卫生管理论文写作技巧（精选6篇）
不少于6000字。不得抄袭。
上交时间：考试前发送电子版至本人QQ邮箱：376540031@qq.com,文件名：学号+姓名，考试当天上交打印版。
3、论文内容属于卫生法学的范畴即可，但应注重专业性与学术性，注意法言
法语的使用。
4、资料搜集：老师建议50篇左右，标注、消化、创新。创新之处可从数据、角度、方法着手，按点归纳。
推荐“万方知识数据搜索平台”中的学术论文或期刊，http://.cn/；外文资料可搜索“谷歌外文文献”
5、标题需与内容紧扣。
6、因是小论文，故无需目录、引言和专门的文献分析。
7、结构规范、逻辑严谨；对论文格式不作具体要求，但请参照标准学术论文。
8、摘要：对文章内容、研究方向尤其是创新之处的概括，需简洁凝练。
9、关键词：为搜索所用词汇，故为词语非短语，名词非动词，3—5个即可。
10、若附加英文摘要与关键词，需先写完中文部分，再添加“abstract”和
“keywords”。
11、如需引用图表，注意图表标题应为“图下表上”。
12、脚注：解释性注释，标于词句末右上角，解释于当页下端；
13、尾注：注明出处，即参考文献部分。
14、参考文献：
1）参考文献不能作为附录；
2）新闻报道、领导讲话、文件内容均不能作为参考文献；
3）如有外文文献，先中文文献，后外文文献，按照26个字母排序。如：
1. 写作前将要点整合成5句话,注意不要遗漏要点。
2. 结合表达内容,选择自己熟悉的词汇和句型,因为用正确的句子来表达是得分的关键。
3. 基础好的同学,在有把握的情况下,可以尽量运用高级的表达方式。如用强调句、感叹句、主从复合句、非谓语动词短语、with的复合结构等多种句式结构来增添文采,提高得分的档次。
4. 恰当地使用过渡性词语,增强行文的逻辑性和连贯性。
5. 书写时不要将e和t、a和u、r和v、y和g、w和m这五对字母写混淆。要注意书写工整并保持卷面整洁,以提高印象分。
二、十种常用句式
1. 祈使句。
Now please allow me to introduce you some of our school rules here. 现在请允许我给您介绍一些学校规则。
2. 感叹句。
What terrible weather were having! 现在的天气真糟糕!
How glad we were to see the crops and vegetables growing well! 看到庄稼和蔬菜长势良好,我们是多么地高兴!
3. 倒装句。
Only in this way can animals live a real happy and quiet life.只有采取这种方式,动物才可以过着快乐、平静的生活。
4. It作形式主语或宾语。
It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school. 众所周知,一些学生在学校考试中作弊。
I find it necessary to learn English well. 我觉得有必要学好英语。
5. 并列句。
并列结构是用并列连词把两个或两个以上的、具有逻辑关系的简单句连为一体,常见的并列连词有but, yet, and, however, for, therefore, so, or, when, while, not only... but also...等。
All the passengers were smilingandthe sun was shining. 旅客在微笑,太阳在照耀。
I was walking along Park Road towards the eastwhenan elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street. 我正沿着公园路向东走,这时一位老人从街对面的公园走出来。
6. 主从复合句。
主从复合句是指含名词性从句、状语从句或定语从句的复合句。
He pointed outthatthe causes for short-sightedness are so complicatedthatno medicine can cure short-sightedness. 他也指出近视的原因非常复杂,没有药可治愈。
7. It is...that... 强调结构。
It was not untilat the end of 19th century that shooting, originated as a means of survival, earned its status as a sport. 射击最初只是生存工具,直到19世纪末才发展成为一项体育运动。
8. 非谓语动词短语。
Well mostly stay at home in the eveningwatching TV, playing games and meeting friends.晚上我们主要呆在家里看电视,打游戏和会友。
9. with的复合结构。
With the society developing very fast, its quite necessary that we (should) have a good knowledge of English and computer. 随着社会的快速发展,我们有必要精通英语和电脑。
10. there be结构。
If I were one of these animals, there is no doubt that I would refuse to meet visitors.如果我是动物,毫无疑问,我不会会见游客。
三、常见的过渡词语
1. 表示转折观点的有but, however, while, nevertheless, on the contrary等。
2. 表示并列关系的有at the same time, in the meanwhile, in addition, apart from that, on the other hand等。
3. 表示递进关系的有besides, whats more, whats worse, to make the matter worse, worse still/worse than all, worse than ever, not to mention it等。
4. 表示个人观点的有in my opinion, in my view, personally, I think..., in my point of view, as far as I know, as far as Im concerned, from a different/practical view等。
四、写作案例分享
最近广州市通过法规禁止乞丐在地下人行道行乞留宿。上周一你班就此事进行了讨论。讨论情况如下:
[写作内容]请将以上的讨论情况写成一篇短文,内容包括:
1. 讨论的起因及时间;
2. 支持的比率及理由;
3. 反对的比率及理由;
4. 你的看法。
[写作要求]
只能使用5个句子表达全部的内容。
[评分标准]
句子结构准确, 信息内容完整, 篇章结构连贯。
参考范文
Recently, Guangzhou passed a law to ban beggars from begging and sleeping in the subwaysandour class had a discussion about it last Monday. 56% of the students dont agree with the idea because they think somebeggarsreally have difficulty in making a living and some of them have to play music in the subways to survive.However, 44% of the students favour the idea because they think beggars make a lot of trouble for the city.Whats more, some beggars are just taking advantage of peoples compassion to make easy money.Personally, I thinkit is a good idea to forbid beggars in public places and instead we should take some measures to help them.
