高考英语作文范例三（精选7篇）
一.题目：随着我国经济的快速发展，越来越多的家庭拥有了小汽车。大量私家车的出现，造成了严重的交通拥挤和环境污染。2010年中秋节前一天交通高峰期，北京、上海等全国各太中城市均发生了严重的堵车现象。请你从此现象产生的原因、带来的危害入手，就改进措施方面写一篇英语短文参加全市举办的英语征文比赛。
词数：120左右。
---------------------------写作思路：
本话题为当今城市生活最为关注的话题 — 堵车成为了许多大中城市的常态。随着我国人民生活水平的提高和汽车工业的发展，越来越多的汽车进入家庭，在提高人民水平和便利的同时也造成了严重的交通拥挤和环境污染。此话题能引发考生关心时事，关注社会，在考查考生语言能力和创造性思维能力的同时，也增强学生的社会责任感。
本题为半开放式作文，所给内容要点较为简洁，留给考生更多的发挥空间，要求考生自己收集处理信息，提出解决问题的途径，有利于考查学生的发散思维能力和语言组织能力。从题目要求可知，本题的重点是改进措施。写作时，首先可以根据自己原有的知识选择内容要点，再选择合适的英文表达方式，然后再连词成篇，并合理地使用连接性词语，使整篇文章结构紧凑。
内容要点提示：
原因：经济快速发展，生活水平提高，买车的人越来越多。危害：交通拥挤，危害环境，经济损失。措施：
（1）限制买车的数量，提高购车成本。（2）限制外地车辆进入市中心（3）发展公共交通
（4）设计合理的交通系统
参考范文：（One possible version）
With the rapid development of our country’s economy, more and more cars are coming into families, which causes serious traffic jams, environmental pollution as well as loss of economy.As far as I am concerned, the solutions to this problem are as follows: First of all, the governments are supposed to restrict the amount of car-buying, and meanwhile raise the costs of owning private cars.Besides, vehicles from other places should be banned from entering downtown areas.In addition, the governments should improve the public transport
第一部分听力 ( 略)
第二部分阅读理解 ( 共两节, 满分40分)
第一节 ( 共15小题; 每小题2分, 满分30分)
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的四个选项 ( A、B、C和D) 中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
It's a name that needs no addresses. Everyone knows Santa Claus lives at the North Pole.
So letters sent to Santa Claus find their way tothe small town of North Pole deep in Alaska, including those simply addressed to Santa. Last year, 120, 000 letters arrived from 26 countries, not including the thousands with no return addresses.
Those who have return addresses usually geta reply and a North Pole postmark that has delighted children all over the world for decades.They feel happy to receive Santa's reply.
Letters arrive all the year round in the townof 1, 600, where streets have names such as SantaClaus Lane and Kris Kringle Drive. AroundThanksgiving, they start pouring in by the thousands each day as Christmas approaches. Evenletters without stamps get through, an exceptionfor the U. S. Postal Service.
“This is special because it has Santa's nameon it, ”said Debra Cornelius, a supervisor at themain post office in nearby Fairbanks, where theletters are kept during the holiday.
Gabby Gaborik is among several dozen volunteers who are busy sending off replies to childrenwho sent return addresses.
In his 10 years as a volunteer, Gaborik hasseen every kind of wish. There are children whowant the latest toys they see on TV. There arechildren who ask for miracles, some wanting theirmother back for Christmas or their father backfrom Iraq, even though he died there.
Replies get a North Pole postmark, includinga half-moon drawing of Santa's face. Even lateletters get a reply. Gaborik said, “It says something like‘Thanks for writing. Santa's been reallybusy, ' anything the children might want to hear. ”
21. Letters written to Santa Claus without an address can arriveat the North Pole because______.
A.all letters without an address aresent there
B.peoplebelievethatSantaClauslives there
C. this kind of letter is sent with aspecial postmark
D. streets named Santa Claus Lane can befound there
22.We can know from the text that____.
A. letters written to Santa Claus are sent free
B. Santa Claus' replies to children alwaysarrive at Christmas
C. there're thousands of letters sent to SantaClaus every month
D. many people write to children for SantaClaus asking for no pay
23. Children write to Santa Claus mainly to______.
A. ask for help to realize their dreams
B. express how much they miss him
C. wish for peace and happiness
D. make friends with him
24. What's the best title for the text?
A. Letters written to parents
B. All kinds of wishes from children
C. North Pole, Alaska, a beautiful place
D. Letters to Santa Claus rush into Alaska
B
Miriam Kotacka doesn't want to wait for herfuture. She's only 16, yet she's due to graduatefrom high school in a few weeks. Then she canbegin training full time as a ballet dancer.
She has been able to speed her education bytaking a semester's worth of classes on her computer. She has studied all her subjects in virtual ( 虚拟的) classrooms where teachers were presentonly through instant messaging, emails or occasional video links.
Online classes, already common at the college level, are becoming popular in Chicago-areahigh schools — and even middle schools — promising to help quick learners and slow learners toget the most from their education.
But not everyone joins the bandwagon.Critics say the trend is more about saving moneythan improving education, and whether onlinecourses can produce good results remains unproven.
Still, some observers believe the trend islikely to accelerate. They say some fast-growinghigh schools will introduce online classes to keepstudents out of the building, so they won't have toset up new buildings.
However, since students and teachers won'tmeet face to face, students may cheat in exams.Some schools ask online students to take theirfinal exams in classrooms. In this way, they aremonitored by teachers, but other assignments areharder to be monitored.
Gene Glass, a researcher at the National Education Policy Center said research has so farfailed to prove that online instruction is superior toface-to-face education.
Jeff Hunt, who runs Indian Prairie's onlineprogram, gave a warning to those who want tomake Internet-based learning a real success.
25. We can learn from the text that Miriam Kotacka_______.
A. will turn 16 in a few weeks
B.will continue practicing dancing ina college
C. took every high school subject onher computer
D. learned faster by taking online classesthan by going to school
26. The underlined phrase in Paragraph 4can be replaced by“_________”.
A. studies well in a college
B. learns very fast
C. supports online classes
D. affords to attend online classes
27. Why do some people not support thetrend towards online classes?
A. Because slow learners cannot learn asmuch as quick learners.
B. Because teachers cannot help students tosolve problems in time.
C. Because online classes are not suitable forhigh school students.
D. Because no research shows that onlineclasses lead to good results.
28. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
A. Online classes are popular with universitystudents.
B. Online classes can help schools to become larger.
C. Online students are monitored while doingtheir homework.
D. Online classes help save money and improve education.
C
Do you ever wonder if you can make adifference? Do the world's problems seem too big?Many people have this feeling, and they do notknow what to do. But two men in India are tryingto change that.
Satish Vijaykumar and Ranjeet Walunj livein Mumbai, India. They started the Sapling Project. They believe that their idea will flourish inthe same way that a seed grows into a small tree—a sapling then the tree is bigger. Just like a tree, as an idea grows, it can touch many people.
“With the Sapling Project, we give one smallopportunity to act on something— something thatwill give our next generation the best environment, ”Ranjeet said.
Planting trees is not a new idea. Many peoplehave been planting trees to help change the worldfor many years. But, the Sapling Project is different from other tree-planting projects. Most treeplanting happens in country areas where there oncewere large forests. But Satish and Ranjeet believethat it is important to plant trees in cities andtowns. Trees can help block noise from busy citystreets. And if people plant trees near their homesand businesses, they can help care for them.
