kindly requested to submit the letter of intent on the date no later than 1st August.纠缠这个问题 entangle this issue
提倡节约 advocate/uphold thriftiness为了国家的繁荣 for the sake of national property
经受了时间考验的友谊给我留下了很深的印象。The time-tested friendship leave me a deep impression.密切注视 Keep close watch on
促进密切合作 spur/promote intensive cooperation
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久仰 I’ve heard so much about you.好久不见了 Long time no see.辛苦了 You’ve had a long day.You’ve had a long flight.尊敬的朋友们 distinguished/Honorable/Respected friends
阁下(多用于称呼大使)Your Excellency我代表北京市政府欢迎各位朋友访问北京.On behalf of the Beijing Municipal government, I wish to extend our warm welcome to the friends who have come to visit Beijing.对您的大力协助，我谨代表北京市政府表示衷心的感谢。On behalf of the Beijing Municipal government, I wish to express our heartfelt thanks to you for your gracious assistance.在北京过得怎么样？ How are you making out in Beijing?
我一定向他转达您的问候和邀请.I’ll surely remember you and your invitation to him.欢迎美商来北京投资.American businessmen are welcome to make investment in Beijing.欢迎多提宝贵意见.Your valuable advice is most welcome.不虚此行 It’s a rewarding trip.您的日程很紧,我们的会见是否就到此为止.As you have a tight schedule, I will not take up more of your time.请代我问候...先生 please remember me to Mr.感谢光临 Thank you so much for coming.欢迎再来 Hope you’ll come again.欢迎以后多来北京 Hope you’ll visit Beijing more often.请留步,不用送了.I will see myself out, please.多保重 Take care.祝您一路平安.Have a nice trip.愿为您效劳。At your service.为„举行宴会/宴请 host a dinner/banquet/luncheon in honor of „ 欢迎宴会 welcome dinner 便宴 informal dinner
午宴（附有情况介绍或专题演讲等内容）luncheon
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Our weather and Climate I.Teaching objectives
1.2.3.4.5.6.Enlarge vocabulary related to weather and climate.Get some tips about the use of basic sentence structures.Practice writing: describe the weather in form of weather forecast.Appreciate passages and complete exercises well.Practice to understand easy weather forecast.Practice to talk about the weather.II.Key points 1.Master the vocabulary about weather and climate.2.Understand the passages 3.Practice writing: describe the weather in form of forecast.4.Practice to talk about the weather and understand easy weather forecast.III.Difficult points 1.Get some tips about the use of basic sentence structures.2.Practice writing a short weather forecast.3.Appreciate passages and complete exercises well.IV.Teaching methodology
1.Task-based language teaching 2.Direct method V.Teaching procedures Section I Talking Face to Face Imitating Mini-Talks 1.Work in pairs.Practice the following mini-talks about greeting and introducing people.Acting out the Tasks 2.Work in pairs and act out the tasks by following the above mini-talks.Key for reference: 1.Task: Ask for Mark’s comments on the weather.2.Task: Ask about and describe the weather at this time of year.3.Task: Ask Mr.Green about the weather condition tomorrow and plan an activity.4.Task: Talk about the change of the weather from long rainy days.5.Task: Complain about a cold day.Studying Weather Forecasts 3.A weather forecast id a statement that tells the public what the weather condition is going to be.We need to watch weather forecasts on TV or hear them over the radio every day.It is part of our life.Read the following samples of weather forecasts carefully and try to use the information to practice short dialogues.Following Sample Dialogues
4.Read the following sample dialogues and try to perform your own tasks.Putting Language to Use 5.Mr.Parks is talking about the weather of two places in the United States with her students.Read aloud the following dialogue with your partner by putting in the missing words.6.There is going to be s sports meet tomorrow.Bob is worried about the weather and you are talking about it.Fill in the blanks according to the clues given in the brackets.Then act it out with your partner.1.Listen to 10 sentences for workplace communication cross-referenced with their Chinese translations.Script:(e.g)1.It look likes rain.2.Is it going to be fine this weekend?
3.There is a chance of snow this evening.4.Today will be cool and partly cloudy, with a chance of rain this afternoon.5.What’s the temperature today?