五、写作演练
假设你是李华,刚从国外回来,发现我市发生了巨大的变化。请你根据下列提示,用英语给你在美国的朋友Jack发一个e-mail,告诉他这里的变化。
1. 兴建了许多高速公路,交通便利。
2. 高楼林立,人们的住房条件改善。
3. 新建了许多体育馆和公园,人们有许多活动场所。
4. 人们生活水平提高,许多家庭有了私家车。
[写作要求]
1. 必须用5个句子表达全部的内容;
2. 开头、结尾已给出,不计入句数内。
Dear Jacky,
Our city has changed a lot in the past few years. ...
...
Best wishes to you!
Yours truly,
Li Hua
参考范文
Dear Jacky,
Our city has changed a lot in the past few years. More high ways have been built, which makes it very convenient for people to travel. People have better housing conditions now, for many high buildings have appeared. With many newly-built gymnasiums and parks, more and more people have a place to enjoy themselves by doing sports or other leisure activities. Besides, peoples living conditions have been greatly improved and many families have their own cars. People are living a happy life now in our city.
Best wishes to you!
Yours truly,
Li Hua
Write in English every day
This is the most important tip to improve your writing skills in English. Start by thinking of a theme, for example, you could start writing a diary of something that happens to you every day, you can write a few lines of a story each day or you could write emails to your friends in English. This might be difficult at first but the more you continue, the easier it will become and you might even end up enjoying it!
Improve your vocabulary
Having a wide range of vocabulary is very important when you’re writing in English. An excellent way to improve your vocabulary is to read as much as possible. If you read books, newspapers or magazines in English, you will learn many new words and common English idioms. Remember to write down the new words and expressions you read and their meanings so you can learn them.
Ask someone to check your writing
If you’re studying at an English language school, you could ask your teacher to check your writing for you. Otherwise, why not ask a friend or relative who speaks English? I’m sure they’d be happy to help! You might even be able to do a writing language exchange C find an English person who is learning your language and write letters or emails to each other (you can write in English and they can write in your language). When you send a reply, you can also send their letter back to them with corrections and they can do the same for you!
Use a dictionary
You might feel that using a dictionary when you write is ‘cheating’ but think again C it is actually a great way to improve your vocabulary and practise using words and phrases that you’ve heard but haven’t used before. Remember to ask someone to check your writing to make sure you have used the vocabulary correctly.
Write about different topics
If you write about the same thing every day, you could become very bored and you might end up using the same words and phrases over and over again! It is a good idea to find different topics to write about as this will help to widen your vocabulary and will be much more interesting for you. Writing about something you read in a newspaper or watched on TV is a good starting point.
Check your writing carefully
After you have written something in English, you should always read it again, either straight away or the next day. When you do this, you will probably see a few mistakes that you didn’t notice when you were writing it. Remember to check the spelling, grammar and vocabulary C have you used a particular word many times? Can you think of another way to say it?