“The world is full of nice people, and theonly thing you need to do is get them moving, ”Satish said.
Many people are moving in India now. Theyhave already planted over a thousand trees. Hereis how it works. One sapling costs 44 cents. People give money to Satish and Ranjeet to buy thetrees. Then, Satish and Ranjeet put the trees in acar and drive around the city. Anyone can take atree from the car and plant it as long as theypromise to take care of the tree for two years. Thatis the time a tree needs to grow strong roots. “Caring for a tree is a little like caring for a child.You get to watch it grow, ”Satish said.
29. What's the purpose of the Sapling Project?
A. To beautify the city.
B. To educate the children.
C. To solve the noise problem.
D. To benefit the next generation.
30.The Sapling Project is special in______.
A. its types of trees
B. its planting places
C. planting trees to save forests
D. getting country people involved
31. What can we know about the SaplingProject?
A. Few people have joined it.
B. It has a history of two years.
C. It charges people a little money for thesaplings.
D. Participants are responsible to care forthe saplings.
D
Not all research begins with a plan. Somestudies begin by accident. Meredith Schafer saysthat is what happened with her and Cynthia Sagers. Cynthia Sagers is a biology professor at theUniversity of Arkansas. Meredith Schafer is agraduate student.
They were traveling in the state of North Dakota on a project. They noticed pretty yellow flowers. They recognized them as canola. Farmersgrow canola for seeds to make cooking oil. Canolais also used for animal feed and biofuel.
But the canola plants they saw were notgrowing in farm fields. They were growing alongthe road. The researchers decided to test theplants. They had brought along special testing papers for the project they were working on. Theybroke up some of the leaves in water and addedthe test paper.
The results showed that the weedy canolaplants contained genetic ( 基因的) changes. If aplant is genetically modified, that means its geneshave been changed to produce desired qualities, which may have higher economical value.
This summer, the researchers from Arkansaswent back to North Dakota. This time they wenton a road trip to find canola. They traveled morethan 5, 000 kilometers. They stopped about everyeight kilometers to count plants and take samplesto test in their vehicle. What they found, theysay, was the first discovery in the United States ofwild canola plants with modified genes.
Meredith Schafer presented the findings at arecent meeting of the Ecological Society of America.
The scientists found canola plants in almosthalf of the places they investigated. They tested atotal of 288 plants. They found that 80% of thoseplants contained genes from genetically engineeredcanola.
Some crop plants are modified to resist damage from the chemicals that farmers spray to killweeds. There are two proteins that can give canola the ability to resist two commonly used weedkillers. One protein gives resistance againstglyphosate ( 草甘膦) . The other protein gives resistance against glufosinate ( 草铵膦) .
Two of the plants growing in the wild showedresistance to both kinds of weed killers. ProfessorSagers says canola varieties with these geneticqualities have not been released on the market.This suggests the result of wild populations reproducing on their own.
32. What was the purpose of Cynthia Sagersand Meredith Schafer traveling in North Dakota?
A. To carry out a project on canola plants.
B. To work on a project we don't know.
C. To make a research on genetic changes.
D. To present their findings at a meeting.
33. In what way do the wild canola plantsdiffer from those growing in farm fields?
A. They have naturally modified genes.
B. They produce more cooking oil.
C. They are more easily damaged.
D. They are able to kill weeds.
34. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. All researches do not begin with plans.
B. Some discoveries were made by chance.
C. Modified genes were invented by biologists.
D. Most weedy canola contained geneticchanges.
35.We can infer from the passagethat.
A. farmers grow canola for seeds to makecooking oil
B. some plants are genetically modified toadapt to surroundings
C. farmers have begun to grow geneticallymodified canola
D. those wild plants contained genes fromgenetically engineered canola
第二节 ( 共5小题; 每小题2分, 满分10分)
根据短文内容, 从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
A. Many teachers do not believe in open edu-cation.
B. Open education is better than traditionaleducation.
C. But many students may not do well in anopen classroom.
D. Some students will be happier in an openeducation school.
E. The teachers' feeling and attitudes are important to the students.
F. In fact, it may not work very well in a realclass or school.
G. For many students, it is important to havesome rules in the classroom.
第三部分英语知识运用 ( 共两节, 满分45分)
第一节完形填空 ( 共20小题; 每小题1. 5分, 满分30分)
阅读下面短文, 从短文后各题所给的四个选项 ( A、B、C和D) 中, 选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
41. A. ranB. missed
C. dropped D. broke
42. A. believed B. realized
C. remembered D. forgotten
43. A. talented B. practical
C. patient D. cheerful
44. A. sent for B. asked for
C. sent in D. filled in
45. A. nothing B. something
C. anything D. everything
46. A. happy B. frightened
C. excited D. disappointed
47. A. finally B. generally
C. really D. simply
48. A. asking B. leading
C. telling D. warning
49. A. or B. however
C. though D. but
50. A. impossible B. fantastic
C. crazy D. convenient
51. A. argued B. explained
C. reasoned D. apologized
52. A. duty B. concern
C. debt D. difficulty
53. A. carefully B. honestly
C. exactly D. seriously
54. A. collection B. attention
C. examinations D. preparations
55. A. How B. Why
C. When D. Where
56. A. Once B. Unless
C. If D. Since
57. A. would B. need
C. should D. could
58. A. luck B. dream
C. faith D. courage
59. A. humor B. confidence
C. safety D. direction
60. A. pull B. make
C. get D. put
第Ⅱ卷
第三部分英语知识运用 ( 共两节, 满分45分)
第二节 ( 共10小题; 每小题1.5分, 满分15)
阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容 ( 不多于3个单词) 或括号内单词的正确形式。
第四部分写作 ( 共两节, 满分35分)
第一节短文改错 ( 共10小题; 每小题1分, 满分10分)
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文, 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加: 在缺词处加一个漏字符号 ( ∧) , 并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除: 把多余的词用斜线 ( ) 划掉。
修改: 在错的词下画一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2. 允许修改10处, 多者 ( 从第11处起) 不计分。
One day, I got a full mark in the maths exam and only got 50 marks in the Chinese exam. On my way home, I was in low spirits.
When I arrived at home, my mother kissed me on the cheek as soon as she knew the result of maths and said she would bring me to have a nice meal in KFC as the praise. Seen her so happy, I quick took out of my Chinese exam paper. But quite contrary to her behavior just now, he slapped me on the face heavily. At that moment, I couldn't help cry.
I understood my mother cared much for my scores than me and I felt sad. But as matter of fact, I needed my mother's help when I have difficulty with my study rather than her slaps.
第二节书面表达 ( 满分25分)
现在, 社会上补习机构火爆, 我们经常可以看到“名师名校”、“个性化教学”、“终级押题”、“秒杀高考”等广告词。请你结合自己的亲身体验, 就此问题陈述自己的看法, 内容必须包含以下要点:
1. 自己是否曾经参加过补习班? 理由?
2. 你是怎样安排自己的业余时间的? 并举一例。
3. 你不参加补习班 ( 或参加补习班) 的感受如何?
要求:1. 文章开头已经给出, 但不计入总词数;
2. 词数: 120左右;
3. 可适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯。
It seems that many students go to take afterschool classes in their spare time______________________________________________.
