考研英语知识点归纳及复习计划

考研英语知识点归纳及复习计划（精选4篇）

考研英语知识点归纳及复习计划 篇1

掌握知识点

不管是哪个科目，知识点都是必须要首先掌握的，只有这样，才能有针对性的复习，做到事半功倍。通过历年的考试真题来看，考研英语的要点也就以下这些。

1、语法和词汇

语法对语言的重要性就不需要再重申了，他是学习语言的两大关键之一，所以每年的考试均要对语法进行一些考察。但难度也不会太难。因为题型改革后，单独的语法与词汇项目已经被取消了，对这一块的考查也降低了不少，但是翻译题型、完形填空中还是偶有出现，阅读理解和作文说白了也是在间接的对词汇进行考查。

学习语言的另一关键就是词汇了，他的考察一般有以下考查形式。在一个语法结构复杂的题干中考查某个词汇的基本用法。在一定的语境中和语法结构下考查对近义词汇或形近词汇的辨析；在一些比较简单的题干中考查特定词汇的搭配。

2、句式的理解和翻译

在最近的考研英语试题中，阅读理解、英译汉占据了考研英语的半壁江山，是整个考研英语的重心所在。从中我们可以看做是对英语实际应用能力的考查，这种考查集中在理解复杂长难句式。除此之外，还对特定语境下词义的灵活理解和英汉句式转换进行考察。

六月复习计划

首先要强化语法，主要从两处着手：系统整理和归纳熟悉。英语的基本语法高中阶段就基本学完，但是因为考研距离高中时间太久，因此应该依赖比较权威的语法教材，对基础语法知识进行重新的整理一番，形成体系。另一个重点是全面掌握特殊语法现象。归纳熟悉就是一个长期的活了，大家在平时复习的时候就可以随便做一些归纳总结。

考研英语知识点归纳及复习计划 篇2

1．高考高频动词短语

（1）act短语：

act as 担任……职务，起……作用

act out 表演（对话、故事等）

例如：

act for 代理（某人职务），代为（处理某事）act up 捣乱，出毛病

I acted as an interpreter while I was in Xiamen.Mr Black is acting for the old man in his case.(布莱克先生代那个老人处理他的案件。)The children were acting out the story of the birth of Jesus.He’s a tough kid and he acts up a lot.（2）break短语：

break away 摆脱，脱离

break away from … 脱离……，奋力挣脱…… break down 出故障，坏掉，中止，累垮，分解

break in 打断，插话，闯入，强行进入

break into … 闯入……，破门而入

break(sth)off（使某物）折断，中断某事物，突然停止 break out（战争、火灾）突然发生，爆发 break out in tears 突然大哭

break the rule 违反规定 break through 突围，冲跨

例如: The thief broke away from the police, but was later caught.If you keep on working like that, you’ll break down sooner or later.The car broke down just on my way here.If anyone tries to break in, the alarm will go off.If anyone tries to break into the building, the alarm will go off.She broke off a bit of bread and dipped it in the soup.I broke off the conversation and answered the phone.Does everyone know what to do if a fire breaks out? It may take a long time to break through the problem.In spring the icebergs begin to break up.（3）bring短语：

bring about 引起，导致，使发生

bring along 把……带来，领来

bring back 拿回来，使恢复

bring sb back 送回某人 bring sth / sb back to life 使……生动/活泼，使……苏醒（比较：sth / sb come back to life 复苏，苏醒）

bring down 使……降低，减少，使……倒下，使……落下

bring down / up(the price)降价／提价 [比较：(the price)go down / up 价格下降 /上涨] bring in 引进（技术），赚钱，带来（收入），吸收

bring on 发展，引起，导致，使前进

bring out 拿出，出版，生产，揭露，阐明，使表现出 bring to 使苏醒

bring … to use = put …to use 对……加以利用

bring / carry sth to / into effect 实施……（比较：sth come / go into effect 开始实施）bring up 抚养，培养，哺育 例如：

break up 分解，分裂，拆散，碎开A huge amount of environmental damage has been brought about by the destruction of the rainforests.You’re welcome to bring along a friend.The government hopes these measures will help to bring down inflation(通货膨胀).American country music brings in more than $10 billion each year.This new kind of technology was brought in in the early 1980s.Stress can bring on(=lead to / result in)headaches and other illnesses.Jenny opened the cupboard and brought out a couple of bottles.He was brought up by his grandparents.（4）call短语：

call at(sp)访问（某地），拜访（某地）[比较：call on(sb)拜访（某人），访问（某人）] call back 回电话

call for 提倡，号召，要求，需要，去接某人，接走某人 call / shout for help 呼救

call in 请来，召集，来访，打电话

call off 取消

call on / upon 号召

call out 大声呼喊，叫喊

call sb…for short 简称某人……

call sb names 谩骂某人

call up 给……打电话，使人想起，号召例如：

We called at Mike’s house yesterday.All ships sailing on the oceans call for help by radio in English.I’ll call for my uncle at Beijing Railway Station.Let’s call in a doctor for the little girl.Many of these songs called on / upon the workers to take up the struggle.I shall call on him tomorrow.I heard somebody calling out to me from downstairs.Call me up tomorrow;my number is 536291.Your letter calls up the days when we worked together fifteen years ago.Due to the bad weather, the sports meeting has been called off.（5）come短语：

come about 发生，产生

come across 偶然相遇

come along 来，随同，进展，加油

come at … 向……袭击 come back 回来，想起来，复活 come down 下来，下落，传下

come down to… 到达，从一处来到另一处 come for… 来拿，来取

come from… 来自，出生于

come in 进来，进入

come into being 形成，产生

come into use 使用起来

come off 脱落，从……离开

come on 过来，跟我来，加油，来吧，赶快

come on / upon sb / sth 偶然遇见，偶然碰上，偶然发现

come out 露出，出来，出现，出版，发（芽），（花）开 come over to… 过来，顺便来访，从一个地方来到另一个地方 come round / around（非正式）来访，串门

come to … 来到，出现，提及，达到，共计，结果是，苏醒 come to an end 结束，终止

come to know 逐渐地知道

come to life（变得）活泼，苏醒过来 come to light 显露，为人所知 come to oneself 苏醒过来，恢复知觉

come to / into power 当权，上台

come / go to ruin = fall into ruin 变成废墟 come to terms with… 甘心忍受

come true 变为现实，成为事实

come up 被提出，上来，走来，上升，抬头，长出来 come up to sb 朝某人走来

come up with … 提出，想出（主意），找出（答案），赶上 例如：

A number of educational reforms have come about as a result of the report.I came across an old friend of mine in the street the other day.Your English is coming along really well.Come along / on!Don’t give up yet!Come along / on!We’re all waiting for you!Suddenly, he came at me with a knife.Now, let’s come back to what I was saying a moment ago.It is impossible for a dead animal to come back.Snow was coming down so thickly that I could hardly see through the window.The airplane came down in that field.Where does the film star come from, do you know?

Mr Smith came in in a hurry, book in hand(= with a book in his hand).The law first came into being in 1912.By the time he came to / into power in 1951, he was already seventy.How long is it since the electronic computer came into use? The button came off, but he didn’t notice it.There is no doubt that the truth will come out one day.The trees turn green and flowers come out.This magazine comes out once a month.Why don’t you come around / round for lunch?

Some day you’ll come to know the mistakes you have made.If they don’t come to a decision by midnight, the talks will be abandoned.I’ve forgotten her name, but maybe it’ll come to me later.The bill came to £480 in total.His dream of becoming a film star came true at last.A child came up to me and showed me the way.The same problems came up at the meeting yesterday.They came up with the same problems at the meeting yesterday.Searching through the drawer, I came upon the letter I’d been looking for.（6）cut短语：

cut away 切除，剪去

cut down 砍倒，砍下，削减

cut in 插嘴，加塞，插入

cut in line 插队

cut … into pieces / halves 把……切成碎片/切成两半 cut off 切断（线路），中断（供应）

cut the cost of … 降低……的成本

例如：

cut out 删除，剪下来

cut up 切碎，剪碎，剁碎，齐根切掉

He cut away some branches, making it look more beautiful.A lot of trees there were cut down in the past.The electricity was cut off because of the storm.He was sentenced to death and had his head cut off the next day.Could you cut the pizza up, please?（7）do短语：

do about 处理，应付

do a good deed 做一件好事

do a test 做实验，做化验

do and don’t 要与不要

do a lot of walking 走很多路

do a word puzzle 猜字谜

do away with 废除

do chores 处理琐事，干家务 do make-up 化妆，打扮

do one’s best 尽某人最大努力

do an experiment / experiments 做实验

do body-building 做健身操

do housework 做家务活

do observations 观察

do one’s homework 做作业

do sb a favour 帮某人一个忙

do research on… 从事……研究工作

do sb honor = do honor to sb 礼遇某人，对某人表示敬意 do sb the favour to do sth 帮某人一个忙做某事 do some reading 读书，阅读，看点书

do some shopping = go shopping 购物，买东西

do sports = have / play sports = take exercise 进行体育运动，做运动，进行锻炼 do sth in turn / by turns = take turns to do sth / in doing sth 轮流做某事 do telephone interviews 进行电话采访

do the laundry 洗衣服

do up 打扮，梳妆，收拾，把（衣服，鞋子等）扣/系好 do up one’s shoes / hair 系好鞋带/梳好头 do up the button 扣纽扣

do well / better in… 在……方面干得好/更好

do with 处理，处臵，对付

do wrong 做坏事，做错事（比较：do right = do the right thing 做得对）

例如：

To tell the truth, I don’t know how to do with him.I’ll have nothing to do with him from now on.What did you do with that camera you found? The poisonous waste may do great harm to the things around us.Eat more fruit;it will do good to you.I think I can do better in English this year than last year.Liszt said, “You’ve done wrong, but I can see you are truly sorry about it.” I’m going to do my best this year.I was only trying to do a good deed.（8）get短语：

get a better understanding of China 更好地了解中国 get a full mark / full marks 得满分

get a lot of satisfaction 得到满足

get at 意指，本意是

get around = get about 四处走动，活动

get away 移走，拿走，逃脱，逃离

get away from 逃脱，逃离 get back 回来，回家，取回，找回，退还 get close to 接近

get down on one’s knees 跪下

get in 进入，收获，达到

get into… 进入……

get down 下来，降下

get down to(doing)sth 开始（做）某事）get in a word 插话

get sb into… 使某人陷入

get it 接（电话），应（门），理解，懂得 get off 下车，脱下（衣服等）

get on 上车，过活

get on / along with… 进展，与……相处 get on one’s feet（艰难地）站立起来

get out 离开，出去

get out of 逃避，避免

get over 克服，恢复，原谅

get up 起床，起身

get across 理解，度过 get through 接通（电话），完成（工作），通过（考试）

get to 到达，抵达

get to sleep 入睡，设法睡着 get / gain / take possession of 占有，拥有，占领 get ready for 为……做准备

（比较：be ready for = be well prepared for = be in preparation for 为……做好了准备）get rid of 除掉，去掉

get the idea for… 想到……的主意

get sb to do 让某人做

get the message across 传播信息

get together 相聚，碰头，联欢

get / be used to sth习惯于……，适应于……（比较：be used as sth 被用作……

be used for sth 被用于……，用来做…… be used to do sth 被用于做……

used to do sth 过去常常做）

get / be dressed 穿衣服

get / be engaged(to sb)（与某人）订婚 get / be lost 丢失了，迷路

get / be married(to sb)= marry(sb)（与某人）结婚 get / be stuck 陷进去，被困住，被难住，遇到困难 get / be tired of 对……感到厌倦，对……失去兴趣（比较：get / be tired for 因……而感到疲倦）例如：

I’m getting on well with my classmates now.How are you getting along with your English? He got the book away from her.The bank robbers used a stolen car to get away.When did you get back from the countryside? Have you got back the book you lent him? “Get down on your knees,” said the Genie, “for I am going to kill you.” The dust has got into my eyes.This mistake may get him into difficulties.Before I could get in a word he had measured me, and was giving orders for evening suits.If you knock into someone, or get into his way, you should say, “Excuse me.” or “I’m sorry.” When you are in London, you might get in touch with a friend of mine.The conductor got off and checked the rails.She got on her bicycle and cycled off.You work too hard!You should get out a bit more.If you don’t want to go, I suppose I can get rid of the ticket.We all try to get together at least once a year at Christmas time.It took us only four minutes to get through the Customs(海关).I telephoned him, but I just couldn’t get through to him.She felt so cold that she got close to her mother.It’s time we got down to work.The theatre was already full, and we couldn’t get in.The peasants are busy getting in the crops.We didn’t get up until lunch time.He got up and walked over to the window.（9）give短语：

give away 赠送，给予，背弃，泄露，分发

give back 归还，送回

give in 投降，让步，屈服

give off 释放，发出，放出(烟、光、热等)give out 用完，耗尽，分发，发放

give over = hand over 转交，移交

give up 放弃，辞去

give a description of… 描述…… give a talk 演讲，做报告

give close attention to 密切关注

give shade in summer 夏天时遮阳

give a concert 开音乐会

give / make a speech 演讲，讲话 give birth to 生婴儿，生产，造成

give medical care to sb 对某人进行治疗 give / lend sb a hand 给某人帮助

give sb a message = give a message to sb 给某人捎个口信 give sb a second look 再看某人一眼

give sb a warm welcome 热烈欢迎某人 give sb some advice on sth / doing sth / how to do sth 就……向某人提出建议/忠告 例如：