Do your homework
If you have classes at an English language school, your teacher probably gives you writing homework to do. It is really important that you do all your homework as your teacher knows your level of English and will be able to give you good advice on which parts of writing you need to improve most (e.g. vocabulary, spelling, grammar). This is extremely important if you are planning to take an English language exam.
Write to your friends
Do you have friends who speak English (e.g. people you have met in your English classes)? If so, you should definitely practise your writing with them! There are many ways to do this C using social media (Facebook, Twitter etc.), sending emails, writing text messages, chatting on Skype etc. The best thing about writing to people who ?are also learning English is ?that you can correct each ?other’s mistakes!
Write a blog
It doesn’t even matter if no one reads it, but writing a blog is a great way to practise writing in English. Set yourself a goal (e.g. upload one blog article a week) and start writing! The great thing about a blog is you can write about absolutely anything and there’s a chance that you might even help or entertain someone who reads it!
Don’t be afraid to make mistakes!
1、选择生动准确的词
词是语言的基本单位，人们要表达思想，就要选择适当的词语，这是写作的基本要求。
词可分为一般概念的词（general words）和具体概念的词（specific words）。表示一般概念的词含义模糊；表示具体概念的词含义明确，表达准确，生动形象。写作时合理地使用具体概念的词能够使句子表达的意思准确，内容生动，更富有感染力。试比较下面各组句子：
（l）a few houses were destroyed yesterday（general）
five houses burnt down yesterday（specific）
（2）his relatives gave him two gifts（general）
his aunt and uncle gave hima watch and a pen as the birthday gifts。（specific）
（3）jack went to the window and looked at the crowd outside（general）
jack tiptoed to the window and peeped into the room（specific）
上面各组句中，第一个句子抽象概括，给人以空泛的感觉：第二个句子用词具体，有个件，使人感到意思确切，生动逼真。
2、使用英语成语和习语
人们在长期使用语言的过程中，积累了大量的习惯表达法。这些成语、习语内涵丰富，语言生动活泼。文章中适当地使用这类短语，可避免语言的单调贫乏，使句子生动而富于内涵。如：
（l）george has lost his social position since his business failed．
可改为：george has come down in the world since his business failed
（2）．maybe you have time to go to the cinema,but i have more importavt businessto attend to．
可改为：maybe you have time to go to the cinema,but i have other fish to fry．
3、用词的宽度
用词的宽度可以反映出写作者所掌握的词汇量。如果一个人掌握的词汇量大，那么当表达同一概念有不同的表达方法时，则可以换一种说法。如：
the teachers maintained that the students should give up love for the sake ofleaming students,however,hold that fordidding love among college students is nogood．