2014年高考英语模拟试题 ( 三) 参考答案
第一部分: 听力 ( 略)
第二部分: 阅读理解
第一节
A
【语篇导读】
本文讲的是每年圣诞节将至的时候, 都会有数千封写给圣诞老人的信寄往北极, 因为人人都知道圣诞老人住在北极。
21. B。细节理解题。第一段指出, 这是一个无须地址的名字, 人人都知道圣诞老人住在北极。故选择B项。
22. D。推理判断题。第六段指出, 有很多志愿者帮助圣诞老人给孩子们回信, 由此可推知D项正确。
23. A。推理判断题。从倒数第二段可以看出, 孩子们在信中写的内容大部分都是希望圣诞老人帮他们实现愿望。
24. D。主旨大意题。文章指出, 每年都有许多写给圣诞老人的信寄往阿拉斯加, 因此D项最具概括性。
B
【语篇导读】
本文是一篇议论文。介绍了支持与反对网上课程的两种意见。
25. D。细节理解题。根据第二段的“She has been able to speed her education by taking a semester's worth of classes on her computer. ”可知, D项正确。
26. C。词义猜测题。根据下文“批评者说越来越多的人选择网上课程更多的是为了省钱, 而不是为了改善教育”。由此可推知并不是每个人都支持网上课程。
27. D。细节理解题。根据第四段的“…whether online courses can produce good results remains unproven. ”可知, 还没有研究证明网上课程会有好的效果。
28. A。推理判断题。根据第三段的“Online classes, already common at the college level…”可知, 网上课程在大学里已经很流行了。
C
【语篇导读】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了由两个印度人发起的“树苗工程”。
29. D。细节理解题。根据第三段的“Withthe Sapling Project, we give one small opportunity to act on something—something that will give our next generation the best environment. ”可知, 这项工程的目的是给下一代人最好的环境, 即造福下一代人。
30. B。推理判断题。根据第四段的“Most tree planting happens in country areas where there once were large forests. But Satish and Ranjeet believe that it is important to plant trees in cities and towns. ”可知, Satish和Ranjeet相信把树种在城镇更重要, 这也是“树苗工程”的特殊之处。
31. D。推理判断题。根据最后一段的“as long as they promise to take care of the tree for two years. ”可知, 参与“树苗工程”的人必须负责照看树苗。
D
【语篇导读】
本文是一篇农业报道。介绍科学家们偶然发现了, 野生卡诺拉油菜植株存在一些基因改变 ( 即转基因) 。
32. B。细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“They were traveling in the state of North Dakota on a project. ”可知, 他们在进行一项我们不知道的计划。
33. A。推理判断题。从第四、五段可以看出, 这些杂草一样的卡诺拉油菜植株存在一些自然的基因改变, 这正是它区别于那些生长在农场的油菜的地方。D项不对, 因为这种野生油菜不是能够杀死杂草, 而是能够抵抗除草剂带来的危害。
34. C。推理判断题。转基因只是科学家的发现而不是发明, 特别是第五段中的“Whatthey found, they say, was the first discovery inthe United States of wild canola plants with modified genes. ”可知C项是错误的。
35. B。推理判断题。从倒数第二段中的“Some crop plants are modified to resist damage from the chemicals that farmers spray to kill weeds. ”可知, B项正确; A项是原文, 不需推理; C项不对, 因为存在基因性状的卡诺拉油菜并未在市场上发布; D项不对, 因为野生植物不可能都包含经遗传工程处理过的卡诺拉油菜的基因。
第二节
【语篇导读】
本文介绍了开放式教育的优缺点及作者本人对开放式教育的看法。
36. D。由空处前一句“The open classroom may help them to enjoy learning. ”及下一句“They will not have to worry about grades or rules. ”可知, 应填D作为承接, 表示一些学生在开放式教育学校中会更快乐。
37. C。该段主要介绍开放式教育的缺点, 与上一段的优点构成了转折关系, 因此选择C。
38. G。下文主要阐述的是纪律对很多学生的重要性, 因此应填G。
39. A。根据上下文可知, 许多老师不相信开放式教育, 因此填A。
40. F。承接上一句“I think that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. ”可知应选F, 表示开放式教育在理论上是不错的, 但在真实的课堂上或学校里未必效果好。
第三部分: 英语知识运用
第一节完形填空
【语篇导读】
女儿要作为交换生出国留学, 而母亲无力负担出国费用。留学机构在得知真相后提供帮助, 圆了女儿的留学梦。
41. C。从下文可知, 这是一位单身母亲, 生活拮据, 听到女儿要到国外学习的事情感到震惊, 手中的盘子差点“掉”到地上。
42. D。难道你“忘了”“我”是单身母亲, 为了养家已经做了三份兼职。
43. B。母亲让女儿“现实”一点。
44. C。send in意思是“寄去”。
45. A。Jeanne是个热爱艺术的学生, 不愿意让任何事情扫了她的兴。
46. D。母亲希望女儿在发现她们实在负担不起她去欧洲学习时不会太“失望”。
47. C。她的家庭“真得”负担不起她去欧洲留学的费用。
48. C。几周后, 母亲接到电话, “告诉”她他们收到了她女儿的申请。
49. D。留学机构收到了申请, “但是”没有收到申请的费用。
50. A。母亲告诉他们对于她的女儿来说, 暑假去欧洲是“不可能的”。
51. B。母亲对不能让女儿到国外学习做了“解释”, 因为自己是单身母亲, 无力支付留学所需的费用。
52. B。母亲收入不高, 支付各种账单成了她的“头等大事”。
53. C。留学机构想帮助她们母女, 因此问她们能够支付的“确切”数目。
54. D。最后留学机构告诉母亲让她开始为女儿的护照做好“准备”。
55. A。母亲不敢相信, 这样一个梦想“怎么”会实现呢?
56. C。if在此引导条件状语从句, 意思是“如果”。
57. D。could表示可能性。
58. C。可从上文中出现的faith得到答案。
59. B。女儿学成归来, 充满了“自信”。
60. A。pull sb through意思是“协助……完成”。
第二节
61. worse。根据语境可知, 伊拉克的战争极有可能变得更糟糕。此处暗含比较, 应使用比较级形式。
62. probably。根据语境可知, 更多的人极有可能想成为恐怖分子, 因此填probably。
63. armies。根据语境可知, 应填复数形式。
64. involved。be involved with是固定短语, 此处应使用过去分词形式。
65. or。either…or…是固定搭配。
66. too。too…to…是固定搭配。
67. before。根据句意可知, 在他们离开之前必须把工作做完。
68. never。根据语境可知, 他们首先永远都不能入侵, 故填never。
69. telling。try后接v-ing形式, 意思是“尝试着做某事”。
70. protested。根据前文可知, 应该使用过去时态。
第四部分: 写作
第一节短文改错
第1处: and改为but。前后两个部分是明显的转折关系, 所以用but。
第2处: at去掉。home是副词, 所以前面不用加介词。
第3处: bring改为take。take sb. to…表“带某人去……”之意。
第4处: Seen改为Seeing。此处“看到她非常高兴”的动作是主句主语“I”发出的, 所以需用主动形式。
第5处: quick改为quickly。修饰实义动词需用副词形式。
第6处: he改为she。这里是说母亲, 需用she。
第7处: cry改为crying。couldnt help doing表示“情不自禁做某事”。
第8处: much改为more。根据后面的than可知, 这里应该用比较级。
第9处: matter前加a。as a matter of fact表示“事实上”, 为固定搭配。
第10处: have改为had。本文是过去时态。
第二节书面表达
One possible version:
It seems that many students go to take afterschool classes in their spare time. I used to go todifferent kinds of these classes, too. But later Irealized I couldnt do that any more because it isjust a waste of time and money.
