现代大学英语精读三

现代大学英语精读三（精选7篇）

现代大学英语精读三 篇1

2.为了挫败各种蓄意培植的低人一等的心态，黑人必须要直起腰来宣布自己高贵的人格。

3.黑人必须以一种竭尽全力自尊自重的精神，大胆抛弃自我克制的枷锁。

4.必须懂得没有爱的权利是毫无节制，易被滥用的，而没有权利的爱则是多愁善感，脆弱无力的。

5.正是这种邪恶的权利和没有权势的道义的冲突构成了我们时代的主要危机。

6.在本世纪之初，这种建议会受到嘲笑和谴责，认为它对主动性和责任感起负面作用。

7.事实上，人们从事改善人类处境的工作，从事传播知识、增强实力、丰富文学财富以及升华思想的工作并不是为论文谋生。8.······它能够花费几十亿美元帮助上帝的孩子自立于这个世界。9.除非主张暴力的少数人得到大多数人的同情与支持，不和他们对抗，否则，暴力革命很少或者说几乎没有成功的。10.我们要懂得道义的苍穹长又长，但它终将落向正义。Lesson 2 Key to Explanation 1.I imagined myself as different types of prodigy, trying to find out which one suited me the best.2.I had new thoughts, which were filled with a strong spirit of disobedience and rebellion.3.The girl was Shirley Temple-like, slightly rude but in an amusing way.4.When I said those words, I felt that some very nasty thoughts had got out of my chest, and so I felt scared.But at the same time I felt good, relieved, because those nasty things had been suppressed in my heart for some time and they had got out at last.5.I could feel that her anger had reached the point where her self-control would collapse, and wanted to see what my mother would do when she lost complete control of herself.6.When the lid to the piano was closed, it shut out the dust and also put an end to my misery and her dreams.Key to Translation A.Phrases 1.几乎不用首付现款 2.过高的希望和达不到的期盼 3.短路

4.我家起居室的唯一摆设 5.不自然的微笑 6.力气大得吓人 7.自行其是 B.Sentences 1.我的头发没有做出我要的大卷花，而是给我弄成一头乱蓬蓬的黑色小卷毛。

2.在她告诉我答案前，她对了对手中的杂志，看看赫尔辛基是否能这样发音。

3.她似乎被这音乐吸引住了，这钢琴曲不长，但有点狂乱，有着迷人的特点，乐曲一开始是快节奏的，接着是欢快跳动的节拍，然后又回到嬉戏的部分。

4.如果她的才气和她的脾气一样大，她早就出名了。

5.我最喜欢练习的部分是花哨的谢幕行礼动作：先出右脚，脚尖点在地毯的玫瑰图案上，身子侧摆，左腿弯曲，抬头，微笑。6.一股凉气从头顶开始，然后一点点传到全身，但我却不能停止演奏，双手好像着了魔似的。我不停地想，我的手指会调整好，就像火车会被扳到正确的轨道上。7.她的脸部失去了表情，嘴巴紧闭，双臂无力的垂下。她退出了房间，神色惊异，好像一小片枯黄的树叶被风吹走了，那样的单薄、脆弱、毫无生气。

8.我第一次，或好像感觉是第一次，注意到右边的乐曲，它的名称是“心满意足”。我也试着弹这首曲子。它的曲调比较轻松，但节奏同样流畅，不是很难。“祈求的孩子”较短、较慢，而“心满意足”更长、更快一些。在我弹了几遍之后，我意识到，原来这两个曲子是同一首歌的两个组成部分。Lesson 3 Key to explanation 1.Yet globalization is not something that you can accept or reject, it is already a matter of life which you will encounter and have to respond to every day.2.Political groups with broad support have come into being to take advantage of existing worries and uneasiness among the people about foreign “cultural assault”.3.…in China, the two trends of closed-door and open-door policies have long been struggling for dominance.4.The Chinese people should continue to live a backward life while we live comfortably with all modern conveniences.5.…westernization is a concept full of self-contradiction and held by people of very different backgrounds or views.6.In trying to find out what will be the future trend, you do not need to be fashionable yourself.All you need is awareness, that is to say, you need to be on the alert, to be observant.7.He was moving around, playing a game through the Internet with people living in different time zones, thus their activities on the computer broke down time zone limits.8.The Gucci store did not expect that in the first two weeks of its opening in Shanghai business could be so good.9.From the very beginning I know I need some theory as guideline to help me in my study of global cultures as globalization, to guide me through such a variety of cultural phenomena.10.The way of showing repentance might be peculiar to the Jews, but he strong desire of gaining forgiveness from God is common, shared by all.Key to Translation 1.我们今天正经历着一种世界范围文化剧变的阵痛，一种习俗与追求的结构性变化，用社会科学家奇特的词汇来称呼这种变化，就叫“全球化”。

2.不管他们的背景和纲领如何，这些对全球化持反对态度的人深信西方的影响---往往等同于美国的影响---会把所有文化上的差异一一压平，就像一位观察家所说的，最终产生一个麦当劳世界，一个充斥美国货和体现美国价值观的世界。

3.不过我也发现文化就如同构成文化的民族一样，善于随机应变，富有弹性而且不可预测。

4.现今原创极为困难。因此，最容易的办法就是把现存的东西组合在一起，拿出一个新玩意儿来。

5.26万中国妇女每个月都在阅读《时尚》杂志，那些开领低胸的画页及其他内容。

6.灯光熄灭，有一阵子，黑暗中唯一的声音就是一部价格昂贵的照相机自动倒卷时发出得到声音。

现代大学英语精读三 篇2

我校自从2007年升为本科院校以后, 英语专业本科段开始使用外语教学与研究出版社出版的, 杨立民教授主编的《现代大学英语》系列教材, 这套教材在规范性、创新性、权威性、系统性和教育性方面都得到了广大师生的认可和好评。本人连续五年使用现代大学英语精读和听力教材, 尤其对其精读教材的了解非常透彻, 在教和学的过程中, 充分研究了此精读教材的内容、难易程度和教学方法, 并积累了一定的经验, 现就我个人在教学过程中对教材的教学之感悟与所有英语专业的教师和学生进行分享。

一、本人在使用此套教材过程中运用的教学方法

使用同一教材的不同教师都会有不同的自己特色的教学方法, 本人使用现代大学英语五年 (尤其前四册) , 不断钻研, 反复推敲, 并取长补短, 最后基本采用相对固定的教学方法, 陈述如下:

(一) 词汇方面

词汇是学生学习一门语言永远的障碍和难点, 对于英语专业的学生也不例外, 不断有学生向教师诉苦, 说单词记忆存在遗忘性、反复性和低实用性。这确实是一个普遍的问题, 但对于一个教学英语多年的老教师来说, 这并不是一个不可解决的问题。个人认为, 学生之所以把词汇当难点, 还是学习和记忆单词的方法不够科学, 并且学生普遍缺乏持之以恒的耐性, 因为对于单词的学习, 是真正的学海无涯, 永无止境。我是这样处理词汇教学的:对于前三册, 我非常注重对单词的拼读和讲解。首先让学生尝试把每个单词读准, 包括每个音和每个词的重音, 这样学生首先入脑的是词的发音, 然后领读, 让学生真正明确每个词的读音, 之后再让学生逐个站起来读多个单词, 必要时纠正其错误, 让学生记忆深刻。通过单词音和形的理论关系, 学生很容易通过对每个词的读音基本能写出每个词的词形。比如personage这个词, 首先学生也会很轻易的找到这个词的词根是person, 所以记忆这个词就不难, 但是这个词的读音方面有一点很容易出错, 就是重音, 很多学生读的时候, 倾向把重音读在第二音节, 这样在领读过程中, 要向学生强调重音应该读在第一音节。之后把person, personality, personnel和personage这几个词放在一起对比讲解, 以免学生使用他们的时候混淆。在讲解单词的用法方面, 首先强调词汇使用的重要性, 在学生任何专业考试中, 单词的使用都是重中之重, 比如考试题型里的单选、完型填空和写作, 都需要对词汇的使用有细致地认识和了解。所以在前三册的词汇教学过程中, 单词的讲解我主要从单词的搭配、固定用法和构词法三方面入手, 经过几年的教学经历, 发现这种方法深受学生的认可和喜爱。而对于第四册, 个人认为词汇讲解可以取消, 在前几册教师教授的学习方法基础上, 学生应该自发自觉地处理词汇学习, 教师的角色应该是规律性的检测学生对这册教材里面词汇的学习和掌握情况。

(二) 口语方面

作为英语专业的教师, 我很重视学生口语能力的提高, 我主要担任精读课的授课任务, 所以每篇课文里分摊在口语训练的课时就很有限, 但是精读课就应该让学生同时打牢听、说、读、写、译几方面的基础。像上文我提及到的, 这套教材所选的文章主题多深刻, 靠近社会各种现实问题, 所以每次课文讲解阶段之前, 我都会安排学生进行口语练习。这种口语练习不是单一的就主题有准备地表达自己的观点, 而是综合几种方法来不断锻炼学生跟口语相关的各方面能力。比如, 第一册第十三课“Christmas Day in the Morning”, 虽然文章语言简单, 内容易理解, 但是主题深刻, 感人至深。所以在这篇文章的背景信息介绍环节, 先让学生提前预习西方国家圣诞节的起源以及风俗, 并让学生预习文章内容。在课堂上可以把口语练习分为几点:第一, 让几个学生分别介绍西方国家圣诞节的庆祝方式;第二, 让两到三个学生复述文章所讲的故事, 并作出点评;第三, 让学生自愿谈谈和父母的关系以及发生在父母和自己之间的感人的事情。通过这种口语训练过程, 我发现学生不但通过预习了解了英语语言的文化知识, 同时也锻炼了归纳总结和挑出故事主线的能力。另外, 学生也锻炼了其思维的创造性和表达性。还有一类文章是辩论类文章, 在现代大学英语这套精度教材中, 此类文章较多, 并很有深度。比如第三册第十课Diogenes and Alexander, 这篇文章中两个主角的生活方式、梦想、地位截然不同, 所以这类文章的分析和讲解能最大限度发挥学生的思考能力、表达能力和辩论能力。我会让学生预习课文, 然后把学生分成两组, 一组支持Diogenes的生活方式和观点, 另一组反对, 让两组学生讨论并做充分准备, 并从每组选出几个代表, 组成辩论双方, 组织辩论活动。通过这种课堂活动, 学生不但充分了解了课文的内容, 也锻炼了口语和思维能力。

