上海牛津8au1教案
一 复习目标和内容
１四会掌握119个单词（见Contents中Vocabulary）
２能掌握本册中重点句型：What can you see? I can see ….What can you hear? I can hear ….Can Mingming hear …? Yes, he can hear….No, he can’t hear ….What do you like? I like ….Do you like ? Yes, I like ….No, I don’t like ….Do you like ? Yes, we like ….No, we don’t like ….What colour is/are …? It’s/They’re….Where is …? I don’t know./ Here it is.３复习以前学过的句型：What is it? It’s ….What are they? They’re….How old are you? I’m ….How old is he/she? He’s/She’s ….I am ….You are ….He is ….She is ….We are ….They are ….I have ….You have ….He has ….She has ….We have ….They have ….４能读懂简短的一段英语文字。
二 课时安排
第一课时：听力
第二课时：复习四会单词、重点句型及其相应变化。
第三课时：复习四会单词、重点句型、熟悉相关的问答句。第四课时：能正确抄写句子、能看懂短文的意思完成练习。
第一课时
目标：能将听到的单词、词组、句子圈出；听录音，将单词填写完
整；听录音，看图判断正误；听录音，填写短文所缺的单词；
听问句，圈出正确的问答句。
一 复习听力注意事项
1.做听力题时应消除紧张心情，平静下来。
2.在听之前要学会看题目，既学会分析。必须在拿到考卷放录音前，迅速浏览题目一遍，以便及时抓住听的要点，并根据不同题目的类型做好不同方法处理的准备。做到心中有数，预测材料主要内容。
3.听录音时掌握听和做的方法，可边听边做，也可听了以后再做。
二 Listen and circle 1.A bed B beautiful C brown 2.A take B wolf C we 3.A where B who C how 4.A That’s OK.B All right.C Here she is.5.A How old is she? She is eight.B How old is he? He is two.6.A He is my little brother.His name is Mark.B He is my little brother.His name is Peter.三 Listen and write 1.r__ __f 2.skatebo__ __d 3.w__ve 4.r__ d__ __ 5.squ__ __ __ 6.aw __ __ 7.bl__ __ 8.Str__ __b__rry 9.h__ __ se 10.m__ rr__ __
四 Listen and judge（图片出示）一条长裙
一只风筝
三顶帽子
（）
（）
（）
一堆草莓
一朵花
（）
（）
五 Listen and answer.1.A He is eight.B She is nine.2.A I’m fine.B I’m nine.3.A She is Alice.B He is Sam.4.A His name is Ben.B Her name is Amy.六 Listen and write 1.This is _____ brother.That is ______ dog.May is ________ sister._____ is two.2.Let ____ go to school.We go to school ______ bus.3.Is this ______ book? Yes, ________ have a book.______ have a book, too._______ are picture books.第二课时
目标：复习四会单词；复习重点句型及其相应变化。
一 写出下列单词的反义词
1.big _______ 2.fat ________ 3.hard _________ 4.long ________ 5.smooth _________ 6.sweet ________ 7.tall _______ 8.white ________ 9.in _________ 10.left ________ 二 用am, is, are, have, has填空 1.I ______ a boy.2.Eddie ________ tall.He _______ a toy car.3.Here you _______, Kitty.4.______ it nice? No, it isn’t.5.The robot ________ a cold nose.6.What colour _______ the sky? It _____ blue.7.I _______ a blouse.You _______ a shirt.8.Who ________ she? She ______ May.9.It _______ a head, a body and six legs.10.She _______ a cat.He _______ a cat, too.They ________ cats.核对后小结：要熟记这几个单词的固定搭配。
三 写出同类词
1.strawberry ______________ ________________ 2.blouse ______________ ________________ 3.lorry _______________ ________________ 4.tiger _______________ ________________ 5.ball _______________ ________________ 6.raindrops _______________ _________________（重点检查拼写。）
四 选择题
(一)复习句型What is it? It’s ….What are they? They’re….I am ….You are ….He is ….She is ….We are ….They are ….I have ….You have ….He has ….She has ….We have ….They have ….(二)练习
1.Who’s she? She is ________ sister.A.I B.my C.A 1.What is this? It’s _______ orange.A.the B.a C.An 2.Who ________ a pineapple? A.have B.has C.Is 3.________ is a doctor and _______ mother is a teacher.A.Her…has B.She…her C.He…her 4.Bill ______ a pupil of Class Two.He ________ a good friend.A.has…has B.is…has C.is…is 5.Let me _______ a song for you.A.sing B.singing C./ 6.They _____ want grapes.A.are B.don’t C.Have 7.Jack is under ________ tree.A.the B./ C.An 8.What are these? They are _________.A.nest B.nests C.A nest 9.My teeth ______ white.A.is B.are C.Has