In those days, he used to give away a part of his income to help his friend.Remember not to give it away to anyone else;it’s a secret.Both sides argued with reason, and neither would give in.If they are burned, they will give off poisonous gases.When they made ready to climb the next ridge(山脊), they found that their oxygen had given out.Our English teacher is giving out the test papers.Both the man and the horse gave out after the long ride.All hope of finding the missing aircraft was given up and the search stopped.Mary had to give up her job after her marriage.Mr Black will give us a talk on how to learn English well this afternoon.Could you give us some advice on reading? If you won’t have it changed, please give my money back.（10）go短语：

go abroad 出国

go about 四处走走，开始做，着手干

go about from house to house 挨/逐家拜访 go against 违反，违背 go ahead 说吧，干吧，领先，走在前面

go / walk around 四处走走

go away 走开，离去

go beyond 超越

go back 回去

go by 走过，经过，（时间）消逝，过去

go down 下来，落下，倒下

go down on one’s knees 跪下

go for 为……去，努力获取，主张，适用于

go for a hike = go hiking 去徒步旅行

go for a job interview 去面试找工作

go for sb 对某人也一样

go into 详细调查

go off 走开，离去，（闹钟）闹响

go for a walk / walks 散步

go in for 参加，喜欢

go into details 细说

go off to = be off to = leave for 动身去

go off the air 停止广播（比较：go on the air 开始广播）

go on 发生，进行，继续

go / be on diet 在节食

go on(a)holiday 去度假

go on a visit to 去……访问（参观）

go on a tour to 去……观光（游览）go on doing sth 继续做某事（同一事）

[比较：go on to do sth 继续做某事（另一事）

go on with sth 继续某事] go out 熄灭，出去，外出

go over 复习，过一遍，仔细检查，审阅

go past 从……的旁边过去

go up 上升，上涨，增长，攀登 go with… 与……相配

go without 忍受没有……之苦，没有……也行，没有……也能勉强应付

go shopping / fishing / sailing / camping / skating 去购物/钓鱼/驾船航行/宿营/滑冰

go straight along 沿着……一直往前走

go through 通过，经受，浏览，仔细检查 go through with 完成go to bed（上床）睡觉 go to sea 当水手

go to town 进城

go to school / work 上学/上班 go to sleep 入睡 go to a movie 去看电影 go home / there 回家/去那儿 go bad 变坏

go to the country(side)下乡

go to see a doctor 去看病，去看医生

go wrong 出毛病，不对头，做错事，误入歧途 go Dutch 各付各的帐，平摊费用 例如：

No one dared to go against the rules.—Do you mind if I open the window? / Do you mind my opening the window? —No, go ahead.I went away /off wondering if I’d said anything wrong.I’m afraid the fish has gone bad.Things will get easier as time goes by.He went by quickly, taking no notice of us.If you really want the job, go for it!Close all the doors and lock them when you go out.The same goes for windows.I go in for all the competitions.After a short pause, Maria went on with her story.Suddenly the candle went out.Once again I went over exactly what I needed to say.Let’s go over what we learned last period.Do you want me to go through this and check your spellings? Unemployment in that country has gone up by a million.It is possible to go without food for a few days.Something’s gone wrong with my watch;I must have it repaired.（11）have短语：

have a break 休息一下

have a bright future 有一个灿烂的未来

have(got)a cold / cough / headache / fever 感冒/咳嗽/头疼/发烧 have a conversation with sb 与某人交谈

[比较：have a dialogue with sb 与某人对话

have a talk with sb(about sth)（就某事）与某人进行交流

have a word with sb = would like a word with sb 和某人谈几句，跟某人说句话]

have a gift for… 对……有天赋（比较：have a reputation for… 有……名誉/名声）have a good flight（坐飞机）旅途愉快

have a good knowledge of … 对……很熟悉，通晓…… have a good laugh over… 对……笑了个够

have a good / great / wonderful time = have(great)fun 玩得（非常）高兴，过得愉快 have a / the habit of …= be in a / the habit of… 有……的习惯（比较：get into / form the habit of… 养成……的习惯

get sb into the habit of… 使某人养成……的习惯）have a hit 风靡一时

have a large population 人口众多 have / take a look 看一看

have a meeting / party 开会/举行晚会 have a nice / pleasant trip / journey 祝旅途愉快

have(got)a pain(in the…)（身体某部位）痛 have a part-time job 做兼职工作

have a(good)rest 休息 have / take a seat 坐下（比较：have / take one’s seat 坐某人的座位）have a stomachache 胃疼，肚子疼

have a sweet tooth 喜欢吃甜食 have a swim 游泳

have a table tennis match 举行一场乒乓球比赛

have a test 进行测验

have a try 试一试

have / show an appetite for… 有……的欲望或爱好

have / make an appointment with sb 和某人有预约, 和某人有约定 have an effect on / upon… 对……有影响，对……产生作用（比较：influence… = affect … 对……有影响

have no effect / influence on … 对……没有影响

have a good / bad effect on … 对……有好/坏影响

have a great / little effect on … 对……有很大的影响/影响不大 have a strong influence on… 对……有很大影响）

have / take an exam 参加考试

have an income of … 有……的收入

have an eye for 有眼力，有眼光

have access to … 使用（接近……的）权利或机会

have breakfast / lunch / supper 吃早饭/午饭/晚饭 have lessons / classes 上课

have mercy on… 宽恕……，对……仁慈，对……表示怜悯

have no chance of surviving 没有生存的可能性

have no choice but to do sth 别无选择，只好做某事 have none of … 根本不理睬……

have on 穿着

have sth on sb 某人身上带着某物

have / take one’s medicine 服药，吃药 have some difficulty / trouble / problems with … 在……有困难/麻烦事

[比较：have some difficulty / trouble / problems(in)doing sth 做某事有困难/麻烦]

have something / nothing in common(with…)（与……）有共同点／没有共同之处

（比较：have much / a lot in common with… 与……有许多相同之处

have little in common with… 与……几乎没有相同之处）

have something / nothing to do with … 与……有关／无关 have to = have got to 不得不，必须

例如：

Class is over.Let’s have a break.I’ve got a cough.Dad and I had a good laugh over that.They are having a good time.He stopped to have a look.We are going to have a table tennis match tomorrow afternoon.Are we going to have a meeting this week? Here is a tree.Let me have a rest.Are you going to have a swim？ We’ll have a test tomorrow.Where is Peter? I want to have a word with him.Does she have lunch at home？

Then it has no choice but to lie down and sleep.He knew about the order, he knew why the soldiers were there, but he would have none of it.We have four lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.Most of his questions have nothing to do with his lessons.I noticed that he had on bedroom slippers.Please come here and have my seat, Granny.He hasn’t had any medicine.At three fifty in the afternoon we have sports.（12）hold短语：

hold a meeting / party 开会/举行晚会

hold back 退缩，踌躇，阻挡，控制住 hold one’s breath 屏息，不出气

hold on 等一等，不要挂电话

hold on to 抓住，保住

hold out 伸出，坚持下去，维持 hold up 阻挡，使停顿，举起，拿起，阻滞

hold together 连在一起，团结一致

例如：

Anger flooded through her.She couldn’t hold it back.—Could I speak to Mr Smith? —Hold on, please.The little boy held out his hands.I think water supplies won’t hold out much longer.Sorry, I’m late.I was held up at work.（13）keep短语：

keep away from 避开，别靠近

keep back 隐瞒，忍住，阻止……向前，留下

keep down 控制

keep off 勿踏，勿踩

keep off sb / sth 不接触或不接近某人/某事物

keep on 继续进行

keep out 不得入内

keep…out 把……挡住，把……留在外面keep out of … 不进入……

keep up 继续，保持，坚持，使（情绪等）不低落

keep up with… = catch up with… 跟上，赶上

keep a date 赴约

keep a healthy diet 保持健康的饮食 keep a record / records 保持记录

keep an eye on 注视，留心，注意，照顾（比较：keep an eye out for 注视，留心，注意）

keep busy doing 忙着做某事

keep fit 保持健康

keep…in mind = learn…by heart = remember… 把……记住 keep(on)doing sth 继续不停地做某事

[比较：keep sb doing sth 使某人一直/继续做某事

keep … from doing 阻止……做，不让……做

stop / prevent…(from)doing 妨碍/预防/阻止……做，不让……做]

keep one’s appointment 守约（比较：break one’s appointment 违约）keep one’s balance 保持平衡

keep one’s word(s)遵守诺言

keep safe 保持安全

keep the same look 保持原貌 例如：

keep silent over … 对……保持沉默 keep watch 保持警戒，站岗

I would have been here sooner, but the rainstorm kept me back.Every week there was a rebellion（造反）somewhere, and the Austrian soldiers were kept busy hurrying from one town to another in order to put down the rebellions.While Leonov was outside the ship, he kept in touch by telephone with his companion and with the earth.He kept on telling us the same story over and over.You may depend on his doing what he says, for he is a person who always keeps his words.Danger!Keep out!Will this overcoat keep the rain out? It is also bad manners to keep silent when the teacher asks you a question.The rain kept up all night.I see you are getting along well with your English studies.Keep up the good work.The good news keeps our spirits up.He walked so fast that I could hardly keep up with him.Every few hundred meters along the wall there are watch-towers, where soldiers used to keep watch.There is a sign there saying, “Keep off the grass.”（14）knock短语：

knock at /on 敲打（门、窗等）

knock down 把……撞倒，击倒 knock into 撞到，撞上某人，偶然碰见 knock sb out(of sth)淘汰某人

撞倒

例如：

We knocked at / on the door but there was no one there.He was in hospital last night after being knocked down by a car.Tom entered the classroom hurriedly and knocked into Mr.White.He almost knocked into me before he realized it.If no one answers the front door, try knocking at the back door.（15）look短语：

look at 看着，注视，检查

look at oneself in the mirror = admire oneself in the mirror 照镜子 look after 照顾，照料，照看

look ahead 向前看，展望未来 look around / about 四处看看，四下环顾 look back 回首，回忆，回顾过去

look back on… 回顾……，回忆……

look forward to sth /doing sth 盼望，期盼某事物/做某事 look for 寻找，找

look in 来访，参观 look into… 往……里面看，浏览，调查，研究 look(right)into sb’s eyes 直视着

look like… 看起来像……（比较：look the same 看起来像）look on 旁观，观望

look out = be careful = take care 留神，当心，注意，警惕，提防 look out for 警惕，留心，找出来

look over… 翻阅，（仔细）检查 look through 看透，仔细查看，浏览，翻阅，温习look up 仰视，往上看，（在字典或参考书中）查阅，查寻

look up to sb 敬仰，仰望，尊敬（比较：look down on / upon sb 瞧不起，鄙视，轻视）look / be worried 看上去/感到担心

knock over 撞翻，例如：

The boy is old enough to look after himself.He spent two weeks in Shanghai, looking around / about the city.We are looking forward to hearing from you soon.Join us.Don’t just look on.They all looked on him as a member of their family.Look out!There is danger ahead.I shall look out that I don’t trust him again.He looked through his notes before writing the report.Look through these photographs and try to pick out the man you see.I must look up the time of your train.A fox came to the tree and looked up at the cock.I’ve always looked up to Bill for his courage and determination.（16）make短语：

make into 制成，作成（后面跟产品，制成品）

[比较：be made in 在……生产/制造

be made of 由……组成/构成，用某种原材料制成（物理变化）

be made from 由……组成/构成，用某种原材料制成（化学变化）be made up of = consist of 由……组成，由……构成] make out 理解，看清楚

make up 化妆，打扮，和解，配制，编造，虚构，构成，组成 make up for 弥补，补充，补偿

made up one’s mind 下决心 make a choice 做出选择

make a commitment 承诺，保证 make a comment / comments(on / upon…)（对……）发表评论

make a(great)contribution to… 为……做出（巨大）贡献，为……捐款 make a decision 做出决定

make a(no)difference（没）有关系/影响 make a face / faces 扮鬼脸

make a fire 生火

make a film / blockbuster／follow-ups 拍电影/巨片／续集

make a fool of sb = fool sb 愚弄某人（比较：make fool of … 愚弄）make / leave / create a good impression(on sb)（给某人）留下好印象 make a mistake / mistakes 犯错误

make(a)noise 制造噪音，发出令人不愉快的声音 make a note / notes of… 记录，做笔记，记下来

make a plan(for…)（为……）制订计划，制订一个（……的）计划 make a point of doing sth 认为做某事重要或有必要 make a promise 承诺

make a record 录制唱片，做记录（比较：record a song 录一首歌

set a world record 创造世界记录）

make(a)suggestion(on …)提出（关于……）的建议

make a telephone call 打电话

make conversation 交谈

make / take a trip / journey to … 去某地旅行

make(both)ends meet 使收支相抵 make fun of… 取笑，嘲笑，和……开玩笑 make friends with sb 与某人交朋友

make it（事业上）获得成功

make jokes about sb 拿某人开玩笑，以某人为笑柄

make mistake about… 犯了……错误

make / earn money 挣钱 make oneself at home 不拘束，别客气 make oneself known 使/让自己出名 make one’s way to… 往……走去 make progress(in …)（在……方面）取得进步 make sense 有意义，有道理，讲得通 make sense of… 弄懂……的意思 make sth to(one’s own)measure（按自己的尺寸）定做

make sure 确保，确认，查明

make the adjustment to… 适应……

make the / one’s bed 整理床铺 make(full)use of …= make the most / best of …(充分)利用 例如：

