联合国演讲中英文

联合国演讲中英文

联合国演讲中英文 篇1

Ladies and gentlemen

女士们、先生们：

It gives me a great pleasure to join you for this important initiative as the UN marks its 70th anniversary.

在联合国纪念成立70周年之际，我很荣幸能够参加这一重要倡议的相关活动。

Education is very close in my heart. My father grew up in a very small village in China. In those days, not many villagers could read. So my father opened a night school to teach them how to read. With his help, many people learned to write their own names; with his help many people learned to read newspapers for the first time; with his help, many women were able to teach their children how to read. As his daughter, I know what education means to the people, especially those without it.

我对教育感念至深。我的父亲生长在中国一个非常小的村庄里。在那些岁月里，许多村民都不识字。因此我的父亲开办了一所夜校帮助他们识字。在他的帮助下， 许多人学会了写自己的名字;在他的帮助下，许多人有生以来第一次读报;在他的帮助下，许多妇女开始有能力教自己的孩子读书写字。作为她的女儿，我知道教育 对一个人来说意味着什么，特别是那些没有文化的人。

After generations of hard work, China has come a long way in education. I myself am a beneficiary of that progress. Otherwise I would never become a soprano and a professor of musical. I am following my father’s footsteps by teaching at China’s Conservatory of Music to help continue China’s success story.

在经过几代人的努力，中国的教育取得了巨大的.进步。我自己就是这一进步的受益者。否则，我不会成为一个女高音和一名声乐教授。我在中国音乐学院教书，沿着父亲的足迹，帮助复制中国的成功故事。

I want to thank Director-general Bokova and UNESCO for naming me the Special Envoy for Women and Girls Education. I am truly honored to work with the UN and do something about Global Education. I have visited many schools around the world. I’ve seen first-hand on how much we can do for education.

我要感谢教科文组织任命我为“促进女童和妇女教育特使”.我对与联合国一道工作、为了全球教育做些工作感到由衷的荣幸。我访问了世界上的许多学校，我亲眼看到，我们在教育工作上还有很多的事情可以做。

Education is about women and the girls. It is important for girls to go to school because they will become their children’s first teacher someday. But women still account for over half of the world’s poor in population and 60% of adults who can’t read. Education is crucial in the addressing such inequalities.In China, Spring Bud Education Program has helped over 3 million girls go back to school. Many of them have finished university education and they are doing well at work.

教育事关妇女和女童。女童入学非常重要，因为她们有一天会成为自己孩子的第一位老师。然而，妇女依然占世界贫穷人口的一半，她们中有六成成年人不识字。 教育是解决此类不平等的关键。在中国，“春蕾计划”已经帮助300万女童重返校园。许多人读完了大学，并在工作岗位上表现出色。

Education is about equality. In poor countries and regions the number of school dropouts is astonishing. We call for more educational resources to these places.

教育事关平等。在贫穷国家和地区，辍学儿童的人数高得惊人。我们呼吁将更多的教育资源投入这些地方。

Education is about the young people. Young people are the future. Education is important because it not only gave young people knowledge and skills but also help them become responsible citizens.

教育事关年轻人。年轻人是我们的未来。教育之所以重要是因为它不仅给年轻人带来知识，还帮助他们成为负责任的公民。

As the UNESCO special envoy and the mother myself my commitment to education for all will never change. Many years ago my father made a small difference in his village. Together we can make a big difference in the world.

作为教科文组织的“促进女童和妇女教育特使”和一名母亲，我对人人享有教育的承诺永不改变。许多年前，我的父亲使他的村庄发生了改变。团结起来，我们可以使这个世界得到巨大改变。

I was once asked about my Chinese dream. I said I hope all children especially girls can have access to good education. This is my Chinese dream. I believe one day education first will no longer be a dream, it will be a reality enjoyed by every young woman on this planet. Thank you very much.

联合国演讲中英文 篇2

该中心的成立, 不仅意味着历时3年之久的“中英科学桥:超四代无线移动通信研发项目”圆满结束, 也标志着中英两国在无线通信领域的合作进入了一个可持续发展的轨道。

中英科学桥是英国研究理事会为加强和中国的科学合作于2009年启动的重要合作计划, 通过资助英国研究机构与中国的一流高校和高技术企业的交流, 加快推进部署研究所得知识, 加深加强已有合作研究关系, 促进技术产业化。“超四代无线移动通信研发项目”是英国政府资助的4个科学桥计划项目之一, 中英两国无线通信研究领域的专家从2009年至今在科研合作、学术及人才交流、联合无线试验平台建设等方面取得了丰硕成果, 建立了坚实的合作基础。在该项目结题之际, 为了使两国专家能够继续推进这种可持续的长期合作, 中英未来无线网络联合研究中心应运而生。

中国驻英使馆科技参赞陈富韬表示, 跨国、跨境产学研合作是中国参与国际科技合作的一个发展方向。中英未来无线网络联合研究中心的成立, 为两国学术界和产业界提供了一个固定的、机制化的交流平台, 将有效促进两国在无线通信领域的持续合作, 具有重要意义。

“这是1908年拍摄的敦煌莫高窟壁画。这是2004年重拍的。经过了不到100年, 壁画上的许多内容都看不清了。颜料层起甲、酥碱起甲、壁画盐害等严重侵蚀着壁画。”国家文物局副局长宋新潮指着幻灯片向中科院院长白春礼等领导介绍目前我国文物保护面临的难题。“我们迫切需要科学家们的帮助。”

这是5月22日上午中科院和国家文物局签署科技战略合作协议之前, 宋新潮的情况介绍。经过两年多的调研和讨论, 中科院与国家文物局决定进行战略合作。

根据协议, 中科院与国家文物局将围绕国家文化遗产保护科技发展规划的战略部署, 联合组织实施文化遗产保护科技行动计划, 在预防性保护、不可移动文物、可移动文物、考古、博物馆与文化遗产传播等方面, 凝练重大科技问题, 组织开展科技攻关;在战略规划、保护新材料、先进分析检测技术、信息技术综合应用、先进专有装备等行业共性需求方面, 以及硅酸盐类、金属类、有机材质类、木结构建筑、土遗址与石窟寺的保护和科技考古等专业领域, 联合组建一批科技创新平台;建立交流与培养机制, 推进文物保护科技高层次专业人才培养和创新团队建设;开展文化遗产保护科技前沿战略研究和科学传播活动。

5 月25日第15届科博会重头戏

——北京市科技合作项目推介暨签约仪式在北京举行, 15个科技合作项目集中签约237.4亿元人民币, 与去年的162.02亿元相比, 同比增长46.5%。

据了解, 集中签约项目中, 科技惠民型合作项目数占签约项目总数的40%, 签约额占总签约额的47.3%;绿色节能环保型科技合作项目数占签约项目总数的13%, 签约额占签约总额的21.1%;中国自主知识产权型科技合作项目数占签约项目总数的40%, 签约额占集中签约额的35%;总部型项目数占签约项目总数的比例达到46.7%, 签约额占集中签约额的54.6%。

英文演讲的语体特征 篇3

关键词:演讲,语体,特征

一.引言

我们对“文体”的理解有广狭二义,狭义的文体是指文学文体,广义的文体是指一种语言的各类文体。(秦秀白,1987)现代文体学不限于对作家及其作品的分析批评,而是运用现代语言学理论研究包括文学文戏在内的各类文体,如公文文体,广告文体,新闻文体,口语体,书面体等。英文演讲也是非文学文体的一种,本文就正式场合的英文演讲的语体特征进行分析。

演讲稿也叫演说辞,它是在较为隆重的仪式上和某些公众场所发表的讲话文稿。演讲稿是进行演讲的依据,是对演讲内容和形式的规范和提示,它体现着演讲的目的和手段,演讲的内容和形式。演讲稿是人们在工作和社会生活中经常使用的一种文体。它可以用来交流思想、感情,表达主张、见解;也可以用来介绍自己的学习、工作情况和经验……等等;演讲稿具有宣传、鼓动、教育和欣赏等作用,它可以把演讲者的观点、主张与思想感情传达给听众以及读者,使他们信服并在思想感情上产生共鸣。演讲和表演、作文有很大的区别。首先,演讲是演讲者(具有一定社会角色的现实的人,而不是演员)就人们普遍关注的某种有意义的事物或问题,通过口头语言面对一定场合(不是舞台)的听众(不是观看艺术表演的观众),直接发表意见的一种社会活动(不是艺术表演),其次,作文是作者通过文章向读者单方面的输出信息,演讲则是演讲者在现场与听众双向交流信息。严格地讲,演讲是演讲者与听众、听众与听众的三角信息交流,演讲者不能以传达自己的思想和情感、情绪为满足,他必须能控制住自己与听众、听众与听众情绪的应和与交流。最后,由于演讲人的背景(职业、性别、文化程度)不同,演讲的具体目的不同,演讲的具体对象不同,演讲人所使用的语音形式也不可能完全相同。(王佐良、丁往道,1987)