第三课时
目标：复习四会单词；复习重点句型，熟悉相关的问答句。
一 根据要求写单词
1.spring（同类词）—————— 2.wind（同类词）—————— 3.hot（反义词）—————— 4.dry（反义词）—————— 5.see（同义词）—————— 6.good（同义词）—————— 7.scarf（复数）—————— 8.leaf（复数）
—————— 9.clouds（单数）—————— 10.we（单数）
——————
二 选择填空
(一)复习句型：This … is ….I like / don’t like ….What do you like? I like ….Do you like ? Yes, we like ….No, we don’t like ….(二)练习
1.______ bicycle is super.A.This B.These C.It 2.The butterfly is beautiful.I _______ it very much.A.Don’t like B.like C.Like 3.Do we like animals? No, _______ don’t.A.you B.I C.we 4.What do you like? ______ like toy cats.A.You B.I C.We 5.They are bad dolls.I ________ like dolls.A.don’t B.not C.not do
三 回答问题
1.What can you see in winter? I can see _______, _______ and ___________.2.What do you ________? I like ice-cream.3.It’s hot.The sun shines and shines.What season is it? It’s _________.4.Where is my umbrella? Here ______ ______.5.What is that? ________ a kite.6.How old ____ Eddie? He ____ ten.第四课时
目标：能正确抄写句子；能看懂短文的意思，完成练习。
一 正确抄写，注意大小写。1.正确抄写句子的格式是什么？
2.出示：where is my coat here it is 3.独立练习后核对。
二 阅读理解
1.提示：我们做这类题目时先完整看一遍短文，知道短文讲了什
么，再看题目到文中去找答案。2.用这一方法一起练习
It is Sunday.The sun is shining.Jack and Jane go to the People’s Park.There are many people in the park.Grandfathers and grandmothers like to walk near the lake.Jack and his friend like kites.They can fly the kite very high.Jane and her sister like to sing and dance.A few children like ball.They are very happy.()1.What’s the weather like today? A.Sunny B.Sunday C.Cloudy()2.Who likes to sing and dance? A.Jack and his friend B.Jane and her sister C.A few children()3.They enjoy _______ today.A.them B.a good time C.themselves
3.独立完成：根据短文做判断，相符的T用表示，不符的F用表示
There are four seasons in a year.They are spring, summer, autumn and winter.Spring is warm.Plants grow and grow.We can see many beautiful flowers.Summer is hot and wet.We can eat a lot ice-cream.We can swim in summer.I like summer best.Autumn is cool.It’s not hot.Leaves fall and fall.We can fly kites.Winter is cold.The wind blows and blows.We can make a snowman.We can skate.1.There are twelve seasons in a year.()2.I like winter best.()3.We can see many flowers in spring.()4.Summer is hot and dry.()5.Winter is cool.We can skate.()6.We can make a snowman in winter.()7.Autumn is cool.It’s not hot.()
三年级学生已经掌握了一定量的单词与句型，并能进行简单对话，而且对英语学习都抱有很大的热情。但在自主学习、体验学习、合作学习中仍旧存在不足，缺乏认真、仔细的态度，不善于与组员们交流、讨论。而本节课的教材内容比较适合设计成自主、体验、合作学习的模式，整节课营造故事氛围，让学生在一定的语境中学习，因此在教学中注意引导学生借助多媒体课件在情境中运用所学的知识。
根据上述情况，本课尝试以教师指导下的“自主、体验、合作”探究性学习作为总体设计。即学生在教师的指导下，自主学习单词，自主体验故事的内容，合作表演的形式来感悟故事内涵。
【三维目标】 1.知识与技能
1.学生通过语音归类、体验含义，来学习新单词boast与hug的含义。
2.通过听力训练，回答老师的问题，学习句型„the best„of„来体验故事各个人物的心理特征。
2.过程与方法
学生通过基本单词的学习与理解，自主表达与自主理解，体验角色学词说句，体验拥抱，感受故事寓意的过程，让学生动口又动脑，更加有效地掌握故事内容；从中体悟自主学习、自主体验、合作表演的方法。3.情感与态度
学生通过形式多样、丰富多彩的活动，学习故事的内容，理解其内涵，激发学生自主合作学习、运用英语进行体验学习的兴趣，培养学生学会欣赏他人、热爱他人的情感。【首次实践】 时间 分配
（分）教学环节教师导学学生学习课题研究 3i.pre-task preparation（准备阶段）
一、唱歌放松，营造情境。
1.a song: raindrops
1.sing a song: raindrops.学生通过演唱歌曲，得到放松，并进入了老师特意营造的氛围——雨季。5
（新授阶段）
一、自主学词
（一）自主表达
学生通过观图，联系自己的生活实际，回答问题，培养学生用英语自主表达的能力。(二)语音总结，自主学词
学生通过问题，回想日常生活中妈妈伤心的理由，体验彩虹妈妈的感受。并通过语音总结法，自主学习单词。
(三)体验角色，学词说句
1、听力训练
2.questions:
学生通过录音内容，自主学习句型，理解故事的大概内容，并回答问题，通过听力训练培养学生良好的自主学习能力。
2、儿歌练读
学生通过自己日常生活经验与观点，回答问题，操练句型，模仿故事人物的语音语调，自主完成儿歌的学习。
3、操练句型，体验角色，合作表演 学生通过感受不同颜色的优点，完成“自我吹嘘”的角色体验，注重有感情朗读的自我提示。