(三) 语法方面

作为大学英语专业教师, 我个人认为在大学英语专业精读课堂上, 语法讲解再也不是主流, 充其量是对高中知识的回顾和复习。但是我校学生入学分数不高, 在高中阶段英语基础扎实的学生占少数, 所以我们精读课堂上语法讲解变成了一个必要而又重要的环节。如果精读课程分四个学期, 我在前三个学期都会对课文中练习中出现的语法知识进行系统和细致地讲解和分析, 而在最后一个学期只对文章中复杂句子的语法结构进行分析和解释。通过这种处理语法知识的方法, 学生不但巩固了高中阶段的语法知识, 也体现了高中到大学知识的传承性, 而且为基础不好的学生提供了再次学习的机会。

(四) 翻译方面

在听、说、读、写、译几方面, 对于学生来说, 最难的一部分就是翻译, 而这部分是学生将来从事专业工作中实践性最强的一部分, 不要说学生, 就是多数英语专业教师也只是略知理论方法, 匮乏实战经验的。所以课堂上对翻译这部分的讲授只能流于表层, 因为这种能力重在practice而非theory。不过我会让学生知道, 翻译能力的提高是最难的。第一, 它要求学生对英语语言基础的扎实掌握;第二, 它要求学生对母语的深层次学习和把握;第三, 它需要对两种语言中文化知识有广泛的了解和认知;第四, 它要求学生进行大量、循序渐进的练习。学生课堂上翻译的练习多数只是短语和句子, 之所以我能帮助学生提高这方面能力的方法是让学生把练习中一些英文句子翻译成汉语, 这相对汉译英来说要简单一些, 但是学生在翻译过程中也会出现这样那样的问题, 比如歧义, 句子不通顺或者译文不符合原文等等。对于练习中大量的汉译英句子, 我先是让学生主动挑出最难处理的几个, 然后与他们交流难度在哪里, 最后告诉他们一些结构复杂的句子怎样入手, 一些难理解的词怎样选词。

二、对练习的处理

讲授这套教材的教师和学习这套教材的学生一致反映此套教材中练习的量大并非常全面。练习中词汇练习包括一词多义、英译汉、汉译英、同义词辨析、课文常用词组练习;语法练习包括课文涉及的语法讲解和语法单选练习;完形填空;诗歌欣赏;作文练习;英译汉汉译英句子。因为课堂时间有限, 对于练习的处理我采用的方法是选择性讲解, 其他的作为课后作业布置给学生, 并通过各种方式进行检查。比如词组练习基本不放在课堂上处理, 可以当小测验来测查学生。翻译句子可以找出典型的讲解和分析, 让学生自己举一反三。但是同义词辨析、完形填空和语法单选练习都会细致讲解, 因为这几部分是专业考试中的典型的题型。

三、结语

对于英语专业的教师来说, 一套科学、质量好的教材会对课堂教学起到锦上添花的作用的。通过对现代大学英语这套精度教材几年的了解和使用, 不但觉得这套教材已经得心应手, 而且客观来说, 这套教材不但对教师, 而且对于学生来说都是近几年来不可多得的好教材, 这里就不再赘言其优越性, 但是一套好的教材还需要教师和学生们的不断挖掘和反复使用, 希望在以后的教学道路上还会碰到这样全面、科学的专业教材。

参考文献

[1]高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组.高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲[Z].外语教学与研究出版社, 2000.[1]高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组.高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲[Z].外语教学与研究出版社, 2000.

现代大学英语精读三 篇3

【关键词】《现代大学英语精读（第二版）》    教材    分析     优点     不足

一、 引言

作为英语教学中最基本的因素，教材是开展教学活动的主要依据和学生学习的中心内容。而对英语专业教学来说，综合英语教材更是重中之重。因此，选用合适的精读教材对于精读课来说是至关重要的。《现代大学英语精读（第二版）》是目前使用较为广泛的专业英语教材之一，因此，对其进行综合分析是十分必要的。本文着重分析《现代大学英语精读（第二版）》这套教材的优点与不足之处。

二、对教材优点的分析

1.题材广泛、内容丰富、主题深刻、语言优美

《现代大学英语精读（第二版）》的文章都选自英美国家的原创文章，选材全面广泛，涉及西方社会、政治、经济、历史、文化等各个方面。选材主题包括如下：学习态度（如Another School Year—What For？）;家庭关系（如Message of the Land）;人生感悟（如Half a Day）;神话故事（如The Nightingale and the Rose）;悬疑小说（如Midnight Visitor）;历史灾难（如Pompeii）;生态环保（如The Rite of Spring）;生活轶事（如The Boy and the Bank Officer）;人性探讨（如The Man in the Water）;种族优越感（如Say Yes），等等。

此教材题材的广泛性和体裁的多样性体现了综合英语知识内容综合的特点，在很大程度上提高了学生的学习兴趣。课文语言优美，写作手法多姿多彩，还大量运用了各种修辞手法，如比喻（明喻、隐喻）、借代、对照、夸张、讽喻等，使文章生动活泼，富有情趣。

2.知识系统完整、难易程度呈阶梯式编著、重难点突出

此教材是为我国高等院校英语专业的综合英语课编写的，使用对象是英语专业学生，教材内容从易到难，由浅入深，层次清晰，知识体系完整。不管是在听说方面，还是在阅读、扩展性训练等方面，都能使学生完整地学习课程。四册课本的教学任务清晰显著，第1—2册供学生第一学年使用，基本任务是复习、提升中学所学的内容，培养学生的自主学习能力以及良好的学习习惯，训练学生的语音、语调和朗读技巧;第3—4册用于第二学年的教学，在继续紧抓听说能力训练的前提下，努力加强写作和翻译能力的训练。教材编写目的明确，在不同的学年设有不同的教学重点。

3.充分锻炼学生听说读写译各项技能

此教材旨在培养学生的基本英语技能，使其了解中西方语言及文化的异同，并在打好基础的前提下，培养他们的语言交际能力。教材中的不同部分对英语的听说读写译有不同程度地侧重。可以说，此教材是全方位的、综合性的，专为英语专业师生打造的科学教材。

综上所述，《现代大学英语精读（第二版）》选材广泛，知识体系完整，重难点突出，作为一套精读教材，听说读写译各项语言技能在教材中得到了综合体现。然而，这套教材也或多或少地存在一些不足之处。

三、此教材在教学使用过程中的不足

虽然此教材自出版以来被广泛使用并受到各高等院校英语专业师生的欢迎，但是由于不同学校的生源水平和教学条件不同，这套教材在实际使用过程中还存在一定的不足，具体体现在以下几方面：

1.课文篇数太多，无法充分利用。《现代大学英语精读（第二版）》每册书都有十六个单元，除了其中两个单元是复习单元，其他十四个单元中各有Text A和Text B两篇文章，每篇文章都各有特色。由于综合英语课课时有限，课本内容又多，因此无法充分利用所有文章。在备课过程中，各篇文章很难取舍。而且，一旦精选个别篇章，其他单元的知识点就可能遗漏，十分可惜。

2.部分课后词汇、语法练习过于繁杂。《现代大学英语精读（第二版）》每单元的课后练习都很实际，但是部分练习过于琐碎和重复，可以去粗取精。例如在构词法练习中，可以稍举几个例子进行练习便可。

3.尽管选材广泛，但较缺乏实用性文章。教材中个别文章太过抽象，不足以引发学生兴趣，影响教学效果。应该相应增加一些更有实用价值的材料，如法律英语、经贸英语、旅游英语、科技英语等，以增强内容的多样性，也利于学生涉猎不同领域的知识。

四、 结语

综上所述，《现代大学英语精读（第二版）》符合教学规律，知识系统完整，教学目的明确，是供高等院校英语专业使用的科学教材。它具备独特的编写风格和知识体系，不仅能传授语言知识，同时还着力于文化习得、语言交流能力的培养。在使用这套教材时，教师要结合教材的特色，并联系生活实际，在课堂教学过程中做到充分、合理地利用，以达到教材使用的最佳效果。

【参考文献】

[1] 杨立民.现代大学英语精读[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012.

[2] 杨立民.现代大学英语精读（教师用书）[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012.

现代大学英语精读三 篇4

（精读期末复习资料）

Unit 1 1.他对他的研究如此专心致志，从来没有过很快就要退休的念头。

He is so devoted to his research that it never occurs to him that he will soon have to retire.2.很多人都曾说过，如果没有有效的制约，我们都有滥用权力的倾向。Many people have observed that without effective checks, we all have a tendency to abuse our power.3.有些国家拒绝卷入这一争端，而且他们对外国的干涉非常反感。

Some countries refuse to get involved in this dispute and they resent any foreign interference.4.控制沙尘暴需要大量的工作和资金。

The control of sandstorms will involve a tremendous amount of work and money.5.你们用这些技术的时候，必须考虑到当地的条件

You have to take the local conditions into consideration when you apply these technologies.6.所有的申请者都必须填好这些表格，然后邮寄50美元的报名费。

All applicants will have to fill out these forms and mail in an application fee of 50 dollars.7.他根据对孩子们行为的观察得出结论：学习是一种自然的乐趣。

Based on his careful observation of children’s behavior, he came to the conclusion that learning is a natural pleasure.8.在一个多民族的国家里，各民族之间的和谐需要小心处理。

In a country of many nationalities, ethnic harmony requires very careful handling.9.政府决定严惩所有涉案的腐败官员。

The government is determined to punish all the corrupt officials involved.10.考试作弊并不经常发生，但一旦发生，学校会采取严厉的态度。

Cheating at/on exams does not occur very often.But when it does, the school takes a very tough position.Unit 4 1.只有这样我们对它的这种古怪行为才能给予合理的解释。

Only in this way can we give a reasonable account of his strange behavior.2.她自称具有一种特异功能，用手一摸就能治病。

She claims to possess a magic power—the power to cure disease simply by the touch of her hand.3.他任命了五个人处理这个案件。他们组成了一个强有力的班子。几天内，他们就发现嫌犯拥有成卷的他无法说明来源的欧元、美元和大量贵重物品。He appointed five people to handle the case.They formed a strong team.Within days they found in his possession rolls of Euros, US dollars and large quantities of valuables the source of which the suspect could not account for.4.在这个故事里，这个妖怪常常以美女的样子出现。

In the story, the evil spirit often appears in the form of a pretty young lady.5.他把画卷了起来，并说一百万美元以下绝对不卖。

He rolled up the painting, and said that he would not part with it for less than a million dollars.6.有那么多的合格法官，我不明白为什么她会被任命到最高法院工作。Of all the qualified judges, I don’t know why she was appointed to the Supreme Court.7.我对此知道得不多，不足以形成一大套力量。不过我肯定，仅仅是贫困还不能解释犯罪率上升。