这两句话里，谓语分别用了maintain和hold。如果将它们换为think，所表达的意思相同，但用词宽度则不如原文。这两句话中for the sake of，give up,is no good等都是用词宽度的表现。
所以在英语写作中有意识地适当增加用词宽度既能体现学以致用的原则又能使文章取得良好效果。
二、句子的多样化
英语中，同一思想用不同句式表达，其效果会大不相同。要想写出好的文章，就要不断地变化句子的结构形式。
l、长短句交替使用
句子的长短是为表达思想服务的。英语短句结构简单，意思明白具有生动活泼而又干脆利索的表达效果，而长句结构复杂，信息丰富，能表达成熟的思想与复杂的概念。一味地使用长句或短句会使文章显得单调，乏味，从而影响文章的总体效果。科学地交替使用长短句使句子结构变化多样，不仅给文章带来顿挫起伏的语言美感，而且可以受到理想的修辞效果。请看下面的这段话：
she returned to her office．there was a note under the door.it was from mr may．he said he was waiting for her in the coffee room．and he bad not found her sister．hewas sorry to have missed her.这段话用了一连串的短句，读起来单调呆板，平淡无味。为使文字更加生动，意思更加明确可改为：
when she returned to her office，the found a note from mr may under the door．he said he was waiting for her in the coffee room and hadnt found her sister yet.headded that he was sorry to have missed her．
修改后三个句子长短不一，读起来就给人以不同的感觉。
又如《大学英语》第一册第十课 going home，当汽车驶至 brunsnick，车上的年轻人看见黄手帕时，出现了以下这两行文字：
then，suddenly，all of the young people were up out of thelr seats，screamlng andshouting and cryin, doing small dances of joy.all except vlngo．这两句话一长（23个词）一短（3个词），彼此衬托互为凸现。第一句的两个and和四个-ing词，把热闹、喧哗的气氛喧染极至，长句之后，蜂回路转，一个仅三个词的短句扑入读者的双目几乎沸腾的场面顿时凝固但其余音未绝，此时外表虽冷漠，内心却炙热难当。
2、句子开头的多样化
“主-谓-宾”、“主-系-表”是英语的基本句型，主语领先句也是用得最多的句型。写作中为避免形式单一，当句子可以用主语开头，同时又可以其它结构开头时，不妨变换一下。如：
（1）defeated in the minor exchanges,i now play my queen of trumps．（分词短语做状语开头）
（2）there are two ways in which one can own a book．（there be句型开头）
（3）equally important is a good habit of reading（表语开头）
以上各句都可以用主语开句，但在篇章中通过改变句子开头，文章就会疏落有致，语言形式丰富多采。
3、句子结构的多样化
写作中可以通过句型结构的变化来增添文采，强化表现力。如：
（l）the love of the liberty is the love of the others;the love of power ls thelove of ourselves．
（平行结构．这类结构整齐、紧凑；句子生动、鲜明，语义贯通、语势强劲有力。）
（2）the days when we suffered from oppression and exploitation are gone.（这样表达文字通顺，但语意不很突出。）
改为：gone are the days when we suffered fron oppression andexploitation．
（采用倒装句结构后，充分体现出受剥削受压迫的人民解放后扬眉吐气的心情。）
三、观点切题结构合理
这是写作中最重要的要求之一它要求写作开门见山直入主题。如写一篇谈“健康重要性”的文章，提示是
1、健康的重要性；
2、保持健康的方法；
3、我的看法。按要求文章应按三个自然段来写，而每段开头都必须是提示的内容，因此，三段可以这么开头：
l．good health is important to everyone of us．
2．there are many ways which can help build up our health．
3．as for me，i like running as well as playing basketball and football．
除了开门见山以外，论述的内容必须与提示保持一致，否则文章的语言再好，也只能算是失败之作。一般来说，这类文章的每个自然段都由三部分组成，即主题句，论述句和结论句。主题句由提示给出，论述句提供观点来论证主题句，结论句则是总结、归纳、概括主提句的观点。
作为一名新闻工作者，需要有捕捉蕴藏现实生活中丰富而有意义的新闻题材的敏感性，新闻采写要着力于标新立异，尤其是对于专业新闻写作来说，讲求新闻的时代性和独特性，是吸引更多读者的法宝。以下笔者从新闻写作、专业新闻写作两方面人手，对专业新闻写作的技巧进行一些探索。
一紧扣新闻写作的特征，选择好新闻报道的角度，使新闻报道焕发生机。
新闻，是以宣传为手段反映当前生活的一种社会意识形态。新闻是报刊、广播、电视经常大量运用的一种文体。