学生通过整个故事的阅读和理解，自主完成连线配对题目，培养学生自主阅读的能力。
小组合作，分角色朗读整则故事，自主体验各个角色的感受。4．体验拥抱，感受故事寓意
通过学生之间相互拥抱，体验拥抱的感受，让学生理解故事结尾的含义。（巩固阶段）体验巩固
2.listen to the song 通过学生之间互相夸奖优点，学会欣赏身边的小伙伴，体验“欣赏、热爱他人”的美好感受。（家庭作业）自主拓展
listen, look and think it over.让学生在今后的学习生活中也能够学会欣赏他人。◆评价部分 ◆自我反思◆
我在设计本课时，希望学生通过已经学过的内容，体验各个颜色兄弟的感受，用英语表达自己的想法，完成“自我吹嘘”的角色体验，并在最后的“夸夸身边的小伙伴”活动中，引导学生懂得如何欣赏他人的长处。
上完课后，我有两点思考：一是让学生用英语表达自己的想法，完成颜色兄弟自我吹嘘的角色体验。由于教材事先已经发给学生，对于故事内容，学生们已有些了解，所以在回答此类问题时，大部分学生均用故事中的原句回答，而没有充分发挥自己的想象，自主组织语言进行表达，这一过程就缺少了发表自我意见的内容。二是“夸夸身边的小伙伴”活动，有的同学可能并不是非常理解其中的含义，以为只要完成句型就可以了，于是就很随意的说了身边同学的优点，由于有的并不切合实际，得到了其他同学的反对。◆拟改部分
针对第一点，我在课前的师生问答中，让学生表述喜欢某个颜色的理由，然后在后面的体验角色中，学生们就有话可说，能够自主表达了。针对第二点，我打算设计one by one的形式，让学生实事求是地找找身边伙伴的优点，得到表扬的同学再以欣赏他人的心态去夸夸别人。【再次实践】 ◆改进部分：
于是在第二天的展示中，我做了改进实践，主要有以下两点：
二是夸奖别人优点的设计。one by one的形式，让学生实事求是地找找身边伙伴的优点，得到表扬的同学再以欣赏他人的心态去夸夸别人。评价部分：
英语教学作为非母语教学，在中国有着它一定的局限性。环境的局限、交流的局限、运用的局限让英语教学总是有着这样或者那样的阻力。因此，体验式教学就显得尤为重要了。通过师生“互依、互动、互促。”来促进学习主体的主动积极的发展。在教学中，执教者 借助多媒体辅助设置情境，让学生通过自己习得语言知识的运用，学生自主探索，进入角色来体会，使之成为学习的主人。七色兄弟想离开彩虹妈妈，独自成为一种颜色，他们开始各自炫耀起自己。这其中，就碰到了大量的新单词与新句型，执教者就让孩子们在体验“boast吹嘘”一词后，充当不同的颜色，利用已经习得的语言基础，发表自己不同的意见，这一求异教学活动的设计，不仅使学生的思维能力得到了提升与发展，也锻炼了他们英语的口头表达能力，同时也使得他们的语言知识，在创新教学实践活动中得到了体验。本节课的后半部分雷雨交加，七色兄弟很害怕，紧紧地抱在了一起，这里遇到了新单词hug（拥抱），执教者先与两个同学拥抱，然后让大家互相拥抱在一起，并谈谈感受。这种真实的体验，让学生们很有兴致，并谈出了自己拥抱后的真实想法。之后，呈现了“学会欣赏他人，爱护他人”的主题，又顺势让大家学着互相欣赏，夸夸别人的优点。这次实践，也是有意识地引导孩子们在日常生活中也能够去欣赏周围的小伙伴。◆自我反思：
当然，班级的学生水平是不同的，即便是修改后的方法，有的学生还是无法在故事中进行自主学习，表达自己的看法。如何让不同层次的学生都能够在课堂中进行自主学习，还需要进一步研究。【意义揭示】
回顾两次课堂教学的实践过程，我觉得有两个方面值得注意：
Module4 More things to learn
U2 Festival in China I.词汇
1.核心词汇/词组
the Spring Festival the Dragon Boat Festival the Mid-autumn Festival the Double Ninth Festival rice dumpling 2.其他词汇
call class colourful dumpling during dry firework know grade important learn money mooncake polite relative remember special traditional which red envelope race New Year’s Eve 3.词语解析
1）观察上面各节日的拼写，注意大小写和冠词，因为都是专有名词。2）during的意思是在…期间，指在一段时间内。
I always read a lot of books during the holiday.3)dry干燥的；wet潮湿的
4)class班级，grade年级。Class 3 Grade 4 四年级三班，这是专有名词，所以首字母要大写。
5）learn和study都是学习的意思 II.语法
1.（1）festival“节日”，指喜庆日，纪念活动日，定期举行的文化庆典，传统节日；
holiday“节日”，指休息日，假日，休假，与工作日相对。
（2）race“比赛，竞赛”，指人、马、车等参加的比赛；match“比赛”，指两队参加的比赛。如：a boat race, a football match.（3）dragon“龙”，在西方传说中指的是能喷火的“火龙”，是邪恶的象征，这有别于中国传说中的“龙”，为便于区别，中国的“龙”用汉语拼音long表示；但近年来这样的歧义正在逐渐消除，中国龙也常常用dragon来表示。
（4）粽子的英文是rice dumplings，亦可用汉语拼音zongzi来表示，可以起到彰显名族性的作用。
2.I see.我明白了。
不可以用进行时。
3.which是一个特指疑问代词，它提问的是“在一定范围内哪一个或哪一些”，而what通常用来泛指。如：
-What festivals do you like?-I like the Spring Festival.（泛指）-Which Chinese festival do you like, Peater?-I like the Mid-autumn Festival.（特指）4.Here are some flowers and cakes for you.此句为倒装句，正常的语序为：Some flowers and cakes are here for you.5.英文中的“句读”。
There is｜me in the class.这是在班上的我。（介词短语作定语）
There is me｜in the class.这是我在班上。（介词短语作状语）
The Spring Festival is an｜important festival in China.春节是中国的一个重要节日。（介词短语作定语）
Module1
Unit 1同学classmate跑run跳jump游泳swim跳水dive飞fly
烹调cook唱sing画paint写write画draw阅读read
Unit 2生日birthday亲爱的dear切cut骑ride
Unit 3火fire打电话telephone带来bring引擎engine消防员fireman警
察policeman女警察policewoman老师teacher医生doctor
牙医dentist护士nurse服务员waiter女服务员waitress厨师cook司机diver邮递员postman
（* 急救员 ambulance man* 营业员 shop assistant）
Module2
Unit 1肩shoulder膝盖knee脚趾toe手指finger手臂arm脸face
脚foot圆的round大楼block
Unit 2累的tired吃have饱的full害怕的afraid发怒的angry卫生间toilet Unit 3铃bell强壮的strong牙齿tooth尖的sharp树枝branch勇敢的brave