2.Listen to the following sentences for workplace communication in Column A and match each one with its Chinese version in Column B.3.Listen to 6 sentences for workplace communication and choose their right responses.Handling a Dialogue 4.Listen to a dialogue and decode the message by finding out the correct choices in the brackets according to what you have heard.Understanding a Short Speech/Talk 5.Now listen to a short speech/talk and fill up the blanks according to what you have heard.The words in brackets will give you some hints.6.Listen to the speech/talk again and complete the information in Column A with the right choices in Column B.Section III Trying Your Hand Practicing Applied Writing 1.Read the following two samples of weather report and learn to write your own.2.Translate the following weather forecast into Chinese, using the data bank in the Workbook for reference.3.Write an English weather report according to the information given in Chinese.Writing Sentences and Reviewing Grammar 4.Analyze the following sentences to see what tense they belong to.5.Correct the errors in the following sentences.6.Translate the following sentences into English.Keys for the exercise: 1)The weather was terrible yesterday.In fact, it has been awful.2)She has worked in this office for five years.3)I paid a visit to the Great Wall last year and had a very good time there.4)We have never spoken to each other since we quarreled last time.5)Turn down the TV a bit, the weather forecast hasn’t begun yet.Write and Describe a Picture Write a short passage of about 100 words to tell a story or about an event related to the picture given below.Some useful words and phrases have been provided to help you.Section IV Maintaining a Sharp Eye Passage one
1.Information Related to the Reading Passage 2.Language Points: 3.Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1)
(para.1)Climate change may be a big problem,but there are many little things we can do to make a difference.Analysis: May can be used to introduce concession in putting forward an argument.2)(para.1)As we have learned, these greenhouse gases trap energy in the atmosphere and make the Earth warmer.Analysis:As is often used to introduce an indicator of the information source, such as as we have learned.Similar structure are:as the saying goes,as everyone knows, as you know,as you put it,etc.3)
(para.3)By turning off lights, the television,and the computer when you are through with them, you can help a lot.Analysis: By is followed by a gerund, introducing a prepositional phrase of manner.Note,by is not necessarily always translated as “通过”.4)(para.8)One of the ways to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that we put into the air is to buy products that don’t use as much energy.Analysis:Two That-clauses are used to serve as post-modifiers of nouns:the first one is that we put into the air, modifying greenhouse gases;The second that-clause is that don’t use as much energy, modifying products.Note: In translation, the noun phrase products that use as much energy can simply be translated into”节能产品”, instead of “不消耗那么多能量的产品”.B.Important Words 1)trap:v store(energy, gas or water,etc.)so that it cannot escape.2)Stand-by:n.Readiness for duty.3)Absorb:v.Take in,sack up(liquid,heat,knowledge,etc.)4)Membership: n.Being a member of(an organization)5)Swell:v.(number or amounts)grow bigger;expand.4.Passage Translation 5.Read and Think: Answer the following questions according to the passage.6.Read and Complete
1)Complete each of the following statements with words or phrases from the passage.2)Fill in the blanks with the proper words or expressions given below, changing the
form if necessary.7.Read and Translate 8.Read and Simulate
Passage two Information Related to the Reading Passage 1.Language Points: A.Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1)(para.1)The most important thing to remember about the weather in Britain is that it often changes.Analysis: To remember about...is the post modifier of the sentence subject the most important thing, and that introduces the complement clause.2)(para.1)As it is not very common in Britain to have long periods when the weather stays the same day after day, the kind of weather you get will depend not only on the time of year, but also on the luck.Analysis: Within the as-clause of reason, there is a relative clause introduced by when and modifying periods.And in its main clause, there is another relative clause you get modifying weather, with the relative that omitted.3)(para.2)For example, the opportunities for people to meet outside depend a lot on the weather, so you won’t see people meeting or spending time together outdoors as much as you do in hotter countries.Analysis: for people to meet outside modifies opportunities.Both meeting or spending time together are the object complement of verb see, and do refers to see...4)(para.3)Foreigners are often amused that the British people spend so much time discussing the weather.Analysis: That is often used to introduce a clause which gives the cause or the effect of an adjective, just like amused in this case.5)(para.4)Another reason is that the British people are reluctant to converse about personal matters with people who are not friends.Analysis:Here that introduces a subject-complement clause, in which a relative who-clause modified people.6)(Para.4)A comment on a nice day or a personal complaint about the rain is an easy way to break the ice.Analysis:Note that when or is used to coordinate two subjects, the verb must agree with the subject after or.To break the ice is an infinitive clause modifying an easy way.B.Important Words 1)depend: v.A.change according to(no passive)