I don’t know enough to form an elaborate theory, but I’m sure that poverty alone cannot account for the increase of the crime rate.8.一块大石头突然从山上滚了下来。它是如此之大，一下子把一辆卡车砸的粉碎。A big stone suddenly rolled down the hill, so big that it smashed the truck to pieces.9.我说我们得卷起袖子开始干活，但是他就只是像哲学家一样转了转眼珠，笑了笑。I said we must roll up our sleeves and start working, but he just rolled his eyes philosophically and smiled.10.古时候，我们的哲学家们认为一个好的皇帝对他的百姓就应该像一个好父亲对他的孩子那样，在任何情况下都不可残酷地对待他们。

In ancient times, our philosophers believed that a good king should be to the people as a good father is to his children—he must never treat them cruelly on any account.Unit 5 1.造房子不是开玩笑的事情，你们每一步都必须仔细检查。

Building a house is no joking matter.You must check carefully at every step.2.他的部队成功地阻止了敌人的前进。这些敌人原先的企图是要来一个突然袭击。

His troops successfully checked the advance of the enemy whose original intention was to make a surprise attack.3.我当时很想反驳他的观点，但是我克制住了，因为我觉得那种场合不合适。I really wanted to refute his arguments, but i checked myself because I thought it was not the right occasion.4.蕾切尔·卡森以将她的一生都献给了环保事业而闻名。Rachel Carson is famous for devoting all her life to the cause of environment protection.5.在某些方面，我们对这些大坝和水库潜在的危害仍然一无所知。它们可能造成不可恢复的环境变化。

In some ways we are still ignorant of the potential harm of these dams and reservoirs, They might cause irrevocable changes in the environment.6.应该有一整套平衡制约的手段，这样才不会由一个人在没有得到老百姓同意，在他们不知情的情况下制订关系国家利益的重要政策。

There must be a set of checks and balances so that no important policy concerning national interests can be made by one person without the consent and knowledge of the people.7.要想在竞争中获胜，我们必须适应新的形势。比如这些花花绿绿的衣服就是他别设计的，他们针对的事年轻人市场。

To compete successfully we have to adjust to new conditions.These colorful garments, for example, are specially designed.They are intended for the youth market.8.我们教师如果对学生的健康情况缺少关心，那时不能原谅的。

We teachers cannot be excused for our lack of concern for students’ health.9.他说他宁可死也不愿永远卧床不起，与外界隔绝。

He said that he would rather die than be confined to bed all his life and isolated from the outside world.10.一场群众抗议席卷了全国，将他置于左右两方的交叉火力当中。A mass protest swept the country and he was caught in a crossfire from both the right and the left.Unit 6 1.我们都知道可卡因是容易上瘾的。海洛因也一样。但实际上，权力和金钱也同样使人上瘾。那些上瘾的人其实都是严重的病人。

We all know that cocaine is addictive.So is heroin.But actually power and money are addictive too.Those who get addicted to them are really very sick people.2.科学家们一直在主张退耕还林，把新开垦的地还给江河湖泊，沼泽草地。Scientists have been advocating returning reclaimed land to rivers, lakes, marshes and meadows.3.根据很多经济学家的说法，政府挽救那些资不抵债的公司不一定是个好主意。有时一个处于破产边缘的公司，最好就让它破产。

According to many economists, it is not always a good idea for the government to bail out financially insolvent companies.Sometimes, a company on the verge of bankruptcy is better allowed to go bankrupt.4.他被逮了个正着。有无可辩驳的证据证明他书里有整整一章是从另外一个教授的书里原封不动地抄袭过来的。

He has been caught red-handed.There is indisputable evidence that a whole chapter of his book was bodily lifted from a book written by another professor.5.他们政府早已有法律禁止珍稀鸟类和兽类的进出口。但是要实行该法律并不容易。

Their government long since passed a law to ban the import and export of rare species of birds and animals.But the law is not easy to enforce.6.现在很难让年轻人相信，曾经有过这么一段时期，中国妇女被禁止穿裙子。牛仔裤、外国电影、音乐都被禁止了。

It is hard to make young people believe nowadays that was a time when Chinese women were banned from wearing skirts, Jeans, foreign movies and Western music were all forbidden.8.在黑暗中，我们的船触了礁，船底留了个大洞。我们都拼命设法把水从船里弄出来，但船在快速下沉。幸亏附近有条渔船，使我们绝处逢生。

In the darkness our ship hit a hidden rock, which left a gaping hole in the bottom.We all tried desperately to bail out the water, but the boat was sinking fast.Luckily a fishing boat was nearly and saved us from drowning.9.示威者要求立即取消经济制裁，因为它通常只会伤害无辜的百姓。

The demonstrators demanded that economic sanctions be lifted immediately because they usually only hurt ordinary, innocent people.10.会上倡导者和反对者都摆出了有力的观点。但大多数人都赞成将进一步的改革立即提上日程。At the meeting, both the advocates and opponents gave strong argument, but most participants favored having further reforms placed on the agenda immediately.Unit 9 1.我们公司预计今年的增长速度为8%，比去年增长2%。

Our company projects an 8% growth rate this year, up by 2% compared with last year.2.预计中国将越来越赞成跨国的兼并和收购。

China is projected to increasingly favor more and more cross-border mergers and acquisitions.3.投影到屏幕上的幻灯片表明，在那次竞选中他极力想把自己塑造成一个强人的形象。

The slides projected on the screen showed that he tried to project himself as a strong man in the election campaign.4.消息说当局已经接受了他的建议，这项价值几十亿美元的项目已被无限期地推迟了，他听后心里感到特别宽慰。

He was greatly relieved to hear that the authorities had accepted his recommendation and the multibillion-dollar project had been postponed indefinitely.5.纳尔逊大夫已经连续五个小时给一个又一个的伤员做手术了，所以当梅森大夫能来接替他的时候我们都如释重负。Dr Nelson had been operating on one wounded soldier after another for five hours.Therefore we all sighed with relief when Dr Mason was able to come to relieve him.6.政府救济就像是止痛药。它能缓解你的痛苦，但是不能治你的病。不仅如此，你还很容易形成依赖，无法摆脱。

Government relief is like a pain-killer.It gives you relief, but it does not cure the disease.Besides, you can easily get hooked on it.7.私营企业并不要求政府板胡它们不受竞争威胁。他们只希望不受歧视。Private businesses are not asking the government shield them against competition.They just hope not to be discriminated against.8.我们必须把他们争取过来，或者使他们中立，以便彻底孤立我们的主要敌人。We must try to win them over or neutralize them so that we can completely isolate the main enemy.9.从目前通货膨胀的情况来看，可能还有必要再次提息，这样才不至于把最近这次提薪给完全抵消掉。

Judging by the rate of inflation so far, perhaps it is necessary to raise interest rates again so that the recent pay raise will not be completely neutralized.10.改革开始的时候，人们普遍有一种乐观情绪。大家都相信我们的现代化事业有着光明的前景。

A general feeling of optimism prevailed when the reform started.People all believed that there were bright prospects for our modernization.Unit 11 1.科学家们大致同意地球变暖是一个事实，但是其成因目前还在热烈争论之中.不少人认为，如果我们把现有证据都放在一起，就可得出结论，这是人类活动造成的。但另外有些人认为我们还要进一步研究这个问题，他们认为自然的力量起码有着同等的重要性。

Scientists more or less agree that global warming is a fact, but its cause is still hotly debated at present.Many believe that if we piece together all the available evidence we can conclude that it is caused by human activities, but others think we need to dig into the problem further, and that natural forces are at least of equal importance.2.他把他一生都献给了水利工程。他是少数几个最早看到在这里建大坝可能给我们造成多大麻烦的科学家中的一位。

He devoted all his life to the cause of water conservancy.He was one of the few scientists who first saw how much trouble it would cause us in future if we were to build a dam here.3.那些同情国际恐怖主义的人从一个不同的前提出发开看待这一问题。他们相信，为了达到目的可以不择手段。但我强烈反对这种观点。我认为任何借口都不能为冷血谋杀无辜的妇女、儿童和老人做辩护。

Those who sympathize with international terrorism view the problem from a different premise.They believe that their goal can justify cold-blooded murder of innocent women, children and old people.4.有民间非政府组织在起作用是件好事。在一个多元化的社会里，人们的观点总是不同的。反对者不但应该被容许，而且还应该得到尊重和鼓励。这么做对我们自己也有好处。

It is a good thing to have NGOs at work.In a pluralistic society, people’s views are bound to differ.Opposition should not only be allowed, but also be respected and encouraged.It is also to our advantage to do this.5.政府的过度投资意味着很多国有银行的贷款不可能得到偿还。这些呆账最后就会导致金融危机。

Government’s over-investment means that many state bank loans will not be repaired and these bad debts will finally lead to a financial crisis.6.现在有一种提供给大学生的特别贷款。那些无法交纳学费的学生都可以从中获益。

Special bank loans are now available to university students.Those who can’t pay for their education can benefit from these loans.7.他在结束讲话时说，他们一结束调查就向安理会报告。他坚信，企图用大规模的屠杀来维持一个国家的统治是注定要失败的。

He ended his speech by saying that as soon as they concluded their investigation they would report to the Security Council.He firmly believed that any attempt to maintain the rulers of a country in power using mass killing was destined to fail.8.她将经香港飞往印度去和印度政府签订一个新的知识产权保护协议。She will fly to India by way of Hong Kong to conclude a new agreement on the protection of intellectual property rights with the Indian government.9.根据这些理由，我们只能得出他们在蓄意制造事端的结论，所以我们决定立即召回大使以示抗议。

Bases on these reasons, we could only come to the conclusion that they were out to make trouble.Therefore, we decided to recall our ambassador immediately by way of protest.1.英雄是具有非凡品质的人。

Heroes are people who have unusual qualities.(Better: Heroes are people with unusual qualities)2.名流是因媒体炒作而出名的那些人。

Celebrities are people who become famous because of publicity through the media.3.互联网是一个能把全世界的计算机连在一起的系统。

The Internet is a system that connects computers throughout the world.4.欧阳教授说好教师是那种竭尽所能，使学生不依赖自己的人。

Professor Ouyang says that a good teacher is one who does all he/she can to make himself/herself unnecessary for the students.5.不能共患难的（fair-weather）的朋友是当你已有困难就立即抛弃你的那种人。A fair-weather friend is one who will desert you as soon as you are in trouble.6.经济学是一门被定义为研究商品和服务的生产、分配和消费的社会科学。Economics is defined as the social science that deals with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.7.一个空想革命者是只高谈革命却不将之付诸实践的人。

An armchair revolutionary is one who talks about revolution but doesn’t put what he says into practice.8.国际货币基金组织是联合国内的一个涉及贸易和经济发展的机构。

The International Monetary Fund is the organization within the United Nations which is concerned with trade and economic development.9.闪盘或U盘是一个能用来存储从电脑获取的资料并能将其移动到另一个电脑上的小设备。