Module3
Unit 1绳子rope呼啦圈hoop（* 练习本exercise book* 长方形rectangle）Unit 2大的large小包packet 瓶bottle 汁juice 水water 一些some
面包bread黄油butter 糖sugar 水果fruit 牛奶milk
巧克力chocolate咖啡coffee面粉flour超市supermarket
书店bookshop（* 松脆饼干crisps）
Unit 3一副pair水池pond喷水池fountain喂feed走walk
草地grass摘pick爬climb
（* 写生簿sketch--book* 太阳镜sunglasses* 鸟舍aviary* 暖房plant house）
Module4
Unit 1农场farm奶牛cow绵羊sheep马horse干草hay谷物corn
丢下leave垃圾rubbish扔throw石头stone追赶chase
（* 到处everywhere）
Unit 2青蛙frog圆木log蛾moth树干trunk主茎stalk
牛津上海版英语词组及短语
(中英对照版)1.在左上角
2.在右上角
3.下棋
4.笔友
5.和某人住在一起
6.担任……工作
7.在学校
8.在中间
9.最美好的祝愿
10.戴着眼镜的那个女孩子11.在右边
12.在左边
13.在学校的足球队里
14.一年级，二班
15.女子篮球队
16.男子接力比赛
17.在世界上
18.全世界
19.在……旁边
20.对……友好
21.热衷于……
22.擅长于……
23.语文
24.数学
25.地理
26.生物
27.历史
28.化学
UNIT1—4
at the top-left corner at the top-right corner
play chess
penfriend
live with someboby
work as at school
in the middle
best wishes
the girl in glasses
on the right
on the left
on the school football team
Class Two,Grade One
girls’ basketball team
boys’ relay race
in the world all over the world
next to / beside
be friendly to be keen on
be good at
Chinese
maths
geography
biology
history
chemistry
29.体育
P.E.30.音乐
music 31.政治
politics 32.物理
physics 33.少先队员
Young Pioneer 34.小学
pramay schol 35.初中
middle school/junior high school 36.高中
senior middle school 37.大学
university/ college 38.做运动
do exercise 39.做眼保健操
do eye exercises 40.做早操
do morning exercises 41.照相
take pictures/photos 42.喜欢做某事
like/enjoy doing sth.43.想要做……
want to do sth./ would like to do sth./ 44.注意……
pay attention to 45.写下,记录下
write down 46.从左边/右边
from the left/right 47.收到某人的来信
hear from sb.;get/receive a lettere from sb.48.锻炼身体
do sports 49.持续一段时间
last for 50.一两个小时
one hour or two/ one or tow hours 51.在街道上
in the street 52.在……的开始
at the beginning of 53.在……的结尾
at the end of 54.保安
guard 55.建筑工人
construction worker 56.牙科医生
dentist 57.会计师
accountant 58.去游泳
go swimming 59.去海边
go to the sea 60.去滑雪
go skiing 61.去滑冰
go skating 62.去购物
go shopping 63.去观光
go sightseeing 64.去远足
go hiking 65.去跑步
go running 66.去慢跑
go jogging 67.去跳舞
do dancing 68.去航行
go sailing 69.去约会
70.到达(4种表达方法)arrive in/at;reach;get to 71.花费时间(金钱)的表达方法: sb.spend…on sth./
sb.spend...(in)doing sth./ sb.pay…for stth./ sth.cost sb.some money/ it takes sb….to do sth.72.主管
be in charge of 73.照顾
look after/take care of 74.独生子女
the only child 75.开会
have a meeting 76.迟到
be late for 77.除……之外
except/ except for 78.从周一到周五
from Monday to Friday/ on weekdays 79.刷牙
brush the teeth 80.洗脸
wash face 81.追赶(某人)
go after sb./ run after sb.82.及时
in time 83.按时
on time 84.盯着、凝视
stare at 85.跑开
run away 86.下车
get off(the bus)… 87.上车
get on(the bus 88.捡起
pick up 89.思考
think about 90.匆忙
in a hurry 91.从……冲出来
strom out of/ rush out of 92.熬夜
stay up late 93.生某人的气
be angry with sb 94.在……的一边
on the side of 95.在……的另一边
on the other side of 96.等候
wait for 97.拿出
hold out/ take out 98.跌倒
fall over 99.戴着手铐
in handcuffs 100.四处走走
go/walk around 101.找出,查明
find out 102.说谎
tell a lie 103.立刻
in a flash/ at once/ right away/immediately 104.将来
in the future 105.在意、关心
care about 106.查询（生词）
look up 107.四处看
look around 108.有一个选择
have a choice 109.正在那个时候
at that moment 110.毫无疑问地
without question 111.走到跟前、走近
come over 112.改变注意
change one’s mind 113.尽可能快
as soon as possible 114.有时间玩乐
have time for fun 115.在……顶部
on the top of… 116.或……或……
either……or…… 117.既不……也不……
neither……nor…… 118.不仅仅……而且……
not oly… but also… 119.将……与……比较(将……比作)