Bamboo is also made into paper.Our desks and chairs are made of wood.The paper for books and newspapers also is made from wood.This engine is made up of 490 parts.The actor made himself up for the part of an old man.These days many girls make up when they are still quite young.She made up a good lunch from bits and pieces.There isn’t any little girl called Kitty here.He has just made her up.Hard work can often make up for lack of intelligence.Everyone should make full use of time.But wait till you see what we’ll make for you to your own measure.I have made up my mind, and nothing you say will change it.They made fun of my mistakes when I tried to speak English.（17）pass短语：

pass away 去世，死（委婉说法）

pass by 通过，从旁边经过 pass down 传下来，流传，使世代相传，一代一代传下去

pass on(to sb)转交给(某人)，传给(某人)pass on from one generation to the next 一代代流传下来 pass out 失去知觉，昏厥

pass through 穿过，越过 pass sth from one to another 把某事物从一人传到另一人手上

pass the examination 通过考试 例如：

Dr Johnson passed away last night.They all waved to us as they passed by.The tradition has been passed down from father to son for generations.She said she’d pass the message on to the other students.I nearly passed out when I saw the blood.（18）pay短语：

pay attention to … 对……注意，留心……

pay a visit to sb / a place 访问，拜访（某人），参观（某地）

pay back 偿还（借款），报答，报复

pay for 付款，付费，付代价（比较：pay a high price for … 付高价）pay off 还清（欠款）

pay sb a visit 拜访某人 pay the bill 买单，付帐单 例如：

He promised to pay the money back by Friday.The old in our city don’t need to pay for transport.After ten years of hard work he paid off all his debts at last.（19）pick短语：

pick out 挑选，认出

pick up 拾起，接收，学会（语言），开车去接，康复，购买（便宜商品）

例如：

His story was picked out as the best by the judges.The phone rang and I picked it up.I’ll pick you up at the station.I managed to pick up an American news broadcast.After a short break they picked up the topic they talked about earlier.I picked up the unusual stamp by accident.I picked up a few words of Greek when I was there last year.（20）put短语：

put away 将某物收拾起来，存钱，储存，存起来 put down 扑灭，平息，镇压，记下

put forward 提出，建议，推荐

put off 延期，拖延

put on（戏）上演，放（唱片），穿戴

put on a performance 演出 put out 扑灭，熄灭，使……停止燃烧，伸出，出版，生产 put up 挂起，张贴，举起，抬起，搭起，建立

put up with 忍受，容忍

put into 使进入，输入，投入 put one’s heart into… 全神贯注于…… put …to use 使用……，运用……

put／translate…into 把……译成 put sb in / into prison 把某人关进监狱 put a date to sth 注明日期

（比较：set / fix the date 确定日期

to date 到目前为止）

put an end to … 结束……

例如：

put …together 把……放在一起

We put away the tools before we leave the workshop.All the medical workers in the region helped to put down the influenza epidemic（流感）.Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.We are putting the play on again next week owing to its success.The firemen soon put the fire out.The doctor told me to put out my tongue.It’s time that we put up the Christmas decorations（装饰物）in the living room.Drop your weapons and put your hands up.Another supermarket has been put up near our house.I can’t put up with a lot of noisy people when I am working.The government is putting more money into education this year.As students, we should put our heart into studies.（21）send短语：

send away 让走开

send for sb 派人去请某人，请某人来 send in 寄送某处进行处理

send out 派遣，发出（信号、通知等）

send up 发射，射出，往上送

send signals by … 通过……发送信号 例如：

Get back into bed.I’ll send for the doctor.send sb to sleep 让某人睡觉 The ship is in danger;it is sending out an SOS signal.The rocket will be sent up tomorrow morning.（22）set短语：

set about(doing)sth 着手，开始

set aside 留出，搁/放在一边

set down 放下，记下

set off 出发，起程，引起爆炸，激起，引起 set out(for…)出发往（……），动身去（……）set out to do 开始做，着手做

set up 创立，设立，开办，竖起，支起

set /give a(good)example to… 为……树立（好）榜样

set a goal 设定目标

set fire to sth = set sth on fire 纵火，放火烧 set foot on / in… 踏上……，到达，进入 set one’s mind to do sth 一心想做 set sail for 起航去……

set sail from 从……起航

set sb a good example in … 在……为某人树立榜样 set sb free 释放某人，解放某人

例如：

As soon as she arrived, she set about tidying up（整理）the room.Try to set aside some time each day for exercise.They’ve set off on a trip round the world.Together the four men set out to look for the lost animal.He set out to write a history of civilization（文明）.We’ll certainly set up a complete modern industrial system.A few scarecrows（稻草人）were set up in the field.Let’s set up the tent first, and build the fire later.The police are trying to find out who set fire to the building last night.He was set free after three years in prison.Comrade Lei Feng set a good example to us all.（23）stand短语：

stand by sb = support sb = take sb’s side 支持某人

stand for 代表，表示，象征，容忍，支持/拥护，为……的候选人

stand out 突出，显眼

stand up 起立，站起来

stand still = stay still 站着不动 例如：

CPC stands for the Communist Party of China.Stand still, and let me take a picture of you.（24）take短语：

take after 与某人相像

take along 带领，携带

take … apart = separate … 把……分开

take away 拿走，拿去，使离开

take away from… 从……带／拿走

take back 退回，拿回，收回

take down 拿下，记下，记录

take for… 当作……，误以为是……

take in 吸收，接纳，上当

take off（飞机）起飞，脱掉（衣帽/鞋），成名，成功，很快上升，开始流行/畅销

take on 呈现

take over 继承，接管，接替

take out 拿出，取出

take up 从事，开始，专注于，占去（时间、空间、地位等）take a bank loan 向银行贷款

take a bath 洗澡

take a chance / chances 碰运气，冒险

take a critical attitude towards… 对……持批判态度

take a few deep breaths 深呼吸

take / have a degree in … 取得……学位 take a hands-on approach to education 通过动手实践的方式来进行接受教育 take a message(to sb)（给某人）捎个口信

比较：leave a message(to sb)（给某人）留个口信

take a photo(of …)（给……）照相，拍（……）照片 take a risk / risks 冒险

take a shower 沐浴，洗澡 take a sip 呡一小口

take a taxi to...= go to...by taxi 乘出租车

take a walk / ride / holiday 散步／兜风／休假 take(an)interest in … 对……感兴趣

（比较：be into = be interested in 对……感兴趣 have / show interest in 对……感兴趣）

take advantage of 对……加以利用

take … by surprise 对……突然袭击，出乎……意料 take care 小心, 注意

take effect 生效，奏效

take care of 照顾，照看

take exercise 运动，活动

take … for example 以……为例

take / get / catch hold of 握住，抓住 take it easy 放心好了，别着急，从容，不紧张 take...into consideration 顾及，考虑到，体谅

（比较：under consideration 在考虑中，在研究中）take lessons 上课

take notes 做笔记，做记录

take notice of 注意

take one’s seat 就座，坐在自己位子上（转义为就职）

take one’s time 从容，不急，慢慢行动 [比较：take time 花费（时间）] take part 参加

（比较：take part in… = join in… = participate in… 参加……

take an active part in… 积极参加……）

take place 发生，出现，举行

[比较：take the place of … = take sb’s place 取代，代替（某人的位臵）] take pride in …= be proud of… 对……感到自豪

take responsibility for … = be responsible for … 对……负起责任 take sb in the arms 拥抱，搂抱

take / hold / keep sb prisoner 囚禁/俘虏某人

（比较：sb be taken / held / kept prisoner 某人被囚禁/俘虏）take sb seriously 看重某人

take sb some time to do sth 花费某人……时间去做某事 take sb’s temperature 给某人量体温

take shelter 躲避

take sth along with sb 随身携带某物

take sides with sb in sth 在某事上支持/偏袒某人

take steps / measures / action to do sth 采取措施做某事，采取（……的）行动 take turns to do sth / in doing sth 轮流做某事 例如：

I’m sorry.I’ll take back what I said.Take care!The car is coming.My plane takes off at 11:00 sharp.We can’t have such a big table in this small room.It takes up too much room.（25）think短语：

think about 思考，考虑（是否去做）

think of 想到，想起，认为，对……有看法/想法 think out 想出

think over 仔细考虑

think through… 思考……直到得出结论 think up 提出，想出，设计出

think twice 再三考虑，仔细考虑

think highly / well of = speak highly of = sing high praise for 对……高度评价 例如：

I’m sorry.I can’t think out your name.When I was in the States, I often thought of my friend Li Hua.Think it over, and you’ll find a way.（26）turn短语：

turn against 转而反对，背叛

turn around / round 转身，转过来

turn … away 赶走……，辞退……，把……打发走

turn on 打开（灯，气，水，电器等）turn off 关掉（灯，气，水，电器等）

turn up 把音量开大，卷起，翻起，发生，出现，到达 turn down 关小/调低（音量／热度），拒绝 turn over 把……翻过来，翻动，犁翻（土地），细想 turn in 交进，上缴，归还

turn into 变成 turn…into… 把……变成……，转变成 turn out 结果是，生产

turn right / left 向右/向左拐 例如：

Those who were once for him have turned against him.Turn in everything captured（缴获的）.I’m going to turn my garage into a playroom for the children.Be sure to turn off the lights when you leave the room.Shall I turn on the bath water for you? He turned the meat over in the pan（平底锅）.They always turn to me when they are in trouble.His attention turned to the pretty young girl.Turn the radio down a little.I can scarcely hear the program.He turned the coat collar（衣领）up because of the wind.Something will turn up to get you out of the difficulty.turn to… 转向……，向……求助，查阅 turn out to be 被证明是, 结果是

turn writer = become a writer 成为作家

2．以介词或副词为中心的动词短语（便于强化记忆）

（l）动词+about

speak／talk about 谈论

think about 思考

care about 关心，对……有兴趣

bring about 引起，使发生 set about 着手，开始 come about 发生

hear about 听说

worry about 为……担心（2）动词+at

aim at 向……瞄准，旨在 run at 冲向，向……攻击 call at 拜访(地点)tear at 用力撕 look at 看，注视

work at 干……活动（研究）come at 向……袭击 shout at 冲(某人)嚷嚷

stare at 凝视 glare at 怒视

glance at 匆匆一瞥 laugh at 嘲笑

knock at 敲（门、窗等）point at 指向

smile at 冲（某人）笑 strike at 向……打击

shoot at 向……射击

wonder at 惊讶

（3）动词+away die away 逐渐消失

put away 收拾起来，存起来

pass away 去世 wash away 冲走

take away 拿走

give away 背弃，泄漏

send away 让走开

turn away 把……打发走

wear away 磨掉，消耗 throw away 扔掉 blow away 吹走

carry away 拿走，使入迷 clear away 清除掉，消散

break away 摆脱

（4）动词+back

keep back 隐瞒，忍住 hold back 控制住 give back 归还

call back 回电话

take back 拿回，收回

look back(on)回顾

（5）动词+down cut down 削减，砍倒

put down 记下，写下，镇压 take down 记下，记录 turn down 调小，拒绝

slow down 慢下来 pass down 传下来 calm down 平静下来

burn down 烧毁

tear down 拆毁，拆除

come down 下落，传下

break down 坏了，垮了，分解

bring down 使……降低，使倒下

settle down 安家（6）动词+from die from 因……而死 hear from 收到……来信 learn from 向……学习differ from 与……不同 suffer from 受……苦

result from 由于

separate…from 把……分离开

keep／stop／prevent…from 不让……做

date from=date back to 始于……时期，追溯到

（7）动词+for run for 竞选

ask for 要求得到

beg for 乞求

wait for 等候

look for 寻找

call for 需要，要求 hunt for 寻找

long for 渴望 care for 关心，喜欢 seek for 寻找

come for 来拿，来取

apply for 申请

stand for 代表，表示

search for 查找

change…for 用……换 charge…for 收费，要价

take…for 误以为……是

hope/wish for 希望得到

（8）动词十in get in 收获，进入

fill in 填写 cut in 插入

join in 参加

look in 来访，参观 hand in 上交 drop in 拜访 give in 让步

take in 接纳，吸收 call in 召集，来访

bring in 引进，使得到收入 break in 强制进入，插话 result in 导致

succeed in 在……获成功 persist in 坚持

（9）动词十into run into 碰到

look into 研究，调查，往里面看

burst into 闯入，进发 turn into 变成

change…into 把……变成 divide…into 把……分成 put／translate…into 把……译成（l0）动词+of die of 死于

talk of 谈到 hear of 听说

think of 想到

dream of 梦到

speak of 谈到

consist of 由……组成

approve of 赞成 complain of 抱怨

become of 发生……情况，怎么啦（l1）动词+out go out 熄灭 set out 出发，着手 try out 试用，试验 put out 扑灭 run out 用完

let out 泄漏，发出(声音)pick out 选出

hold out 坚持下去

wear out 穿破，使……疲劳 make out 理解，看清楚 keep out(of)使不进入，挡住 find out 查出，弄明白 work out 算出，想出办法等 send out 发出，派遣 give out 散发，分发，用完 look out 当心，提防 hand out 散发，分发 help out 救助 turn out 结果是，生产 come out 出版，出来 cross out 划掉 burst out 进发 carry out 执行 break out 爆发 point out 指出 figure out 算出

bring out 阐明，使表现出 leave out 省略，删掉 speak out 大胆讲出（l2）动词+over go over 审阅，检查，研究 get over 克服

run over 压死，看一遍 take over 接管，接替 turn over 翻倒，细想 fall over 跌倒，摔倒 roll over 翻滚 look over 翻阅，检查 think over 仔细考虑 watch over 看守，照看（l3）动词十to add to 增添

get to 到达

see to 处理，料理

turn to 向……求助，查阅 come to 共计，苏醒 lead to 导致，通向 reply to 答复

refer to 谈到，涉及，参阅 bring to 使苏醒 agree to 同意

object to 反对 point to 指向

write to 写信给

relate to 理解，同情，涉及，（与……）有关 attend to 处理 belong to 属于

supply…to 为……提供

devote…to 贡献给

stick／hold／keep to 坚持，忠于 compare…to 与……相比，把……比作（l4）三词以上的短语动词 do well in 在……干得好 make up for 弥补 look down on / upon 轻视 break away from 摆脱

keep away from 避开，别靠近

do away with 废除

put up with 忍受

catch up with = keep up with 赶上 fill up with 用……装满 go on with 继续

get on / along with 和……相处 look forward to 盼望 look up to 仰望，尊敬 add up to 总计

live up to 依据……行事；做到；不辜负（期望）get close to 接近

get down to 认真开始 set fire to 放火烧 pay attention to 注意 pay a visit to 访问

take / get / catch hold of 握住 run out of 用完 get out of 逃避，避免 take notice of 注意 take a photo of 拍……照片 take the place of 取代

set an example to 为……树立榜样

3、其他常用短语（按字母表顺序）

（1）Aa a balance diet 均衡饮食

a best-seller 畅销书

a bit = a little = a little bit 少许，一点儿，有点儿，稍微 a bit of 一点，少量（修饰不可数名词）

[ 比较：a few 一些，少量（修饰可数名词）

a great deal of 许多（修饰不可数名词）

a great / good many = scores of 许多，大量（修饰可数名词）a handful of 一把，少量的，少数（修饰可数或不可数名词）a large / great amount of = large amounts of 许多（修饰不可数名词）

a large quantity of = large quantities of 许多（修饰可数或不可数名词）a lot of = lots of 许多（修饰可数或不可数名词）