The flash or USB drive is a small memory that can be used to store data from a computer and to move it from one computer to another.10.写微博是一种在互联网上定期发送短信息、照片或视频是人们不断了解你的活动和思想的行为。

现代大学英语精读三 篇5

Unit 8 Key to Exercise Vocabulary 3 Give the word that refers to a person coming from that land or area 1.Japanese

2.Italian

3.Brazilian 4.Iranian

5.Cantonese

6.Indonesian 7.Cuban

8.Vietnamese

9.Lebanese 10.Syrian

11.Canadian

12.Korean 13.Egyptian

14.Portuguese

15.Indian 16.Nepalese

17.Chilean

18.Russian 19.Mexican

20.Romanian

21.Sudanese 22 Mongolian Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the word “addict” or “consider” 1 addicts addictive, addicted

addiction 4 consider, consideration

considerate

Considerable, considered Complete the following verb+ noun collections or expressions 答案：1.Pitch

2.meal, dish, food

3.guests, friends 4.take, plan

rouse

6.faith, library books, friendship 7.hitch

8.drive, travel, cover

9.people 10.people, animals

11.test, develop, prove

12.conquer, feel 13.make, take, accept

nip touch, break

3.Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese in the brackets.答案：

1.that all nations realize that global warming is everybody‘s bushiness 2.that life is always full of opportunities and challenges/risks 3.that all this has proved that our efforts have not been in vain 4.that the earth moves round the sun 5.that she had been admitted to that university 6.that wives ought to stay at home 7.that the best policy is to tell people the truth 8.that he mentioned the other day that 9.that our teacher once said that he had noticed that some students still had difficulties with their grammar.Fill in the brackets with the correct prepositions or adverbs 答案： for

into after away, over

out of out, into

7.to, in over, out for, for

to, about, on, across

6.Translate the following sentences into English 答案：

1.The fuel/gas ran out, but he managed to make a safe landing in rice fields.2.There are already quite a few students who are considering running for the chairman of the Students‘ Union.3.That student who was run over by the horse carriage is now out of danger.I consider him really lucky.4.It is said that this well has never run dry in the past hundreds of years, and this has been considered a miracle.5.We are running short of hands.You have just come in the right time.6.I‘d rather have some of our public works run by the state than by private businessmen.7.She warned me not to make friends with those who are always running after name and money.8.We warned them that what they did was against/a violation of the agreement/contract, and we would take legal action.7.Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s)in the brackets.More than one word may be correct.答案： remember/memorize remember/recall

remember/recall 4 remember, special middle

center

however, visits 8 special, trip

particular, tour found, found out

Grammar 2 Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese in the brackets, using a what-clause.答案：

1.What farmers what most 2.what they suggested 3.what my parents said to me 4.what they were trying to do 5.what life was all about 6.what they should get out of college 7.what we need 8.what you look like 9.what the village had achieved in the past 30 years 10.what the federal government should not do at the moment Translate the sentences using a what-clause or a present participle phrase 答案：

1.Do what you like without caring about what other people think.2.We should find out what the students think about the matter.3.We‘ll do what we can to help the earthquake victims.4.I hope what I have written will be of help to other college students.5.Being journalism majors, we ought to keep ourselves informed of what is happening around the world.6.―Stop thief!‖ a student called, raising his voice.7.Having nothing more interesting to do, the boy decided to take his alarm clock apart.8.Wang Lan opened the wardrobe, wondering what she should wear to the interview the next day.9.The village head went from door to door telling people to leave for a nearby hill.10.Realizing he‘d been deceived, the old man reported the painful experience to the police.4.Fill in each blank of the passage with one suitable word.答案： easy

away

them running However 6 change

exercise

can anyone

that Identify and correct the mistake(s)in each of the sentence.答案：

1.Shortly after the Spring Festival, he returned to Beijing to prepare for a job interview.2.I don‘t like the way some young people speak to their elders/people older than themselves.3.it was in high school that Tommy first/ for the first time realized he was different from his peers.4.Turning the corner of the street, we found a new duck restaurant there./ As we turned the corner of the street, a new duck restaurant came into view.5.What they need most at the moment is encouragement, not merely financial support.6.Making a presentation in English for the first time, I was so nervous that my knees kept shaking./ When I was making a presentation in English fore the first time, I was so nervous that my knees kept shaking.7.Being a spoiled child, Jim is rarely popular with other children.8.While training for the school sports meet, Linda ran at least five kilometers every day.9.He wrote to inform us that he was leaving for Australia next month.10.Knowing Grandma had heart trouble, Dad broke the bad news gently./ As he knew Grandma had heart trouble, Dad broke the bad news gently.Unit 9 Key to Exercise Vocabulary 6 Translate the following sentences into English 答案：

1.At first, he was very successful in his business, but then his success turned his head.His partners advised him to be more modest, but he turned a deaf ear to their advice.2.Jingke was very confident/sure that when he unfolded the map he would be able to kill the Emperor of Qin with the sharp knife/dagger hidden in it.3.We ought to welcome more and more wealthy people, but our law must make sure that they have made their fortune in honest ways.4.For years our school has produced many good students, most of whom have important positions in various departments.5.Due to cultural differences many foreigners are turned off at the sight of dog meat or cat meat.6.Whenever you have time, turn it over in your mind, will you? 7.She used to consider philosophy dull and boring, but later she found that it turned out to be very interesting.8.His father had just turned fifty, and his hair has turned gray, but otherwise, he is quite all right.9.The power of government officials must be checked and balanced.Otherwise those who are supposed to be people‘s servants will turn into people‘s masters.10.He believed that it was worth trying because he knew that whatever you do, you must have people‘s support.Grammar Translate the Chinese 答案：

1.no matter what / whatever happens 2.no matter how old/young they are, whatever their age(is)3.No matter what/ Whatever you say 4.no matter how much it costs 5.No matter where/ Wherever his business took him 6.No matter how / However we tried to reassure her 7.no matter where/ wherever you are in the world

8.no matter how/ however difficult your workmates/ colleagues are 9.no matter how/ however difficult that is 10.no matter what /whatever will happen to them Complete the response to each of the remarks using the wish + that-clause pattern as shown in the examples.答案

1.I had realized this

2.I could help

3.I had a brother

4.I had his courage 5.We could do more than we did

6.I lived

7.I had better news 8.we could be

9.she had listened to

10.I had been taught 3 Translate the following sentences, using a conditional clause … 答案

1.Wherever he goes, he is recognized.2.No matter how hard I try, I can‘t persuade him to play the part of Hamlet.3.No matter what you have planned for the future, your parents will support you.4.The boy hates crime and means to stop it whenever he can.5.No matter what you decide in the end, this digital dictionary is yours to keep for a semester.6.No matter how capable and efficient you are, you cannot finish the task on your own in three days.7.A well-known philosopher once said, ‗ I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep whenever I cannot keep awake.I am in good health.‘ 8.I wish I could go and see my parents whenever I want.9.I wish I could express openly whatever I feel.10.I‘ll do whatever I can to restore law and order in the region.But I wish the riot had never happened.Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.答案：

1.since

2.has

3.popular

4.idea/ practice

5.relationships 6.ways

7.tradition

8.among/ with

9.longer

10.text Identify and correct the mistakes in each of the sentences 答案：

1.This free copy is yours no matter whether/ if you buy any of our books./ This free copy is yours whether you buy any of our books or not.2.Wherever the people want us to go, we‘d go there.3.In some ways we whish we could turn the clock back.4.On parting, the three of them decided to meet again at the same place in ten years.5.I wish my parents were as understanding as yours.6.The hotel treats its guests equally, no matter where they are from.7.His family and friends are all worried about him, for they haven‘t heard from him

for six weeks./ As his family and friends haven‘t heard from him for six weeks, they are all worried about him.8.All these years, I have kept track of the progress of the project.9.Toward 10 pm, the man in the doorway became anxious;he was not sure whether his friend would come./ Toward 10 pm, the man in the doorway became anxious, for he was not sure whether his friend would come.10.I wish the earthquake had never happened.Unit 10 Key to exercise Vocabulary 2 Complete the following verb+noun collocations or expressions 答案：

1.have / get / show / produce/ achieve

the results

2.have / take / accept / show / bear / assume

responsibility 3.discuss / debate / raise/ settle/ confuse / avoid

issues 4.pursue / have / develop

hobbies 5.have / make / lose / avoid

contact 6.save

face / lives / time / money/ trouble 7.remove

roots / chairs/ hats / gloves / shoes / bandages / make-up/ doubts 8.cultivate

land / field / roses/

9.eliminate

enemies / rivals / opponents / suspects / errors 10.produce

oil / cars / cotton / results / a movie 11.lack

care / time / money / experience / patience / courage 12.bury

the dead / treasure / past / head 13 nourish the

plants / children / animals / relationship 14.arrange

meeting / appointments / time / place / flowers / business affairs

6.Translate the following sentences into English 答案：

1.如果他们拒绝归还小岛，他们两国的关系就不能完全正常化。

If they refused to give back these small islands, the two countries would not be able to normalize their diplomatic relations completely.2.我知道放弃这个机会十分愚蠢，但我别无选择。

I know that it is stupid to give up this opportunity, but I have no other choice/ alternative.3.由于缺少公众的支持，白宫最后退让了。

For lack of public support, the White House Had to give in at last.4.要一下子消灭毒品不可能，但现在世界上每年都有几百万以上的人成功地戒

了烟。

It may not be possible to eliminate drugs all at once/ immediately / at one go, but now there are millions of people throughout the world who succeed in kicking the habit of cigarette smoking every year.5.我们已经和对方代表联系。我们已经安排不久在厦门会面，讨论双方有兴趣的重要问题。

We have already made contact with the representatives of the other side and arranged to meet in Xiamen before long to discuss important issues we are both interested in.6.有一天，那座新楼突然倒塌，楼里很多人都被埋了。

One day, that new building suddenly gave way / collapsed / fell down, burying many people under it.7.爱情是要双方的培养，而真正的爱表现在给予而不是在获取上。

Love requires nourishment from both sides, and true love is in the giving, not in the taking.8.奶奶的健康一有改善，她就开始把她的财产分给她的亲戚朋友们。

As soon as Grandma‘s health improved, she began to give out her belongings to her folks and friends.9.一种长久的友好关系要求双方都十分真诚。

It requires perfect honesty on both sides to cultivate a lasting / an enduring friendly relationship.10.据称，今年的经济计划已经完成了，国内市场也非常繁荣。

It is announced that our economic plan this year has been fulfilled and our domestic / home market has also been flourishing.Grammar 3 Translate the following sentence into English, using a to-infinitive or either…or… / neither …nor… 答案：

1.He said again and again that he had come to China to broaden his horizons.2.Julia says she has neither the time nor the energy for sports after a day‘s hard work.3.Sometimes it takes courage to disagree openly with one‘s immediate boss.4.Neither the teachers nor the students here believe there is any shortcut in learning English.5.Upon graduation, most college students have two options: either to find a job or to go to graduate school.6.To see all the flood victims properly housed is the relief workers‘ number one task at present.7.During my stay in China.I would like you to arrange for me to see some of my old friends.8.In order to prevent the price of houses from going up too fast, the government promised to adopt / launch a series of policies.9.Such interviews are generally conducted either in a hotel or in a café, never in

offices.10.They opened a shelter for the city‘s homeless to stay overnight in extreme weather condition.Fill in the blank of the passage with ONE suitable word.答案：

1.comes

2.different

3.Anybody

4.as

5.longer 6.burdens

7.them

8.who

9.life

10.days Identify and correct the mistakes in each of the sentences.答案

1.When Mandela no longer had to do manual labour, he started a garden in the yard.2.Medals enjoyed working in his garden because gardening offered him a sense of satisfaction in prison.3.He wants to pursue a career in journalism after graduation from college.4.They refused to discuss the matter in public.5.Neither his parents nor his friends thought he would become a writer.6.When he learned that he had been admitted by Tsinghua University, he could hardly wait to tell his family the news.7.We can meet either on campus or at my place.8.I was so absorbed in the story that I did not realize it was getting dark.9.I haven‘t finished the book I‘d borrowed from the library yet.10.Is it possible to arrange for me to work as a volunteer for the Landon Olympics?