compare with/ compare to
Unit 5---Unit6重点词组
Unit 5 1.灭绝；消失
die out 2.因……而死
die of 3.得知，获悉
learn about 4.和……一样
the same as 5.因…而著名
be famous for 6.同时
at the same time 7.以……为基础
be based on 8.充满……
be full of 9.根据
according to 10.依（某人）之见
in one’s opinion 11.因为；由于
because of 12.超过
more than/ over 13.同类的 of this kind 14.做(某事)有一些困难have difficulty with sth./ have difficult in doing sth./ find it difficult to do something.15.全世界范围内
all over the world 16.其余的；剩下的the rest of…… 17.既不…也不…
neither ……nor…… 18.对……有用处
be useful for 19.一等奖
the first prize 20.害怕……
be afraid of…… 21.至多有
up to 22.生育
give birth to…… 23.也；还
as well as 24.……方面的专家
expert on…… 25.完全地，彻底地
competely
Unit6
一、词组
1．能够
be able to / can 2．成为现实；实现
come true 3．从现在起
from now on 4．到达
arrive at/in;get to………;reach…… 5．生病
get sick 6.一会儿
in a moment/minute 7．和平地
in peace 8．破碎地
in pieces 9．在太空
in space 10．将来
in the future 11．降落于
……land on 12．看起来像
look like 13．部分
part of 14．而不是
15．耗尽;用完
not …but…
run out of
Unit 7--8词组：
1.从现在起
from now on 2.躺下
lie down 3.入睡
fall asleep 4.从（某地）逃走
5.太……以致于……
6.过了一会儿
7.逃离
8.对准；瞄准
9.熄灭
10.广播、公布
11.听起来象
12.从……出来
13.告诉……实情
14.生气
15.事实上
16.开……的玩笑
17.给……提供某物
18.过着幸福的生活
19.过着艰苦的生活
20.过去常常做(某事)
21.过去常常不做(某事)
22.数以亿计
23.除……之外,还……按时
24.全世界
25.给某人拍照
26.例如
27.在过去
28.广交朋友
29.在周末
30.赶快
31.立刻
escape from
too…to…;so…that…
moments later
be out of……
aim at…
go uout
put out
sound like
come out of
tell the truth
be angry withsb./ get angry
in fact
paly jokes on
provide……with…
live a happy life
live a hard life
used to do sth.didn’t use to do sth.billiions of
as well as
all over the world
take photo for …
for example
in the past
make a lot of
at the weekend
hurry up
in a second/at once/right away/immediately
32.考虑
think of 33.中国出口品交易
Chapter 1
Reading My favorite sport
Skiing is my favorite sport, even though I have only skied for four days in my whole life.Last year, my father promised to take me on a holiday if I did well in my exams.When I got straight A’s, Dad said’ ‘How about a weekend at the Botanical Gardens? ’
However, my mu said, ‘No, you promised a special holiday.I think you ought to keep your word.’ And, despite the expense, he did，M y dream was to see some real snow, so in the Christmas vacation we flew to Seoul, South Korea, and then took a shuttle bus which runs back and forth between Seoul and Muju Resort.As the bus climbed through the mountains, we saw the snow in the trees.I was dying to get out of the bus.No one in my family had ever touched snow before.We were all like little children---we picked it up, made snowballs, and threw them at each other!Then we checked in at the hotel.Our room overlooked one of the ski slopes.The slope was floodlit, so we watched people skiing until 10 p.m.We could not wait to try it ourselves.The next day we had our first skiing lesson.We rented our ski suits, boots ad skis, and went outside onto the snow.Wearing skis for the first time makes you feel very strange.Suddenly you find you cannot even walk.Our instructor took us onto a gentle slope, and showed us some basic skills.In order to do up a hill, you have to stand sideways, and go up step by step.You must point the tips of your skis together so that you can stop.However, the tips must not cross, or you will fall.You should not ski alone in case you fall and get injured.To be honest, that first lesson was not a great success, and I kept falling down!