B.Need someone or something for help or to be able to live.2)opportunity:n.A favorable moment or occasion(for doing sth.)3)Outdoors:ad.In the open air 4)Amuse:v.Make someone laugh;cause laughter in 5)Climate: n.The average conditions at a particular place over a period of year.6)Discuss:v.Talk about 7)Variable:a.Changeable, not steady 8)Reluctant:a.Unwilling and therefore perhaps slow to act.9)Converse:v.Talk informally 10)Personally:a.Belonging or relating to a particular person, not to others 11)Social:a.relating to leisure activities that involve meeting other people 12)Comment:v.Make a remark, give an opinion 2.Passage Translation 3.Read and Judge: True/False 4.Read and Translate: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1)the most important thing to remember about British is the weather.2)People in Britain can enjoy the lovely weather most of the year.3)British people tend to talk about weather quite a lot.4)It is quite common in Britain for people to comment on a rainy day or an lovely day at a bus stop.5)The eating habits of people in Britain have a lot to do with the weather conditions there.6)The best we may use to describe the weather in Britain is “predictable”.7)The variable weather explains why British people talk a lot about it.8)Talking about weather is an inoffensive way to begin a conversation with a stranger in Britain.Section V Appreciating Culture Tips
Invite people to join daily activities
Invite people to formal occasions Make a written invitation
(write an invitation card or a letter)for:
Personal invitation
Official occasions Give a reply to:
An oral invitation
A written invitation What you should know about Invitation culture: western and Chinese Word order in a subordinate clause Requirements: After learning this unit, students should grasp: 1.Read and understand the meaning of invitation cards and letters 2.How to write invitation cards and letters and remember the patterns of invitation cards and letters 3.How to invite people to party or dinner, and how to accept and decline invitations 4.The customs of inviting people in different countries 5.Important words, phrases and language points in the passage In our daily life, we need to invite others to dinner or take part in all kinds of parties, so we should know about western custom about invitation.Foreign custom is much stricter than Chinese custom in the matter of replying to invitations.When you receive an invitation you should answer is immediately, saying definitely whether you are able to accept it or not.If the invitation is given by word of mouth, in conversation or at a chance meeting, you should answer at once whether you can come or not.If you cannot give an answer at that time, you may say “May I let you know this evening” or some such words.By studying this unit, we will know about how to invite the others, how to accept or decline the invitation, and how to write invitation cards/letters.Section I Talking Face to Face 1.Imitating Mini-Talks 2.Acting out the Tasks 3.Studying Email Information on the Internet 4.Following Sample Dialogues 5.Putting Language to Use Section II Being All Ears 1.Learning Sentences for Workplace Communication 2.Handling a Dialogue 3.Understanding a Short Speech / Talk Section III Trying your Hand
1.Practicing Applied Writing 2.Writing Sentences and Reviewing Grammar Section IV Maintaining a Sharp Eye Passage 1 :
Information Related to the Reading Passage
Whether it is to a wedding, a dinner party, shower or gala event, an invitation comes with some important obligations.Here’s a quick guide to keep you on the guest list.1.R.S.V.P
From the French “Répondez, s’il vous plait”, it means “Please reply.” This little code has been around for a long time and it’s definitely telling you that your hosts want to know if you are attending.Reply promptly, within a day or two of receiving an invitation.2.How do I respond? Reply in the manner indicated on the invitation.R.S.V.P and no response card: a handwritten response to the host at the return address on the envelope.Response Card: fill in and reply by the date indicated and return in the enclosed envelope.R.S.V.P with phone number: telephone and make sure to speak in person — answering machines can be unreliable.R.S.V.P with e-mail: you may accept or decline electronically.Regrets only: reply only if you cannot attend.If your host doesn’t hear from you, he is expecting you!