Unit 11 Key to the exercise Vocabulary 5 Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions or adverbs.答案 across, for, out

2.in search of

3.across/upon, out, from 4.for, to

5.upon, with

6.to

7.up, for, into 8.through, into

9.at, with, in, to

6.Translate the following sentences into English 答案

1.我很好奇你后来是怎么决定学英语的。

I am quite curious how you come to decide to study English.2.一直到改革开放以后，人们才开始明白，市场并不是坏事。

It was not until the reform and opening-up started when people began to realize that the market was not a bad thing.3.那些将军、官员和学者都不知道如何称那头大象的重量，但是一个小孩突然想出一个主意。

None of those generals, officials and scholars knew how to weigh the elephant, but a

young child suddenly came up with a brilliant idea.4.那时候我们遇到的最大的困难是没有粮食，所以从未有过减肥的想法。

The biggest difficulty we came across / up against was lack of food.Therefore it never came to our mind that one day we might have to live on a diet.5.我从来没有听说过这个说法。你是在哪里碰到的？

I have never heard of this expression.Where did you come across it? 6.这座庙的油漆已经开始剥落，该重新刷一下了。The paint of the temple is coming off.It needs repainting.7.这里的水不深，只到一般人的胸口。他们很容易从这里过河来。

The water here was not deep.It only came to an ordinary man‘s chest.So they could easily come across the river here.8.大门突然开了，跳出来一条狗。它开始冲我吼叫，直到它主人出来才安静下来。

The door opened suddenly and out jumped a dog.It started barking at me and didn‘t quiet down until its master came out.9.那片美丽的草地不见了，一个大饭店取而代之。

Gone was the beautiful meadow, and in its place stood a big hotel.10.我们现在最紧迫的事情是保护那些被恐怖分子扣留的中国人的性命。

Our most urgent need is to protect the life of those Chinese who were kidnapped by the terrorists.Grammar 2 Rewrite the sentence by inverting the subject and main verb.答案

1.Along a wall of the study stood three floor-length bookcases.2.It was midnight, but now and then, from the distance, came bangs of firecrackers.3.In a corner of the park lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.4.Present at his 90th birthday party were people from all walks of life, along with over a hundred former students.5.Gone are the days when the big powers could order other countries about.Translate the following sentence using when/ before or inversion 答案：

1.It was a couple of days before the children recovered from the horror of the road accident.2.It was revising my essay on computer and was about to finish when the screen went blank due to power failure.3.The school is located at the foot of a hill.Beyond the hill lies a large stretch of rice fields.4.It won‘t be long before Jim begins to regret having lost a friend like you.5.―It‘s pleasant to touch the land,‖ whispered the farmer.6.The family had just put their winter clothes away when the area was hit by a snowstorm.7.In the center of the Tian‘anmen Square stands the Monument to the People‘s

Heroes.8.It wasn‘t long before a number of economists realized the world would soon be face with a serious global financial crisis.9.They were leaving for Thailand when they were told the trip had been cancelled.10.Gone are the days when China could not make big planes on its own.Fill each blank of the passage with ONE suitable word.答案

1.social

2.typical

3.have

depending

5.life 6.cubs

7.that

8.trained

9.on such Identify and correct the mistakes in each of the sentences.答案

1.The miners demanded that the accident be looked into.2.I was reading China Daily on the Internet when the light went out.3.We hurried to the stadium only to be told(that)the football game had been cancelled.4.It might be years before you can work your way up to the head of the department.5.The passengers had just fastened their seat belt when the plane began dipping wildly.6.It was quite some time before the boy could see everything around him clearly.7.On by training hard can an athlete hope to break a world record.8.In front of the bookshelves stood a desk on which pens and pieces of paper lay about.9.Where have you been? I‘ve been looking for you the whole morning.10.In the 21st century, the computer is / computers are playing a more and more important role in our everyday life.Unit 12 Key to the exercise Vocabulary 4.Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the word in the brackets.答案：

1.simplified

2.authorized, organize

3.normalization 4.industrialization, urbanized

5.modernization, classified 6.legalized, justified, civilized

7.intensify, unification 8.nationalized

9.notified, computerized

10.globalization, idealized

3.Complete the following sentences 答案：

1.a.success / luck

b.I had more time

c.I were ten years younger 2.a.everybody is here

b.are college students

c.we have become one of the world‘s largest economies

3.a.we put environmental protection before GDP

b.gave more attention to critical thinking 4.a.the grammar exercises

b.helping you with

c.help us with 5.a.what the book says is always correct

b.take it for granted

c.take it for granted 6.a.say

b.plan my time

c.kiss/ thank, criticize 7.a.like fish

b.did go

c.did smoke

4.Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the parts in bold type with words and expressions from the text.答案：

1.strange

2.to be bursting with

3.the habit of… clung to him still, slipping into, check

4.can‘t take anything for granted, take it for granted that we will be able 5.Come to think of it 6.But come to think of it / But now that I think about it 7.Now that people all seem to have more money than before, I do hate, nowadays 8.manage to(dig), Come to think of it 9.but now that I am, will slip back easily in time

5.Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions or adverbs.答案：

1.in, in

2.of, of, instead of

3.with, to, as 4.to, as

5.Unlike, for

6.in, off, of/about/with 7.as, to, up

8.in with Translate the following sentences into English 答案：

1.你是怎样将身体保养得这么好？说起来，我还从来不知道你生过病。你的秘密法宝是什么？

How do you manage to keep fit? Come to think of it, I have never known you to be sick.What‘s your secret?

2.我小时候一直讨厌做家务。我甚至理所当然地认为这是女人做的事情。现在我真为自己以前的态度后悔。

I always hated to do household chores when I was a boy, taking it for granted that they were only for women.Looking back, I really feel sorry for my past attitude.3.他的大房子包括两座分开的建筑，分别设计成不同的风格，中间有个暗道连接起来。

His big house contains two separate buildings designed in different styles and connected with / by a secret passage.4.年轻人总希望有更多的权利和财富，老年人则希望他们能年轻三十岁。那样，他们就会成为世界上最幸福的人。但对于我，我的幸福是不需要条件的。

Young people always wish they had more power and money, whereas old people always wish they were thirty years younger.Then they would all become the happiest people on earth.As for me, I am happy unconditionally.5.前些日子我无意中听到几个外国人在评论我们有些同胞在国外旅游时的不良举止，我很难为情。我觉得我们有些坏习惯真要改改了。

The other day I overheard some foreigners talking about how some of our people behaved while they were traveling overseas.They made me so ashamed.I think we really have to change some of our habits.6.现在我们的公交系统有了如此大的改进，私家车实在不值得买了。

Now that our public transportation system has improved so much, private cars are really not worth buying.7.现在你很少看到年轻人在街上游荡，人们都是行色匆匆。但有时候我真希望我们能放慢一点速度。

Nowadays you seldom see young people loitering in the streets.People always seem to be in a hurry.Sometimes I do hope we can slow down a little bit.7.Fill in the blanks with the correct form or the words given below.1.worth

2.worthwhile

3.worthy

4.worth 5.now/nowadays

6.now

7.nowadays 8.look

9.gaze

10.staring

11.glanced

12.glanced 13.hay

14.wild herbs to eat

15.grass

16.weeds 17.received, accepted

18.will accept

19.received 20.lovely, beloved/loving

21.beloved

22.loving 23.cry/ weep

24.crying

25.sobbing Grammar 2.Complete the sentence using the proper conjunction from the box below.答案：

1.as if/ as though

2.before

3.as long as

4.even though

5.Even if

6.now that

7.as long as

8.as if/ though 9.Even though

10.Now that

3.Translate the following sentences into English 答案：

1.I love autumn—it‘s a season of harvest.2.I didn‘t recognize my best friend at high school until he removed his sun glasses.3.It takes courage to ask what others regard as ―stupid‖ questions.4.The children looked as if they hadn‘t had a wink of /any sleep last night.5.It must be exciting to report on / cover such sports events as the Olympic Games and the World Cup.6.My house guest behaves as if she were the owner of the house.7.Even if the country is gradually recovering from the financial crisis, it may be some time before its economy gets back on its feet.8.―As long as I‘m in charge,‖ said the president of the university, ―I will make sure

no one drops out because they can‘t pay tuition any more.‖

9.Now that they have a new Minister of Education, they hope to see some change in their education system.10.It was a brilliant /sunny summer morning in 1945.At exactly 8:15, a B-29 bomber dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, killing tens of thousands of people.4.Fill in each blank of passage with ONE suitable word.答案：

1.smoke

what teach

control complaints 6 group at

could

shared more

5.Identify and correct mistakes in each of the sentences 答案：

1.At about three o‘clock, the boy went to the barn and did the milking all by himself.2.Up until now there are still people who cling to the idea that men are superior to women.3.I think I locked the doors and closed the windows, but I‘ll just go and make sure of them.(or: …make sure I did.)