However, the next day I definitely improved.I only fell over a few times, and I managed to do a few longer runs.I felt pleased with myself, and the instructor congratulated me, so I felt great.Although it was very cold, I spent most of that holiday skiing.It was the most wonderful time of my life.Nevertheless, it was all over too soon.Now I have decided to work part-time this summer, so I can earn enough money for another super skiing holiday.More reading Faster, Higher, Stronger
The Olympic Games have a long history.The first modern Games were held in Athens, Greece in 1896.Every four years, athletics from all over the world compete in various sports at the Games.The largest group participates in athletics.‘Athletics’ refers to sports in four areas: track, field, road and combined events.Track events, such as running and hurdling, test a person’s speed.In order to win a track event, a person needs to go faster than everyone else.Field events, however, test how high or far someone can jump in events such as the long jump or high jump.They also test how far someone can throw in events such as the shot-put, discus or javelin.The marathon and race walks are road events.They test endurance.In combined events, athletes are required to compete in a series of competition from each category.The most famous combined event is the decathlon.The decathlon involves ten different athletics events that take place over two days.Since the decathlon involves ten different athletics events that take place over two days.Since the decathlon tests all-around physical ability, the winner of the decathlon is often called ‘the world‘s greatest athlete.’ Although all Olympic sports are equal in importance, athletics is, in many ways, the best picture of the Olympic motto ‘Faster, Higher, Stronger”.The desire of humanity to do better---to run faster, to soar higher and to push farther---is what the Olympics are all about.Chapter 2
Reading Tutorial centres
Helpful
I have been studying at a tutorial centre for two years.The fees are very reasonable, and my command of English has improved greatly since I started.My tutors are all qualified teachers.They are sincere and kind.I have been helped a lot by them.One of my teachers was British.At first, I could not say anything to her.However, later I learnt how to communicate in English with a westerner.I think that the tutorial centre has given me a lot of confidence in using English.I go to sleep
I have been attending a tutorial centre for two months.I have been forced to attend by my parents, but I do not think it is useful for me.I am always very tired after school.Sometimes I even sleep during the classes in the evening.Furthermore, the teachers are very boring.They give us a lot of supplementary exercises but they teach us nothing.I usually read comics during class.Sometimes I go to a video arcade instead.I think tutorial centres are useless Waste of money
I have studied at a tutorial centre for one year.However, I think that I have been cheated.These tutorial centres are only interested in making money, so they accept too many students for each class.However, they do not want to pay for good teachers.My English teacher was a university student who studied physics, not English!
Very often, he could not answer our questions about the use of the language.In my opinion, it is better to spend more time on school work than to waste money at a ‘money-making’ tutorial centre.Good and bad
I have experienced both good and bad tutorial centres.In my first centre, I was in a very big class.My teacher was an Australian.He just talked about his travels.I could learn nothing from him.I left within a month.Then I ask all my friends for their advice.As a result of their recommendations, I enrolled on a course at another centre.The teachers are excellent here and the classes are small.We have been taught many good techniques for developing our language and studying skills.There are both good and bad tutorial centres, so you must do some detective work before you enroll.However, the most important thing is whether you are willing to learn and to work hard.The key factor is yourself.More reading Independent learning Independent learning is one solution for those who want to continue their education, nut have no time for it.It is often described as ‘a class of one’, because you work alone.You study at your own pace, at a time and place convenient for you.These courses can help you get a degree, help your career, or help you learn what interests you.One type of independent learning is the correspondence course, In a correspondence course, a school sends you textbooks, study guides, and materials such as video and audio discs.You communicate with your teacher by mail.Your teacher reads your papers and makes comments, Your marks are recorded by the school before they are mailed back to you.A newer style of independent learning is e-learning.With e-learning, you study using computer software or the Internet.You can learn on your own, or you can enroll on a course.Usually, in an e-learning course, students communicate with their teachers through e-mail.However, some students have been using video recently.This allows the teacher and the students to see and communicate with each other at the same time.Independent learning gives you the freedom to adapt your learning to your lifestyle.However, it requires self-discipline and hard work, so not everyone is successful at it.Those who are successful receive a real sense of achievement and satisfaction.Chapter 3
Reading Fashion
My topic is ‘Fashion’.Fashion is important to almost all of us.By fashion, we usually mean popular trends in styles of dress.When we do out or to a party, we usually like to wear fashionable clothes.To illustrate my talk, I have brought along five objects.My first object is this blouse.It looks beautiful, doesn’t it? It’s my most expensive piece of clothing, and I love it.It cost me $200.It may seem very extravagant, but I could afford it with my own savings.It wasn’t easy for me to earn the money, but when buying clothes, I think the more you spend the better the quality.So you see, fashion is quite important to me.However, I’m not as keen on fashion as my brother Gary.Last summer, he won a free trip to London in a contest.The organizers wanted to show him some famous sights.But he didn’t appreciate old buildings.He just spent all his time searching for the coolest pair of trainers!For him, fashion was more important than culture.These are the trainers he bought.Was it worth a trip to London to buy these? Well, I don’t think so.It was a waste of time and money.Fashion is very big business.Changes in fashion can create or ruin jobs.As an example, I have brought this blonde wig to show you.It belongs to one of my mum’s friends.In the 1960s, these were very fashionable.But a few years later fashions changed, and women wore wigs much less often.Many wig factories closed down, and hundreds of workers lost their jobs, which was terrible!