No reply requested? Unusual, but it is always polite to let someone know your intentions.A phone call would be sufficient.3.Is that your final answer?
Changing a “yes” to a “no” is only acceptable on account of: illness or injury, a death in the family or an unavoidable professional or business conflict.Call your hosts immediately.Canceling because you have a “better” offer is a surefire way to get dropped from ALL the guest lists.Being a “no show” is unacceptable.Changing
a
“no”
to
a
“yes”
is OK only if it will not upset the hosts’ arrangements.4.“May I bring „?”
Don’t even ask!An invitation is extended to the people the hosts want to invite — and no one else.„ a date.Some invitations indicate that you may invite a guest or date(Mr.John Evans and Guest)and when you reply, you should indicate whether you are bringing someone, and convey their name.„ my children.If they were invited, the invitation would have said so.„ my houseguest.It’s best to decline the invitation, stating the reason.This gives your host the option to extend the invitation to your guests, or not.5.Say “Thank You.”
Make sure to thank your hosts before you leave, and then again by phone or note the next day.Text Business Invitation
A case of mistaken identity!Don’t worry, we’ve been assured that this mystery will be
solved in time for our Holiday Office Party We’re leaving the investigation to those who do it best.Let’s get away from all those computers, papers and mess and come to our office party in your best suit or dress.Come join us and Toast the Season Thursday, December 9th 2010 5:00 P.M.The Columbia House – Penthouse Floor 485 Jefferson Plaza Leonard, Barley, Travis, Bailey and Smith
Regrets only to Dianne 248-8522 It would be a crime to miss our party or not be on time
485 Jefferson Plaza
Business invitations can be informal or formal.Although invitations are usually sent through the mail, informal invitations such as e-mail and phone invitations are becoming more acceptable.Invitation Timing
For most formal occasions, it’s best to invite guests three or four weeks in advance.If you choose to invite your guests by phone, remind them again in writing two weeks before the gathering.Here are a few guidelines for your information: ● Six to eight months before an important seminar to which out-of-town executives are invited.● Four weeks before an evening reception.● Two to four weeks before a cocktail party.Invitation Format
Formal business invitations are most commonly printed on white or off-white high-quality paper.A company can use any color of paper it desires, as long as it upholds and promotes the company’s image.With preprinted invitations, you simply fill in the blanks to tell what, where, and when the party will be and who is giving it.It’s also acceptable to include an RSVP notation and your phone number or address on the invitation for more accurate planning.Responding to an Invitation
Either use the address or phone number printed in the lower left corner of the invitation or return the RSVP card sent with the invitation.If a “Please reply by” a given date is included in the invitation, be polite enough to reply by that date.If the words “Regrets only” are printed in the lower left corner of the invitation, you need only to inform the host if you will not be able to attend.If your host does not hear from you, you are expected to attend.Never ask to bring a guest unless the invitation states “Mr.Louis Winthorp and Guest.” Most likely, the host will have only enough food and drinks for the number of people he invites.Showing up with an uninvited friend could turn out to be an embarrassing situation for everyone.Language Points 1 Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1.(Para.1)Although invitations are usually sent through the mail, informal invitations such as e-mails and phone invitations are becoming more acceptable.Analysis: such as means “of the same kind, like” and should be followed by nouns or noun phrases.Translation: 虽然邀请函通常通过信函方式发出，但目前像电子邮件、电话邀请
等非正式邀请越来越被普遍使用。Example: Our discussions were all about issues such as education and
climate change.2.(Para.4)It’s also acceptable to include an RSVP notation and your phone number or address on the invitation for more accurate planning.Analysis: It’s also acceptable to do „ means “It’s also good enough to be received to do „”
Translation: 如果为了使计划更加周密，也可以在邀请函中加上请回复的字样，以及电话号码或联系地址。
3.(Para.5)If a “Please reply by” a given date is included in the invitation, be polite enough to reply by that date.Analysis: If „ is a conditional clause followed by an imperative sentence Translation: 如果邀请函中包括“请于某日之前回复”的字样，则需要在规定日期前回复。
Example: If you choose to invite your guests by phone, remind them again in writing two weeks before the gathering.Example: It’s acceptable to play tricks on your friends on April 1st.4.(Para.6)Never ask to bring a guest unless the invitation states “Mr.Louis Winthorp and Guest.”