a mass of = masses of 大量，许多（修饰可数或不可数名词）

a(large / great)number of = large / huge numbers of 大量的，许多（修饰可数名词）

plenty of 大量的，很多，足够的（修饰可数或不可数名词）

a bunch of flowers 一束花

a cloud of 一团 a couple of 一对/双，两三个，一些，几个 a couple of days / weeks 两三天/周a cup of 一杯 a day or two = one or two days 一两天 a deserted island 荒岛 a healthy diet = a diet of healthy food(s)健康的饮食 a highly-developed country 高度发达的国家

a kind of 一种，一类

a laid-off worker 下岗工人 a large sum of money 一大笔钱

a list of 一张……的清单

a natural disaster 自然灾害 a pair of 一双，一副

a row of 一排，一行

a set of 一套，一副

a length of … 长……

a live concert 现场直播的音乐会

a packet of 一盒，一捆，一包

a piece of 一件，一块，一张

a series of 一系列的，一连串，一套 a shortage of teachers 教师资源的缺乏

a total failure 一个彻底的失败者 a two-day trip 一次两天的旅行

a third of = one third of 三分之一 a total of 总数（量）为

a variety of = varieties of = various 种种的，种类繁多的

a waste of(time)白费(时间)，浪费(时间)a man of name 知名人士

a world of magic and wonders 充满魔力和神奇的世界 after all 毕竟，终究

after a time 一段时间以后

after a short while 不久以后，没多久 after class / work / school 下课/下班/放学之后 all at once = all of a sudden 突然，忽然 all in all 总共，总的来说 all night long 整夜，通宵

all over 到处，遍及，结束

all alone = all by oneself 独自，独立

all day = all day long 全天，终日

all kinds / sorts of 各种各样的 all one’s life 终身，一生

all over the world / country = throughout the world / country 整个世界/全国

all right 好吧，行了，（病）好了 all the same 一样，同样的all the best 祝一切顺利，万事如意

all the time 一直

all the way 一路上，一直

all together 一起，总共

all(the)year round = all through the year= throughout the year 一年四季，一年到头 an invitation to… 一张……的请柬/请贴 an expert on … ……方面的专家 as a consequence / result 结果，因此

as a consequence / result of 作为（……的）结果，由于……的结果 as a whole 普遍来说，作为整体

as … as 像，如同

as … as possible = as…as one can 尽可能……地

as far as（表示程度，范围）就/尽……（=so far as），远至

as far as I know 就我所知，据我所知 as follows如下（用以列举事项）

as if = as though 好像，似乎，仿佛（比较：even if = even though 虽然，即使，尽管）as long as 只要（= so long as引导条件状语从句），长达

as much / many as 多达

as soon as possible 尽快，尽可能早地

as soon as 一……就……

as to / for 至于，关于，就……而言

as usual 像往常一样

as well 也/还有(= too)，同样地，例外 as well as = together with = and 也，以及，和，还，而且 as with...也一样，就像……

at all 根本（否定句），到底（疑问句），竟然（条件从句）at a loss 茫然，不知所措

at an early age 年轻时 at any moment / time 随时

[ 比较：after a moment = after a while / minute 过了一会儿

a moment ago = just now 刚才，不久以前

a moment later 片刻之后 at the moment = at the time 此刻，现在，在那时

at the very moment 就在那一刹那

for a moment = for a while / minute 一会儿

for the moment = for the time being 暂时，目前

in a moment = in a while /minute / second 过一会儿，立刻，马上 the moment / minute(that)...一……就 ……]

at any risk 不顾一切

[比较：at risk 处于危险中

at the risk of(doing sth)冒着（可能做某事）的危险

take / run a risk / risks 冒险

risk one’s life(to do sth)冒着生命危险（做某事）

risk doing sth 冒险做某事）] at birth 出生时，一生下来就 at hand近在手边，在附近

at breakfast 在吃早饭

at home 在家

at last 终于，最后 at midnight 在半夜 at noon 在中午

(at)home and abroad 在国内外

at length 最后，终于，详细地

at night 在夜里，天黑时

at once = right away = right now 马上，立即 at one go 一口气

at present = at the present time 现在, 目前 at sea 在海上，航海中，茫然（比较：by sea 乘船

by the sea 在海边

in the sea 在海里

on the sea 在海面上）

at stake 在危险中

at such a great height 在如此高的高度 at table 在吃饭（比较：at the table 在桌前）

at times 偶尔，有时

（比较：at that time 那时

at the same time = meanwhile 同时

at the correct / wrong / best time of year 在一年里合适/不合适/最佳时候）at various academic levels 不同的学术层次

at war 处于战争/交战状态

at work 忙于工作

at the age of...在……岁的时候

at the art festival 在艺术节上，在艺术节期间 at the base 在底部

at the(very)beginning of...在……开始时，在……之初

at the bottom of 在……下端/底部

at the cost of 以……为代价 at the end of 在……末端，到……结束时 at the foot of 在……的脚下 at the head of 在……最前面 at the latest 最迟

at the front desk 在前台，在服务台

at a high /low price 以高/低价

at(the)least 至少 [比较：at(the)most 最多]

at the mercy of 任由……摆布/控制，在……的掌握中

at the opening /closing(ceremony)of...在……开/闭幕式上 at the rate of 以……的比率

at the side of 在……的旁边 at the speed of 以……速度（比较：at full / high speed 高速）at the top of one’s voice 大声地

at the weekend 在周末

accept … as… 认为……是……，承认……是……，把……当作…… [比较：regard … as… 认为……是

treat … as…把…… 当作

recognize … as… 认为……是……

view / see / know … as… 认为……是……

consider … as … / consider …(to be…)认为……是……

look on … as… 视……为

refer to … as… 把……视为

think of… as… / think …(to be…)认为……是……] accept sb’s apology 接受某人的道歉

accuse sb of sth / doing sth 指控某人为……/ 做某事 achieve one’s goal 达到目的 achieve success 获得成功 act as 担任，充当

adapt oneself to 使自己适应于

add to 增加，添加

add up 加起来

adjust to（调整以）适应

adapt to（改变以）适应

adapt to the new environment 适应新环境

add …to… 把……加到……上

add up to 总计达到

adjust to these extreme conditions 适应极限条件

admire sb as… 钦佩某人是……

admire sb for… 钦佩某人的……，因……钦佩某人 advance the deadline 提前最后期限

advise sb to do sth 建议某人做某事

advance towards… 朝……前进

agree with sb / sb’s opinion / sb’s idea 同意某人（意见，看法），与某人看法一致 [ 比较：agree on sth 对……达成共识

agree to(the plan)同意（计划等）] aim at 向……瞄准，旨在，针对 answer for… 对……负责

allow for 顾及，为……做准备

apologize to sb(for sth)= make an apology to sb(for sth)（因某事）向某人道歉 appeal to 有吸引力，呼吁，上诉

appeal to their emotions 投合他们的喜好 apply for 申请，请求

apply to 应用，适用

appoint sb as… 任命某人当…… approve of 赞成 argue about 争论某事

argue with sb about sth 因某事和某人争执/争论

arrive in / at 到达某地

ask after sb 问候某人

ask for 要求得到

ask for a day off 请一天假 ask for a leave 请假

associate…with… 把……与……联系起来 attach to 加在……之上，使喜爱，使依恋，参加，附着 attempt to do sth 试图做某事 attend the meeting 出席会议

attend school / university 上学/上大学 attend to 处理，照顾，关照，倾听

attract / draw / call sb’s attention 吸引某人注意 above all 首要的是，尤其是

according to 根据 action film / movie 动作片

advanced mathematics 高等数学

again and again 一次又一次，一再，反复 against the wall 靠着墙

ahead of… 优于，超过，比……早，在……的前面 alarm clock 闹钟

along with… 和……一起 and so on 等等

another day 改天

and things like that ……之类的东西 any more 再，又apart from 除……都，除……以外

around the corner 在拐角处，即将来临

（比较：on the way = in store 即将来临

draw near 即将来临，就要来临，逼近）（2）Bb

be after 寻找，追踪，追求

be from 从……来，是……人 be off / leaving 离开

be out of 没有，用完

be up against 面对

be /act against 违背，违反，反对 be next to 在……隔壁，紧挨着…… be out（灯火）熄灭，（人）外出 be up 起床

be up to sb 由某人决定

be up to sth 忙于某事，从事于

be upon 逼近，临近be anxious about … 为……而忧虑/着急/担心

（比较：be anxious for … 渴望，非常希望

be concerned about / for… 为……而忧虑/着急/担心

be concerned about / with… 对……关切/关注/感兴趣）be careful about / of / with sth 注意，留意，当心 [比较：be careful(not)to do sth 小心（不）做某事] be clear about 对……清楚

be crazy about 对……着迷 be curious about = have the curiosity about 对……感到好奇

be excited about 对…… 感到兴奋 be amazed at 为……感到惊讶

be present at 出席

be particular about 对……挑剔 be experienced at 对……有经验

be shocked at 对……感到震惊

be common for 对……来说是很普通的

be eager for … = long for… = be dying for… 渴望得到……（比较：be eager to do sth 急着想做某事）be famous for 因……而闻名，由于……而出名（比较：be famous as 作为……而闻名

be famous to 对……来说很出名）

be fit for = be suitable for 适合

be good / bad for sb 对……有好处/坏处

（比较：be good at 善于……，擅长于……，在……方面做得好

be good to sb 对某人友好

do good to sb = do sb good 对某人有好处

do harm to sb = do sb harm = harm sb = be harmful to sb 对某人有害，伤害某人）

be honored for… 因……受到尊敬

be intended for 为了 be late for 迟到（比较：be late with sth 某事做得晚）be to blame for 因……受到责备

be carved in rock 被刻在岩石上

be caught in(a rain / a traffic jam / the earthquake)突然/偶然遇到（雨/交通堵塞/地震）be confident in 在……方面自信

be effective in 在……方面有效

be fluent in(a language)在（某一门语言）方面很流利

be lost in = lose oneself in 沉浸于，沉醉于be poor / low in 在……方面不足 be quick in mind and action 思维敏捷行动迅速

be rich / high in 在……方面丰富

be set in 以……为背景 be strong in heart and mind 意志坚强，头脑聪明

be trapped in 被困在……（比较：be trapped by 被……所困）

be afraid of = be terrified of 害怕，恐惧（比较：be afraid to do 害怕去做，不敢做）be ashamed of 为……感到羞愧/惭愧

be aware of 意识到，知道

be fond of = care for = like = enjoy 爱好，喜欢

be full of = be filled with 充满了，装满 be short of = be lacking in 缺乏，缺少 be uncertain of / about 对……没把握

be addicted to 沉溺于

be jealous of 嫉妒

be sure of / about 对……有把握 be accustomed to(doing)sth习惯于……

be loyal to = be faithful to = be devoted to 忠诚于 be opened to 向……开放

be reduced to 30% 减少到百分之30%（指最后的结果）

[比较：be reduced by 30% 减少了百分之30%（指与原来相对而言）] be similar to 与……相似，与……相像 be armed with 以……武装

be busy with sth 忙于某事

（比较：be busy doing sth 忙于做某事

be occupied with sth 忙于某事

be occupied in doing sth 忙于做某事）

be covered with / by 被……所覆盖

be crowded with 挤/塞满了…… be diagnosed with 被诊断为

be equipped with 具有，装有……设备，为……做好准备

be faced with 面临……，面对……

be fed up with 对……感到厌倦

be mean with 对……吝啬

be familiar with 对……很熟悉

be honest with 对……诚实

be angry with sb for sth 因某事生某人的气 be burdened with 为……所累

be pleased / satisfied with 对……感到满意

（比较：be content with 对……感到满意，满足于……

be content to do sth 愿意做某事）

be popular with 受到……的欢迎

be pressed with 被刻印/铸压上

be strict with sb 对某人严格要求（比较：be strict in sth 对某事严格要求）be surrounded with / by 被……围绕

be about to do sth 正要做某事

be delighted to do sth 高兴做某事

be determined to do = determine / decide to do sth 决心做……

be due to do sth 预定/到期应该做某事（比较：due to sth 因为/由于……）be forced to do sth 被迫做某事

be likely to do sth 很有可能做某事

be willing to do = like to do 愿意做某事 be absent from 缺席，旷课

be free to do sth 任意去做，悉听尊便

be supposed to do 被认为/被期望/应该做某事 be able to do 能，会

be asleep 睡着（比较：be awake 醒着）

be awarded a Nobel Prize 获得诺贝尔奖

be badly off 潦倒，贫困（比较：be well off 富有）be badly treated 受到虐待

be / become endangered 频临危险 be in contact with 与……有交往

（比较：make contact with 与……联络

lose / break contact with 与……失去联系

lose touch with = be out of touch with 与……失去联系

be in touch with = stay / keep in touch with 与……保持联系 get in touch with = get into contact with sb 与……取得联系 bring … into touch with 使……接触，使……认识

keep track of… 与……保持联系，了解……的动态，记录……）

be in possession of = take possession of 持有，拥有，占有，占领

be born 出生，出世（比较：be in sb’s possession = be in the possession of sb 被某人占有/拥有

come into sb’s possession 被某人占有/拥有）be in the charge of 在某人的掌管下，由某人经营/照顾（比较：be in charge of 掌管，管理，照顾）

be mentally disturbed 精神失常

be of benefit 有利的，有好处的be of(no)effect 有（无）效

be of different sizes / weights / shapes 大小不一/重量不同/形状各异（比较：be of the same size / weight / shape 大小/重量/形状相同）be of great importance / value 非常重要，有重要性

be of high / good quality 高质量的（比较：be of poor quality 质量糟糕的）be of(no)use 有（无）用

be stressed out 紧张的，有压力的 be well received 很受欢迎

be on good terms(with sb)与某人关系好 be upset 沮丧，伤心

be(well)worth doing（很）值得做

[比较：be worthy of sth / of being done / to be done 值得（做）……] by accident = by chance 偶然地, 碰巧，意外