一篇好的演讲稿,通常要有很精彩的演讲词,以及很好的文体特征和篇章结构,同时还得考虑所演讲的对象。真正写好一篇演讲稿,拟稿人首先得了解演讲词的文体特征以及演讲词的篇章结构。本文旨在分析在正式英文演讲的特征, 故选了马丁﹒路德﹒金的著名演讲I Have a Dream(我有一个梦想)(以下称为第一篇)以及克林顿1993年就职演讲(以下称为第二篇),对英文演讲的语体特征作分析。

二.英文演讲的语体特征

1.1 语音特征

语音是贯穿全部说话活动、人们进行交流思想,沟通情感和创作文艺等活动,一切都离不开语言的声音。语音是语言的基础,也是研究文体的要素。英文演讲的受众主要以听来接受信息,声音的感染力很重要。演讲者在重音、语调、节奏等这几方面来增强演讲效果。虽然演讲是以口头表达的形式表现,但与日常对话型的口语却不大一样。在演讲中,发音都十分清楚,极少用吞音、压缩音或者缩略词。如第二篇演讲中不用“we haven’t done so”而用上“ we have not done so”,这样显得该演讲更加的正式和严肃。

演讲稿应力求语言层次清晰,逻辑性强,句子精悍有力,文字朗朗上口,语言节奏感强。我们在读克林顿的这篇演讲稿的时候,就发现读起来很上口。是因为演讲者善于利用英语的规律,把非重音和重音的内容安排在一个句群或者段落里,使得重读音节的间隔大致相等。这样的节奏感使得演讲听上去抑扬顿挫,更加富有感染力。

节奏,是指演讲内容在结构安排上表现出的张弛起伏。 演讲稿结构的节奏,主要是通过演讲内容的变换来实现的。演讲内容的变换,是在一个主题思想所统领的内容中,适当地插入幽默、诗文、轶事等内容,以便听众的注意力既保持高度集中而又不因为高度集中而产生兴奋性抑制。优秀的演说家几乎没有一个不擅长于使用这种方法。演讲稿结构的节奏既要鲜明,又要适度。平铺直叙,呆板沉滞,固然会使听众紧张疲劳,而内容变换过于频繁,也会造成听众注意力涣散。所以,插入的内容应该为实现演讲意图服务,而节奏的频率也应该根据听众的心理特征来确定。

停顿的运用也是为了更好的传达信息,它不但能引起听众的注意,还能给听众足够的时间来理解讲话人的意图。比如在第二篇演讲中,克林顿就在第二段的地方做了停顿,给前任总统老布什致意,伴随的是听众们的热烈掌声。

1.2 词汇特征

不同的文体常要求使用不同的词语,英文演讲也一样需要具有其特色的词汇来表现这一文体特征。

英文演讲文体中的用词明显比日常谈话复杂,难词、抽象词相对来说比较多。在第一篇演讲中共有100个六个字母以上的词,占众数的27.1%,双词素或者多词素的词的数量也明显增加,第一篇演讲中共有35个,占9.5%。在演讲文体中,难词的使用频率也是比较高的,如在第二篇演讲中出现的steadfastness,instantaneously,devastates,revitalize,intrigue,animosities等这些词很少在其他的文体中出现,这些词的使用一方面增加了理解的难度,也使得语言更为正式、庄重,增加了演讲的说服力。

其次,用第一人称代词也是英文演讲的词汇特征之一。在演讲中,使用最多的代词是第一人称代词,即I(me)和we (our), 其次是第二人称you, 第三人称则用得最少。这是因为演讲常常要提出自己的观点和看法,用I 是十分正常的。而we的使用又能拉近演讲者和听众之间的距离,让听众也融入演讲者的演讲中去。

据考察发现,在克林顿的就职演讲中,总共出现了154次人称代词,其分布如下表:

从该表格的数据分析来看,人称代词的31.8%用的是第一人称复数主格(we),而第二人称复数主格(you)只占了3.2%,第三人称的单数主格则没有出现(0%)。由于克林顿的演讲是“就职演讲”,所以在他的演讲中就把自己和美国人们联系在一起,we这个词可以包括说话人和受话人,强调克林顿作为总统会和美国人们一起努力的构建美国美好的未来。

1.3 句子特征

演讲的本质在于“讲”,而不在于“演”,它以“讲”为主、以“演”为辅。由于演讲要诉诸口头,拟稿时必须以易说能讲为前提。如果说有些文章和作品主要通过阅读欣赏,领略其中意义和情味,那么,演讲稿的要求则是“上口入耳”。一篇好的演讲稿对演讲者来说要可讲;对听讲者来说应好听。

从两篇例文来看,演讲文体的句子长度都比较长。句子长度的充分扩展是扩大句子信息量和提高句子表达各种逻辑关系能力的前提和基础。(侯维瑞,1988)在第一篇演讲中,共有1550个词,平均句长是22.5个词,其中最长的句子有57个词;第二篇演讲共1600个词,平均句长是23个词,其中最长的句子有85个词。这两篇演讲的平均句长都超过了整个英语的平局含词量(17.6词/句)。句子长度的增大了理解难度,但也产生了高雅、庄重的文体效果。随着句子长度的增加,句子结构也更加复杂。以第二篇演讲的第一段为例,共五句话,简单句只有一句,复合句有四句。有并列句,也有状语从句、定语从句构成了开场的第一段。另外,句子中大量使用动词词组和名词词组。

从句子类型上看,公众英文演讲中没有日常对话的不完整句,也没有广告或者解说文体中的小句;所有句子都是规范和完整的句子。这也是因为演讲都是事先写好演讲稿,所以也就不会有说到一半就断的现象。公众演讲的另外一个特点就是陈述句占绝大多数。它的目的是使语调平衡,给人以庄重感、严肃感。此外祈使句的使用也是演讲文体的特色之一。例如在第一篇演讲中就有这样的句子“Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. ”祈使句的作用是向听众进行直接的呼吁,激起大家的热情,祈使句有很大的煽动作用。

1.4 修辞特征

英文演讲文体中,修辞手段的运用是多种多样的,用感情色彩浓烈的语词来点题,以期引起听众的内心的共鸣。这种共鸣的实现,也是符合演讲的第一人称语言角度的特性的。

句法方面主要是排比、对偶和重复修辞格。比如马丁•路德•金的的演说,为了点明题旨以增强感染力,就反复“描述”了“我梦想有一天”的情景,每一个情景就是一个镜头,连续组成主观与客观相融为一体的连续不断的“画面群”,既强烈地渲染主题,实际上也是一种颇为艺术的点题方法。又比如在克林顿的演讲中的一段话“we rededicate ourselves to the very idea of America, an idea born in revolution, and renewed through two centuries of challenge, an idea tempered by the knowledge that but for fate, we, the fortunate and the unfortunate, might have been each other; an idea ennobled by the faith that our nation can summon from its myriad diversity, the deepest measure of unity; an idea infused with the conviction that America's journey long, heroic journey must go forever upward. ”这当中对idea的四个解释就构成了一种排比,让听众更加深刻的理解克林顿对这个词所赋予的深刻意义。

在语义方面最主要的修辞手段是比喻。比喻有明喻,也有暗喻。在克林顿的演讲一开始就巧妙的用了这样具有暗喻成分的句子来开场“This ceremony is held in the depth of winter, but by the words we speak and the faces we show the world, we force the spring.”这里的spring(春天)就暗示着美好的明天,和演讲的时间winter(冬天)形成了对比。比喻的使用使得语言更加生动形象,易于理解,也让听众有会心一笑的感觉。好的演讲自有一种激发听众情绪、赢得好感的鼓动性。要做到这一点,要依靠演讲稿思想内容的丰富、深刻,见解精辟,有独到之处,发人深思,而比喻能够把一些看起来平淡的事物与人们的期望联系起来,这样演讲就更加富有感染力。