Analysis: Never „ unless „ is “double negative”, which means “You can bring a guest if the invitation states „”
Translation: 如若邀请函上没有说明“邀请某某先生和朋友”，不要向邀请方要 求带同伴。
Example: Some people are never happy unless they are in the limelight showing off.2 Important Words 1.in advance
before in time 提前 e.g.Can I sign up for this course in advance? Quality Buildings usually hire its temporary workers well in advance as the need arises.2.seminar n.a small class of usually advanced students meeting to study some subject with a teacher 讨论会，研讨班
e.g.He I’m very sorry about not setting the seminar on time.There is a computer network seminar tomorrow afternoon.3.uphold
v.to support, prevent from being weakened or taken away
支持，赞成 e.g.I want to love as a kind of faith to uphold.All staff uphold integrity-based quality first principle.4.image
n.the opinion people have of a person, organization, product etc.形象 e.g.The hotel industry is working hard on improving its image.The party has to project the right image.5.given
a.fixed for a purpose and stated as such 给定的，特定的 e.g.The work must be done within the given time.At any given time, the status of technical progress is relatively inflexible.6.likely
ad.probably 可能 e.g.I’d very likely have done the same thing in your situation.As likely as not(very probably), the meeting will take place in the village pub.Passage 2 :
Information Related to the Reading Passage
This is an informal invitation letter between friends.The tone of this letter is casual.The language is not so formal.This kind of informal invitation letter is often written in the first person.For example, “in the hope that it will be possible for you both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England.” “and it would be nice if you could come then, too.” But a formal invitation card is usually written in the third person.Text An Invitation Letter My dear Michael, It seems ages since we heard from you — and even longer since you went to work in China.But recently we happened to bump into Charlie Wright at a party, and from him we learnt that you and Lucia will be coming to England over the Christmas holidays.So I am writing straightaway — to make sure this reaches you well before you leave Shanghai — in the hope that it will be possible for you both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England.I am still teaching English Literature in a university and I am getting well along with my colleagues.I also have some Chinese students here, who are very friendly and intelligent.I imagine you will be spending Christmas with your parents, but surely you will have some time after that before your Christmas holidays end.We shall be having two other friends of ours staying with us over the New Year weekend, and it would be nice if you could come then, too.Mike and Rosa Griffiths are old friends and a very nice couple;I’m sure you will like them.They used to live in China, too, so we shall have something in common.And if we get some decent weather, we might all go off one day and visit the Carters — I’m sure we can get Uncle Arthur to lend us his minibus.There’s not a great deal to report from our end.Mary is well and still enjoying her school teaching(at least, I think so);the children are growing up at a terrifying rate;I am still working for Sanderson’s and like it well enough — though occasionally pining for the footloose days of long ago.But let’s hope you will soon be here to see for yourselves — and help us see the New Year in!I’d better stop here now;I’m supposed to be spending this evening writing Christmas cards.Write or phone as soon as you can — and come!Love from us all!