by air / boat / bus / train 乘坐飞机/小船/公共汽车/火车 by and by 不久以后，逐渐地

by appointment 按约定 by choice 出于选择（比较：for choice 要选就选）

by day / night 白天/ 晚上

by fax 通过传真

by force 靠武力

by hand = with one’s hands 手工

by law 根据法律

by mail 通过邮寄

by means of(doing)sth 通过，借助于……手段（比较：by all means = in all ways 不惜一切

by no means = in no way 决不，一点也不

by this means = in this way 用这种方法）

by mistake = in error 由于错误或疏忽，错误地

by weight 按重量计算（比较：by the hour / day 按小时/天计算）by the end of 到……结束为止，到……底为止 by the nearest exit 从最近的出口出去

by the side of 在……附近

by the time 到……的时候（后接状语从句）by the way 顺便说，顺便问一下

[ 比较：by way of … 经由，经过, 通过……的方法

in a way = in one way = in some way 在某种程度上

in no way 决不, 一点也不 in the / sb’s way 挡道，妨碍

in this / that way 以这种/那种方式，这样／那样 in … way = in the way of 以……的方式 this / that way 这样/那样（直接做状语）

on one’s way here / there / home(adv.)在（到这里/去那里/回家）的路上 on one’s way to doing sth 即将做某事

on one’s way to someplace(n.)在去某地的路上 on the way 在路上，在来/去的行进中 on the way home 在回家的路上，即将来临 out of the way 不挡道

feel one’s way 摸索着道路（前进）

fight one’s way 挣扎着前进，经（奋斗或努力）开路或获得（某事物）

find one’s way to 设法找到去……的路 lose one’s way 迷路

make one’s way to 朝……走去 push one’s way 挤过去

struggle one’s way 艰难地行进] base on sth 以……为基础（比较：be based on / upon 以……为基础）beg for 乞求

become of 发生……情况，怎么啦 believe in 信赖，信任，信仰(真理，宗教，原则)，支持，赞成 bend over 弯腰，俯身

benefit from = profit by / from 从……吸取教训，从……中获益 blow away 吹走

blow the fire off 熄火，把火吹灭

blow out 吹灭

brush one’s teeth 刷牙

build up 逐步建立，增进，增加，加强，扩大

burden sb / oneself with sth 加负担于某人 / 自己 burn down 烧毁，烧成平地

burn down… to the ground 把……烧成平地 burn up 消耗，烧掉

burst into 闯入，突然破门而入 burst into sth = burst out doing 迸发，突然而猛烈地产生某种情况（比较：burst into laughter = burst out laughing 突然大笑起来

burst into tears 眼泪夺眶而出

burst into cheers 突然欢呼）

burst out(doing)迸发出来，突然开始（做）

bed time 就寝时间

Beijing Opera 京剧

before long 不久以后（比较：long before 很久以前）belong to sb / sth 属于某人/某事 below / above zero 零度以下/上 body building 健美

boiled water 开水

business hours 营业时间

but for 如果不是，倘若不是

body language 身势语

both … and … 两个都，既……又…… bus station / stop 汽车站/公共汽车站

Better late than never.迟做总比不做好。

（3）Cc calculate the distance between… 计算出……的距离

calm down平静，镇定

can’t help but do sth 忍不住做某事 can’t help doing sth 禁不住做某事，情不自禁做某事

carbon dioxide 二氧化碳

care about 对……感兴趣，关心，担心

card games 纸牌游戏

（比较：care for 喜欢，关怀，照顾，照料

care for sb to do sth 愿意某人做

care to do sth 愿意做）

carry away 拿走，使入迷

carry on 继续进行，坚持下去

carry off 夺走，携走

carry on research 进行研究

carry out(an experiment / a plan / an order / a survey)开展或执行（实验/计划/命令/调查）cast away 抛弃

catch a glimpse of 瞥见 catch fire = be on fire 着火，开始燃烧

catch / find sb doing sth 发现/发觉某人正在做某事

cause damage to… 对……造成破坏

cell phone 移动电话，手机 centre on / upon… 将……当做重点或中心（比较：centre / concentrate / fasten / fix / focus one’s attention on 把注意力集中于）chain stores 连锁店

change A for B 用A换B change A into B 把A变成B，把A转换成B change one’s mind 改变主意

charge… for 收费，要价

charge sth with… 使某事物充满……（情感）（比较：be charged with 充满……）

chat on line 网上聊天

check in 登记，报到 check out 查明，核查，结帐

check information 审核情况

cheer sb on 为某人加油

cheer sb up 使某人高兴起来，使某人振作起来 chemical factory 化工厂

child laborer 童工

Christmas card / tree / Eve 圣诞卡/树/前夕 classical music 古典音乐 classify … into … 把……分类成…… clean out 清除，打扫干净 clear away 清除掉，消散，清除打扫，整理

clear up 打扫卫生，梳理整齐，（天气）放晴，露出喜悦的表情 close friends 密友

close up（尤指暂时）关闭，使靠近

close down 倒闭 close to 靠近，接近

commit the / a combine…with… 把……和……结合起来 comment on / upon… 对……进行评论 crime 犯罪

common sense 常识，情理

communicate sth to sb 使某事物被人知晓，传送某事物给某人

communicate with… 与……交流/联络 compare notes 交换意见，交流看法 compare … to… 把……比作…

compete against… 与……相对抗

compete in 参加（竞赛）

compare with … 与……相比

compete for… 为……而竞争

compete with… 与……竞争/比赛

computer / video games 电子游戏 complain of 抱怨……

congratulate sb on sth 祝贺某人某事

connect to 连接，相连（比较：be connected to 与……有关系）

connect with … 与……相连接

contribute to 有利于，贡献，捐款给，为……投稿 cool off 变凉，冷却，冷

copy sb’s example 仿照某人，照某人的样子做 cover an entire continent 覆盖整个大陆

cover the events 采访事件，报道事件

create a positive / negative effect 产生积极/消极的作用/影响 cross out 划掉

crowd around（许多人）围着

cultural relics / sites 文化古迹

current affairs 时事

Cheer up.振作起来。提起精神。

Come on!来！快呀！（4）Dd dance to the music 伴随音乐起舞

date from = date back to 始于……时期，追溯到

day after day 日复一日（强调重复）day by day 一天天地（强调逐渐变化）day and night 日日夜夜地

deal with = do with 处理，解决，对付

depend on / upon = rely on / upon 依靠，依赖，信赖，靠……来决定 develop a lifelong friendship with sb 与某人成为终身朋友 develop the photos 冲洗照片

devote … to… 把……贡献给……，献身于……，专心于…… [比较：be devoted to(doing)sth 投身于

be devoted to sb 喜欢某人] die away 逐渐消失，减弱（以至感觉不到），淡化 die down 逐渐降低，减弱，消失，平息 die from 因……而死，死于（除了疾病或情感以外的原因，及某种具体疾病）

die of(illness, hunger, grief, etc.)因……而死，死于（疾病，饥饿，悲伤等情感内因）

die off 一一死去，先后死去

die out = become extinct 灭绝，绝迹，消失

differ from = be different from 与……不同，区别于 dig up 挖出，掘起

dining room 餐厅 dip into sth 把……放入液体中，浏览，翻阅

display one’s deep sympathy 表达某人深切的同情

distinguish A from B 显示A和B（两者）的差别，使A和B有所不同（比较：distinguish between A and B 区别/辨别A 和B）

divide … into 把……分成，使……分隔开

divide up 分配

double one’s efforts 加倍努力 dozens of 几十

draw a conclusion 得出结论

draw back 后退

dream of 梦到

draw attention to 对……表示注意 draw up 起草，拟定

dream of / about doing sth 梦想做某事 dress up as… 打扮／装饰成……

drink to sb / sth 为……而干杯或祝福 drop by 访问，拜访

drop in on sb 顺便拜访某人 drop off 放下（某物），下车 drop sb a line 给某人写短信

dress up 化装打扮，乔装打扮

drink a toast 祝酒

drive off 击退, 把（车）开走 drop in 顺便走访，拜访

drop in at sp 顺便拜访某地

drop out(of…)（从竞赛、活动等）退出，辍学 during the day 在白天

during / in the 1980s / 1980’s 20世纪80年代

during / in / throughout one’s lifetime 在某人的一生中

（5）Ee each other 互相，彼此（比较：one another 相互，彼此）earn / make / gain a / one’s living 谋生 earn / make money 挣钱，赚钱 eat up 吃完，吃光

either…or … 或者……或者……，要么……要么……

[比较：neither … nor … 既不……也不……

not…but… 不是……而是……

not only …but also… 不仅……而且……（前句用于句首时，须倒装）] end up with … 以……结束/告终（比较：begin / start with 以……开始

close with 以……结束/告终

end up 结束，告终，最后得到……的结局/下场 end in failure / prison 以失败/坐牢而告终.end in a tie 以平局结束）

engage to sb 与某人订婚

enjoy equal rights 享有平等权利

English-speaking countries 说英语的国家 enjoy oneself 过得愉快，玩得开心

escape from 免于/逃脱……，从……泄露出 every day 每天

everyday use 日常使用 every few years 每隔几年

（比较：every four years = every fourth year 每四年，每隔三年

every two years = every second year = every other year 每两年，每隔一年)every now and then 不时地

ever since 从……以来，从那时起except for 除了……之外

exist in 存在于……

exchange student 交换生

experience life 体验生活

experiment with 进行实验，进行试验

explain sth to sb = explain to sb sth 向某人解释某事 express oneself 表达自己的意思

Everything / All goes well.一切顺利。

Excuse me.对不起。

（6）Ff face to face 面对面(比较：hand in hand 手拉手，密切关联)

fail in doing sth 没做成某事

fail to do sth 无法做某事 fall asleep 入睡（比较：fall ill 病了，患病，病倒)fall behind（成就，成绩）落后于

fall down 摔下来，倒塌 fall in love with sb 爱上某人（比较：be in love with sb 与某人相爱）fall into 陷入，落入

fall off 跌落，下降

fall to / into pieces 垮台，崩溃，解体，倒塌 family name 姓氏 fax machine 传真机 far from… 远离……

fall over 跌倒，摔倒

fairy tale 童话

family tree 家谱

far away 遥远，很远

fasten / tie … to… 把……栓/别在……上feast on sth 宴饮，尽情地享受…… feed … on 喂养，饲养（比较：feed on / upon … 以……为食）

feel down 感到闷闷不乐

feel like doing sth 想做某事

feel well / terrible / better / weak 感觉好/糟/好些/虚弱 fight against 与……作斗争／打架／打仗

fight for sth 为……而斗争，争取获得某事物

fight over 为……而战，因……而争吵/争斗

fight sb / sth off 抗击某人/某事物，击退某人/某事物 fight with 与……并肩作战

figure out 理解，想明白，算出

fill in 填空，填写 fill out 把……填好

fill with 用……填充 fill A with B 把B装进A里，把A装满B fill up with… 用……装满

find out 获知，查明，查出，弄明白，发现，了解 fire escapes 安全梯

fire exit 安全出口 first aid 急救

fish farms 渔场 fit in 被他人接受，相处融洽

fit in(with sb / sth)与（某人/某事物）相适应/相协调 fix a time / date for 为……确定时间/日期 fix up 搭起，安装，修理，修补

folk song 民歌 follow customs 随俗，按照习惯

follow sb’s instructions 遵从某人的指示

follow the rules 按照规则去做

follow / take sb’s advice 听某人的劝告 forget about 忘记了

for a period of several weeks / months 在几周/几个月的一段时间里 for ever = for good 永远

for example = for instance 例如(比较：such as … 例如……，像……这样)

for free = free of charge = without payment 免费（比较：at one’s own charge / expense 自费）

for once 就这/那一次

for the first time 第一次，初次，首先

for one thing…, for another 首先……，其次……

[比较：at first = in / at the beginning 起初，首先

at first sight 第一眼，乍一看，初见之下

first of all 第一，首先，最重要

in the first place（用于列举理由时）首先，第一，原先

the first time 第一次，初次（后接状语从句）] for the reason 因为

for the sake of 由于，为了……的利益，为了……起见 free from 不受……的影响，没有……的

from now on 从现在开始，今后

from then on = from that moment on 从那时起 from … to … 从……到……

from time to time 有时，不时，偶尔 from one country to another = from country to country 从一个国家到另一个国家 from one generation to another 一代接一代地 full dress 盛装

further education 进修，深造

（7）Gg gain weight = put on weight 发福，增加体重，增肥（比较：lose weight 减肥）

gas station 加油站

gift money 压岁钱

generally speaking 总的来说，一般来说 given / first name 名字 glare at 怒视

greenhouse effect 温室效应

grow up 生长，长大 glance at 匆匆一瞥

graduate from… 毕业于…… green tea 绿茶

grow up to be… 长大后成为……

Good luck!祝你好运！Good morning / afternoon / evening!早上/下午/晚上好！（8）Hh had better(do)最好（做）

hand down 流传下去

hand in 交上去，提出，面交

hand out 散发，分发，发放 hang on 等一等，别挂电话

hang up 挂断电话 hang out（俚语）闲逛

harmony with others 与其他人和睦相处，与其他人相处和谐 hear about / of 听说，知道

hear from sb 收到某人来信

heart and soul 全心全意地

here and there 各处，处处，四处 help sb out 救助，帮助某人解决困难，帮助某人摆脱困境 help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事

high school 中学，高中

hit sb on the head / in the face 打某人的头部/脸部 hold／keep / stick to 坚持，忠于 home cooking 家常做法

hold together 连在一起，团结一致 home village 家乡

hope / wish for 希望得到，对……怀着希望 host the Olympic Games 主办奥运会

hour after hour 一小时又一小时 how many / much 多少（可数名词）/多少钱（或不可数名词）how far 多远

how often 多久一次，多常

human being 人，人类

hunt animals 狩猎

how long多久 how old 几岁

hundreds of 几百，成百上千的 hunt for = search for 搜寻，寻找 Hands up.举起手来。

How are you? 你（身体）好吗？

hurry up 赶快，快点

Help oneself to sth 请随便吃。

How do you do!你好！

How is it going? 情况怎么样？ Here you are.给你。（比较： There you are.你来了。）

32（9）Ii ice cream 冰淇淋

iced tea 冰茶

ice skating 滑冰

ID card 身份证 if necessary = if it is necessary 如果需要的话

if only 要是……就好了（常用于虚拟语气）impress on sb 给某人留下好印象

（比较：be impressed by / with 对……留下印象）

in a few days = in a few days’ time 几天后 in a flash 立刻，很快，立即 in a hurry = hurriedly 匆忙地 in a slightest 一点也，根本