Now I spend my spare time reading, doingsports and taking some social activities. Its a wiseway to know about the world. And I prefer to enjoy nature. I still remember that day when I wentto the Forest Park this spring! I found a few plantsappearing in my biology books. It offered me anopportunity to deepen my understanding of mytextbooks.
Learning by using is a real practice. I havebenefited a lot from it. Now I am becoming morecreative and confident than those who are alwaysinvolved in taking after-school classes.
（一）命题依据
短文改错题型是高考对考生写作能力进行考查的一种变相设计的题型。它主要考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语的准确性。具体是考查学生发现错误、判断错误和纠正错误的能力，它还涉及到考生的阅读能力和一定的语言感受能力。该题考查的内容广、综合性强，其范围涉及英语知识的方方面面，是检测考生综合运用英语知识较为客观、科学的题型。
（二）设计思维
短文改错题的设计直接关系到能否达到预期的测试目标。一篇好的短文改错必须做到：
1、短文难度适中并略低于学生所学的语言水平。
2、测试设项必须科学。
首先，短文改错的错误类型必须包括《考试大纲》中指出的五个方面：词法、句法、语篇结构和行文逻辑；其二所改错误必须包括错词、多词、缺词及无错四种情况，无错题一般仅有一题；其三，短文每行词数适中，平均以9个单词为宜；其四，从％年高考起，短文改错题没有单词拼写错误。
3、设题项目
（1）名词的数、格一致。
（2）名词前面的冠词是否用错或漏了，短文改错中每年必考涉及冠词的用法。
(3）形容词修饰名词、副修饰形容词，形容词、副词的比较级和最高级。
（4）人称代词的单、复数以及指代是否一致。
（5）连词是否合乎句意及上下文的连贯。
（6)动词的时态、语态、语气动词与介词、副词的搭配是否正确。
（7）非谓语动词的形式及分词作状语是否正确。
（8）词的固定搭配和惯用法的使用正确与否。
（9）句子结构。
（10)疑问、否定、全部否定、部分否定的使用正确与否。
（11）用词的恰当、正确与否。
（三）命题特征
1、高考试题的立意特征:短文改错中的错误虽然大部分都是所谓"语法"错误，但是，这种试题并不是单纯检测语法知识的，而是检测考生写作能力中的校验能力。这种能力是进行书面表达的必备能力，写作的成就需要良好的写作程序的支持，而在写作程序中，校验是不可缺少的要素。把短文改错当作语法练习是对高考中短文改错的误解。
2、高考试题的材料特征:NMET短文改错的文章多采用记叙文，有时也有说明文。其语言材料通常取自学生自己的作品或类似学生的作品；内容来自学生身边的常见话题，篇章结构的难易程度符合学生的实际水平；语言明白易懂，基本上不涉及生僻的语言现象和复杂的语句结构。句子多为简单句或并列句。
3、高考试题的设置特征:命题都在文中有意设置了一些词法、句法、句式结构、行文逻辑等方面的错误，让考生按照答题要求进行改正，以便考查考生发现、判断、纠正篇章错误的校验能力。改错题长度在100词左右，共有10行，其中1行正确，9行需要改正。错误类型包括缺词、多词和错词。其中错误明显多于其它三种情况，错词情况中，涉及动词的情况为最多。多词错误中，多余的主要是介词；少词错误中，主要涉及介词和冠词。
4、高考试题的测试特征:导向性明确：短文改错题的启用增大了主观题的比重，让考生更注重于语言的输出和语言的准确性。区分度高：由于短文改错考查层次多，覆盖面大，涉及面广，考生平日易犯的各种错误都可能随时出现，考虑稍有不周就会出错，因此尽管短文本身文字难度不大，考查内容也几乎全是极为基础的常用语言现象，可是该题仍是全国卷中考生通过率较低，难度较高的考题，它和书面表达题一起，成为拉开考生档次的重要题型，有利于选拔优秀学生。综合性强：正如《考试说明》所述，"该题考查考生在语篇当中综合运用英语的准确性"，它的综合性体现在它要求考生必须具备较强的阅读理解能力及分析判断力。要做好此题，考生平时就要注意练就扎实的语言基本功，对语言的准确理解和运用要有定量的、有针对性的实践和训练，培养识别纠正错误的思维及能力。
二、考点分类与解题规律
高考短文改错试题的设问角度主要有三个：词法、句法和行文逻辑。从词法角度出发进行试题设计是三种角度中最基本，最常见的一种。依据近三年来6份全国卷测试点分析统计（见上表三），高考短文改错在词法方面上主要集中于对动词、介词、代词、冠词、形容词、连词及名词的考查。
下面就结合（表三）来分析一下短文改错词法分类错误类型
1、缺一词
缺词的含义是句中漏掉了必不可少的词语（多为功能词），致使句子结构和意义不完整，如缺少系动词、冠词、物主代词、介词及不定式符号"to"等。
［例1］"Each A these lines stands for a trouble in mv……"（2007年全国I：82题）
析：Each后加of。each不能单独加名词复数或代词。
［例2］I want to write A long letter and tell you all the ……（2007年全国Ⅱ：84题）
析：write后加a。一般情况下，可数名词单数名词短语前须加"a或an"。
［例3］……writing to each A for nearly a year now. I have……(2008全国I：82题）
析：each后加other。each other（相互）属固定搭配，符合句意要求。
［例4］Second, I will learn more about A history of the …… (2008全国Ⅱ：79题）
析：history前加the。historv后带of短语，此处应是特指。
［例5］…… Zhongshan Road has been moved out of the city, and A sport's …… (2009全国I：82题）
析：sports前加a o sports与下行的center构成一个单数可数名词短语，且第一次出现的事物，故其前应加a。
［例6］…… turned A corner of Park Street, I happened to …… (2009全国I：80题）
析：corner前加the，corner为单数可数名词，后接of Park Street属特指。
2、多一词
多词错误是指受汉语的影响，出现汉语表达方式，造成冗言。
［例1］……more 'the honors and joys in my life. (2007全国I：85题）
析：去掉the，因为名词honors and joys之前已有more修饰。
［例2］……and get the hall. It will be `lots of fun for practicing out …… (2007全国Ⅱ：79题）
析：去掉for o It为形式主语，动名词短语practicing作真正的主语，for多余。
［例3］I have just got some good news to W to you. (2008全国I：76题）
析：去掉第二个to。tell是及物动词，后直接带宾语。
［例4］…… 29th Olympic Games, I will *-at first improve my……（2008年全国Ⅱ：77题）
析：去掉at。由下文的second，third暗示上文应为first，故去掉at。
［例5］I'm sorry that I wasn't able"to return to your …… (2009全国Ⅱ：76题）
析：去掉第二个to。return（归还）为及物动词，后直接跟宾语，故to多余。
［例6］Friendship Street and Xinhua Road"has been given way to（2009全国I：84题）
析：概括句意可知本句话中主语与谓语之间是主动关系，故应将been去掉。
3、错一词
多为中学生用英语写作时常犯的典型错误，包括语法错误和逻辑错误两种。语法错误大都出现在句子表层，并不难发现，其中以介词、代词、冠词、形容词、名词、副词、动词的时态与语态以及非谓语动词使用错误为多。逻辑错误主要涉及上下文的行文逻辑，如连词的使用等，比较隐蔽，往往要通读上下文才能发现。
（1）冠词用错一词 冠词是名词的"帽子"。经常出现在名词之前，帮助说明名词的意义。答题时，碰到名词就要检查一下，看是否需要使用冠词，如已有冠词。就要判断使用是否正确。尽管近3年的6份全国卷中没有出现冠词错一词的现象，但它仍然是高考短文改错的测试重点。
［例1］between France and England in the balloon in 1784. High …… (2006全国II：76题）
析：the应改为a。冠词用法，首次提及的东西用不定冠词。
［例2］Three men were fishing when the angel appeared in the boat……(2009四川：66题）
析：the改为an。此处表示泛指，故用不定冠词。
(2）名词用错一词 多反映在名词的"数"上面。许多东西在汉语里是可数的，在英语中却是不可数的，如furni-ture, soap, information等。答题时要检查短文中名词的单复数形式是否正确，可数名词是不是该用复数的地方没有用复数，不可数名词是不是用了复数的形式。名词还有所有格问题，也要引起重视。
［例1］…… life. " I looked at his other hands. " But Grandpa,……(2007全国I：83题）
析：hands改为hand。此题考察名词的数，人只有一双手，所以his other之后应用hand单数形式。
［例2］……in the playground in the afternoon with the tree ……（2007全国II：80题）
析：tree认为trees。下一行的all说明tree应为复数。
（3）代词用错一词 检查人称代词的主格和宾格是否误用，形容词性物主代词与名词物主代词是否正确，尤其是文中前后代词是否一致，以及指示代词，不定代词等是否使用正确。要特别关注it，该词虽小能量却很大，用法较多，是短文改错最常见的错误类型之一。