Language Points 1 Explanation of Difficult Sentences 1.(Para.1)It seems ages since we heard from you.Analysis: It seems ages since...means “It seems a long time since...” Translation: 似乎很长时间没有收到你的信了。Example: It seems ages since I saw you in Shanghai.2.(Para.1)So I am writing straightaway — to make sure this reaches you well before you leave Shanghai — in the hope that it will be possible for you both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England.Analysis: To make sure...is an adverbial of purpose, and in the hope, a prepositional phrase is used also as an adverbial of purpose.Translation: 所以我马上写信，好让你在离开上海之前肯定收到这封信——希望你们俩能在英格兰逗留期间和我们一起住几天。
3.(Para.3)I imagine you will be spending Christmas with your parents, but surely you will have some time after that before your Christmas holidays end.Analysis: Surely is used to express that someone is certain or almost certain about something.Translation: 我猜想你将在你的父母家过圣诞节, 但肯定在你的圣诞节假日结束之前还会有一些时间。
Example: These children surely deserve something better than a life on the streets.Example: I am sending this card to you today — to make sure you receive it before the Christmas Day.4.(Para.4)I am still working for Sanderson’s and liking it well enough — though occasionally pining for the footloose days of long ago.Analysis: Sanderson’s here refers to a company implying Sanderson’s company;though is introducing a participle clause pining for...and serving as the adverbial of concession.Translation: 我还在桑德森公司工作，而且工作很称心——虽然偶尔我也渴望从前自由自在的日子。
Example: They are working happily with Kent’s, though sometimes pining for the footloose school days.2 Important Words 1.bump into
to meet somebody by chance 偶然碰到，偶然遇到 e.g.We bumped into Kate when we were in London last week.She bumped into his tray, knocking the food onto his lap.2.straightaway
ad.do without delay, especially it has to be done urgently 马上，立刻 e.g.I’ll come around straightaway with the files.We’d better start work straightaway.3.colleague
n.someone that you work with 同事
e.g.I’d like you to meet a colleague of mine, Jean Michael.He was never particularly popular with his colleagues.4.decent
a.of a good enough quality or standard 得体的，像样的，体面的 e.g.I want to provide my boys with a decent education.There isn’t one decent restaurant around.5.terrify
v.to frighten someone severely 威胁，恐吓，惊吓 e.g.We terrified the girls with spooky stories.He terrified her by jumping out at her from a dark alley.6.pine for
关键词：实用型人才,商务英语,教学改革
1 商务英语教学现状
全球经济一体化正在形成, 随着中国经济越来越融入全球经济一体化, 社会对高级商务英语人才的需求也越来越大, 对这些人才也提出了更高的要求。既熟练掌握英语技能, 又熟悉国际贸易业务的复合型人才尤其受到用人单位的欢迎。
但商务英语教学现状并不容乐观。目前国内大部分高校都已经开设了商务英语专业, 但从社会对商务英语毕业生的反馈来看, 商务英语教学还存在不少问题。
2 商务英语课程的发展