in a straight line 沿着直线

in a whisper 小声地

in a good mood 心情好

in a row 一个接一个地，连续不断地 in a … state 处在……的状态/情况下 in a very short while 马上，立刻

in a word 总之，简言之，一句话

（比较：in other words 换句话说，换言之

in one’s own words 用自己的话说）

in an act of revenge 作为报复

in all = in total = altogether 总共，总之 in class 在课堂上

in common 共同，共有 in condition = in good health 身体好，身体健康（比较：out of condition = in poor health身体不好 in bad / good condition 处于坏的/好的状态）

in darkness 处于一片漆黑

in danger 处于危险中

（比较：out of danger 脱离危险

in danger of 面临……的危险）in debt 欠债

in demand 有需要的 in detail 详细地

in disorder 混乱 in English 用英语（表达）

in fact = in reality = as a matter of fact事实上，实际上

in general 一般说来，通常

in history 在历史上 in hospital / prison / church 住院/坐牢/做礼拜 in … order = in order of 按顺序

in order to do = so as to do 以便，为了，为的是（so as to do不臵于句首）

in peace = peacefully 安静，宁静

in public 当众，公开地，公然，在公共场所 in return 作为回报（比较：in turn 转而，反过来，轮流）in silence 安静地，无声地

in society 在社会上

in space 在太空（比较：in outer space 在外层空间，在外太空）in store 贮藏着，准备着，就要来到

in style 流行的，时髦的

（比较：out of style = out of fashion = out of date 过时的 come into fashion = be in fashion 流行的）in surprise / astonishment 吃惊，惊讶地 in time 及时（比较：on time 准时）in trouble 处于困境中

in use 在使用中

in vain 徒劳，白辛苦

in chains（指囚犯）用链锁住的，不自由，被囚禁

in ruins 成为废墟

in tears 哭泣，掉泪 in other aspects 从其他方面

（比较：in terms of 就……而言

in large amounts 大批地，大量地

in the eyes of 在……看来)

in anxiety of 担心，担忧 in case of 假使，以防

（比较：in case 万一，以免

in that case 既然那样，假若是那样的话）

in front of 在（某人/某物）前面（比较：in the front of 在……的前部

in front 在前方，在正对面）

in honour of 出于对……的敬意，为庆祝/纪念…… in praise of 称赞，赞赏

in search of 寻找

in spite of = despite = regardless of 尽管，不管 in view of 鉴于，考虑到，由于

in want / need of … 需要，缺少…… in agreement with 与……意见一致

in conversation with 与……谈话中 in harmony with 与……协调

in relation to 与……有关的 in reply to 回答，答复，回应

in exchange for 交换，互换

in the direction of 朝……的方向（比较：in all directions 四面八方）

in the form of 以……的形式

in the heart of 在……的中心/核心部分 in the hope of(doing)sth 抱着（做某事）的希望

in the name of 以……的名义，代表（比较：name … after 给……取名，命名）in the process of 在……的过程中

in the day / daytime 在白天 in the end = at last = finally = eventually 最后，终于

in the future 在未来，将来（比较：in future 以后，今后）in / during / over the last / past ten years 在过去的十年 in the past = in the old days 在过去

in / during the rush hour 在交通高峰期 in ancient / modern times 在古代/现代 in the air 在空中

in the open air 在户外

in the rain 在雨中，冒雨 in the shade 在阴凉处

in the sun 在太阳下

in the wild 在野外，在自然环境下

in one’s(personal)opinion 依某人之见

in one’s teens 十几岁时

in one’s youth 年轻时

information

instead of… 代替……，而不是……，作为……的替换（比较：rather than 而不是）

insist on sth / doing sth 坚持某事/坚持做某事

intend to do sth 打算做某事

intend sth for … 把某物供给……用（比较：sth be intended for… 供……用）involve sb in… 使某人参加，使某人陷入……（困境），使某人牵涉到……（比较：be involved in… 参与，有关联，忙于某事）It depends.=That / It(all)depends.要看情况而定。

I dare say….我认为……。我估计……。I’m sorry.对不起。10）Jj join hands 携手，联手，合伙

join in 参加，加入

join sb(in doing sth)和某人一起做某事 join the line 排队 join up 联合起来

desk 问讯处（judge sb by sth 依据某事物判断某人，断定，认为（比较：be judged by 靠……来判断）junk food 垃圾食品

just as 恰如 just now 刚才，现在just then 正在那时

just so-so 一般

（11）Kk kick the habit 戒除某嗜好

know about 对……了解

（12）L labor force 劳动力

later on 后来，随后，以后

lay down one’s life 献出生命 lay the table 摆桌子

kind of 稍微，有点儿

know of 听说过

lack of sleep 缺少睡眠

laugh at 嘲笑，讥笑

lay off 解雇，不理会，使下岗

lead / have / live a cosy / an active life 过着舒适的/活跃的生活

lead sb to do sth = cause sb to do sth 使某人做某事 lead to = result in 通往，导致

learn about… 了解，学习有关……知识 learn …(all)by himself = teach …oneself 自学…… learn from… 向……学习，从……中学习

leave alone 不管，不打扰，不理会，随……去 leave behind 忘带，留下

leave out 省略，删掉，不考虑

leave sb by himself 把某人独自留下

leave sb where he / she is 把某人留在原地 leave school 离开学校，辍学，毕业

less than 少于，不足

let down 不支持，使失望，使沮丧 let in 放进，让……进来 lie down 躺下

let out 放掉，泄露，发出(声音)lie in 在于，位于

light bulb 电灯泡

light up 照亮，使放光彩，点上（烟）吸起来

listen to 听……

live in poverty 生活在贫困线上

lie to sb 对某人撒谎

light a fire 点火

limit … to … 把……限制在…… little by little 逐渐地

live life on the go 过着忙碌的生活

live on 以……为主食，靠……谋生，继续存在，继续活着 live one’s dream = try to realize one’s dream 努力实现梦想 live through 活过，经过（困难，危险）之后仍旧活着 live up to 依据……行事，做到，不辜负（期望）

live up to sb’s expectation = meet sb’s expectation 不辜负某人的期望 live with 忍受，与……一起住

lock sb up 将某人监禁起来，将某人锁于某处不得进出 lose control = be out of control 失去控制 lose heart 失去信心，泄气，灰心（13）Mm major in 主修，专研

main course 主菜

means of transport 交通方式

midfield player 中场球员

lose one’s life 牺牲某人的生命 Let me see.让我想想。

match …with … 把……和……相配

man-made satellite 人造卫星 medical care 医疗保健

Middle East 中东

miss one’s turn 错过 mix up 混合在一起

lose one’s sight / voice 失明 / 失声

millions of 成百上千万

mistake / take A for B 错把A当成B

mix …with … 把……和……混合 morning paper 晨报

mobile phone 可移动电话

movie stars 电影名星

more and more 越来越多

more or less 或多或少

more than = not only 不仅，不只，多于，十分（比较：more A than B 与其说B，不如说是A no more than = only 仅仅，只不过

not more than 不超过，至多）

most of 大多数

multiply … by … ……乘以…… My goodness!天啊！

musical styles 音乐风格

（14）Nn native language = mother tongue 母语

next time 下次

neck and neck 并驾齐驱，不分上下，不相上下 next to 紧接着，相邻，在旁边，次于

nine out of ten = nine in ten 十分之九

no doubt 无疑地 no longer / more = not…any longer / more 不再，已不

no matter 不论……，无论……

not as / so… as 不像，不如

not at all = not a bit 一点也不，绝非（比较：not a little = very much 很，非常）not later than 不迟于

now and then 偶尔，时而

not …till / until… 直到……才……

now that 既然

Nice to meet / meeting you.很高兴见到你。（15）Oo obey / break the rules 遵守／违反规定

obey / observe the law 遵守法律

object to 反对

occur to sb 使某人突然想到 offer advice about / on … 提出关于……的建议

of course 当然

of late = lately 最近，近来

of one’s own 属于自己的（比较：on one’s own = by oneself 独自，单独地）on a large scale 大规模地，大范围地 on a team 在一队/组，加入一队/组 on(an / the)average平均，按平均计算 on an open fire 露营

on all sides 在各方面，到处

on and on 不停地，不断地

on condition that = if 如果

on board 在（船/飞机）上

on business 出差

on display 展览，陈列 [比较：on show 展出，在上演（放映）] on duty 值日，值班

on earth 在地球上，究竟 on end 直立，竖立 on holiday 在度假

on foot 步行

on purpose = by accident 故意地 on watch 值班，守望

on the contrary 相反地，反之

on the go 奔波，忙忙碌碌的，四处奔走 on the march 在游行

on the point of 就在……的时候

on sale 上市，出售，廉价出售，减价 on the air 正在播出的on the front page 在头版

on the Internet 在互联网上 on the phone 在通话，用电话交流

on / over the radio 通过收音机

on the top of 在……的顶端

on one’s arrival / return（某人）一到达/回来

on(the)one hand…, on the other hand … 一方面, 另一方面 once in a while 偶尔，有时

once more / again 再一次 once upon a time 从前，很早以前 one after another 一个接一个

one day（过去/将来）有一天，某一天 one by one 一个一个地，逐一

one-child policy 独生子女政策

opera house 歌剧院，艺术剧院 open up 打开，开启，开创，开辟，开设，开放 operate on sb 给某人动手术

or else 否则，要不然

opposite to 在……对面 or rather 或者

ought to 应当，应该

out of breath 上气不接下气

out of order 运转不正常，出毛病 out of one’s reach 够不着

or so 大约，……左右

out of 由……里面向外，在……之外 out of danger 脱离危险

out of work 失业

over and over again 多次，反复地，一再 over there 在那边

owe sb sth = owe sth to sb 把……归功于，感谢，欠（债）owe thanks to sb for sth 因为某事感谢某人（16）Pp parking lot 停车场

pay phone（投币式）公用电话

pencil case 文具盒，铅笔盒

people with disabilities = disabled people 残疾人 persist in 坚持

physical education 体育

pen friend / pal 笔友

pencil sharpener 转笔刀，削笔刀 personal affair 隐私

phone number 电话号码

pile of(homework)一大堆（作业），一大批，一大团 places of(great)interest 名胜

pop music 流行音乐

post office 邮电局

play against … 同……比赛

play / act the role of sb = play sb 扮演某人的角色

play a part / role in … 在……中起作用 play a trick on sb 开某人的玩笑，耍弄某人 play football / basketball 踢足球／打篮球 play the piano 弹钢琴

play with 玩耍，游戏 primary school = elementary school 小学 point at 指示，指向

point to 指向

point out 指出，使注意 B更喜欢A

prepare sth 准备

prepare for sth 为某事做好准备

protect sb from / against … 保护某人免受……(伤害等)provide sb with sth = provide sth for sb 为某人提供某物

（比较：supply sb with sth = supply sth to sb 给某人提供某物

offer sb sth = offer sth to sb 为某人主动提供某物）pull down 拆毁，拆除，摧毁，推翻

pull on 随便穿上 pull out of 从……中退出，（火车）驶离车站，从……拉出来

pull sb up 把……往上拉，把……拉上来

push open 推开

push(sth)over（使车船等）闪到一边 pros and cons 赞成与反对，正面和反面 pretty well 相当好，几乎，差不多（17）Qq quarrel with sb(about sth)（因某事）和某人吵架/争吵

quite a few 许多，大量

quite a lot / a bit 许多，大量

（18）Rr raise money for(good cause)为（做好事）而筹款

rank high / low 排名高/排名低

rank third 位居第三 rather than 宁可，而不是，非，与其……宁愿……

prefer A to B 相比prepare sb for sth 使某人为某事做好准备 produce / make electricity 发电

raw material 原料

record holder 记录保持者

record card 成绩单

reach out(for sth)伸手去（拿，碰）

reach out(to sth)伸出手以触到或抓到、拿到某物

read about 读到有关……

receive / get one’s doctor’s degree 获得博士学位 recommend … to sb 向某人推荐……

refer to 提到，查询，参阅，指的是，谈到，涉及，有关

relate to 理解，同情，涉及，与……有关（比较：be related to 与……有关联/关系）remind sb of sth 使某人想起某事

reply to 答复

respond to 回应，反映，响应

result in 产生某种作用或结果，导致

[比较：result from 由于，（因而）发生，产生，出现] return to normal 恢复正常

ring back 给某人回电话 ring off 挂断电话，停止讲话

ring up sb = ring sb up 给某人打电话 roll over 翻滚，倒转 rock band 摇滚乐队 rise / come to fame 成名

round up 使集合在一起，使聚拢

roller skating 滑旱冰

running water 自来水 ruin sth = bring sth to ruin 使……变成废墟 run after 追赶，追求，追逐，在……之后跑

run at 冲向，向……攻击

run away 流失，逃跑，逃走，失控

run away from school =drop out of school 逃学

run for 竞选

run into / across = come across = meet …by chance = happen to meet 偶然遇见 run off 跑掉，迅速离开

run out of sth 用完…… [比较：(sth)run out 耗尽，用光，用完] run over 压死，看一遍，跑过去 run a business 做生意

run / start a restaurant 开餐馆

rush sb off one’s feet 使某人忙得不亦乐乎，使某人忙得不可开交 rush out 冲出去

rush through 掠过，快速通过

（19）Ss satisfy / meet the needs of … 满足……的需要 save money 存钱

save sb’s life 挽救某人的生命 say “no” to … 拒绝，否认，不同意

say thanks to … 向……表示感谢

say to oneself 心里想，自言自语

school day 学校上课时

school play 校园剧

school things 学习用具

school / field trip 郊游

search for 搜查，寻找，查找

self rescue 自救

see for oneself 自己去看，亲眼看

see sb off 为某人送行（比较：meet sb 接某人）see to 处理，料理，照顾

seek after 追求

see to it that…= make sure that… 确保，务使

seek for 寻找

sell out 卖完，出卖

sense of responsibility 责任感 sentence / beat sb to death 判处某人死刑 / 把某人打死

separate … from … 把……和……分离开 serve as 作为，当作

serve in the army 服役 serve the dishes 上菜

serve the people 为人民服务 settle an argument about… 解决关于……的争论

settle down 定下心来，安家落户，定居，平静下来 settle for 勉强同意，接受

settle in（使）习惯（环境等），定居 settle up 付清，结账

share(in)sth 分享

shop assistsant 售货员

shoot at 向……射击

shout at(sb)冲(某人)嚷嚷 show off 炫耀

shake hands with sb 和某人握手 share sth with sb 与某人分享……

short wave 短波

[比较：smile at(sb)冲（某人）笑]