新闻的特征包括：真实性、实证性、及时性、广泛性、开放性和变动性。其中，真实性是新闻的生命线。如果新闻不是写生活真实的事实，那就不会取得受众的信任。新闻中所列举的事实还必须是典型的，带有普遍意义的，能反映本质和主流的事实。及时性要求新闻必须是新近发生或发现的事实的报道和述评，必须有新的事实，新的内容，表现出新的特点与新的意义。
新闻写作角度是作者发现事实、挖掘事实、表现事实的着眼点或人手处。从一定意义上说，新闻报道都是事实的一个“片断”，一个“剖面”。选择新闻写作角度方法可以从由小见大、以旧见新、全局高度这三方面去把握。新闻作者要敢于创新、探索新闻表现角度的新形式，通过对材料的巧妙安排和新颖构思，写出别具一格而又能充分体现报道意图的新闻作品来。
我们身边发生的变化都蕴藏着很多新闻信息，问题在于我们看到、听到这些信息之后能不能放到全局的角度上加以权衡，从中提炼出好的内容，用最真实的感受给予报道。
二把握好新闻写作的原则，善于运用生动的新闻语言抓住新闻描写的细节，让新闻報道具有时代特色。
新闻写作的原则包括：第一，“用事实说话”的原则。“用事实说话”就是通过报道事实向读者阐明某种思想和观点；第二，精选事实，以小见大的原则；第三，正反并举，对比衬托的原则。有比较才能有鉴别，有时，新闻作者只需将今昔、正反等不同的事实组织在一起，读者自己就会通过比较得出结论；第四，集点成面，点面结合的原则；第五，目击实录，再现场景原则。在新闻叙事中，现场目击记、亲身经历讲述、口述实录，最具现场感和逼真性，也最能体现“用事实说话”；第六，要言不繁，画龙点睛原则；第七，适时引语，借口说话原则。新闻强调准确和精练，新闻报道要求真实、及时地反映现实变动，这使得我们在进行新闻写作时必须遵守“真实”和“及时”这两个基本原则。
新闻语言应该是建立在真实性基础上的新闻语言，即具备新闻性的语言。而新闻性除了新奇，还应包含其震撼、独到的特点。新闻写作中所需要的语言，是传播信息的语言、报道事实的语言、解释问题的语言、快速交流的语言。因此，根据新闻写作的时效性与可读性，其语言不但要具有准确性，还要具有简洁、鲜明、生动的特色，并且新闻语言要有时代感，要具备不同的风格。
三专业新闻写作要有创新性。借用多种手法进行叙事报道，令专业新闻写作形成各自不同的风格。
新闻写作要勇于创新。新闻写作不仅要讲究时间新、内容新，而且体裁形式也要富有变化。现在有的新闻作品缺乏可读性，关键问题是长期以来形成了一个固定的模式和框框。因此，必须大力提倡不拘一格，大胆借用散文等其它文学体裁手法写新闻，可以说，这是新闻写作创新的有效途径之一。
此外，专业新闻写作要树立创新意识，在充分尊重事实的前提下，善于借用多种写作手法，描写、抒情、叙事、议论等，努力写出特色，形成各自不同的风格。
四根据不同的专业新闻类别，对新闻写作做进一步的研究与探索，从中获得更多关于专业新闻的写作技巧。展现专业新闻的独特魅力。
目前，专业新闻包括经济、体育、法制、科技等类别。下面以专业新闻——科技新闻写作为例，阐述科技新闻写作的要点与技巧。
1，科技新闻的含义
科技新闻是新近发生的有关科学技术的事实的报道，具体地说，它报道与科学技术有关的方针政策，新取得的科研成果和科技成就，已有的科学技术的普及应用情况，科学工作者工作、学习、生活的情况，以及人们对科学的认识和反映等等。
2，科技新闻的特点
科学性和知识性。从科技新闻的功能看，它一方面要报道最新的科学发现和技术创造，让读者了解最新的科技动态；一方面要宣传现代科技知识，满足人们强烈的求知欲望。
通俗性和生动性。科技新闻既要讲究科学的深刻和准确，又要让读者大众能够接受、乐意接受。不管二者兼顾起来有多难，我们都不能放弃努力。
时代性和时宜性。科技新闻是最具有时代感的文体之一。新的科技发现永远处于时代的前沿，即使是旧的科技事件的解密性报道，也很能让人联想起时代日新月异的变化。为此有人说，科技新闻其实有着很浓的体现人类进步的人文特色，这种说法是有道理的。
3，科技新闻的写作技巧
宣传科学，揭露伪科学。作为新闻工作者一定要有严谨认真的态度和精神，明辨是非，宣传科学，揭露伪科学。
科技新闻的科学性跟真实性有密切的联系。一篇科技新闻即使报道的事实是真正发生的，如果认识有悖于科学原理，那么它也是虚假新闻。
知识、人物、事件三者统一。对于科技新闻而言，科学知识是文章内容的一个构成要素。但科技新闻不是科普说明文，不能孤立地介绍科学知识，必须借科技人物和科技事件的表达，来实现知识的传达。
表达的规范性和创造性。科技新闻的表达，既要合“规矩”，又要有一定的“巧”。合规矩是对新闻基本文体特征的尊重，“巧”则是作者的创造性发挥。没有规矩不行，而没有巧，文章就没有活性。
1. 开头技巧一：名人名言
开头引用名人不仅能够作为很好的切入点展开话题，而且还能够显示考生深厚的英语功底。可能有的考生会疑惑：“我没有记住名言，怎么办?尤其是英语名言?”一般来说，引用名人名言不一定要记住每个单词才行。如果考生能够记住大致的内容，也可以引用。引用名人名言的经典句型：
a proverb says, “you are only young once.” (适用于已记住的名言)
it goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (适用于只记住大致意思的名言)
更多经典句型：as everyone knows, no one can deny that…
我们为考生总结了一些考生常用的名人名言，附在本节后面，供考生记忆使用。
2. 开头技巧二：数字统计
要想使自己的论证更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试考生只需要记住一个大概得数据即可。所以不妨试用下面的句型：
according to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.