以华夏学院外语系为例, 商务英语是其重要的学科建设方向, 是面向就业市场, 发展实用型教学的产物, 与其他院校的外语专业相比, 具有自己的专业特色。
2.1 性质与任务
根据学院培养应用型人才定位, 本专业主要设有商务英语专业方向, 培养英语实用型人才, 以适应社会人才需求。本方向分成基础英语教学阶段以及专业英语教学阶段。基础英语阶段的教学包括基础英语、英语语法、英语听力、英语口语、英语泛读、英语写作等基础课程。侧重培养学生的听、说、读、写基本语言能力;专业英语阶段包括剑桥商务英语、翻译、商务写作、商务听说、文学、语言学、词汇学等专业课程, 对学生的语言能力作进一步培养, 并使之具备英语和商务专业知识。
2.2 内容和要求
增加实用课程:重新制定的教学计划在三年级阶段增加了剑桥商务英语课、国际贸易实务、国际商法与谈判、英语口译、商务英语写作等实用性非常强的课程。这些课程的开设为学生毕业后在合资企业、独资企业、公司部门找工作提供了极大的帮助。
基础课教学阶段:大学一年级和二年级为基础课教学阶段, 教学对象为全体学生, 教学内容为基础英语, 英语语法, 英语写作、英语听力及英语口语。
方向教学阶段:大学三年级和四年级为方向教学阶段, 在自愿的基础上, 将学生分流为商务英语方向、翻译方向、英语教育方向。商务英语方向侧重实用型人材的培养。
2.3 课程设置
主要设阅读课、写作课和听说课、国际贸易实务、国际商法与谈判。阅读课主要以《剑桥商务英语》为主, 讲解词汇、课文、以及课后练习;写作课针对外贸函电、商务信函展开, 强调实用性。听说课以听说教材为蓝本, 进行听力练习, 掌握听力技巧;选取商务口语话题, 组织对话和小组讨论, 开展商务实践模拟教学。
2.4 教学模式
教师应充分利用多媒体和语音教室等资源, 采用以互动教学为主的新的教学模式来组织教学, 逐步改进原来以教师讲授为主的单一教学模式, 强调学生参与, 使商务英语教学能体现其效率性、实用性、知识性和趣味性, 朝着商务实践模拟教学方向发展。
2.5 知识模块顺序及对应的学时
本课程教学总体分为5块:商务阅读、商务写作、商务听力、商务口语、商务实务, 商务阅读、商务写作、商务听力、商务口语每周分别2学时, 商务实务4学时, 共计12学时。课外听说可提供音频、英语角、各种口语竞赛、实践模拟等活动作为辅助手段。
3 商务英语教学改革
3.1 基础教学和方向教学相结合
基础课教学阶段:大学一年级和二年级为基础课教学阶段, 教学对象为全体学生, 教学内容为基础英语, 英语语法, 英语写作、英语听力及英语口语。要求学生通过专业英语四级考试。
方向教学阶段:大学三年级和四年级为方向教学阶段, 在自愿的基础上, 将学生分流为商务英语方向、翻译方向、英语教育方向。商务英语方向侧重实用型人材的培养, 英语听、说、读、写的实际商务应用能力是重点, 鼓励学生考取剑桥商务英语中高级证书。
3.2 加强实践教学
针对实用型人才培养的办学宗旨和人才市场需求, 外语系将英语专业划分为3个实用型方向, 其中, 商务英语为主要方向。已开设课程:剑桥商务英语、商务写作、国际商法、国际贸易实务、英语口译等, 已与经管系的国贸专业开展资源共享, 有选择地开展跨系大班教学, 初步形成课程体系;积极开展实习实践课, 已建成多个商务英语实习基地。
商务英语是一门与商业密切相关的特殊用途英语, 具有英语和商务知识紧密结合的特点, 又具有交叉性和复合性的学科特点。商务英语课程在人才培养过程中, 既要加强英语交际能力的培养, 又要重视商务知识和商务技能的学习与训练, 体现“英语”和“商务”的有机结合, 使学生既有较强的英语商务沟通能力, 又具备一定的商务操作技能。因而, 构建科学合理的课程体系, 兼顾和融合语言学习和商务知识、商务技能的学习与培养, 有效衔接商务知识学习和商务操作技能训练, 对培养商务英语应用型人才至关重要。实践教学正是融合和衔接相关知识、促进各项技能协调发展的关键, 也是凸显应用型商务英语专业人才优势、提升毕业生就业竞争力的关键。
本课程实践教学总体分为5块:商务阅读、商务写作、商务听力、商务口语、商务实务。商务阅读、商务写作、商务听力、商务口语每周分别2学时, 商务实务4学时, 共计12学时。课程内容分别如下:
商务阅读:阅读各类与商务环境有关的英文文件及资料, 具体包括:求职申请、内部沟通、业务接洽、业务往来、业务推广、客户服务、会议纪要、商务报告等。
商务写作:指导学生学习国际贸易业务流程中询盘、发盘、还盘、下单、装运、保险、支付、投诉等主要业务环节的基础知识与操作技能, 掌握其中的相关英语术语、表达相应的信函写作技巧。
商务听力:练习并听懂与商务场合有关的商务交际、口语、视听说、对话, 谈判, 英文文件及资料等。
商务口语:以整个经贸活动为线索, 从抵达、打电话、宴请、购物、过海关的简单的日常对话, 到外贸活动的具体环节, 都有详细的对话训练。
商务实务: 国际贸易的特点, 国际货物买卖遵循的原则及国际货物买卖合同的主要内容, 掌握国际货物买卖适用的法律与惯例, 从总体上掌握进出口贸易的业务程序。
3.3 校内实践与校外实训相结合
校内实践课程:根据实践课程的教学目标要求和实训内容, 选择适当的教学方法和实训形式, 尽可能营造仿真的工作环境, 模拟真实的业务情景, 采用情景模拟教学法、案例教学法、专题研讨法, 推行互动式、参与式教学, 充分利用各种资源, 多形式、多方位、多渠道实施实践课程教学, 使学生得到最大限度的体验、操练和实践, 使得实践教学方法初具特色。
校外实训基地:
在深圳、东莞、北京、杭州等地建立校外实践基地等, 涉及课程包括:“会展英语”、“国际贸易实务”、“国际市场营销”、“商务单证”、“商务现场口译”、“商务行政管理”等。校外实训的教学工作主要由校外兼职教师以导师制方式进行, 校内任课教师进行必要协助。
以上改革措施有力地促进了商务英语的教学, 有利于实用型人才的培养。但仍需指出的是, 由于高校的商务英语教学的实践环节薄弱, 实践教学体系没有建立, 双师型商务英语师资队伍建设仍需加强。许多高校的商务英语教师缺乏商务实战经验, 对实践性很强的商务英语问题难以深入浅出地向学生讲解。这是今后商务英语教学需改革的方向。
参考文献
[1]王笃勤.英语教学策略论[M].外语教学与研究出版社, 2002, (5) .