4.It suddenly occurred to me that I had left my bike key in the classroom.5.Every one of us must arrive before 8 pm without exception.6.It‘s important for young people to learn how to survive in the wild.7.It‘s time our school upgraded its computer program.8.Robert woke up twenty times for fear that he would oversleep.9.Upon graduation, he was bursting with gratitude to the university for a first-class education he had received there.10.The teacher could hardly believe a student who grew up in a mountain village had never seen a computer before he came to college.Unit 13 Key to the Exercise: Vocabulary: 2 Translate the following phrases into English: 答案：

1.uncork the bottle;undress the children;unearth the buried treasure;unpack the books from the box;uncover the dirty plan 2.fulfill one‘s wish/aspirations, fulfill one‘s plan;fulfill /realize one‘s dream;fulfill one‘s promise;achieve the result;achieve independence;fulfill one‘s demand;fulfill one‘s expectations;achieve/ realize one‘s purpose/aim/goal 3.make progress;make inventions;make threats 4.obey orders;obey the law;obey the authorities;obey the rules;obey the command;obey the leadership

5.spread germs;spread the news;spread the map;spread the fire;spread the terror 6.demand an explanation;demand a reply;demand an apology 7.threaten life;threaten stability;threaten the economy;threaten the unity 8.dominate/control the world;dominate/control one‘s life;dominate the match;dominate the family 9.master a language;master art;master the new technology;masters kills/techniques

3.Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese in the brackets according to the sentence patterns in bold.答案：

1.Once we all agree to regard our problems as differences among family members.2.Once you learn to look at the problem from the perspective of the opposite side.3.Once you get to know him better.4.what if we can‘t find suitable jobs

5.what if everybody decides to protect their home market 6.what if we were hit by serious floods, droughts or earthquakes? What if the weather conditions were terrible and our harvests failed? What if there should be another serious energy crisis? 7.If only he had kept at it.8.If only we had spent more money on the development of agriculture 9.If only he were still alive Rewrite the sentences replacing the parts in bold type with the words and expressions below.答案：

1.regard him as, turned out to be 2.as it turned out later, carry out 3.were capable of(destroying), call for 4.keep at, spur them on 5.appealed to her to think of 6.depend on, get rid of 7.were devoted to each other, but for 8.different from, adapt to 9.aims at(increasing)

5.Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions or adverbs 答案：

1.from, to, out, in

2.of, under

3.for, off 4.of, in

of of, around, as 7 of, to, to

8.to, to

9.to, for

6.Translate the following sentences into English 答案：

1.这个项目听起来令人鼓舞。你还在做吗？别停下来，继续干下去。

This project sounds very exciting/inspiring.Are you still working on it? Don‘t stop / give up.Keep at it / Get on with it / Carry on!2.他把杯子往桌子上一放，慢慢从椅子上站了起来。He set the cup on the table and slowly rose from his chair.3.煤矿工人要求对那些应该为这次可怕事故负责的人予以严惩。

The coal-miners demanded those /people who should be responsible for the terrible accident be severely punished.4.要不是当地政府有力支持，那里的人们就不可能实现他们的愿望。

But for the strong support of the local government, the aspirations of the people there would not have been fulfilled.5.当局正在制定一个旨在在周围所有的山都种上树的计划。这个消息很快传开，鼓舞了不少年轻人。

The news that the authorities are drawing a plan aimed at getting all the surrounding hills covered with trees spread quickly and inspired many young people.6.天气预报说我们家乡的旱情可能还要持续下去。我不禁为今年的夏收担心。Weather forecast says that the drought in our hometown is likely to continue /linger on.I can‘t help worrying about this year‘s summer harvest.7.要实现社会和谐，我们必须倾听人民的抱怨，并实现必要的改革。

To achieve the social harmony we must listen attentively to people‘s complaints and carry out necessary reform.8.我姐姐告诉我说，就因为她常批评她老板，他就把她看成捣乱分子，一直想要把她打发掉。

My sister told me that just because she often criticized her boss, he regarded her as a trouble-maker and had always wanted to get rid of her.Grammar 2 Study the use of as in the examples and complete each of the sentences using an appropriate verb from the box.答案：

1.accept

2.described / regarded / thought of

3.regard / see / think of 4.introduced

5.used

6.treated /used

7.regard / think of 8.describe

regarded / thought of

10.described Translate the following sentences into English 答案：

1.在中国这种草药广泛用来止痛。

In China this herb is widely used as a painkiller.2.无论到哪里，人们都介绍他是个电脑天才。

Wherever he went, he was introduced as a computer wizard.3.这是个几百人为之工作了五年的项目。

This is a project on which hundreds of people have worked for five years.4.这位农民视自己的土地为世上最珍贵的宝物。

The farmer regards his land as the most precious treasure in the world.5.这个国家的总理把最近这次地震称为全民的灾难。

The Prime Minister of the country described the recent earthquake as a national disaster.6.这个城市发展的速度令来自全国各地的参观者十分惊讶。

The speed at which the city had been growing amazed visitors from all over the country.7.我是谁？我来自何处？我认为这是没有答案的问题。

Who am I? Where did I come from? I think these are the questions to which there are no answers.8.退休的将军在75岁时重访了他工作过的地方。

At the age of 75, the retired general revisited the places in which he had worked.9.青春期是一个年轻人成长为成人的时期。

Adolescence is the time during which young people develop into adults.10.在博物馆，我们看到了他当年在监狱里用来开辟菜园的锄头和铲子。

At the museum we saw the very pick/hoe and shovel with which he started a vegetable garden in the prison.Fill in each blank of the passage with One suitable word.答案： early

locked

rest but

what words

found 8 frozen

working / operative

killed

5.Identify and correct the mistake(s)in each of the sentences.答案：

1.Many men still have difficulty accepting a woman as a business partner.2.At the daycare center, the teachers treated the children as their own children./At the daycare center, the teachers treated the children like mothers.3.The other day my father witnessed a terrible road accident in which two people were killed and three injured.4.There is always someone on campus to whom you can turn for advice./ There is always someone whom you can turn to for advice on campus.5.The movie is generally viewed as trash in spite of its box office success.6.He‘s the kind of person with whom many people feel uncomfortable.7.People tend to regard as the center of the world the place where/ in which they are born and brought up./ People tend to regard as the center of the world the place they are born and brought up in.8.Whether it is fine or it is rainy, they exercise every day.9.But for his help, I wouldn‘t have been able to finish the project in time.10.The computer is believed to be one of the most important inventions of the 20th century.Unit 15 Key to the exercise Vocabulary Translate the following expressions into English 答案： wipe sweat sting one‘s eye plough the field

sow a cover crop 5 produce good crops

fell trees

hunt squirrels bend one‘s shoulders fondle the clouds rouse the curiosity 12 cross the fence clear a piece of land fence the land 15 smell the soft mud /dirt

think the same thought

take the trouble 18 make a narrow escape

thin the corn

mat the top Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese in the brackets following the example given 答案： prevent / keep/ stop government officials from abusing their power 2 prevent /keep the children from entering his garden 3 prevent /keep ordinary people from entering his garden 4 not to drink and smoke any more 5 not to build a big city here ever 6 not to be content with what has been achieved.7 Isn‘t it too risky for us 8 Isn‘t it too early for her 9 Isn‘t it too hard for you it was in this temple that Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing dynasty was supposed to secretly become a monk.11 it is not the place where the famous battle in history was fought 12 it was not because of Qin Gui, but because of the then emperor that Yue Fei, the famous patriotic general of Southern Song dynasty was executed 13 you would think that he knew everything 14 you might take her for princess of a certain Arab country 15 all these have happened in the past three decades Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions or adverbs 答案： at, in

up, up with

about, down out of away from, on/over/across

away/ off

on, round, in, at 8 up

toward, with, at, without, for, from 6 Translate the following sentences into English 答案：

1.This(matter)does not concern you.Keep away from it(Don‘t get involved in it).2.She speaks much too fast.Students all find it difficult to keep up with her.3.He motioned to us to keep off the wet paint.4.We must keep our powder dry and always be ready to defend our country.5.Keep calm and still if those bees are alarmed/ disturbed.As long as you don‘t attack them, they normally won‘t sting you either.6.The important thing is to keep that guard talking so that we can have the chance to

act.7.So long as we can keep it up/ keep on with it, we are sure to succeed in discovering a solution /way out.8.The five million people of our city depend on this reservoir for their drinking water.So we must keep the water clean and keep /prevent all possible pollutants from getting into reservoir.Grammar 3 Translate the first six sentences by using relative clauses introduced by where or when and the rest by using causative verbs.答案：

1.My father is 45, an age when many people experience a midlife crisis.2.The 1960s was the time when we all lived as economically as possible.3.My parents live in a community where people seldom communicate with each other.4.Rob was anxiously waiting for the moment when his father would see his Christmas gift.5.Gone are the days when big powers could force their will on small countries.6.At the end of the writer‘s coast-to-coast journey, he concluded that he was living in a country where people were still willing to help.7.What made the boy behave so rudely today? 8.Let the children do what they like in their free time.9.I can‘t get all these papers printed in just 10 minutes.Can‘t you wait for another ten minutes? 10.Galileo‘s colleagues found an excuse and had him dismissed from the university.4.Fill in each blank of the passage with ONE suitable word.答案：

1.removed

2.more

3.followed

4.however

5.sorry 6.let

7.with

8.leave

9.wrong

silent Identify and correct the mistake(s)in each of the sentence.答案：

1.The joke had us all laughing outright.2.Parents shouldn‘t force their children to do what they don‘t like.3.These children are made to work 10 hours a day.4.Xiao Li‘s gone to the barber‘s to have his hair cut /…to have a haircut.5.At the end of the story, Maheegun, the wolf, returned to(the place)where he belonged—the wild./ At the end of the story, Maheegun, the wolf, returned to the place he belonged to –the wild.6.On Christmas morning, Rob got up an hour early and did the milking all by himself.7.It‘s high time we gave our dorm room a spring-clean./ It‘s high time to give our dorm room a spring-clean.8.Rob woke up several times to look at his watch for fear(that)he would oversleep.9.Don‘t take it for granted that once you enter college you‘re sure to succeed.10.Even if none of you go, I‘ll be there rain or shine.Unit 16 Key to Exercise Vocabulary 3 Fill in the blanks with correct form of the word(s)in the brackets.答案：

1.honest, honestly, honesty 2.ignorant, ignorance, ignorant 3.discussion, exchange, argument, exchange 4.justice, democracy, inclination, injustice, democracy Translate the following phrases into English 答案：

1.wash the car;park the car 2.ride a bike;ride a horse 3.water the flowers;water the lawn 4.exchange a look;exchange a grin / smile 5.get the same deal / have the same problem 6.lighten the atmosphere 7.keep distance 9.point a finger at 10.grab / seize / grasp/ grip one‘s arm 11 make a joke 12.smash a window 13.watch / observe the effect 14.blanket / cover / envelop this place Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions or adverbs.答案：