Fashion can affect the natural world, as well.I’m holding an old hat borrowed from a drama company.It’s made of beaver fur.These hats were very fashionable about 200 years ago.As a result, beavers almost became extinct.Luckily, in the 1850s, these hats went out of style and the beavers were saved.Finally, we should remember the saying,’ never judge a book by its cover.’ Clothes will not make us more or less clever, better or worse, more or less honest.I once saw a movie about Mother Teresa.She spent all her life helping poor people in India, most of whom were dying.In 1979, she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace.When she flew to get the award, she wore the same old clothes as usual, and carried all her possessions in a little bag like this, which I bought in a market.This reminds us that fashion is not the most important thing in life.Thank you.More reading Uniform fashion good for young students
School uniforms are not part of the traditional way of life in the USA.In 1987, Cherry Hill Elementary, which is in the Maryland, went against tradition by becoming the first public school in the USA to make students wear uniforms.The school did this to reduce trouble caused by the students’ love of fashion.Since this new programme has proved to be a good way to promote safety and discipline, other schools soon followed.By 2000, 12 pert cent of American public schools required school uniforms.The introduction of school uniforms has helped reduce school violence.Much of school violence is linked to the wearing of gang colours, which are the clothes worn by different youth gangs.In schools with youth gangs, the number of fights decreased by 40 per cent after uniforms wre introduced.Uniforms also send a message that students are at school to study, not to play.They reduce peer pressure and create school pride.These things help raise the academic level of the students.Although school uniforms are popular in some areas, this new tren has met strong resistance from many parents, some of whom angrily complain that uniforms keep students from showing their individuality.A few parents have even gone too curt to stop school uniforms from being introduced.For this reason, it is unlikely that uniforms will ever be adopted nationwade.Chapter 4
Reading The hamburger business
In 1954, an American businessman called Ray Kroc was selling milkshake machines.One small drive-in hamburger stand in California bought not one but eight of these expensive machines.Surprised by this Kroc decided to go and visit it.Arriving before the hamburger stand opened, Kroc sat in his car and watched.A team of young people in uniforms appeared and started cleaning the stand and its car park, making everything neat and tidy.When opened for business, the hamburger stand was immediately filled with customers.The staff were cheerful, fast and polite.The food was excellent.Impressed by the cleanliness, service and food, Kroc looked up at the name over the hamburger stand.It read, ‘McDonald’s Hamburgers’.Although started six years earlier, in 1948, McDonald’s was still a small business owned by two brothers, Mac and Dick McDonald.Kroc suggested that they should set up more outlets, but the brothers were happy with their life and did not want to expand further.However, they did allow Kroc to launch other branches of McDonald’s for them.That was the start of the biggest fat-food company in history.In 1955, Kroc opened his first McDonald’s near Chicago, and many more swiftly followed.In 1959, the 100th McDonald’s was opened.In 1961, Kroc took over complete ownership of the business from the brothers by paying them US $2.7 million.By 1972, a new McDonald’s was being opened every day, and by 1974 there were over 3,000 restaurants.McDonald’s came to Hong Kong in 1975, and was introduced into Shenzhen in1990.Two years later, the first McDonald’s in Beijing opened with more than 40,000 customers on its first day.Why has McDonald’s been so successful? Back in 1956, McDonald’s adopted the motto ‘Q.S.C.&V.’ These letters stand for’ Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value’.In all of these areas, McDonald’s pay great attention to detail.For example, after years of planning, McDonald’s established its largest ever restaurant in Moscow in1990.To achieve the right quality, potatoes are imported into Russia, and farmers are taught how to farm them properly, as well as how to harvest and pack them.To achieve good service, McDonald’s has one of the best training programmes in the world.It even has seven Hamburger Universities(one in Hong Kong)where top personnel can learn management and customer service skills.By 2005, McDonald’s had over 30,000 outlets in 119 countries and regions.It sells more than 100 hamburgers every second of the day.While it does not yet have a restaurant on the Moon, no doubt a plan is already being made for one.More reading The rise of chain stores in China
During the last few years, the number of chain stores has greatly increased in big cities in China.Nowadays, within a short walk along a busy street, you are likely to find a chain store of some kind---a fast food restaurant, a bakery or a convenience store.Chain stores have become part of people’s daily lives.They may pop into a BreadTalk to buy a sweet roll for breakfast on their way to work.They may visit a Lianhua Supermarket in the evening to buy some food for dinner,For a birthday, they might celebrate with friends at a Little Sheep Hotpot Restaurant.At the weekend they may go to GoMe Appliances to buy a DVD or MP3 player.Chain stores have become so popular that some people include them as a factor when deciding where to live.Why have chain stores grown so fast in number and influence? Meeting the customers’ needs is the answer.Opened in convenient locations, the stores are usually next door to people’s homes and close to bus stops or underground stations.They offer a wide range of products in a clean, well-lit and relaxing environment.Every store in a chain operates in the same way as the others do.That way, everyone knows what to expect in case they shop there.The prices are reasonable too.It seems that chain stores are a welcome development in China.They are certainly a new force changing people’s way of life.Chapter 5
Reading Virtual reality