1.5 语篇特征

1.5.1层次

层次是演讲稿思想内容的表现次序,它体现着演讲者思路展开的步骤,也反映了演讲者对客观事物的认识过程。由于演讲是直接面对听众的活动,所以演讲稿的结构层次是听众无法凭借视觉加以把握的,而听觉对层次的把握又要受限于演讲的时间。

根据听众以听觉把握层次的特点,显示演讲稿结构层次的基本方法就是在演讲中树立明显的有声语言标志,以此适时诉诸于听众的听觉,从而获得层次清晰的效果。演讲者在演讲中反复设问,并根据设问来阐述自己的观点,就能在结构上环环相扣,层层深入。此外,演讲稿用过渡句,或用“首先”(firstly)、“其次”(secondly)、“然后”(lastly)等语词来区别层次,也是使层次清晰的有效方法。

1.5.2衔接

衔接是指把演讲中的各个内容层次联结起来,使之具有浑然一体的整体感。由于演讲的节奏需要适时地变换演讲内容,因而也就容易使演讲稿的结构显得零散。衔接是对结构松紧、疏密的一种弥补,它使各个内容层次的变换更为巧妙和自然,使演讲稿富于整体感,有助于演讲主题的深入人心。演讲稿结构衔接的方法主要是运用同两段内容、两个层次有联系的过渡段或过渡句。

1.5.3结尾

结尾要简洁有力,余音绕梁。结尾是演讲内容的自然收束。言简意赅、余音绕梁的结尾能够使听众精神振奋,并促使听众不断地思考和回味;而松散疲沓、枯燥无味的结尾则只能使听众感到厌倦,并随着事过境迁而被遗忘。怎样才能给听众留下深刻的印象呢?美国作家约翰•沃尔夫说:“演讲最好在听众兴趣到高潮时果断收束,未尽时嘎然而止。”这是演讲稿结尾最为有效的方法。在演讲处于高潮的时候,听众大脑皮层高度兴奋,注意力和情绪都由此而达到最佳状态,如果在这种状态中突然收束演讲,那么保留在听众大脑中的最后印象就特别深刻。

三.结论

从以上对这两篇演讲的分析,我们知道正式的英文演讲文体比日常的对话等文体更为正式,庄重。语音结构也相当复杂,但是并非让人觉得不知其所云。演讲者运用了各种演讲的技巧,使语言更加有号召力和感染力。另外由于演讲都是之前准备,其语言风格也不免要受书面语的影响,所以这些都让演讲文体成为独具一格的一类文体。

参考文献:

1.秦秀白,《文体学概论》 【M】长沙:湖南教育出版社, 1987

2.王佐良、丁往道,《英语文体学引论》【M】北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1987

3.侯维瑞,《英语语体》【M】上海:上海外语教育出版社,1988

4.王守元、郭鸿、苗兴伟(主编),《文体学研究在中国的进展》【M】上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004

联合国演讲中英文 篇4

York, 20 September 2014 Your excellences, UN Secretary-General, president of the General Assembly, executive Director of UN Women and distinguished guests it is an honour for me tobe here today.Today we are launching a campaign called “HeForShe.”

I am reaching out to you because I need your help.We want to end gender inequality—and to do that we need everyone involved.This is the first campaign of its kind at the UN: we want to try and galvanize as many men and boys as possible to be advocates for change.And we don’t just want to talk about it, we want to try and make sure that it is tangible.I was appointed as goodwill ambassador for UN women six months ago and the more I have spoken about feminism the more I have realized that fighting for women’s rights has too often become synonymous with man-hating.If there is one thing I know for certain, it is that this has to stop.For the record, feminism by definition is: “The belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities.It is the theory of the political, economic and social equality of the sexes.”

I started questioning gender-based assumptions a long time ago.When I was eight I was confused at being called “bossy,” because I wanted to direct the plays we would put on for our parents—but the boys were not.When at 14 I started being sexualized by certain elements of the media.When at 15 my girlfriends started dropping out of their sports teams because they didn’t want to appear “muscly.”

When at 18 my male friends were unable to express their feelings.I decided that I was a feminist and this seemed uncomplicated to me.But my recent research has shown me that feminism has become an unpopular word.Women are choosing not to identify as feminists.Apparently I am among the ranks of women whose expressions are seen as too strong, too aggressive, isolating, and anti-men, unattractive, even.Why has the word become such an uncomfortable one? I am from Britain and I think it is right that I am paid the same as my male counterparts.I think it is right that I should be able to make decisions about my own body.I think it is right that women be involved on my behalf in the policies and decisions that will affect my life.I think it is right that socially I am afforded the same respect as men.But sadly I can say that there is no one country in the world where all women can expect to receive these rights.No country in the world can yet say that they have achieved gender equality.These rights I consider to be human rights but I am one of the lucky ones.My life is a sheer privilege because my parents didn’t love me less because I was born a daughter.My school did not limit me because I was a girl.My mentors didn’t assume I would go less far because I might give birth to a child one day.These influencers were the gender equality ambassadors that made who I am today.They may not know it, but they are the inadvertent feminists who are changing the world today.We need more of those.And if you still hate the word—it is not the word that is important, it’s the idea and the ambition behind it, because not all women have received the same rights that I have.In fact, statistically, very few have been.In 1997, Hilary Clinton made a famous speech in Beijing about women’s rights.Sadly many of the things she wanted to change are still true today.But what stood out for me the most was that less than 30 percent of her audiences were male.How can we affect change in the world when only half of it is invited or feel welcome to participate in the conversation? Men—I would like to take this opportunity to extend your formal invitation.Gender equality is your issue too.Because to date, I’ve seen my father’s role as a parent being valued less by society despite my needing his presence as a child as much as my mother’s.I’ve seen young men suffering from mental illness unable to ask for help for fear it would make them less “of a man” or less of “macho”—in fact in the UK suicide is the biggest killer of men between 20-49;eclipsing road accidents, cancer and coronary heart disease.I’ve seen men made fragile and insecure by a distorted sense of what constitutes male success.Men don’t have the benefits of equality either.We don’t often talk about men being imprisoned by gender stereotypes but I can see that that they are and that when they are free, things will change for women as a natural consequence.If men don’t have to be aggressive in order to be accepted, women won’t feel compelled to be submissive.If men don’t have to control, women won’t have to be controlled.Both men and women should feel free to be sensitive.Both men and women should feel free to be strong… It is time that we all perceive gender on a spectrum instead of two sets of opposing ideals.If we stop defining each other by what we are not and start defining ourselves by who we are—we can all be freer and this is what HeForShe is about.It’s about freedom.I want men to take up this mantle.So their daughters, sisters and mothers can be free from prejudice but also so that their sons have permission to be vulnerable and human too—reclaim those parts of themselves they abandoned and in doing so be a more true and complete version of themselves.You might be thinking who is this Harry Potter girl? And what is she doing speaking at the UN.And it’s a really good question.I have been asking myself the same thing.All I know is that I care about this problem.And I want to make it better.And having seen what I’ve seen—and given the chance—I feel it is my responsibility to say something.Statesman Edmund Burke said: “All that is needed for the forces of evil to triumph is for good men and women to do nothing.”