1.for, of, off, into 2.up, out of, up, with, with, away 3.on, at, by, by, under, in 4.up, out 5.from, on, of, on Complete the following sentences with appropriate expressions from the box blow 答案：

1.might as well 2.scared of, nothing of the sort

3.watch out for / keep an eye on 4.above suspicion 5.talk us into 6.anything, except/but, or something 7.set foot in 8.made up 9.wise up, go by 10.keep an eye on/watch out for Translate the following sentences into English 答案：

1． 我们应该不时地停下来问问自己我们走的方向是否对。

We ought to stop every now and then to ask ourselves if we are going / heading in the right direction.2.有一点小争吵你们就开始谈离婚。你们应该明白，离婚可不是开玩笑的事。A little quarrel and you start talking about divorce.You should understand, divorce is no joke/ joking matter.3.据说，就在抢劫银行以前他被看见在银行外面转悠。

It is said that just before the bank robbery happened he was seen fooling around outside the bank.4.别把我看成那种只要哪个人有权有钱就会跟他走的人。

Don‘t take me for one of those who would follow whoever has power or money!5.你到底怎么回事？你疯了吗？你怎么能做这样的事情？

What‘s wrong with you?(What‘s the matter with you?)Are you mad / crazy / out of your mind / nuts? How you do such a thing? 6.我们最好及时注意任何禽流感的征兆。

We‘d better watch out for the first sign of birds flu in time.7.我理解你的意思，你是坚决要到国外去碰碰运气了。

I know what you mean.You are set to go to foreign countries to try your luck / seek your fortune / take your chances.8.我怎么会知道这些事情呢？这些事情发生的时候我还没有出生呢！

How would I have known all these things/ How was I supposed to know all these things? I wasn‘t born yet when these things happened.9.你是说天要下雨吗？如果那样的话，我们还不如今天下午就去呢！

Did you say that it is going to rain tomorrow? If that is the case, we might as well go this afternoon.10.假如越来越多的年轻人买不起房子，就不好说会产生什么后果了。

现代大学英语精读三 篇6

（学号：200911081942 姓名：黄笛 汉语言文学师范3班）

摘要：在原小说故事中的王是一个喜怒无常的君主，但是却显现缺乏复仇的正义性，王杀干将是因为他私藏雄剑，就没有具有赤鼻复仇的正义性。在鲁迅的笔下，眉间尺的复仇是富有正义性。王杀掉在《列异传》小说中，写出王杀眉间尺父亲是因为他没有交出雄剑。眉间尺是没有合理的理由。因此眉间尺的复仇是具有正义性。在原小说中并没有描写出三个头颅在沸水中交战的场面，在鲁迅改写的故事中却着重笔墨描三个头颅斗争的场景。“侠义精神”，在原小说并没有交代”客”的为眉间尺的复仇的理由，在鲁迅的《铸剑》中，却通过黑色人富有生动的语言道出“侠道主义”。

关键词：古今对比 复仇 正义性 暴君与暴君的臣民 侠道主义 古代小说的性质

鲁迅的《故事新编》中共有小说八篇，这些小说都是根据神话，传说改编。“只取一点因由，随意点染。”①鲁迅所表达是对古代神话传说的改编，在古代传说的基础中充分发挥自己的丰富的想象力改写古代神话。在古代小说《列异传》里作者并没有发挥自身的充足的想象力只是真实还原故事的原貌。

在素材上，鲁迅的新篇小说《铸剑》主要来源于《列异传》中的小故事，在鲁迅的《古小说钩沉》的《列异传》中也记载了这个小故事。《列异传》“干将莫邪为楚王作剑，三年而成。剑有雄雌，天下名器也，乃以雌剑献君，藏其雄者。”②古代楚国有一个铸剑师干将，他是楚国有名的铸剑师。楚王下令让干将为自己铸剑，干将耗尽三年的时光才把剑铸成功。剑有两把，一把是雌剑，一把雄剑，都是天下举世无双的宝剑。干将把雄剑藏起，只把雌剑献给楚王。我把雄剑藏在隐秘的地方，要是大王发觉而杀我，你现在肚子有几个月的小生命，如果将来他出生了，就告诉他这件事，让他给我报仇。后来，他的妻子生出个男孩，取名为赤鼻。赤鼻从母亲口中得知父亲的遗愿，决意要为父报仇。楚王有天做梦梦到有一个眉广三寸的人，向他寻仇。王惊醒后下令追捕这个人。赤鼻逃到朱兴山中，遇到了一位侠士，侠士主动请缨要替赤鼻报杀父之仇。赤鼻把自己的首级割下来给侠士作为献给楚王的礼物，侠士提着赤鼻的首级来到王的处所。侠士把赤鼻的 头放在镬中煮，头被煮了三天夜却没有烂掉。王很好奇，把头伸过来看，侠士借这个机会把王的头砍下到镬里，同时侠士也自刎于镬中。在锅里，三个人头早已熟烂掉。分不出是那个是王的头？人们没有办法，只好把这三个头和葬在一起，称为三王冢。而在鲁迅新编故事《铸剑》中做了许多的改变，接下来要做关于各方面的对比

⑪《铸剑》的与古代《列异传》的原侠精神对比

《铸剑》所体会到“侠道精神”与古小说的“客”的对比，在古小说中对于“客”的描写只是珊珊几笔，一句“欲为之报”说明了客为赤鼻报仇的意图。并没有从“客”的独白中挖掘出“客”为赤鼻报仇的深层意图。那么侠士在古代到底为何？在中国的古代，侠士分为两种，一种俗称“士”，他们受雇于某个专门的人，比如说四大公子孟尝君、信陵君等就养了很多的士。他们为主人的门客，平时养在主人的豢养，在关键时刻为主人出力，古有“士为知己者死”的说法，最为著名的士大概就是“荆轲刺秦王”的荆轲。另外有一类侠士，所谓“布衣之侠”，他们不是任何人的门客，一般独行。有着自己的行事原则，做着自己欲做的事，不被任何人所养。

就是古小说的“客”也是《铸剑》中的黑色人。他们的行事原则类似墨家的思想，也叫做“原侠”思想。与古小说所相同的是“原侠思想”，但是鲁迅在《铸剑》中通过黑色人与眉间尺的对话使“原侠精神”显现在读者面前。黑色人说道他不是为同情，怜悯，虚伪而自私的私人之仇而为眉间尺复仇。他报的不是贪图名利，只是为了自己心中的“原侠”和天下人的共仇而复仇，为整个时代的人民而复仇，是替被压迫者向压迫者复仇。同时让人敬佩的是他替受害者向昏庸而残暴的王复仇，而不要求任何名利的虚伪。从某些层面，黑色人宴之敖是一个金庸小说的侠士，他们为了人民的愿望，而不是为了某人的私欲，符合古代的侠道。不过黑色人的不同之处在于他的智谋，他并没有与王直接搏斗，因为王身边的士兵很多，单枪匹马是很难杀王以复仇。他想出拿眉间尺的头颅和冒称“游戏人”以孩子的头玩一个花样以吸引王来观看，最后他成功砍掉王的头成功复仇。⑫《铸剑》与《列异传》的情节对比

原小说中，并没有解释“客”为什么帮赤鼻报仇的因故，只是简单的几句交代“遇客，欲为之报；乃刎首，将以奉楚王。”来阐释客为赤鼻报仇一事。因此

看来，古小说中并不着重于故事发生的情节和因果循环，同时对于故事中的人名，地名并没有清楚的交代，对于帮赤鼻复仇的侠士，单用一个“客”字带过，形象模糊，同时在一些情节的处理上不合情理和逻辑。王在古代小说中，是个残暴的形象，而他之干将藏雄剑，把干将杀死后，却轻易放过干将的妻子和孩子，这明显不符合前面对王的描写。而现代作品中鲁迅增加了许多丰富的情节，从黑色人的口中交代帮眉间尺复仇的因故。当眉间尺对黑色人的帮助意图有所怀疑时，黑色人洒脱的说道“唉，孩子，你再不要提这些受了侮辱的名称。仗义，同情，那些东西，先前曾经干净过，现在却都成了放鬼账的资本。我的心里全没有你所谓的那些。我只不过要给你报仇。”③

让人不由想起鲁迅的童年，在鲁迅十二岁那年，他的父亲病倒，许多亲戚抱着帮忙的目地，却只是欺瞒鲁迅与母亲，弟弟孤儿寡母。鲁迅一个人来往于当铺和药铺，正是由于庸医的无知，鲁迅的父亲故去了。从今鲁迅开始过程飘荡的生活，寄人篱下的艰难的日子。鲁迅的复仇也许是当初那些迫害他们家的仇人，虚伪的亲戚和贪婪的药铺和当铺主。比如说古代的小说虽然对于情节的描写不过具体，《列士传》的叙述不重人物塑造和情节的发展，一味猎奇而不细究复仇的正当性和事件发展的合理性，故而被称为“传奇故事”，同时古小说中的结局出乎人们的意料之外，同时情节的发展不符合逻辑和规则。这同时也凸显其多位谈论奇怪之事，流行志怪小说，在于其多有的传奇性和神秘性。

⑬《铸剑》中鲁迅的复仇哲学

鲁迅在《铸剑》里用了大量的文笔描绘出黑色人的为眉间尺复仇的深层含义，从一段眉间尺与黑色人的对话分析：“但你为什么给我去报仇的呢？你认识我的父亲么？”眉间尺问他。黑色人回答说：“我一向认识你的父亲，也如同认识你一样，但我要报仇，却并不为此。聪明的孩子，告诉你罢。你还不知道么，我怎么地善于报仇。你的（仇）就是我的（仇）；他（指眉间尺的父亲）也就是我。我的魂灵上是有这么多的，人我所加的伤（就是我这个人灵魂里边已受过许许多多的伤，有的是人家加害的，也有的是我自己伤害到自己的），我已经憎恶了我自己！”鲁迅在作品中通过黑色人之口道出自己心中的侠道精神，不为那些假君子口中的仁义和同情和报恩。只是为报仇而复仇，为正义而复仇，而非是借同情为了君子之名而背后作着小人的勾当。