更多句型：
a recent statistics shows that …
除以上两种特殊用法以外，我们为考生整理了以下开头常用句型，供考生参考：
文章开头句型：
1. 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,
适用于有争议性的主题.
例如
1) when asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ... but i think/view a bit differently.
2) when it comes to .... , some people believe that ....... others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . there is probably some truth in both arguments/statements , but (i tend to the proffer/latter ...)
3) now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... they claim/believe/argue that ... but i wonder/doubt whether.....
2. 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 .
1) recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/worldwide concern.
2) recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus. ( has been brought to public attention)
3)inflation/corruption/social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.
3. 观点法 ----开门见山,直截了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法.
1) never history has the change of .. been as evident as ...nowhere in the world/china has the issue/idea of .. been more visible/popular than...
2) now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that...
3) now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to......now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ......
4) perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.......
4. 引用法 ----- 先引出有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点!
1) “knowledge is power.” such is the remark made by bacon. this remark has been shared by more and more people.
“education is not complete with graduation.” such is the opinion of a great american philosopher. now more and more people share his opinion.
2)“.........” how often we hear such statements/words like those/this. in our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this “......”.
5. 比较法 ------ 通过对过去,现在两种不同的倾向,观点的比较, 引出文章要讨论的观点.
1) for years, ...had been viewed as ... but people are taking a fresh look now. with the growing ... , people ....... .
2) people used to think that ... (in the past, ....) but people now share this new.
6. 故事法 ---- 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题.
1) once in (a newspaper) , i read of/learnt .... the phenomenon of... has aroused public concern.
2) i have a friend who ... should he .... ? such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life.
3) once upon a time , there lived a man who ... this story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.
7.问题法 ----- 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题.
should/what ...... ? options of ... vary greatly, some ..., others ...but in my opinion, ...... .
(二)主体段落的写作原则
作文的主体部分是全文文字最密集的地方，也是最彰显考生功底的地方，于是，我们总结出了关于主体段落写作的几个原则，考生在平时练习时，注意体会掌握。
1. 长短句原则
中国考生语法功底普遍很好，因此，在写作文时，很容易出现长句堆积的现象。但是，这样很容易使得文章枯燥乏味，读起来费解。相反，写一个短小精辟的句子，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且，如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：
as a creature, i eat; as a man, i read. although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.
如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，更能够使文章文采飞扬。
在这里我们强烈建议考生：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉。文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
2. 主题句原则
英文写作和中文写作的一个很大的区别在于：中文写作喜欢水到渠成，只有在最后才透露观点，然而英文写作往往却开门见山，在文章的段首就讲明白整段的内容。所以在这里建一靠赊概念一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让阅卷人一目了然，文章结构更加清晰。
特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的。
to begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.
3. 一 二 三原则
领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 虽然罗嗦。但是毕竟条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。解决方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就可以了。
1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)
2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)
3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)
4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)
5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)
6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)
7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)
8)most important of all, moreover, finally
9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)
10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)
4. 短语优先原则
写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会低看你一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法。比如：
i cannot bear it.
可以用短语表达：i cannot put up with it.
i want it.
可以用短语表达：i am looking forward to it.
这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。
5. 多实少虚原则
原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个人很好的时候，不应该直说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：
走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room，但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room
小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room，小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room，老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room，所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩。
6.多变句式原则
(1)加法(串联)
都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：
i enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar.
如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：
not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.
其它的短语可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover
(2)转折(拐弯抹角)
批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。
the car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. the coat was thin, but it was warm.
更多的短语：despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding
(3)因果(so, so, so)
昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系。
the snow began to fall, so we went home.
更多短语：then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that
(4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)
有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。
举例：this is what i can do.
whether he can go with us or not is not sure.
同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：
when to go, why he goes away…
(5)附加(多此一举)
如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。
the man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
i don’t enjoy that book you are reading.
mr liu, our oral english teacher, is easy-going.
其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。
(6)排比(排山倒海句)
文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个的对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个的词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势。
whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in london for you.
nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, and the wind and ocean tides.
we have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (气势恢宏)