show up 出席，露面

show respect for sb 对某人表示尊敬

show sb how to do sth 教某人做某事

show sb out / in 送某人出去/ 迎某人进来 show sb to the door 带某人到门口 shut up 闭嘴

shut down 关闭，把……关上 silver screen 银幕

sit up 熬夜

social problems 社会问题

sign an agreement with… 与……达成协议 sit down = be seated 坐着，坐下

side by side 肩并肩，一起，相互支持 soft drink 清凉饮料，软饮料 soup opera 肥皂剧，连续剧 some day 将来某一天，来日 sooner or later 迟早，终归

speak about 谈论，交谈

speak of 谈到

solar system 太阳系

so far = up till now 到目前为止

some … , others … 一些……，另一些…… sound like 听起来像……

speed skating 速滑 speak against 发表抨击 speak out 大胆讲出 space / train station 太空／火车站

speak to 谈话，与……通话

speed by 飞驰而过 speed up 加快速度（比较：slow down 减缓，减速，慢下来）

spend …(in)doing sth 花（钱，时间）做某事

spend …on sth 在……花费（钱，时间）spread out 伸开，铺开

stage name 艺名

standing room 立足之地 stone by stone 一块石头一块石头地

straight away 立刻地，毫不犹豫地 stare at 凝视，盯着看

start a fire 引起火灾

starve to death 饿死

stay away 不在家，外出

stay away from… 与……保持距离

stay the same = remain the same 保持不变 stay up 挺住，站立，开夜车，醒着，不睡，熬夜 stick to 粘住，坚持，忠于

stick with 继续支持，保持联系 stop doing sth 停止做某事

[比较：stop to do sth 停下来做某事

stop …(from)doing sth 阻止……做某事]

strike at 向……袭击／打击

struggle against… 同……做斗争 struggle to one’s feet 挣扎着站起来

succeed in… 在……获成功

（比较：succeed in doing sth = be successful in doing sth成功地做了某事）suffer from… 受……苦

support / raise the family 养家

suit … to … 使……适合于…… surf the internet 上网冲浪

struggle to do sth 挣扎着（竭力去）做某事

sweep away（风）吹走,（浪）卷走

sweep the floor 扫地

sweep down 吹倒，席卷，冲倒

switch on /off 开/关（电灯、机器等）

swimming pool 游泳池

Say “Hi” to sb for me.= Give my regards to sb =Remember me to sb 代我向某人问好。

Say goodbye to sb 向某人告辞/告别。（20）Tt table manners 餐桌礼节，用餐规矩

talent show 天才表演

talk show 访谈节目

talk of 谈到

talk to 与某人交谈／谈话

telephone booth 电话亭

tennis racket 网球拍

tear down 拆毁，拆除

See you soon / later.再见。table tennis 乒乓球（运动）tape recorder 磁带录音机

talk about 谈论，交谈，议论

talk … through（充分）讨论，详细讨论 talk with 和……交谈

telephone number 电话号码

tear at 用力撕

tear sth into pieces 把某物撕成碎片

tell a lie 说谎

tell… from… 把……和……分开

tear up 撕毁，取消（合同）

tell … apart 识别，辨别，区分开 tell the truth 说真话

tell the difference between A and B 说出/分辨A和B 的区别 tend to 趋于，朝某方向

test on 在……做实验 test the blood 验血

Thanksgiving Day 感恩节

thanks to… 多亏了，幸亏，由于，因为（比较：due to = owing to = because of 由于，因为）than usual 比平常……

the Antartic 南极 [比较：the South / North(Pole)南/北极] the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋

（比较：the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋

the Indian Ocean 印度洋

the Pacific Ocean 太平洋

the Yellow River 黄河）

the butterfly 蝶泳

the Capital Stadium 首都体育馆 [比较：the Great Wall 长城 the People’s Republic of China

the day after tomorrow 后天 the entrance to ……的入口

the Maglev Train 磁悬浮列车

thanks for…因为……而感谢the Palace Museum 故宫（博物馆）

中华人民共和国（简称PRC）] the day before yesterday 前天

(the)long / high jump 跳远/高 the majority / minority of people 大多数/少数人

the(more)…, the(more)… 越……，越……

the next morning 第二天早上

the other day 前几天，某日 the other way around 相反地，用相反方式

the Olympic Games / the Olympics 奥林匹克运动会 the problem with … 关于……的问题

the same to 对……也一样

the United Nations 联合国

the same as 与……同样的the United Kingdom 英国 the United States 美国

the way to do sth / of doing sth 做……的方法

the working people 工人，劳动人民

the World Championship 世锦赛

this very night 就在这个晚上

thousands of 成千上万

Three Gorges Dam Project 三峡大坝工程 three meters deep = three metres in depth 三米深

through thick and thin 不顾艰难

throw light upon / on 阐明某事，使某事显得很清楚

throw about 四处乱扔

throw away 扔掉

throw at 向……扔去

throw up 吐出（事物），呕吐

tie A to B 把A 绑在B 上

tie … up 系，栓，捆 tie up(one’s hair)= do up(one’s hair)（头发）扎起来

tire out 筋疲力尽

tire oneself out 使自己疲惫不堪 time and time again = over and over again 多次，不断地，反复 time area 时区

toast to the New Year 为新年干杯 to begin with = to start with 首先，作为开始，第一点

to be honest = honestly speaking 老实说，说实在的

to make matters / things worse = worse still 使事情/情况更困难/危险，更糟糕的是 to … degree 达到……程度

to one’s knowledge 据某人所知 to one’s regret / sorrow / surprise / joy 使某人遗憾/悲伤/惊讶/高兴的是 to the north of 在……以北

to the point 中肯，扼要，切中要害

too many 太多

too much 太多，过分，太

too … to = so … that 太……以至于不能 tongue twister 绕口令 track and field 田径 travel agent 旅行社

traffic lights 交通指挥灯，红绿灯 trial and error 反复实验，不断探索

trade for 交易

trade in 以交易方式购入 trade … with sb 与某人做……交易（买卖）transform … into… 把……转变成……

treat sb badly 虐待

treat sb to sth 请某人吃……

trip over（被……）绊倒

trust(in)= have trust in = rely on 信赖，信任

try on 试穿（衣，鞋，帽等），试试看，耍弄（花招）try out 试验，尝试，试用

try one’s best 竭尽所能 TV series 电视连续剧

twice the size of 是……的两倍之大

This way, please.请走这边。

（21）Uu under arrest 被拘留

TV station 电视台

Thank goodness!谢天谢地！It’s time to do….该做……了。under attack / fire 被攻击

under construction / control / discussion 在建设／控制／讨论中 under repairs 在修理中

under the command of 在某人控制之下，在……的指挥下

under the direction of 在……的指导下 unite as one 团结一致

upside down 颠倒着，倒转着

up to 正在做，从事于，大约，多达

use up….用完……，用尽……（22）Vv

VCD player 影碟播放机

（23）Ww wait for 等待，等候

up and down 来回，上上下下，来来往往 up to date 现代的，时新的，据目前所知的

very much = a lot 很，非常，十分

wait / stand in queue = wait / stand in line 排队等侯 waiting room 等候(候车)室

wake up 醒来

wake sb up 把某人吵/叫醒 walk / run up to = go / come up to 上前去 want all day off 请假一整天 wash away 冲走

washing machine 洗衣机

wash down 冲走，冲垮

watch out(for…)留神，提防，注意

watch over 看守，照看

wear away 磨掉，消耗

watch TV 看电视

wear out 穿破，把……穿旧，磨坏，使……疲劳 [比较：be worn out（衣服等）穿破/被损坏，（人）疲惫不堪/感到疲劳] what else 而且

what if… 倘使……将会怎样，如果……将会怎样 win … prize 获得……奖

win the first place（比赛）得了第一名 win sb 把某人争取过来（比较：beat / defeat sb 打败某人）wipe out 去除，消灭

wish … every success 祝…… 成功

wish each other good luck 互相祝福

without a sound 悄无声息地

without limit 无限地

without luck 运气不好

with the help of＝with sb’s help 在……的帮助下 with the purpose of 有……的目的

wonder at 对……感到惊讶

word for word 逐字地

work as an actress 做女演员

work at 从事，致力于，干……活动（研究）

work on … 继续工作，从事于……，忙于……，不断做…… work out 算出，解决，想出（办法），制定（计划），结局，至最后 work with … 对……起作用

worry about 为……担心，烦恼

would rather 宁愿，宁可 wrap up 包好，伪装

write to 写信给

work permit 工作许可证

would like 想要（婉转表达个人的想法、看法）wrap sth in 用……把某物包起来

write down 记下，写下

Well done / said!干得好/说得好！

What a pity!多可惜！真遗憾！

What a shame!太不好意思了！太遗憾了！What / How about…? ……怎么样？……好不好？

What becomes of … ？ ……变得怎样了？ What kind …? 何种……？

What time …? 几点……？ What’s on? 发生了什么事？

What’s the population of …? ……有多少人口？ What’s up? 怎么啦？

What’s wrong / the matter? 怎么了？

Would you mind…? 你介意……吗？

（24）Yy year after year 年复一年，年年，每年（重复）year by year 一年年（逐渐变化）Young Pioneer 少先队员

考研英语知识点归纳及复习计划 篇3

第一章

一、元素周期表

★熟记等式：原子序数=核电荷数=质子数=核外电子数

1、元素周期表的编排原则：

①按照原子序数递增的顺序从左到右排列；

②将电子层数相同的元素排成一个横行——周期(表中共有7个周期)；

③把最外层电子数相同的元素按电子层数递增的顺序从上到下排成纵行——族(表中共有16个族)

2、如何精确表示元素在周期表中的位置：

周期序数＝电子层数；eg：主族序数＝最外层电子数 eg：

口诀：三短三长一不全；七主七副零八族

熟记：三个短周期，第一和第七主族和零族的元素符号和名称（重点记忆）

3、元素金属性和非金属性判断依据：

①元素金属性强弱的判断依据：

单质跟水或酸起反应置换出氢的难易；越容易金属性越强。

元素最高价氧化物的水化物——氢氧化物的碱性强弱；碱性越强金属性越强，置换反应。

②元素非金属性强弱的判断依据：

单质与氢气生成气态氢化物的难易及气态氢化物的稳定性；

最高价氧化物对应的水化物的酸性强弱； 置换反应。

4、核素：具有一定数目的质子和一定数目的中子的一种原子。

①质量数==质子数+中子数：A == Z + N

②同位素：质子数相同而中子数不同的同一元素的不同原子，互称同位素。（同一元素的各种同位素物理性质不同，化学性质相同）

二、元素周期律

1、影响原子半径大小的因素：

①电子层数：电子层数越多，原子半径越大（最主要因素）

②核电荷数：核电荷数增多，吸引力增大，使原子半径有减小的趋向（次要因素）

③核外电子数：电子数增多，增加了相互排斥，使原子半径有增大的倾向

2、元素的化合价与最外层电子数的关系：

最高正价等于最外层电子数（F、O元素无正价）

负化合价数 = 8—最外层电子数（金属元素无负化合价）

3、同主族、同周期元素的结构、性质递变规律：

同主族：从上到下，随电子层数的递增，原子半径增大，核对外层电子吸引能力减弱，失电子能力增强，还原性（金属性）逐渐增强，其离子的氧化性减弱。

同周期：左→右，核电荷数——→逐渐增多，最外层电子数——→逐渐增多

原子半径——→逐渐减小，得电子能力——→逐渐增强，失电子能力——→逐渐减弱，氧化性

——→逐渐增强，还原性——→逐渐减弱，气态氢化物稳定性——→逐渐增强，最高价氧化物

对应水化物酸性——→逐渐增强，碱性 ——→ 逐渐减弱

三、化学键 含有离子键的化合物就是离子化合物；只含有共价键的化合物才是共价化合物。

用电子式表示出下列物质：

CO2、N2、H2S、CH4、Ca(OH)

2、Na2O2、H2O2等如：NaOH中含极性共价键与离子键，NH4Cl中含极性共价键与离子键，Na2O2中含非极性共价键与离子键，H2O2中含极性和非极性共价键

第二章

一、化学能与热能

1、在任何的化学反应中总伴有能量的变化。

原因：当物质发生化学反应时，断开反应物中的化学键要吸收能量，而形成生成物中的化学键要放出能量。化学键的断裂和形成是化学反应中能量变化的主要原因。一个确定的化学反应在发生过程中是吸收能量还是放出能量，决定于反应物的总能量与生成物的总能量的相对大小。E反应物总能量＞E生成物总能量，为放热反应。E反应物总能量＜E生成物总能量，为吸热反应。

2、常见的放热反应和吸热反应

常见的放热反应：①所有的燃烧与缓慢氧化。②酸碱中和反应。③金属与酸、水反应制氢气。△④大多数化合反应（特殊：C＋CO2是吸热反应）。常见的吸热反应：①以C、H2、CO为还原剂的氧化还原反应如：

C(s)＋H2O(g)△CO(g)＋H2(g)。②铵盐和碱的反应如Ba(OH)2·8H2O＋NH4Cl＝BaCl2＋2NH3↑＋10H2O

③大多数分解反应如KClO3、KMnO4、CaCO3的分解等。

1、化学能转化为电能的方式：

2、原电池原理

（1）概念：把化学能直接转化为电能的装置叫做原电池。

（2）原电池的工作原理：通过氧化还原反应（有电子的转移）把化学能转变为电能。

（3）构成原电池的条件：（1）有活泼性不同的两个电极；（2）电解质溶液（3）闭合回路（4）自发的氧化还原反应（4）电极名称及发生的反应： 负极：较活泼的金属作负极，负极发生氧化反应，电极反应式：较活泼金属－ne＝金属阳离子 负极现象：负极溶解，负极质量减少。