联合国机构名称中英对照 篇5

security council 安全理事会

general assembly 联合国大会

secretariat 秘书处

office of the secretary general 秘书长办公室

office of legal affairs 法务局

department of political and security council affairs 政治安全局

department of economic and social affairs 经济社会局

office of public information 公共资料处

department of conference services 会议局

office of general services 总务处

united nation conference on trade and development secretariat 联合国贸易开发事物局

unite nation industrial development organization 联合国工业开发机构

united nations administrative tribunal 联合国行政裁判所

international law commission 国际法委员会

united nation s commission on international trade law 国际贸易法委员会

committee on the peaceful uses of the seabed and the ocean floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction 公海海底海床和平利用特别委员会

enlarged committee for program and coordination, ecpc 扩大计划调整委员会

economic and social council 经济社会理事会

statistical commission 统计委员会

population commission 人口委员会

commission for social development 社会开发委员会

commission on human rights 人权委员会

commission on the status of women 妇女地位委员会

commission on narcotic drugs 麻醉药委员会

council committee on non-governmental organizations 民间机构委员会

committee on housing, building and planning 住宅建筑企划委员会

committee for development planning 开发计划委员会

special committee on peace-keeping operations 维护和平活动特别委员会

united nations conference on trade and development 联合国贸易开发会议

trade and development board, tdb 联合国开发委员会

united nations development program, undp 联合国开发计划处

united nation children’s fund, unicef 联合国儿童基金会

united nations industrial development organization, unido 联合国工业开发组织

united nations capital development fund, uncdf 联合国资本开发基金会

united nations institute for training and research, unitr 联合国调查训练研究所

united nations fao intergovernmental committee of the world food program 联合国fao世界粮食计划国际委员会

international narcotics control board, incb 国际麻醉药管制委员会

trusteeship council 信托投资理事会

international labor organization, ilo 国际劳工组织

food and agriculture organization, fao 联合国粮食农业组织

united nation educational scientific and culture organization, unesco 联合国教育科学文化组织

international civil aviation organization, icao 国际民间航空组织

world health organization, who 世界卫生组织

international telecommunications union, itu 国际电信同盟

world meteorological organization, wmo 世界气象组织

universal postal union, upu 万国邮政联盟

international maritime consultative organization, imco 国际海事协议组织

international finance corporation, ifc 国际金融组织

international monetary fund, imf 国际货币基金会

international bank for reconstruction and development, ibrd 世界银行

international development association, ida 国际开发协会

general agreement on tariffs and trade, gatt 有关关税贸易一般规定

international atomic energy agency, iaea 国际原子能组织

world federation of trade unions, wftu 世界劳工组织

international confederation of free trade unions, icftu 国际自由劳工联盟

international chamber of commerce, icc 国际工农商会

international federation of agricultural producers, ifac 国际农业生产联盟

inter-parliamentary union, ipu 诸国会议同盟

international organization of employers, ioe 国际雇佣者组织

world veterans federation, wvf 世界退伍军人联盟

international union of local authorities, iula 世界地方自治联盟

联合国演讲中英文 篇6

Hello, everybody!Thank you.Thank you.Thank you, everybody.All right, everybody go ahead and have a seat.How is everybody doing today?(Applause.)How about Tim Spicer?(Applause.)I am here with students at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia.And we’ve got students tuning in from all across America, from kindergarten through 12th grade.And I am just so glad that all could join us today.And I want to thank Wakefield for being such an outstanding host.Give yourselves a big round of applause.(Applause.)

大家好！谢谢你们。谢谢你们。谢谢你们大家。好，大家请就坐。你们今天都好吗？（掌声）蒂姆·斯派塞（Tim Spicer）好吗？（掌声）我现在与弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿郡韦克菲尔德高中的学生们在一起。美国各地从小学预备班到中学12年级的学生正在收听收看。我很高兴大家今天都能参与。我还要感谢韦克菲尔德高中出色的组织安排。请为你们自己热烈鼓掌。（掌声）

I know that for many of you, today is the first day of school.And for those of you in kindergarten, or starting middle or high school, it’s your first day in a new school, so it’s understandable if you’re a little nervous.I imagine there are some seniors out there who are feeling pretty good right now--(applause)--with just one more year to go.And no matter what grade you’re in, some of you are probably wishing it were still summer and you could’ve stayed in bed just a little bit longer this morning.我知道，今天是你们很多人开学的日子。对于进入小学预备班、初中或高中的学生，今天是你们来到新学校的第一天，心里可能有点紧张，这是可以理解的。我能想象有些毕业班学生现在感觉很不错——（掌声）——还有一年就毕业了。不论在哪个年级，你们有些人可能希望暑假更长一点，今天早上还能多睡一小会儿。

I know that feeling.When I was young, my family lived overseas.I lived in Indonesia for a few years.And my mother, she didn’t have the money to send me where all the American kids went to school, but she thought it was important for me to keep up with an American education.So she decided to teach me extra lessons herself, Monday through Friday.But because she had to go to work, the only time she could do it was at 4:30 in the morning.我了解这种感觉。我小时候，我们家生活在海外。我在印度尼西亚住了几年。我妈妈没有钱送我上其他美国孩子上的学校，但她认为必须让我接受美式教育。因此，她决定从周一到周五自己给我补课。不过她还要上班，所以只能在清晨四点半给我上课。

Now, as you might imagine, I wasn’t too happy about getting up that early.And a lot of times, I’d fall asleep right there at the kitchen table.But whenever I’d complain, my mother would just give me one of those looks and she’d say, “This is no picnic for me either, buster.”(Laughter.)

你们可以想见，我不太情愿那么早起床。有很多次，我趴在餐桌上就睡着了。但每当我抱怨的时候，我妈妈都会那样地看我一眼，然后说：“小子，这对我也并不轻松。”（笑声）

So I know that some of you are still adjusting to being back at school.But I’m here today because I have something important to discuss with you.I’m here because I want to talk with you about your education and what’s expected of all of you in this new school year.我知道你们有些人还在适应开学后的生活。但我今天来到这里是因为有重要的事情要和你们说。我来这里是要和你们谈谈你们的教育问题，以及在这个新学年对你们所有人的期望。

Now, I’ve given a lot of speeches about education.And I’ve talked about responsibility a lot.我做过很多次有关教育问题的演讲。我多次谈到过责任问题。

I’ve talked about teachers’ responsibility for inspiring students and pushing you to learn.我谈到过教师激励学生并督促他们学习的责任。

I’ve talked about your parents’ responsibility for making sure you stay on track, and you get your homework done, and don’t spend every waking hour in front of the TV or with the Xbox.我谈到过家长的责任，要确保你们走正路，完成家庭作业，不要整天坐在电视前或玩Xbox游戏。

I’ve talked a lot about your government’s responsibility for setting high standards, and supporting teachers and principals, and turning around schools that aren’t working, where students aren’t getting the opportunities that they deserve.我多次谈到过政府的责任，要制定高标准，支持教师和校长的工作，彻底改善不能为学生提供应有机会的、教育质量差的学校。

But at the end of the day, we can have the most dedicated teachers, the most supportive parents, the best schools in the world--and none of it will make a difference, none of it will matter unless all of you fulfill your responsibilities, unless you show up to those schools, unless you pay attention to those teachers, unless you listen to your parents and grandparents and other adults and put in the hard work it takes to succeed.That’s what I want to focus on today: the responsibility each of you has for your education.然而，即使我们拥有最敬业的教师，最尽力的家长和全世界最好的学校——如果你们大家不履行你们的责任，不到校上课，不专心听讲，不听家长、祖父祖母和其他大人的话，不付出取得成功所必须的勤奋努力，那么这一切都毫无用处，都无关紧要。这就是我今天讲话的重点：你们每个人对自己的教育应尽的责任。

I want to start with the responsibility you have to yourself.Every single one of you has something that you’re good at.Every single one of you has something to offer.And you have a responsibility to yourself to discover what that is.That’s the opportunity an education can provide.我首先要讲讲你们对自己应尽的责任。你们每个人都有自己的长处。你们每个人都能做出自己的贡献。你们对自己应尽的责任是发现自己的能力所在。而教育能够提供这样的机会。

Maybe you could be a great writer--maybe even good enough to write a book or articles in a newspaper--but you might not know it until you write that English paper--that English class paper that’s assigned to you.Maybe you could be an innovator or an inventor--maybe even good enough to come up with the next iPhone or the new medicine or vaccine--but you might not know it until you do your project for your science class.Maybe you could be a mayor or a senator or a Supreme Court justice--but you might not know that until you join student government or the debate team.你或许能成为一名出色的作家——甚至可能写书或在报纸上发表文章——但你可能要在完成那篇英文课的作文后才会发现自己的才华。你或许能成为一名创新者或发明家——甚至可能设计出新一代iPhone或研制出新型药物或疫苗——但你可能要在完成科学课的实验后才会发现自己的才华。你或许能成为一名市长或参议员或最高法院的大法官——但你可能要在参加学生会的工作或辩论队后才会发现自己的才华。