［例1］……them their great achievements .In short，I will do...（2008全国Ⅱ：84题）
析：their应改为our。根据逻辑关系判断：向他们展示"我们"的伟大成就。人称代词须一致。
［例2］…… center has been built in their place .The market at the corner of... (2009全国I：83题）
析：their改为its o此空相当于the factory's,故用its来代替。
（4）谓语动词错一词 主要表现在动词的时态和语态上。汉语不论何时发生的动作或存在的状态，其动词只有一种形式。而英语，每种时态的动词都有其特定的基本形式。另外，英语被动语态要比汉语使用广泛，这也是要重点关注的问题。
［例I］……bike on time yesterday. I mean to give it …… (2009全国II：77题）
析：mean改为meant.本行中yesterday很明显暗示用一般过去时。
［例2］There exist a park that has a small river running …… (2009全国I：80题）
析：exist改为exists。考查主谓一致。在there be/exist/stand等结构中要根据就近原则来确定谓语动词。本句话中的主语为a park，故应用exists。
（5）非谓语动词错一词 在答题时，要特别注意非谓语动词三种形式有没有误用的现象，如看到动词的一ing形式。就要考虑一下是不是需要使用动词一ed形式。非谓语动词作主语，以及动词不定式符号to如何时省略，也应该引起关注。
［例1］…the neighborhood which I used to living in has changed …… (2009全国I：77题）
析：living改为live。used to do的意思为过去常常，后接动词原形。
［例2］……mother needed help. So I helped them g ing to……（2009全国Ⅱ：82题）
析：going改为goo help sb (to) do结构，故用动词原形。
（6）介词错一词 从（表三）的统计看出，介词是近三年的考核重点，仅次于动词的考核，因此，做题时要密切注意文章中介词与动词、名词、形容词等的搭配是否正确，尤其是固定词组中的介词，更不能随意更改。介词最常见的错误类型是介词的多余、缺失或错用，句子末尾的介词尤其不要随便遗漏。
［例1］After fire years away in my hometown, I find that …… (2009全国I：76题）
析：in改为from。此处的意思为离开家乡。
［例2］…English so that I can talk easily about foreign visitors.(2009全国Ⅱ：78题）
析：about改为with或to。talk with/to……与……交谈。
（7）形容词或副词错一词 要检查句中是否把形容词用作副词，或把副词用作形容词，并且注意形容词或副词的比较等级是否使用正确。
［例1］…… a lot. The Sichuan Restaurant and the older fish shop …… (2009全国I：78题）
析：older改为old。根据句意可知此处是指"旧的、老的"的意思，而没有比较的意思。
［例2］……Olympics as good as the 2008 Olympic Games. Third,……(2008全国Ⅱ：80题）
析：good改为well。as well as sb/sth意为：也；还；和。
（8）并列句与复合句里的连接词错一词 状语从句和名词性从句主要反映在连接词的误用上；定语从句则反映在关系代词和关系副词的错用上；并列句反映在连接词的误用上，应多从逻辑上去考虑。
［例1］I was only about six that he held his hand …… (2007全国I：76题）
析：that改为when。when引导时间状语从句。
［例2］……and there's just a chance which I can join it. I'm little of …… (2007全国Ⅱ：76题）
析：which改为that。that从句作chance的同位语。
（9）逻辑上错一词 主要涉及英语的行文逻辑-递进、转折、对比等逻辑关系与文章的上下文不一致，甚至产生矛盾，较多地反映在连词（如but, and, or, so等）误用上。逻辑错误比较隐蔽，一般要反复通读全文，掌握文章大意之后才能作出正确的判断。
［例1］……the nearest hospital. I stayed here for one and……（2009全国Ⅱ：83题）
析：here应改为there。虽然是副词使用错误，但要概括上文的意思，"我帮她们去到最近的医院。"然后才推出"我在那里（医院）停了一个半小时。"
［例2］...... a supermarket. Besides the bookstore next to our middle ...... (2009全国I：85题）
析：Besides改为But。此题须概括上文描写很多家乡的变化及下文的关键词" still there "，才能推出前后逻辑关系为转折用"But"。
（10）一致性错一词 主要指文章写作时要前后呼应，不要自相矛盾。一致性错误牵涉到很多方面，包括名词和代词之间一致、主语和谓语之间的一致、主句和从句之间谓语动词时态的一致、并列结构中的非谓语动词一致等。
［例1］I win a national prize for painting last week. (2008全国I：77题）
析：win改为won。谓语"win"与时间状语"last week"应一致。
［例2］……right. When I got back, it were already 6 pm. I ...... (2009全国Ⅱ：85题）
析：were改为was。it为第三人称单数与谓语应为一致。
三、高考短文改错教考策略和方法指津
纵观近年高考英语短文改错题，尽管试题难法易程度适中，错误类型基本稳定。然而，每年高考中有不少考生对此类题深感头痛。主要原因是：（1)考生的英语基础知识不扎实；（2)考生缺乏对短文改错题命特点的了解和短文改错题答题技巧的掌握。那么，当务之急是让学生掌握一定的短文改错应试策略。
（一）注意课堂上的口语训练，强化考生的语感形成 口语训练是培养学生的阅读和写作能力的重要一环。书面表达是对口头表达的记录和整理。因此，教师在课堂上要积极鼓励学生大胆地造句，积极地表达和主动地交流。与此同时，教师应将学生表达中的常见错误记录下来，引导学生订正。这样，不仅纠正了表达者的错误，而且也训练了其他同学的纠错能力。
（二）重视语法的框架结构，构建考生的语法体系.只有先把语法框架搭好，才能附载其它英语知识。语法也是由词到句、由句到段的关键内在连接点。而短文改错中的错误通常以语法为载体体现在语篇中。短文改错题中的时态错误、语态错误、非谓语动词用法错误、主谓一致错误等均属于语法错误范畴。没有一定的语法知识，考生连单句中的语法错误都发现不了，更不用说去发现语篇中的错误。因此，教师在授课时要帮助学生建立一定的语法体系，并帮助学生学会如何正确运用语法去分析题目，这样才是"授之以渔"而不是"授之以鱼"。
（三）利用学生的书面表达错误，促进学生短文改错能力的形成;短文改错题本身就是考查考生观察、发现和纠正别人书面表达中错误的综合语言运用能力。所以，学生在平时书面表达中所犯常见错误正好可以作为全班学生短文改错练习的素材。教师可以采取下列措施促进学生改错能力的形成：
1、教师记号提示，学生自我改错:教师在批阅学生书面表达时，在文章错误处划上不同的记号批示，不对文章的错误给予修改，而是让学生根据记号提示，独立思考，自行更正。对于独立无法解决的问题，可要求学生相互讨论，教师巡视指导。此后，让学生再交上作业，教师再次批阅并修改。
2、教师集中指导，学生集体改错:教师把学生书面表达中的主要常见错误集中、归纳，并将他们在黑板、投影仪或讲义上展示出来，让学生在教师的集中指导下，进行集体修改。学生可自由地表达自己的意见和观点，并可充分地展示讨论。
3、老师提纲挈领，学生相互改错:学生对自己的错误往往视而不见，而对别人的错误却相当敏感，所以可以让学生互相改错。
4、教师将错就错，学生模拟改错:教师将典型的错误集中在一篇论文上，并根据高考短文改错的模式将短文编成"短文改错"题，让学生进行短文改错模拟训练。
（四）规范短文改错的训练，培养学生良好的短文改错习惯 规范短文改错，一是要规范短文改错的题材和体裁。与学生生活实际和知识层次不相吻合的短文改错题，不可选择来作为训练材料；二是要规范短文的写作风格。短文内容与学生手笔相差太远的改错题不宜选用；三是要规范短文改错的命题模式。不是"对、错、多、少"或每行最多只有一个错误的命题模式的短文改错题不可选用；四是要规范短文改错题的设题层面。不是以篇章为基础的短文改错题不可选用；五是要规范答题格式。不按短文改错的答题要求和书写规范做出的答案不能给分。
（五）解答短文改错的三个步骤 短文改错题很像一个粗心的学生挥手写就的一篇英语习作，在一篇100-120个词的短文中，错误可能出现在任何一处，并且涵盖词汇使用、基础语法、习惯短语、固定搭配和语篇逻辑等方方面面。因此，答题时一定要细心再细心。一般要经过"从整体到局部，再从局部到整体"这一循环，才能把握全局，攻克词、句、篇上的错误。
1、通读全文，把握语境 文章是错误的载体，很多错误的设置，都考虑到上下文的关系。答题前一定要抽出2-3分钟时间预读一遍短文，迅速搞清短文的内容，包括事件发生的时间、地点、原因、结果以及人物关系等要素，并基本把握文章的时态、人称与逻辑等方面的特点。
如果怕时间来不及，想省去这个步骤，直接答题，往往会有较多的错误不能发现，甚至会把正确的改错，造成不应有的失分。另外，在不了解全文大意的情况下，孤立地在一词一句上寻找错误，很容易产生烦躁情绪，必然影响答题效果。
其实，短文改错所提供的文章很短，又很容易读懂，花一点时间通读一遍，对文章内容做到心中有数，答题时就能有的放矢。这里的通读，"性价比"是很高的。
2、分句阅读，逐行判断 短文分成10行左右排列，每行设一小题（有时多一两行，但不设题）。这10行中一般只有一行正确。命题规律是"题按行出，错从句看"答题时也要逐句逐行地来判断。在通读全文、把握语境的基础上，化整为零，耐心搜索，逐一攻克9个错误。