Only 50 years ago, computers were bigger than people.Today, people can carry their laptops with them anywhere they go.Soon, we may be able to step inside a computer world thanks to the magic of virtual reality.What is virtual reality, or VR? If something is virtual, then it is created by computer technology and appears as if it were real.Virtual reality is a computer system with a special headset.When you put on the headset, you look at two tiny television screens.They are so close to your eyes that your mind will see the image as one picture, and you will believe that you have entered a different world.In many systems, you also wear a special data glove.With this glove you can reach out and touch things in the artificial world.The first VR games, already sold round the world, enable you to drive a sports car, fly a plane, or fight an enemy.In the future, it may be difficult to distinguish the virtual world of the games from the real world outside.However, VR is not just for entertainment.One day, delighted children will be able to learn geography by observing exciting foreign countries without having to leave their classroom.They will be thrilled to learn history by visiting the pyramids of Egypt, or by hand-feeding friendly dinosaurs.In addition, business will be able to use VR for many tasks.Cars designed using computers can be tested as virtual machines first, before they are manufactures in metal.Architects will be able to make virtual buildings, which they can walk around and inspect before constructing.VR can help us in hundreds of ways.Despite this, concerned critics have warned that there could be dangers in this powerful new medium.Will we have VR games in which people can commit virtual crimes? After people get used to VR, will they want to return to reality? Will we forget how to live and work with real people? On the other hand, some people think that VR will help us improve the world.By experimenting harmlessly inside a VR world, we will be able to see the dangers we may face in the future.Then we will be able to avoid them in real life.No doubt there will be some problems with VR, as there are with all new inventions.However, one thing is for sure: VR is here to stay.Get ready to step into another world!
More reading Wearable technology
Did you know that some technology can be worn?
In fact, wearable technology has been around for some time.The first people to experiment with the idea were managers of sports teams.They wanted to know how athletes could use technology to improve their performance.Special vests, created to monitor an athlete’s body, can measure how fast the heart is beating and how hard the athlete is breathing.Scientists have also developed ‘cooling’ vests to help athletes perform better in difficult conditions, such as hot weather.Furthermore, an American company is currently researching clothes for soldiers to help them run faster, jump higher and lift heavier equipment.Before long, we will have technology in our everyday clothing.A computer hidden in a coat could be operated by a keyboard on one of the sleeves.Electronic sunglasses could show us maps of where we are standing and point us in the direction that we want to go.Our clothes could also monitor our bodies.They could tell us when we need to eat certain foods, take medicine or rest in order to stay healthy.There is only one problem with clothes like these: They may be difficult to wash.Electricity and water do not mix!You could remove the electronic parts before washing, but putting them back in again could take hours.Designers are now building small wires into the fabric of the clothing to solve this problem.These clothes could appear in shops any day now.Soon, we could all be wearing electronic clothes.Chapter 6
Reading Transforming Mars
Ever since the beginning of history, people have dreamt of interplanetary travel.For centuries, these dreams have always remained dreams.However, scientists now want to make these dreams come true.They are planning to transform Mars so that humans can live there.Within 30 years, the first people will land on Mars and, by the year 2185, we will have established cities.In many ways, Mars is the planet most similar to Earth.A Martian day lasts about 24 1/2 hours(although a year has 687 days).While there is no water, there is a lot of ice in the two polar ice caps.The average temperature is-60℃.The plan involves changing Mars so that it becomes more like Earth.This means using the ‘greenhouse effect’(which we are trying to stop on Earth).The suggested programme would have five main stages.Stage 1(AD 2030-2045).The first expedition arrives on Mars, after a journey by spacecraft of about six months.The members construct underground buildings, conduct experiments, look for good sites for future landings, and also check for signs of life.They can survive only as long as they wear spacesuits, because 95 per cent of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide.Nonetheless, the low gravity(one-third of Earth’s)means they can move around easily.Stage 2(AD 2045-2095)
More expeditions arrive.Huge mirrors are put in orbit round Mars to heat the polar ice caps.The ice caps are sprayed black, so that they do not reflect the heat away.Chemicals are released into the air.As a result, the atmosphere becomes thicker and retains more of the Sun’s heat.If the greenhouse effect can be started, the ice caps will melt, releasing water vapour, and the temperature will rise to-40℃.Stage 3(AD 2095-2130)Next, plants are introduced from Earth.If these plants can survive on Mars, carbon dioxide can be converted into oxygen.The first clouds appear, and the sky slowly turns from pink to blue.The temperature goes to-15℃.Stage 4(AD 2130-2145)
The warming continues, melting more ice.Rivers and small oceans are made.More people migrate from Earth and construct towns.Forests of trees are planted.Mars is looking greener.The temperature is 0℃.Stage 5(AD 2145-2185)
Mars is getting more like Earth.The amount of oxygen in the air rises, and the air becomes breathable.The inhabitants can go outside without spacesuits.The temperature reaches 10℃.(Since Mars is 228 million kilometers from the Sun, it can never be as warm as Earth)Cities, farms and industries are built all over Mars.The transformation is complete.More reading Chinese manned space flights
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