And no matter what you want to do with your life, I guarantee that you’ll need an education to do it.You want to be a doctor, or a teacher, or a police officer? You want to be a nurse or an architect, a lawyer or a member of our military? You’re going to need a good education for every single one of those careers.You cannot drop out of school and just drop into a good job.You’ve got to train for it and work for it and learn for it.不论你的生活志向是什么，我敢肯定你必须上学读书才能实现它。你想当医生、教师或警官吗？你想当护士、建筑师、律师或军人吗？你必须接受良好的教育，才能从事上述任何一种职业。你不能指望辍学后能碰上个好工作。你必须接受培训，为之努力，为之学习。

And this isn’t just important for your own life and your own future.What you make of your education will decide nothing less than the future of this country.The future of America depends on you.What you’re learning in school today will determine whether we as a nation can meet our greatest challenges in the future.这并非只对你个人的人生和未来意义重大。可以毫不夸大地说，教育给你带来的益处将决定这个国家的未来。美国的未来取决于你们。你们今日在校学习的知识将决定我们作为一个国家是否能够迎接我们未来所面临的最严峻挑战。

You’ll need the knowledge and problem-solving skills you learn in science and math to cure diseases like cancer and AIDS, and to develop new energy technologies and protect our environment.You’ll need the insights and critical-thinking skills you gain in history and social studies to fight poverty and homelessness, crime and discrimination, and make our nation more fair and more free.You’ll need the creativity and ingenuity you develop in all your classes to build new companies that will create new jobs and boost our economy.你们将需要利用你们通过自然科学和数学课程所学到的知识和解决问题的能力来治愈癌症、艾滋病及其他疾病，开发新的能源技术和保护我们的环境。你们将需要利用你们在历史学和社会学课堂上所获得的知识和独立思考能力来抗击贫困和解决无家可归问题，打击犯罪和消除歧视，使我们的国家更公平、更自由。你们将需要利用你们在所有课堂上培养的创造力和智慧来创办新公司，增加就业机会，振兴我们的经济。

We need every single one of you to develop your talents and your skills and your intellect so you can help us old folks solve our most difficult problems.If you don’t do that--if you quit on school--you’re not just quitting on yourself, you’re quitting on your country.我们需要你们每个人发挥你们的聪明才智和技能，以便帮助老一辈人解决我们面临的最棘手问题。如果你们不这样做，如果你们辍学，你们不仅仅是自暴自弃，也是抛弃自己的国家。

Now, I know it’s not always easy to do well in school.I know a lot of you have challenges in your lives right now that can make it hard to focus on your schoolwork.我自然知道要做到学业优秀并非总是易事。我知道你们许多人在生活中面临挑战，难以集中精力从事学业。

I get it.I know what it’s like.My father left my family when I was two years old, and I was raised by a single mom who had to work and who struggled at times to pay the bills and wasn’t always able to give us the things that other kids had.There were times when I missed having a father in my life.There were times when I was lonely and I felt like I didn’t fit in.我明白这一点。我有亲身感受。两岁时，我父亲离家而去，我是由一位单亲母亲抚养成人的，母亲不得不工作，并时常为支付生活费用而苦苦挣扎，但有时仍无法为我们提供其他孩子享有的东西。有时，我渴望生活中能有一位父亲。有时我感到孤独，感到自己不适应社会。

So I wasn’t always as focused as I should have been on school, and I did some things I’m not proud of, and I got in more trouble than I should have.And my life could have easily taken a turn for the worse.我并非总是像我应该做到的那样专心学习，我也曾做过我如今不能引以为豪的一些事情，我曾惹过不应该惹的麻烦。我的人生原本会轻易陷入更糟糕的境地。

But I was--I was lucky.I got a lot of second chances, and I had the opportunity to go to college and law school and follow my dreams.My wife, our First Lady Michelle Obama, she has a similar story.Neither of her parents had gone to college, and they didn’t have a lot of money.But they worked hard, and she worked hard, so that she could go to the best schools in this country.但是，我当年际遇不错。我有过许多第二次机会，我有幸能上大学，上法学院，追求自己的理想。我的妻子，我们的第一夫人米歇尔?奥巴马，也有着类似的经历。她的父母都未曾上过大学，家里很穷。但他们非常勤奋，她也是如此，因此她得以进入一些美国最好的学校。

Some of you might not have those advantages.Maybe you don’t have adults in your life who give you the support that you need.Maybe someone in your family has lost their job and there’s not enough money to go around.Maybe you live in a neighborhood where you don’t feel safe, or have friends who are pressuring you to do things you know aren’t right.你们中有一些人可能没有那些有利条件。或许你们生活中没有成年人为你们提供你们所需要的支持。或许你们家中有人失业，经济非常拮据。或许你们生活在使你们感觉不安全的社区，或有朋友逼迫你们去做你们知道不对的事情。

But at the end of the day, the circumstances of your life--what you look like, where you come from, how much money you have, what you’ve got going on at home--none of that is an excuse for neglecting your homework or having a bad attitude in school.That’s no excuse for talking back to your teacher, or cutting class, or dropping out of school.There is no excuse for not trying.然而说到底，你们生活的环境、你们的肤色、你们的原籍、你们的经济收入、你们家中的境况等等，这一切都不能成为你们不用功或不努力的理由。你们没有理由不服从你们的老师、逃学、或辍学。没有理由不付出努力。

Where you are right now doesn’t have to determine where you’ll end up.No one’s written your destiny for you, because here in America, you write your own destiny.You make your own future.你们目前的状况并不决定着你们的未来。没有人决定你们的命运，在美国，你们决定自己的命运。你们掌握自己的未来。

That’s what young people like you are doing every day, all across America.这就是像你们这样的年轻人每天都在做的事情，全美各地都是如此。

Young people like Jazmin Perez, from Roma, Texas.Jazmin didn’t speak English when she first started school.Neither of her parents had gone to college.But she worked hard, earned good grades, and got a scholarship to Brown University--is now in graduate school, studying public health, on her way to becoming Dr.Jazmin Perez.来自得州罗马城的贾兹敏 佩雷斯（Jazmin Perez）就是一个例证，她刚开始上学时并不会说英文。她的父母都没有上过大学。然而，她非常勤奋，成绩优秀，获得了布朗大学的奖学金，她如今正在读研究生，攻读公共卫生专业，不久将成为贾兹敏 佩雷斯博士。

I’m thinking about Andoni Schultz, from Los Altos, California, who’s fought brain cancer since he was three.He’s had to endure all sorts of treatments and surgeries, one of which affected his memory, so it took him much longer--hundreds of extra hours--to do his schoolwork.But he never fell behind.He’s headed to college this fall.我想起了加州洛斯阿尔托斯城的安多尼 舒尔茨（Andoni Schultz），他从三岁开始就一直与脑癌进行抗争，他不得不忍受各类治疗和手术带来的痛苦，其中一项手术曾影响了他的记忆，因此他花在功课上的时间比一般人长得多，要多出数百个小时。然而，他从未落后。他今年秋季将迈进大学。

And then there’s Shantell Steve, from my hometown of Chicago, Illinois.Even when bouncing from foster home to foster home in the toughest neighborhoods in the city, she managed to get a job at a local health care center, start a program to keep young people out of gangs, and she’s on track to graduate high school with honors and go on to college.我还想起家乡伊利诺伊州芝加哥市的尚特尔 史蒂夫（Shantell Steve）。她曾在芝加哥最困难的社区生活，寄养于多个不同的家庭，但她最终在一家地方医疗中心找到工作，并开始了一项帮助年轻人远离流氓团伙的计划，她即将以优异成绩从中学毕业，紧接着将上大学。

And Jazmin, Andoni, and Shantell aren’t any different from any of you.They face challenges in their lives just like you do.In some cases they’ve got it a lot worse off than many of you.But they refused to give up.They chose to take responsibility for their lives, for their education, and set goals for themselves.And I expect all of you to do the same.贾兹敏、安多尼和尚特尔与你们中间的每个人没什么两样。跟你们一样，他们在生活中面临种种挑战。在某些情况下，他们的处境比起你们许多人更差。但他们拒绝放弃。他们决定要为自己的一生、自己的教育负起责任，为自己设定各项奋斗目标。我期待你们大家都会这样做。