逐句认真阅读每个完整的句子。理清句中各部分之间相互依存、相互制约、相互呼应的关系，然后分行找错。每行必有一个判断，或错词，或多词，或少词，或正确，判断的依据一定是上下文，最小单位是一个完整的句子，切忌肢解句子，一行一行地找错。
按一定顺序逐一扫描：动词（含时态和语态）→介词→代词→非谓语动词→冠词→形容词→名词→连词→副词等其他部分。
改一行看三行。例如，改第三行时要兼顾第二行和第四行，使改动在全句中正确，在全文中合理。
对长句难句，要从语法的角度对句子成分进行分析，理清主句和从句，找出主、谓、宾等主要成分。长句的错误开始时很难发现，甚至明明知道该句意思不清、逻辑不通，却不知毛病所在，但明白了句子的结构，问题就一目了然了。
3、复读全文，检查验证 分句阅读、逐行判断改错之后，还要再认真地看一两遍全文。这是因为：一般会有少数几个错误拿不准，应再次通读全文，利用语感作最后的判断；即使错误全部改正了，也要复读全文，检查验证，从篇章的角度来看各句是否全文匹配。
要注意修改符号是否正确，千万不要忘记：多词处要在该词上划斜线，缺词或少词处打少词符号，错词处要在原文中打下划线，切记下划线长度与错词宽度为宜。
根据近三年的高考短文改错题来看，正确的一般只有一行，多词和缺词分别各占一行。错词一般有7行，且多为动词方面的错误，主要表现在时态、语态、非谓语动词和主谓一致方面，其次为介词方面的错误。
（六）解题规范 虽然每年NMET试卷中对短文改错的答题要求都有十分明确的说明，但不按要求规范答题而造成不同程度的技术性失分的考生每年都有很多。答题不规范的主要表现有：（1)在左边的短文中未将多余的词用斜线划掉，却在多余的词上标上了其它符号，或只在右边的横线上写多余的词，却未在左边的词上划线；（2）右边横线上答对了。但左边短文对应行中出现多种改动的标记；(3)缺词符号标错或漏标；(4)判断为正确的一行标有改错符号；(5)在右边的横线上用文字说明或用箭头表示，例如："将……改为……"，"把……划掉"，"后加……"，"正确"等。为了避免技术性失分，规范答题十分重要。
做改错题时一定要沉住气，其实耐下心来细心查找，错误也就出来了。平时练习中积累的错误类型一一对上号，或将每个动词看一下，总会有错误的，譬如时态、第三人称单数等。但是相同类型的错误在一个大题中不应该有重复。其实短文改错同语法是有密切联系的，平时练习少写错句子，自然就能改出来。另外短文改错最好提前做，听力一完就做，不能拖到最后等脑子被完形和阅读搞晕了再做。
总之，要想提高英语短文改错成绩，除了老师的科学教学方法，更重要的是考生需要扎扎实实地掌握好基础知识，同时还要了解高考英语短文错题的命题规律和备考答略，只有这样，才能做到知己知彼，稳操胜券！
参考文献
［1］ 张纯.2007. English, Just This Way.上海：华东师范大出版社。
［2］ 沈启智、张跃进.2006.从容英语高考一本通．长沙：湖南教育出版社。
——眼睛有神龙会飞，标题有神文添彩
一、+关键词
《生活需要 》
《成功，需要 》
二、关键词+
《 在，梦就在》 《 让人生如此美丽》 《 也是一种力量》 《 是不过时的美丽》 《 是一种美丽的痛》 《 让世界充满阳光》 《，没有什么不可以》 《，让梦化蝶》 《，点亮心灯》
《有，有，有成就》 《，风景自来 》
三、+关键词+
《与 一路同行》
《让 为 着色》 《让 张开翅膀飞翔》 《带上 上路》
《留些 给自己取暖》
情景作文写作
北京卷高考英语情景作文题目：
假设你是红星中学高二(1)班的学生李华，下面四幅图描述了近期发生在你们班的一个真实故事，请根据图片的先后顺序，为校刊“英语园地”写一篇短文，词数不少于60。
高考英语情景作文范文
Last Monday, we were having our Chinese class when the teacher suddenly slipped and fell.We were all worried about her.One of the boys carried her on the back, with the help of some others, to the clinic immediately.It turned out that her right leg was broken and she had to stay in the hospital.The following day, we went to visit her with flower and fruit.Seeing her lying in bed with leg wrapped in bandages, we felt sorry for her and hoped that she would recover soon.This Thursday she returned to the class on a wheelchair to give us lessons.We were all deeply moved and proud of having such a responsible teacher.开放作文写作
北京卷高考英语开放作文题目：
请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于50。
In your spoken English class, your teacher shows you the following picture.You are asked to describe the picture and explain how you understand it.北京卷高考英语开放作文范文
一、通知
通知是上级对下级、团体对个人部署工作、传达事情或召开会议时所用的一种文体。同级单位有事情要进行讨论或协商，也可以互发通知。通知分两种：一种是以布告形式，把事情通知有关人员；另一种是以书信形式，把相关事情传达给有关人员。一般说来，通知正文上面正中的地方往往有 Notice 或 NOTICE 一词作为题目，正文的下面是发出通知的单位名称。有时，发出通知单位的名称也可写在正文之前。发出通知的日期一般写在左下角；发出通知的人或单位的名称，可以写在右下角。这两项有时也可以省略。发出通知的单位和通知对象一般都用第三人称，但若正文前用了称呼语，则应用第二人称表示被通知的对象。例1Directions:If you are the organizer of a tour and you should give a notice to tell the tourists something about it.It should include:
1)Where is the destination of the tour.2)What should the tourists pay attention to.You should write no less than 100 words.NOTICE TO TOURISTS
According to the schedule, the touring party will visit the Summer Palace and Tian Anmen Square today.You can leave your baggage in the Left Baggage Office and pick it up later this afternoon if it is too heavy to carry with you.The receipt of the baggage should be kept carefully because you will need it.We will come to the Summer Palace first and finish the tour at 2 pm.Then we are going to the destination of Tian Anmen Square without parking.So please don’t get off the sightseeing bus during the journey until the driver says that it is time for food and drinks or toilets.Please be on time!* 这是一张旅行团张贴的布告，告知游客当天的活动以及注意事项。“行李寄存处”叫Left Baggage Office,这是美国英语。英国人管行李叫luggage，与此相对的,行李寄存处便是Left Luggage Office。领取行李，美语to claim baggage,英国人说to reclaim luggage。旅游车是sightseeing bus或coach.例2Directions:There are something important to tell the passengers of the plane.Write notice about:
1)Reconfirmation the reservation
2)What’s the validity of a normal fare ticket.3)About the refund.You should write about 100 wordsImportant NoticeRECONFIRMATION If you break your journey for more than 35 hours at any point and hold a continuing or return reservation, please reconfirm your intention of using the reservation
VALIDITY A normal fare ticket is valid for one and a half years from the date of issue if none of any portion of it has been used, or from the date of commencement if the carriage is commenced.When in doubt, please check with the carrier’s office concerned.REFUND The refund should be made not later than 19 days after expiry date of the ticket and only refunded in the same country.*以上是乘坐飞机的注意事项，包括来回票机座的确认问题（reconfirmation）、机票的有效期问题（validity）以及退票事项（refund）。在飞行前应着重注意这些琐碎的问题。例3Directions:You are a member of the students’ union You want to hold a lecture.Write a notice to the students to inform:
1)the topic and mainly contents of the lecture
2)time and place.3)the professor who will give the lecture.You should write about 100 wordsNOTICE
Jontly sponsored by the Students’ Union and the Youth League Committee, a professional lecture naming “How the Tariffs changed after China entered into WTO”will be given by Professor Wang Yanqiong.This lecture is mainly about how the import and export polices affect the development of economy, especially the tariffs.Some experts on WTO problems will be present too.They are going to have a discussion during the meeting.The lecture will be held in the terraced classroom No.5 of the building on Friday, October 1,2004 at 2:30 p.m.Welcome all the intelligent students to join in the lecture.Please be punctual.Jointly sponsors:The Student’s union and The Youth League Committee
*在表示联合发起时，用Jointly sponsors加合作单位名称
例4Directions:You are a secretary of the Dean’s Office.Professor Wang Ting is absent for health reasons.Write a bulletin to tell the students.A few of details should be clear:
1)why professor Wang Ting can’t come to work.2)who will substitute for her
3)how long the situation will be kept
It should be no less than 100 words.BULLETIN
Professor Wang Ting, English teacher of Grade Three, is temporarily prevented from coming to class for health reasons.Professor Xu Zhiyuan will substitute for her to instruct Listening English for two weeks.The first week, a movie will be given to practise the listening English, and the second week, there will be a class discussion.Professor Li Chaoshan will substitute for her to instruct Conversational English for three weeks.The last week is for the final examination.The topic of this week will be “The Society and The Humanrights”.You should collect some materials and prepare enough before the class.Please tell each other about the message and go to the class on time.Dean’s Office“代课”用substitute表示。substitute可用做名词，例如his or her substitute。Substitute也可用做动词，有两种表示法：to substitute B with A 或to substitute A for B.“上课”，大学里一般用instruct。
例5Directions:The Residents’Committee needs to hold a meeting to discuss the security in the residential area.write a notice to tell the residents that:
1)why the meeting is necessary.2)The time and place of this security meeting
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2NOTICE
It is reported by several inhabitants from this residential area that some strangers with dirty clothes(one of them has a scar on the face)have lately haunted this area.Some stealings have happened from time to time.So the Residents’Commitee decided to hold a meeting to talk about the problems concerning security in our residential area.The meeting will be held in Room 202 of Building No.4, the time is from 2 to 4 p.m.of May 12, 2004.It is very important that at least one member
of each household is requested to attend.Please be punctual and don’t forget to take the notebooks with you.The Residents’ Committee*“居民区”用residential area或residential quarters来表示，“居委会”有两种译法，一是the Residents’Committee,另一个是the Neighborhood Committee,两者皆可。
例6Directions:You are the leader of the new Public Security Team, you should tell the residents about the security situation of the residential area.The details including:
1)the purpose of this new Public Security Team.2)How to contact with the team.You should write about 100 wordsBULLETIN.Recently, there have been several burglaries in our residential quarters.A few of muggings have been reported by the inhabitants too.A public security team has been set up in order to maintain the order and security of this residential area.Everyone and each household are expected to be on guard.If you see some strangers haunting around this residential area at any time, please be very cautious and careful.Should there be any emergency or you may be in trouble, please call 64941101 or you can go to Room.1101.of Building No.9.to ask for help.Thank you for cooperating with the team.Public Security Team.*城市尤其是大城市人员流动频繁，犯罪率比较高，“撬门”是burglary,“偷盗”是theft,“拦路抢劫”是mugging,“掏包”是pickpocket,警卫或保安人员，是security guards.Should there be any emergency,是一种虚拟证据，有“万一”的含义。例如Should you be in trouble, please call 110.例7Directions:You are a guard of the Guardroom Residential Area.You want to notice something to the inhabitants of this area.The followings should be clear:
1)What’s the purpose of this notice?2)What should the inhabitants do if the situation mentioned happens?