正极：较不活泼的金属或石墨作正极，正极发生还原反应，电极反应式：溶液中阳离子＋ne＝单质 正极的现象：一般有气体放出或正极质量增加。

（5）原电池正负极的判断方法：

①依据原电池两极的材料：

较活泼的金属作负极（K、Ca、Na太活泼，不能作电极）；

较不活泼金属或可导电非金属（石墨）、氧化物（MnO2）等作正极。

②根据电流方向或电子流向：（外电路）的电流由正极流向负极；电子则由负极经外电路流向原电池的正极。③根据内电路离子的迁移方向：阳离子流向原电池正极，阴离子流向原电池负极。

④根据原电池中的反应类型：

负极：失电子，发生氧化反应，现象通常是电极本身消耗，质量减小。

正极：得电子，发生还原反应，现象是常伴随金属的析出或H2的放出。－－

三、化学反应的速率和限度

1、化学反应的速率

（1）概念：化学反应速率通常用单位时间内反应物浓度的减少量或生成物浓度的增加量（均取正值）来表示。

计算公式：v(B)＝n(B)c(B)＝ Vtt①单位：mol/(L·s)或mol/(L·min)

②B为溶液或气体，若B为固体或纯液体不计算速率。

③重要规律：速率比＝方程式系数比

（2）影响化学反应速率的因素：

内因：由参加反应的物质的结构和性质决定的（主要因素）。

外因：①温度：升高温度，增大速率

②催化剂：一般加快反应速率（正催化剂）

③浓度：增加C反应物的浓度，增大速率（溶液或气体才有浓度可言）

④压强：增大压强，增大速率（适用于有气体参加的反应）

⑤其它因素：如光（射线）、固体的表面积（颗粒大小）、反应物的状态（溶剂）、原电池等也会改变

化学反应速率。

2、化学反应的限度——化学平衡

化学平衡状态的特征：逆、动、等、定、变。

①逆：化学平衡研究的对象是可逆反应。

②动：动态平衡，达到平衡状态时，正逆反应仍在不断进行。

③等：达到平衡状态时，正方应速率和逆反应速率相等，但不等于0。即v正＝v逆≠0。

④定：达到平衡状态时，各组分的浓度保持不变，各组成成分的含量保持一定。

⑤变：当条件变化时，原平衡被破坏，在新的条件下会重新建立新的平衡。

第三章

一、有机物的概念

1、定义：含有碳元素的化合物为有机物（碳的氧化物、碳酸、碳酸盐、碳的金属化合物等除外）

2、特性：①种类多②大多难溶于水，易溶于有机溶剂③易分解，易燃烧④熔点低，难导电、大多是非电解质⑤

反应慢，有副反应（故反应方程式中用“→”代替“=”）

二、甲烷

烃——碳氢化合物：仅有碳和氢两种元素组成（甲烷是分子组成最简单的烃）

1、物理性质：无色、无味的气体，极难溶于水，密度小于空气，俗名：沼气、坑气

2、分子结构：CH4：以碳原子为中心，四个氢原子为顶点的正四面体（键角：109度28分）

3、化学性质：①氧化反应：422 点燃 CO222 OCHOH

甲烷与KMnO4不发生反应，所以不能使紫色KMnO4溶液褪色

光②取代反应：CH4Cl2CH3ClHCl4、同系物：结构相似，在分子组成上相差一个或若干个CH2原子团的物质（所有的烷烃都是同系物）

5、同分异构体：化合物具有相同的分子式，但具有不同结构式（结构不同导致性质不同）

三、乙烯

1、乙烯的制法：

工业制法：石油的裂解气（乙烯的产量是一个国家石油化工发展水平的标志之一）

2、物理性质：无色、稍有气味的气体，比空气略轻，难溶于水

3、结构：不饱和烃，分子中含碳碳双键，6个原子共平面，键角为120°

4、化学性质：

 2CO2+2H2O（火焰明亮并伴有黑烟）（1）氧化反应：C2H4+3O2 

可以使酸性KMnO4溶液褪色，说明乙烯能被KMnO4氧化，化学性质比烷烃活泼。

（2）加成反应：乙烯可以使溴水褪色，利用此反应除乙烯

点燃

乙烯还可以和氢气、氯化氢、水等发生加成反应。

CH2=CH2 + H2→CH3CH3CH2=CH2+HCl→CH3CH2Cl（一氯乙烷）

CH2=CH2+H2O→CH3CH2OH（乙醇）

（3）聚合反应：

四、苯

1、物理性质：无色有特殊气味的液体，密度比水小，有毒，不溶于水，易溶于有机

溶剂，本身也是良好的有机溶剂。

2、苯的结构：C6H6（正六边形平面结构）苯分子里6个C原子之间的键完全相同，3、化学性质

（1）氧化反应2C6H6+15O2 点燃 12CO2+6H2O（火焰明亮，冒浓烟）

不能使酸性高锰酸钾褪色

（2）取代反应

①

+

Br2eB3rF+HBr

铁粉的作用：与溴反应生成溴化铁做催化剂；溴苯无色密度比水大

② 苯与硝酸反应，生成无色、不溶于水、密度大于水、有毒的油状液体——硝基苯。

+HONO2浓硫酸 △

NO2+H2O

（3）加成反应

用镍做催化剂，苯与氢发生加成反应，生成环己烷。

+3H2催化剂

五、乙醇

1、物理性质：无色有特殊香味的液体，密度比水小，与水以任意比互溶

如何检验乙醇中是否含有水：加无水硫酸铜；

2、结构: CH3CH2OH（含有官能团：羟基）

3、化学性质

（1）乙醇与金属钠的反应：2CH3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑（取代反应）

（2）乙醇的氧化反应

点燃①乙醇的燃烧：CH3CH2OH+3O2  2CO2+3H2O

②乙醇的催化氧化反应2CH3CH2OH+O

2③乙醇被强氧化剂氧化反应

KMnO4或酸性重铬酸钾溶液CH3CH2OH酸性CH3COOH 或AgCu 2CH3CHO+2H2O

六、乙酸（俗名：醋酸）

1、物理性质：常温下为无色有强烈刺激性气味的液体，易结成冰一样的晶体，所以纯净的乙酸又叫冰醋酸，与

水、酒精以任意比互溶

2、结构：CH3COOH（含羧基）

3、乙酸的重要化学性质

（1）乙酸的酸性：弱酸性，但酸性比碳酸强，具有酸的通性

①乙酸能使紫色石蕊试液变红

②乙酸能与碳酸盐反应，生成二氧化碳气体

利用乙酸的酸性，可以用乙酸来除去水垢（主要成分是CaCO3）：

2CH3COOH+CaCO3（CH3COO）2Ca+H2O+CO2↑

乙酸还可以与碳酸钠反应，也能生成二氧化碳气体：

2CH3COOH+Na2CO32CH3COONa+H2O+CO2↑

（2）乙酸的酯化反应

（酸脱羟基，醇脱氢，酯化反应属于取代反应）

乙酸与乙醇反应的主要产物乙酸乙酯是一种无色、有香味、密度比水的小、不溶于水的油状液体。在实验时用饱和碳酸钠吸收，目的是为了吸收挥发出的乙醇和乙酸，降低乙酸乙酯的溶解度；反应时要用冰醋酸和无水乙醇，浓硫酸做催化剂和吸水剂

1、常见金属的冶炼：

①加热分解法：②加热还原法： 铝热反应③电解法：

2、金属活动顺序与金属冶炼的关系：

金属活动性序表中，位置越靠后，越容易被还原，用一般的还原方法就能使金属还原；金属的位置越靠前，越难被还原，最活泼金属只能用最强的还原手段来还原。（离子）

二、海水资源的开发利用

1、海水的组成：含八十多种元素。

其中，H、O、Cl、Na、K、Mg、Ca、S、C、F、B、Br、Sr等总量占99%以上，其余为微量元素；特点是总储量大而浓度小

2、海水资源的利用：

（1）海水淡化： ①蒸馏法；②电渗析法；③离子交换法； ④反渗透法等。

（2）海水制盐：利用浓缩、沉淀、过滤、结晶、重结晶等分离方法制备得到各种盐。

三、环境保护与绿色化学

绿色化学理念 核心：利用化学原理从源头上减少和消除工业生产对环境造成的污染。又称为“环境无害化学”、“环境友好化学”、“清洁化学”。

从环境观点看：强调从源头上消除污染。（从一开始就避免污染物的产生）

从经济观点看：它提倡合理利用资源和能源，降低生产成本。（尽可能提高原子利用率）

考研英语知识点归纳及复习计划 篇4

来源：新浪博客 文章作者：挥着翅膀的女孩 2010-06-29 13:16:44

[标签：学习方法 语文]中考热点资讯 免费订阅

第一部分

1.二种常见叙事线索：物线、情线。

2.二种语言类型：口语、书面语。

3.二种论证方式：立论、驳论。

4.二种说明语言：平实、生动。

5.二种说明文类型：事理说明文、事物说明文。

6.二种环境描写：自然环境描写--烘托人物心情，渲染气氛。

7.社会环境描写--交代时代背景。

8.二种论据形式：事实论据、道理论据。

第二部分

1.三种人称：第一人称、第二人称、第三人称。

2.三种感情色彩：褒义、贬义、中性。

3.小说三要素：人物（根据能否表现小说主题思想确定主要人物）情节（开端 /发展 /高潮 /结局）环境（自然环境/ 社会环境。）

4.人物主要掌握通过适当的描写方法、角度刻画人物形象，反映人物思想性格的阅读技巧。

5.情节主要了解各部分的基本内容及理解、分析小说情节的方法、技巧。

6.开端交代背景，铺垫下文。

例：《孔乙己》开端部分叙写咸亨酒店的格局和两种不同身份、地位的酒客（短衣帮、长衫主顾）来往的情景，交代了当时贫富悬殊、阶级对立的社会背景，为下文孔乙己这一特殊的人物的出场作下铺垫。

7.发展刻画人物，反映性格。

例：《孔乙己》发展部分叙写孔乙己第一次到咸亨酒店喝酒遭人耻笑的情景，通过刻画

孔乙己的肖像、神态、动作、语言等，揭示其贫困潦倒、自欺欺人、迂腐可笑、死要面子、好逸恶劳的思想性格。

8.高潮表现冲突，揭示主题。

例：《孔乙己》高潮部分叙写孔乙己最后一次到咸亨酒店喝酒遭人耻笑的情景，通过侧面反映丁举人的横行霸道、心横手辣和正面描写孔乙己的身残气微，表现其悲惨遭遇，从而深刻的揭露了封建科举制度的罪恶。

9.结局深化主题，留下思考。

例：《孔乙己》结局部分以“大约”、“确实”这样一组意味深长的词句，不仅为孔乙己的悲惨命运增添了悲剧意味，还给读者留下了无穷的思考。

10.环境主要理解自然环境和社会环境的作用。

自然环境描写自然景观，渲染气氛、衬托情感、预示人物命运、揭示社会本质、推动情节发展。

例1：《孔乙己》高潮部分通过描写秋天悲凉的景象，渲染了凄凉的气氛，预示着孔乙己即将死亡的悲惨结局。

例2：《我的叔叔于勒》高潮和结局部分通过描写两处对比鲜明海上景象，分别衬托出人物欢快和失落、沮丧的心情。

例3：《在烈日和暴雨下》全文极力描写烈日、狂风暴雨，不仅步步亦趋地推动着情节发展，还表现了拉车人牛马不如的悲惨命运，更深刻地揭示了当时社会的炎凉。

社会环境描写社会状况，交代故事背景，揭示社会本质，铺垫下文内容。

例：《孔乙己》开端部分通过描写咸亨酒店的格局和来往酒客的情形，交代了当时阶级对立、贫富悬殊的社会现实，为下文孔乙己这一特殊的人物的出场作下了铺垫。

11.议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证。

12.议论文结构三部分：提出问题（引论）、分析问题（本论）、解决问题（结论）。

13.三种说明顺序：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。

14.语言运用三原则：简明、连贯、得体。

15.记叙的三种顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙。（补叙属于插叙一种）。

第三部分

1..四种文学体裁：小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文。

2.句子的四种用途：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。

3.小说情节四部分：开端、发展、高潮、结局。

第四部分

1.五种论证方法：举例论证、道理论证、比喻论证、对比论证、引用论证。

2.五种表达方式：记叙、描写、说明、抒情、议论。

3.引号的五种用法：①表引用 ②表讽刺或否定③表特定称谓 ④表强调或着重指出⑤特殊含义

4.破折号的五种用法：①表注释 ②表插说 ③表声音中断、延续 ④表话题转换 ⑤表意思递进

第五部分

1.六种逻辑顺序：①一般←→个别 ②现象←→本质 ③原因←→ 结果④概括←→具体 ⑤部分←→整体 ⑥主要←→次要

2.记叙文六要素：时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过和结果。

3.六种人物的描写方法：肖像描写、语言描写、行动描写、心理描写、细节描写、神态描写。

4.六种病句类型：①成分残缺 ②搭配不当 ③关联词语使用不恰当 ④前后矛盾 ⑤语序不当 ⑥误用 滥用虚词（介词）

5.省略号的六种用法：①表内容省略 ②表语言断续 ③表因抢白话未说完 ④表心情矛盾 ⑤表思维跳跃 ⑥表思索正在进行

第六部分

1.说明方法：举例子、打比方、作比较、列数字、分类别、下定义、作引用。

2.七种短语类型：并列短语、偏正短语、主谓短语、动宾短语、后补短语、的字短语、介宾短语。

第七部分

1.八种复句类型：①并列复句 ②转折复句 ③条件复句 ④递进复句 ⑤选择复句 ⑥因果复句 ⑦假设复句 ⑧承接复句

2.八种常用修辞方法： ①比喻--使语言形象生动，增加语言色彩。

②拟人--把事物当人写，使语言形象生动。

③夸张--为突出某一事物或强调某一感受。

④排比--增强语言气势，加强表达效果。

⑤对偶--使语言简练工整。

⑥引用--增强语言说服力

⑦设问--引起读者注意、思考。

⑧反问--起强调作用，增强肯定（否定）语气。