That’s why today I’m calling on each of you to set your own goals for your education--and do everything you can to meet them.Your goal can be something as simple as doing all your homework, paying attention in class, or spending some time each day reading a book.Maybe you’ll decide to get involved in an extracurricular activity, or volunteer in your community.Maybe you’ll decide to stand up for kids who are being teased or bullied because of who they are or how they look, because you believe, like I do, that all young people deserve a safe environment to study and learn.Maybe you’ll decide to take better care of yourself so you can be more ready to learn.And along those lines, by the way, I hope all of you are washing your hands a lot, and that you stay home from school when you don’t feel well, so we can keep people from getting the flu this fall and winter.因此，我今天呼吁你们每一个人为自己的教育设定目标，并尽自己的最大努力来实现这些目标。你的目标可以是一件十分简单的事情，例如完成家庭作业、上课专心听讲、或每天花一点时间读一本书。也许你会决定要参加课外活动或在你的社区提供志愿服务。也许你会决定挺身而出保护那些因为身份或长相而受人戏弄或欺负的孩子，原因是你和我一样认为所有的年轻人都应该享有一个适合读书和学习的安全环境。也许你会决定更好地照料自己，以便有更充沛的精力来学习。顺便提一下，除了这些事情外，我希望大家要勤洗手，身体感到不舒服的时候要呆在家里不去上学，这样我们能防止人们在今年秋冬季节染上流感。

But whatever you resolve to do, I want you to commit to it.I want you to really work at it.但无论你决定做什么，我希望你保证去做。我希望你脚踏实地地去做。

I know that sometimes you get that sense from TV that you can be rich and successful without any hard work--that your ticket to success is through rapping or basketball or being a reality TV star.Chances are you’re not going to be any of those things.我知道有时候你会从电视上得到这样的印象：你不用做任何艰苦的工作就能发财致富并取得成功，唱小调、打篮球或成为真人秀明星是走向成功的途径。但实际情况是：你可能不会成为其中的一员。

The truth is, being successful is hard.You won’t love every subject that you study.You won’t click with every teacher that you have.Not every homework assignment will seem completely relevant to your life right at this minute.And you won’t necessarily succeed at everything the first time you try.事实上，取得成功不是轻而易举的事情。你不会喜欢你学习的每一门课目。你不会与你的每一位老师都很投契。不是所有的家庭作业似乎都与你眼前的生活完全有关。你第一次尝试做每件事的时候，不一定成功。

That’s okay.Some of the most successful people in the world are the ones who’ve had the most failures.J.K.Rowling’s--who wrote Harry Potter--her first Harry Potter book was rejected 12 times before it was finally published.Michael Jordan was cut from his high school basketball team.He lost hundreds of games and missed thousands of shots during his career.But he once said, “I have failed over and over and over again in my life.And that’s why I succeed.”

这些都没关系。世界上最成功的人士中有一些是遭遇失败最多的人。作者J.K.罗琳（J.K.Rowling）所写的系列小说《哈利 波特》（Harry Potter）第一部在获得出版之前被退稿12次。迈克尔?乔丹（Michael Jordan）曾被他的高中篮球队除名。在乔丹的篮球生涯中，他输过数百场比赛，有成千上万个球没有投中。但他曾说过：“在我的一生中，我失败了一次又一次、一次又一次。这就是我成功的原因。”

These people succeeded because they understood that you can’t let your failures define you--you have to let your failures teach you.You have to let them show you what to do differently the next time.So if you get into trouble, that doesn’t mean you’re a troublemaker, it means you need to try harder to act right.If you get a bad grade, that doesn’t mean you’re stupid, it just means you need to spend more time studying.这些人士获得成功，因为他们懂得：你不能让失败来限制你，而必须让失败来开导你。你必须让失败向你展示下次如何以不同的方式去做这件事情。因此，如果你遇到麻烦，那并不表示你是麻烦的制造者，而意味着你需要更加努力去把它做对。如果你有一门课分数低，那不表示你比别人笨，而只表示你需要花更多的时间学习。

No one’s born being good at all things.You become good at things through hard work.You’re not a varsity athlete the first time you play a new sport.You don’t hit every note the first time you sing a song.You’ve got to practice.The same principle applies to your schoolwork.You might have to do a math problem a few times before you get it right.You might have to read something a few times before you understand it.You definitely have to do a few drafts of a paper before it’s good enough to hand in.没有一个人天生擅长做各种事情。你通过勤奋而变得擅长于各种事情。第一次从事新的体育项目时，你不可能是一位主力队员。第一次唱一首歌曲时，你不可能唱准每个音。你必须练习。同样的道理适用于你的学业。你可能要把一道数学题做几次才把它做对。你可能要把一些材料阅读几遍才能理解。在交出一篇优美的作文之前，你肯定需要打几遍草稿。

Don’t be afraid to ask questions.Don’t be afraid to ask for help when you need it.I do that every day.Asking for help isn’t a sign of weakness, it’s a sign of strength because it shows you have the courage to admit when you don’t know something, and that then allows you to learn something new.So find an adult that you trust--a parent, a grandparent or teacher, a coach or a counselor--and ask them to help you stay on track to meet your goals.不要害怕提问。不要在需要帮助时害怕请求别人帮助。我天天请求别人的帮助。请求帮助不是软弱的表现，它是力量的标志，因为它表明你有勇气承认自己对某些事情不懂，这样做会使你学到新的东西。因此，请确定一位你信任的成年人，例如家长、祖父母或老师、教练或辅导员，请他们帮助你遵循既定计划实现你的目标。

And even when you’re struggling, even when you’re discouraged, and you feel like other people have given up on you, don’t ever give up on yourself, because when you give up on yourself, you give up on your country.即使当你苦苦挣扎、灰心丧气、感到其他人对你不抱希望时，也不要对你自己丧失信心，因为当你自暴自弃时，你也抛弃了自己的国家。

The story of America isn’t about people who quit when things got tough.It’s about people who kept going, who tried harder, who loved their country too much to do anything less than their best.书写美国历史的不是在困难时刻退缩的人，而是坚持不懈、加倍努力的人，他们对国家的爱促使他们全力以赴。

It’s the story of students who sat where you sit 250 years ago, and went on to wage a revolution and they founded this nation.Young people.Students who sat where you sit 75 years ago who overcame a Depression and won a world war;who fought for civil rights and put a man on the moon.Students who sat where you sit 20 years ago who founded Google and Twitter and Facebook and changed the way we communicate with each other.书写美国历史的是250年前坐在你们的位置上的学生，他们后来进行了独立战争并创建了这个国家。还有75年前坐在你们的位置上的年轻人和学生，他们走出了大萧条并打赢了一场世界大战；他们为民权而奋斗并把宇航员送上了月球。至于20年前坐在你们的位置上的学生，他们创办了谷歌（Google）、叽喳网（Twitter）和脸谱网（Facebook），改变了我们交流沟通的方式。

So today, I want to ask all of you, what’s your contribution going to be? What problems are you going to solve? What discoveries will you make? What will a President who comes here in 20 or 50 or 100 years say about what all of you did for this country?

而今天，我要问问你们大家，你们将做出什么贡献？你们将解决什么问题？你们将有什么发现？20年、50年或100年后来到这里讲话的总统将会怎样评价你们大家为这个国家所做的一切？

Now, your families, your teachers, and I are doing everything we can to make sure you have the education you need to answer these questions.I’m working hard to fix up your classrooms and get you the books and the equipment and the computers you need to learn.But you’ve got to do your part, too.So I expect all of you to get serious this year.I expect you to put your best effort into everything you do.I expect great things from each of you.So don’t let us down.Don’t let your family down or your country down.Most of all, don’t let yourself down.Make us all proud.你们的家人、你们的老师和我正在竭尽全力保证你们接受必要的教育，以便回答上述问题。我正在努力工作，以便你们的教室得到修缮，你们能够得到学习所需的课本、设备和电脑。但你们也必须尽自己的努力。因此，我希望你们大家从今年起认真对待这个问题。我希望你们尽最大努力做好每一件事。我希望你们每个人都有出色的表现。不要让我们失望。不要让你们的家人或你们的国家失望。而最重要的是，不要辜负你们自己，而要让我们都能[为你们]感到骄傲。

Thank you very much, everybody.God bless you.God bless America.Thank you.(Applause.)

联合国演讲中英文 篇7

With the application of IEDs (Intelligent Electrical Devices) , modern power systems are developing complex and intelligent, and information exchange becomes a main factor of realizing global coordinated control and optimization.Thus the communication impact, such as the communication latency and the packet dropouts, should not be neglected during the design of future power system.However, the existing power system simulators are incapable of simulating communication impact concurrently with power scenarios.And this problem cannot be simplified via decoupling without losing essential dynamic behaviors[1].Developing a new simulation environment is potentially time consuming and costs more financial support, especially when the engine must support both continuous and discrete events, various disciplines, and large libraries of component models.