You should write about 100 wordsNOTICE
It is reported from the inhabitants and residents in our residential area that
a few persons came to house holds to sell gas from time to time.They pretended to be the workers of the Gas Company and entered into the inhabitants’ home on the pretext of examination of the gasline.This kind of situations have happened several times.This activity is illegitimate and should be forbidden.The Gas Company didn’t send anyone to check the gas or gasline lately.Should such people come again, please immediately contact the security guards.We will come over and interfere.The emergency number is 64492889.You can call at any time you need.Guardroom.Plesidential Area*小区居民，是residents 或inhabitants。to pretend冒充,on the pretext of。
例8Directions:Suppose you are one of the organizers of English evening.Write a notice about it, which should include sponsor ,time, place and the program.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2NOTICE
The afterclass Activities Group takes pleasure in announcing that under the auspices of the students’ union of English Department, annual English evening is to be held in the students’ activity center on Saturday, Aug, 23rd, at 7:00 p.m.The program includes songs, dances, recitations, storytelling, skits and plays which are played all by students.Admission tickets may be obtained on application to the afterclass Activites Group, Room 205, Office Building for free.It must be a good time to enjoy and relax yourselves.All are cordially welcome to give your encouragement to the players and cheer them.*take pleasure in doing sth.很高兴做某事，under the auspices(复数)of „由„举办，of后跟主办、赞助的人或单位。
例9Directions: You are a resident in Hong Kong and need a larger flat.Write a bulletin including following details:
1)your reason for the larger flat.2)your contact information
You should write no less than 100 words.Dear Sir/Madam,I am a permanent resident in Hong Kong and my present residence is Rm 206 Block 8, Kai Man Estate.I have been living with my mother, wife, younger brother and my two children in the above flat.Not long ago, my brother died in an traffic
accident.Because of this, his wife and his two children were allowed to come to Hong Kong from Mainland China to live with us.The change from a 6-member family to a 8-member one has created a very crowdy living environment.I therefore would like to apply for a move to a larger flat in accordance with the housing regulations concerned.Below are my personal particulars for your
reference:ID Card No.: A 306955(1)
Contact Telephone No.: 3568496
Correspondence Address:
Rm 206, Block 8, Kai Man Estate, N.T.Your consideration over this case will be highly appreciated.Yours faithfully［signature］
一、河北省术科考试概况及训练宏观规划
1.河北省体育高考专业测试项目:100m、原地推铅球、立定三级跳远、800m;每项满分100分。近10年来河北体育专业本科二批分数线均为285分,测试时间为每年四月中旬。
2.校内测试计划:第一次测试是在冬训前9月底,第二次测试是在次年3月。
3.周训练计划:训练时间安排在高三阶段星期一、星期三、星期五下午各一次,每次训练三节课;星期二、星期四、星期六下午训练两节课;星期一至星期六早上5:40~6:40训练一小时;力量训练安排在星期三和星期六下午进行。
二、高三阶段冬训前学情诊断
生源全是无训练经历的“零”起点学生,虽然经过高二阶段的基础训练,身体素质有了很大的提升,学习了专门性基本技术和了解了部分考试项目标准。但身体素质、运动技能水平尚达不到较高的术科考试要求。因此需要继续全面增强身体素质,提高各考试项目的专项技术水平。通过对高二阶段的反思、总结,高二(一学年)训练主要以基础素质、技术训练为主,缺乏专项素质和技术细节训练。故全队100m成绩较弱,原地推铅球技术不稳定,立定三级跳远素质稍强,专项能力差,耐力水平较高,专项耐力、核心力量欠缺。基于上述因素,下一阶段学生的训练将倾向于100m、铅球的技术训练,同时兼顾跳跃和800m的专项训练。在有侧重点的同时,全面加强整体素质、核心力量以及专项素质训练;针对个别学生运动技术水平低,各项训练水平差距较大,应因材施教,重点关注个体的训练,缩小整体差距,全面提高全队运动成绩。
三、目标定位及手段
(一)训练目标
冬训目标:通过冬训全面提高身体素质和专项素质,加强核心力量、上下肢绝对力量以及专项爆发力,促进专项能力的提升;次年三月份训练目标:全队全部达到285分以上;高考测试目标:全队均达到300分以上。
(二)训练计划
1.训练阶段划分、目标、任务等(见下页表1)
2.小周期训练计划
以冬训准备期为例,主要侧重专项素质、专项技术训练,侧重提高速度,无氧训练以铅球项目为主,减少项目间的冲突,注重训练的连续性、间歇性(见下页表2)。
3.课时训练计划
以冬训准备期中的蹲踞式起跑技术为例。训练目的:主要练习蹲踞式起跑技术,提高反应速度、动作速度。
准备活动:1600m~2000m热身跑;各关节活动及柔韧性练习;跑的专门性练习。
基本训练:快速半高抬腿跑30m×3次;快速前倾高抬腿跑30m×3次;小幅度车轮跑30m×3次;技术加速跑60m×3次;听口令反应跑。
训练方法:直道或操场中间原地快速高抬腿,口令“1”为左、“2”为右,当听到“1”或“2”的口令后向相应的方向快速跑出,反应慢者10个俯卧撑×(5~10)次;听枪声蹲踞式起跑30m×(5~10)次;;穿跑鞋蹲踞式80m全速跑×(3~5)次。
恢复调整:慢跑400m~800m;按摩放松10分钟;晚上泡脚5分钟;营养补充。
训练要求:注意安全,准备活动应充分,基本部分间歇时间要充分,确保每次训练的强度,恢复调整必须按要求做,确保恢复得当。
四、训练手段及监控调整措施
训练手段及监控调整措施(见表3)。
五、各阶段学生情况及教师监控
各阶段学生情况及教师监控(见表4)。
六、计划说明与建议
说明:本计划为笔者所带队在2014-2015学年的高三体育生训练计划;本计划只适用于正常情况(晴天等),如遇到特殊情况(雨雪天气、临时集会、考试等)不能正常训练时,可视具体情况及时调整训练内容;每个阶段的训练计划按上一阶段的任务完成情况进行调整。按照此冬训计划实施训练,以次年三月份测试成绩和高考体育测试成绩分析可以看出:通过冬训每名学生均实现了冬训前制订的训练目标,并取得了优异的成绩。
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