[2]Rebecca L.Oxford.语言学习策略[J].世界图书出版公司, 2008, (8) .
[3]王艳.商务英语口译[M].外语教学与研究出版社, 2009, (5) .
[4]马龙海, 李毅.商务英语视听说[M].外语教学与研究出版社, 2009, (12) .
炮低兵在正常情况下，是无法胜士象全的。本局是巧胜的特例。
取胜要点：以帅助攻。
1、炮五平二!士6进52、帅四平五!象1退3
3、炮二退二象3进14、炮二平七…………
红炮平七路，逼黑3路象退中路，然后架中炮，可形成“铁门栓”杀局。
4、…………象3退55、炮七平五象1退3
6、帅五平四象3进17、兵四进一(红胜)
第2局炮高兵仕相全必胜士象全
取胜要点：可用沉底炮牵制黑士象，也可炮归家，以仕相做炮架，再伺机以兵搏双象。由于这一残局的攻守变化很多，初学者可对其不同图式加以解拆，举一反三，势必对提高残局阶段的实战能力大有帮助。现举一例如下：
1、兵四平五象5退3
黑方如改走士5退4，则兵五进一，象7进5，炮五进六，红方胜定。
2、兵五平六!象3进53、相五进三象7进9
4、相三退一象9退75、炮五平一象5进7
黑方如走象5退3，则炮一平四，将6平5，炮四平七，象3进5，仕四退五，红方亦可驱将露帅，以下胜法同正变。
6、炮一平四将6平57、炮四平三象7进5
8、仕四退五象7退99、仕五退六象9进7
10、炮三平六!象7退911、帅四进一象9进7
12、帅四进一象7退913、兵六平七象9进7
14、兵七进一象7退915、炮六平五将5平4
16、炮五进二象9进717、仕六退五象7退9
18、帅四平五象9进719、帅五平六象5退7
20、仕五退四象7退921、炮五退三象9进7
22、相一进三…………
必要的等着，迫使对方的防守露出破绽。
22、…………将4进1
黑方如走象7进9，则仕六进五，将4进1，兵七进一，将4退1，炮五进八，红方得士胜。
23、仕六进五象7进524、仕五进四象5退7
25、炮五平六将4退126、帅六平五将4平5
27、兵七平六(红方得士，胜定)
第3局炮低兵单缺相必胜单炮
本局如红方无相，黑方可以守和。
取胜要点：运用等着，逼迫黑炮从红方三路线撤回，再逼兑黑炮。
1、相一进三炮7平82、仕五进六炮8平7
3、仕六进五炮7平84、炮四进一炮8平7
5、炮四平三炮7平86、炮三平二炮8平7
7、炮二进一炮7退18、仕五进四炮7进1
9、帅五退一炮7退110、炮二退一炮7平6
黑方另有两种走法：(一)炮7进2，则相三退一!炮7退2，炮二平四，红胜；(二)炮7平5，则炮二平四，将6平5，帅五进一，将5平4，炮四平六，将4平5，炮六平五，捉死黑炮，红胜定。
11、炮二平四炮6进212、帅五平四(红胜定)
第4局炮低兵单缺相难胜单马
单马可以守和炮低兵单缺相。
守和要点：注意红方露帅占中的凶着，再用马控制帅的活动空间。
1、…………马8进72、帅四进一马7退9
3、炮三平五将5平44、仕五退四将4平5
5、仕六退五将5平46、帅四平五马9进7
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