As an alternative, co-simulation supporting reusability of the models has already been developed for each individual simulator and it permits exploitation of discipline-specific simulators.Thus the reuse of simulation engines via co-simulation is becoming more and more common[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10].

In particular, a simulation engine called EPOCHS has been proposed[2], which combines the EMTDC/PSCAD power simulator with the NS-2 network communications simulator.According to the authors’knowledge, it is one of the earliest works that applies the co-simulation method for jointly analysis of power and communication.In literature[3], the existing models are used for the communication network, while extra models are provided for the electric network through interfacing MATLAB/Simulink, in the modular simulation environment based on discrete event network simulator OMNe T++[11].In literature[4], a co-simulation platform is constructed by linking the Open DSS[12]with NS-2 network simulator[13], where NS-2 is used for the simulation of the communication network dynamics and Open DSS is used for the simulation of power distribution system.

Several co-simulation structures have been proposed by authors.Literature[14-18]describe five different co-simulation architectures, which are based on various combinations of two or three off-the-shelf simulation platforms interfaced at various levels, to support the design of MVDC (Medium Voltage DC) shipboard power distribution systems and the corresponding controls, protection, and communications.

However, one of the main constraints of all the existing co-simulation platforms is the co-simulation executing time.It is relatively longer especially when simulating large power systems.Thus, this paper proposes a distributed co-simulation environment, which utilizes the MATLAB PCT (Parallel Computing Toolbox) and DCS (Distributed Computing Server) to improve the computation performance for large-scale power system.Moreover, two different hardware platforms are built to implement the proposed co-simulation platform.The control of a complex AC microgrid is discussed as an appropriate case with this distributed co-simulation environment.

1 Proposed distributed co-simulation en-vironment

1.1 General distributed co-simulation structure

The structure of the distributed co-simulation environment is shown in fig.1.The distributed cosimulation environment consists of four parts:a GUI (Graphical User Interface) for sending startup and stop commands to the controller host;the MATLAB workstations, where power system is simulated in parallel with MATLAB PCT and DCS software;the controller host that is used to execute control algorithms, coordinate the information exchange and synchronize simulation time between MATLAB and OPNET;the communication network dynamics simulated in OM (OPNET Modeler) , where each of the paralleled algorithm in MATLAB is represented as a communication node.The detailed description of four parts will be elaborated in the following subsections.

The distributed co-simulation framework can support the following functions.

a.Analysis of how the performance and characteristics of communication network affect the behavior, stability, and safety of the controlled power system.It is mainly oriented to the determination and verification of design requirements of communication network, such as data rate requirement, topology, etc.

b.Analysis of how the performance and operation of power system affect the behavior of communication system.It is mainly oriented to the determination and verification of design requirements of the power system (including monitoring structure) , such as collocation of high rate measurement instruments, monitoring areas, etc.

c.Analysis of large-scale power systems containing distributed generations and communications, with significantly reduced simulation time.

1.2 Introduction of MATLAB PCT

The MATLAB PCT and DCS software enable users to solve computationally and data-intensive problems by using MATLAB/Simulink on multi-core or multi-processor computers.Parallel processing constructs, such as parallel for-loops and code blocks, distributed arrays, parallel numerical algorithms, and message-passing functions, enable users to implement task-parallel and data-parallel algorithms at a high level in MATLAB without programming for specific hardware and network architectures.Users can use this toolbox with Simulink to run multiple simulations of a model in parallel, speeding up the execution of large MATLAB jobs.A basic parallel computing configuration is shown in fig.2.

MATLAB PCT software provides twelve MATLAB workers to execute applications locally on a multicore machine in addition to the MATLAB client session.Without changing the code, the same parallel applications can be run on a computer cluster or a grid comp uter server using MATLAB DCS.MATLAB DCS software allow users to run as many MATLAB workers on a remote cluster of computers as their licenses allow.Users can also use MAT-LAB DCS to run worker on their client machines if they want to run more than eight local workers.

The key features of PCT can be summarized as follows:

a.Parallel for-loops for running task-parallel algorithms on multiple processors;

b.Ability to run twelve workers locally on a multi-core desktop;

c.Computer cluster and grid support (with MAT-LAB DCS) ;

d.Interactive and batch execution of parallel applications;

e.Distributed arrays and SPMD (Single Program Multiple Data) construct for large dataset handling and data-parallel algorithms.

1.3 Structure of MATLAB host

Fig.3 depicts the structure of MATLAB host.To realize co-simulation with MATLAB, the MATLAB interface provided by MATLAB has been customized.This interface allows C programs to call functions developed in MATLAB and thus enables co-simulation.In the co-simulation environment, the controller host acts as the master and maintains the co-simulation time.The MATLAB engine is started at the beginning of simulation by the function engOpen () .Variables can be exchanged between the controller host and MATLAB host by the functions eng Put Array () and eng Get Array () , and the communication protocol is based on UDP (User Datagram Protocal) .Moreover, the startup command from GUI is also transmitted through UDP, the execution algorithm in each MATLAB host is updated through FTP (File Transfer Protocal) .

1.4 Structure of controller host

The structure of controller host is shown infig.4.Controller host serves as the master to forward the co-simulation, in particular, it coordinates and synchronizes the simulation steps of each individual simulator, and manages the information exchanged between them.Moreover, centralized control algorithms in power systems can also be implemented in the controller host.As the same as indicated in subsection 1.3, UDP is used to exchange information and transmit the startup command, while FTP is used to update the execution algorithms in controller host.

1.5 Structure of OPNET host

OM[19]is a commercially-available simulator for data networks.It supports design and analysis of communication networks, devices, protocols, and applications, with great flexibility.It uses a hierarchical strategy to organize the basic models to construct the system model of a network.OPNET provides mechanisms to interact with other software.In particular, this interaction can be realized through programming in the execution controller embedded in OPNET as shown schematically in fig.5.The SITL (System In The Loop) models from OPNET allows the communication and power simulation network to run jointly in real-time.Each key power network device will be assigned its own IP subnet, which requires the simulated network to route packets among power network devices.Such studies would allow identification of influence of key communication factors, such as protocols, latency and bandwidth requirements, cyber security and data management, on power system.

As illustrated in fig.5, in order to communicate with the external system, the nodes in OPNET must contain an external system module Esys[15].The Esys not only has the function to handle and sendout packets, but also has a mechanism which enables it to interact with any external C code in execution controller.It is realized through Esys interfaces, which can be set and read either by the Esys itself or by the external C code in the execution controller embedded in OPNET.Hence the interfaces act as bidirectional channels to transmit information between an OPNET model and the external system.User can define how many interfaces there are and what type each interface is within an Esys, because one Esys interface can only handle one selected data type, such as integer, double, string, pointer, etc.

ESD:External Simulator Description;ESA:External Simulation Access

Simulation models in OM are composed as a hierarchy of objects at three main levels:starting from the bottom, there is the process model that consists of a FSM (Finite State Machine) , C code and Proto C functions defining how the process reacts to an event;at the second level is the node model, it is an organized set of modules describing the various functions of each node;at the top of the hierarchical construction is the network model that defines the network layout and characterizes the node attributes for a particular communication scenario.

At the node (second) level, the model of each node contains four parts, or modules, as shown in fig.6.The Esys module is responsible for communication with the external.The process module manages data packet exchanges between the Esys module and other modules of node.Two other modules representing the transmitter and the receiver functions of communication channel are also included.

At the process (lowest) level, the model of the Esys contains four parts, as shown in fig.7.To cosimulaiton, the Esys is the most important part.The behavior of the Esys is described in terms of finitestate machines.Two states are defined for co-simulation, they are the initial state (icon no.1) and the idle state (icon no.2) .Once the OPNET simulator is started, the Esys will shift from initial state to idle state, and remain in idle state during the simulation process unless it is interrupted.Two types of interrupts are defined, which are illustrated in fig.7 as dashed arrows.One is named as ESYS_ARRIVAL (icon no.3) , it is triggered by arrival of external data from the execution controller.The other is named as STRM_ARRIVAL (icon no.4) , it is triggered by arrival of internal data packets sent by other modules inside the node.Once the simulation is started in OPNET, the process model will execute in simulation kernel to realize interaction with external simulator.

2 Hardware implementation scenario no.1

2.1 Implementation with PC nodes

The scenario no.1 of hardware implementation with PC nodes for the proposed co-simulation platform is shown in fig.8.In this case, both the MAT-LAB host and controller host are implemented in the PC server, the structure of PC nodes will be detailed in the following subsection.A personal computer is used as OPNET host, where the OM version 14.5 is installed.This platform is especially suitable for simulation of very-large-scale power system with information exchanges.

2.2 Structure of PC nodes

For the purpose of RT (Real-Time) simulation of multi-domain system, a new type of simulator for complex system that leverages on the computational capabilities of multi-processor machines is under consideration, for the purpose that the PC nodes are acquired based on shared memory machines.This platform offers the advantage of being a commercial product and thus it can be replicated and expanded easier.The following specifications have been set for this machine:

a.Higher speed and lower latency communication among processors;

b.PCI connections supporting I/O boards to perform HIL (Hardware-In-the-Loop) and PHIL (PowerHardware-In-the-Loop) tests.

The proper solution that satisfies these specifications is the use of shared memory architecture, but it is very difficult to find such a shared memory machine that is able to manage at least one PCI connection for every eight cores.The solution that adopted is a mixed architecture where each node is based on shared memory structure, so that the information exchange among 16 cores is the fastest because they all read from the same memory.One of the fastest deterministic protocols on the market called infiniband is used.

Each of 16 cores can be assigned as a MAT-LAB worker, and run the simulation of very-largesystem in parallel through MATLAB DCS.The controller host is also implemented in this PC nodes to coordinate the co-simulation with MATLAB hosts and OPNET host.

3 Hardware implementation scenario no.2

3.1 Implementation with DSP nodes

The scenario no.2 of hardware implementation with DSP nodes for the proposed co-simulation platform is shown in fig.9.In this case, the DSP (Digital Signal Processor) node servers as the MATLAB host, the structure of DSP nodes will be detailed in the following subsection.A Xilinx FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) board is used as the controller host to coordinate co-simulation, and a personal computer is used as the OPNET host.Compared with scenario no.1, this platform is suitable for smaller-scale power system and requires less coding effort.

3.2 Structure of DSP nodes

For the RT simulation of distributed system, another simulator based on series of DSPs is developed.The main focus of this application is the RT simulation of distributed energy system.

The RT simulation hardware is designed to be a modular and rack-based system.Each rack consists of up to eight processing cards connected via a back-plane.Optionall y, one interfacing card can be adde d to each processing card to connect custom hardware.The backplane offers communication interfaces to processing cards and to off-rack components.Multiple racks can be combined in one cabinet and even multiple cabinets can be connected to each other for large-scale system.

3.3 C code generation

The code used for algorithm implementation in DSP cluster is generated from MATLAB.MATLAB coder generates standalone C and C++code from MATLAB simulation models.The generated source code is portable and readable.MATLAB coder supports a subset of core MATLAB language features, including program control constructs, functions, and matrix operations.It can generate functions that let users accelerate computationally intensive portions of MATLAB code and verify the behavior of generated code.

MATLAB coder works with Simulink coder and embedded coder to generate C code from Simulink models that contain MATLAB code.The generated C code can be used for both RT and non-RT applications:

a.Standalone execution;

b.Integration with other software for rapid prototyping;

c.Accelerating MATLAB algorithms;

d.Embedded implementation, such as hardwarein-the-loop testing.

4 Potential application case studies

One of the potential applications of proposed co-simulation environment is to simulate the control performance in AC microgrids.AC microgrids are attracting more attention because they can lead to more efficient integration of DER (Distributed Energy Resources) .The configuration of the investigated AC microgrid is shown in fig.10.It integrates PV (Photo Voltaic) systems, FC (Fuel Cell) , WT (Wind Turbine) generators, ES (Energy Storage) , loads, and a main CB (Circuit Breaker) .All the energy systems are connected in parallel to a common AC bus line through converters and inverters.

The proposed control architecture consists of a GC (Global Controller) that o ptimizes the overall process and a distributed number of LCs (Local Controllers) associated with each subsystem in ACmicrogrid (as shown in fig.10) .

LC is responsible for each subsystem inside the microgrid.In LC, polynomial-chaos-theory based method is presented to realize the sensor validation and information rebuilding[20,21], which further guarantees that the measured data is right when control algorithms are applied in AC microgrids.The models of each LC and their associated subsystem are built in each paralleled MATLAB host and the simulation can be run concurrently.

GC coordinates the outputs of the subsystems in order to obtain the optimal efficiency of the whole system.Synergetic control theory, which is based on the ideas of self-organization, is adopted in GC.The theory allows designers to derive analytical control laws for nonlinear, high-dimensional, and multi-connected systems.The synergetic control has the capability to maximize the system efficiency by coordinative control that changes the number of operating converters.The GC control algorithm is implemented in the controller host of proposed cosimulation environment, and the communication dynamics between GC and LCs are simulated in OPNET host with OM.

The model is divided into several targets as shown in fig.10.RT cluster 1 contains the distributed energy sources of WT and PV.RT cluster 2 (in this case study, PC cluster is used) contains the main grid source along with FC and ES, while RT cluster 3 contains the vital and non-vital loads.The communication network is composed of the following nodes:the sensing unit (measurement) , main CB signal, local controller, load controller, and the server which could function as a global control center.The communication is achieved through a virtual Ethernet network and each node is placed at different distances, obtaining dissimilar delay values for different communication paths and applications (e.g.control, protection, etc.) .

When a serious fault occurs at the grid side, the main CB will open and send a signal to the load controller, which will disconnect the noncritical loads.Then, the loads will be connected back to the system one by one.As this process occurs, the DC bus voltage of ES is measured and sent to the switch controller of loads periodically through the virtual network for monitoring.

Within the network, parameters such as latency, bandwidth limitation and packet losses are introduced.Drop of DC bus voltage signifies that there are more loads than the distributed energy sources can sustain, thus, the last load added to the system will be disconnected and the process of reconnecting loads is stopped.The detailed description of the whole process will provided in the following with simulation results.

The influence of the communication network on the model described previously is tested.The details of the power capacity of each unit within the system are shown in fig.10.The distributed energy sources can supply a total power of 11.5 k W, while the non-vital loads and the vital load require 12 k W (4 k W per load) and 1 k W respectively.The normal DC bus voltage is 800 V and its threshold level is700 V (when the bus voltage is lower than this value, the last added load should be disconnected) .

The simulation results without delay and with delay are shown in fig.11 and fig.12 respectively.In fig.11 and fig.12, sCBrepresents the CB signal.

In the first situation, it assumes no delay during the data transmission, an interruption (three-phase fault) from the grid side occurs at t1, the main CB opens, and all the non-vital loads are disconnected.At t2, the first non-vital load is connected to the system, while the rest ones are attached every0.1 s afterwards.At t4, switch 3 is closed and the third non-vital load is added.Since at this time the distributed energy resources do not have enough power to supply the load, the DC bus voltage on the LES side begins to drop.When the voltage drops below 700 V, the load last added to the system is re-disconnected in order to allow the DC bus voltage to return to its normal value.

In the second situation, delay, bandwidth, and packet losses are introduced in the virtual communication network.In addition, it displays the importance of combination of power and communication systems modeling for power system.The restoration process is the same as in the first situation.However, two factors are visible due to the delay introduced by the network.

a.At time t1, there is a larger disturbance when the main CB is disconnected, and the actual voltage measured on the DC bus drops below the threshold voltage.This is due to the communication delay (6ms) between the main CB and the load controller.

b.At time t4, a bigger drop in voltage UDCbelow the th reshold value occurs due to the communication delay (23 ms) between the ES and the load controller.As can be noticed, there are also bigger disturbances in the AC bus voltage and the output current of ES.

The simulation step of the proposed distributed co-simulation platform can reach ms level, or evenμs level, which guarantees RT execution of the simulation model, while the traditional co-simulation platforms will normally cost more than 20 min even when simulating a small-scale system[15,22,23,24,25,26,27,28].Moreover, the distributed simulation will not change the correctness of the simulation results as verified in literature[5]with discrete event system specification.

5 Conclusion