在《铸剑》中，复仇成为鲁迅的一种哲学，一种专属于他的复仇哲学。在这种复仇哲学的后面是鲁迅悲惨的少年和童年时光，鲁迅出生于地主家庭，1893 年，鲁迅的祖父周福清因科场案入狱，从此家道中落，由小康人家坠入困顿，家道中落。在鲁迅刚满十二岁时，他的父亲因为常年服药不当而去世。随后他被寄养在伯父怡堂处。因为父亲，祖父的去世，他被年长的叔叔伯伯欺压，孙郁曾在他的作品中说“鲁迅受到了乡人的冷眼，寄人篱下，且看人的脸色。生活，纵使是亲人，内心亦多有痛楚。这大概促使他早熟的一个原因，直到中年，提及此事，他依然耿耿于怀„„④《鲁迅与周作人》孙郁 辽宁人民出版社 1997 这童年的苦难记忆伴随他的一生，这也是导致他最后成为旧文化，旧制度的叛军的先行者的主导因素。他一直都在寻找出走后的路途，正如他年幼时被迫出走，来到一个陌生而又残酷的坏境。正如出走的娜拉该何去何归，是死亡还是堕落，娜拉该何去何从。鲁迅想在“现实中”寻找一个“出口“，他想在一片迷茫寻找的出口是”复仇“。在鲁迅似乎化身为宴之敖，他手持眉间尺的青剑砍下了王的头颅，复仇在这时刻开始，也在这时刻升华。复仇从物质上提升到”精神层面“，复杂似乎在这时候结束，王死了。但是同时这时刻，王的头开始了与眉间？尺，宴之敖的斗争。鲁迅说过，不能因为恶人是弱者而同情，王的头开始被砍掉时，他似乎在瞬间变成值得怜悯的对象。但是鲁迅没有施加多余的怜悯。鲁迅的形象在我们的的孙郁的笔下油然而生，在文中有记载“鲁迅的身材并不见高，额角开展，颧骨微高，双目澄清如水清，其光炯炯而带忧郁，一望而知为悲悯善感的人。”④在事实上也是，一旦王发现孩子头的弱点，就开始恢复他的残暴者的本性，朝着孩子的背后狠狠的咬去，一刻也不放松。就复仇的哲学方面，鲁迅提出”痛打落水狗“的理论，我们不能因为他是弱者而忽略他的恶的本质，就像农夫与狼的故事，罪恶的狼最后还是把农夫吃掉。

⑭《铸剑》中现代小说与原著小说中古代小说对比

在中国古代，小说并不算文学，小说家自然也不能称为文学家。那在古代小说有怎样的定义，清初的著名小说评论家刘延玑早就发现这个茅盾，他说道“盖小说之名相同，而在古今之别，相去天渊。”在先秦时期，小说并没有独立存在，而只是寄遇于散文之中。在荀子的《荀子》中言“可道而从之，不可道而离之，论道而已。小家珍说之所愿，皆哀矣。”⑤小说并没有独立存在，就更说不上小

说的格式和内涵。直到西汉年间，刘向的小说集《说苑》和《新序 》的出现，才标志着小说成为独立的文体。到了东汉的时候，班固在他的作品给小说下了一个明确的概念，班固言“小说家者流，盖出于諀官，街谈巷语，道听途说者造也。”⑥那么总结一下各方的说法，古代小说从文体上说是“短书”，从内容是零碎的语言，来源是“街头巷语”。班固认为，小说虽非“君子所为”却拥有强大的生命力，所以“弗灭也”。

那么为什么古代的人要写传奇小说，目的是什么。其中为代表的是书写《搜神记》的干宝，干宝写道，编写《搜神记》的目的，是为了补全七略，使之成为完整的八略。古代人写小说是为了自娱，就是悠闲有事的时候，写出一篇情节离奇的小说来聊以自慰。或者是想干宝一样补全其他的作品而写作。因为在古代小说并不为知识分子所接受，所以小说并没有正式出版和出售，大多都是手抄本，在较为下层的知识分子中留传。在当时官方把小说当作禁书，禁止出版和留传，人们只好暗下留传。所以《列异传》中的古小说带有情节的荒诞性和不合逻辑，令人们无法从合理的方面理解。因为是以手抄本的模式留传，经过多年的手手相传，到今日已不知作者的名字，就连情节也被经手的人所含糊化。所以古小说的情节多多次不合理处，还有地名，人名的模糊，不清晰，带有浓烈的传奇色彩，类似民间的神话传说。

⑮《铸剑》与古代小说中的暴政相同含义

当我们阅读到《铸剑》时，却不由自主被《铸剑》精彩的情节和生动的场景描写，那么鲁迅为什么花费大功夫改编古小说呢？那么要从鲁迅写现代小说的因由来说，鲁迅在他的独白曾说“在中国，小说不算文学，作小说也绝不能成为文学家，所以并没有人想在这一条道路上出世。我也并没有将小说抬进”文苑”里的意思，不过想利用它的力量，来进行社会改革。“⑦

鲁迅的人生在童年竟十分困难，在十二岁那年，他的父亲早逝。他被送到叔父家寄养，寄人篱下的鲁迅经受了人生的坎坷期。所以他对于旧的 封建家长制特别的反对，他的小说都取才于旧社会的弊端和黑暗处，目的是为了揭发旧社会的黑暗与腐朽之处，盼望得到救治。因此他的作品充满了人们的叫喊和反抗，他的作品大多模仿东欧的作家，尤其是俄国的作家和日本的作家，代表者为俄国的果戈理和日本的夏目漱石。由于鲁迅的写作目的是揭露旧社会的病态之处，自

然与古代的作品离不开关系，鲁迅写小说根本不遵循古小说的写作方法而只是借鉴外国的文学者，而文中免不了暴君与暴君底下的的臣民的作品出现。在《铸剑》中，王以暴君的形式出场，在于他的凶残。鲁迅小说中的觉悟者是很小的一部分，大多数都是麻木不仁。”“看客”的角色在文中随处可见，从鲁迅的看法中可见一斑“暴君的臣民，只愿暴政暴在他人头上，他却看着高兴，拿‘残酷’做娱乐，拿‘他人的痛苦’作娱乐，自己的本领只是‘幸免’。”在古小说中，很少看到明显的暴君形象，王之所以杀干将是因为他私藏雄剑，所以君非暴君。而在《铸剑》，以“大王是向来为善于猜疑，又极残忍的，这回我给他练成了世间无二的剑，他一定要杀掉我，免得我再去给别的人练剑，来和他匹敌，或者超过他。”⑧ 通过干将对妻子的描述，人们心中树立了一个暴君的形象。对于王的残暴，他们当然是知晓的，但是没有去反抗或理论，不但这样，在王被宴之敖杀死后，有些自认为是义民的人很不平，因为王，宴之敖，眉间尺合葬在一处，合成“三王冢”，“怕那两个逆贼的魂灵，此时也和王一同享受祭礼。”⑨暴政没有涉及自己，人民都用残忍而好奇的目光观看着暴君的杀人游戏，并彼此庆兴自己没有中标。中国是一个喜欢看别人相斗而自己做看客的位置，就像民国前人们围看杀头的一幕。

⑯《铸剑》中启蒙者与古代小说对比

在《铸剑》依然不乏心灵麻木不仁的看客，而黑色人想一个天地所生的猛士，出位的复仇者的形象，本文的主题从某一方面来说是“启蒙”，这也是新的思想开始向旧的思想进攻的必要程序。本文的复仇者由眉间尺转向黑色人，黑色人是一个真正的“启蒙者”。他不为任何同情和怜悯而复仇，他只是为了“启蒙”而复仇，他不为个人的私仇而出现，他是为了消灭残酷的王而出现，为了王的消灭而出现。

但是悲哀的是在本文中“出葬”和“出游”两个特殊的场景，通过人们争相观看的画面，形象而生动写出国民的无知性。预示着启蒙的失败，人们虽然不用再承受王的暴政，却没有意识到自身的解脱。人们只是看热闹的一般观看着王的出葬，其中，竟有一些暴民感叹王的死亡，并为宴之敖，眉间尺和王葬在一起抱不平，怕这两个逆贼享受人们的祭拜。可怜的是，人民并没有觉悟到宴之敖实质上使人们免承受王的暴政，人民却像看客一样看着故事的结局，并没有太多的感

觉，但是未来呢？是否真正解决了人们遭受暴政的问题，似乎没有改变，自然人们没有完全逃脱暴政，只要这种制度存在，人们都可能遭受下一任王的暴政。鲁迅曾说，改革一定要流血，流血不 一定改革。人们前赴后继的为了革命而牺牲自己，换来了革命的进步，虽然不一定取得理想的目的，得到完全的革命，但正是无数这样的勇士才能推进改进。

⑰《铸剑》中的眉间尺与《列异传》中赤鼻性格的对比

在《列异传》中，对于赤鼻的性格描写并没有花费太多的笔墨，连母亲告诉赤鼻时赤鼻的心里活动，只是传递给我们一个面目模糊的孩子的复仇者的形象。让人最为深刻的形象是“乃刎首，将以奉楚王。”为了复仇，愿意把自己的头颅作为别人为之报仇的工具，可是赤鼻只是一个孩子，尚未成年。难道他天生就是一个复仇者的模样？这些都可以在《铸剑》中得到解答。

在《铸剑》中眉间尺在文中是一个蜕变的复仇者，在母亲告诉他弑父之仇，他只是一个普通而又敏感的少年形象。鲁迅通过他杀鼠形象反映出他的怜悯之心和善良的品质。开始他听到老鼠咬米缸的声音，十分气恼。想把老鼠淹死，但是很快，当他看到老鼠的惨样，有心生怜悯。打算放过老鼠，但是当他看到老鼠丑样，又生出杀死老鼠的念头。这个有点类似鲁迅的”痛打落水狗”，其中道，无论恶者是弱者还是强者，我们都应该重重的打击，因为拥恶本质的事物不管弱还是强，都有作恶的可能。而眉间尺正因为年幼而犯了错误，但是当他听过母亲讲述的父亲的仇恨，他的心开始变化，不管王是强是弱，他都要完成他复仇的使命。复仇使他变得坚强起来，当他听到母亲诉说父亲的冤仇时。“忽然全身都如烧着猛火，自己觉得每一枝头发上都仿佛闪出火星来。”⑩卢今但实质上，王比他强大的多，王的身边有很多的守卫，他开始想到王出行的路上行刺。但是同时他只是一个弱质少年。他潜伏在人群中，因为前面太多人，他顾忌到怕误伤到旁边人群而报仇失败而被王发现而下令捕杀。

似乎眉间尺的仇无所而报，眉间尺的复仇无从而报。但就是这个瞬间，眉间尺开始从精神上成熟，当他遇到可以帮他复仇的黑色人时，黑色人老练成熟，执着又富有战斗经验，是一个很有可能帮他复仇的一个重要角色。他毫不犹豫的割下了自己的头颅，自刎而死。眉间尺在这之后，从精神的层次发生变化成为一个成熟的复仇者的形象丰满起来，眉间尺克服他的优柔寡断成为一个刚毅的战士。

这时候复仇的火炬传到黑色人的手中，黑色人似乎在这时候取代眉间尺成为复仇的主角。可是，在后面的情节中，眉间尺并没有真正意义上的死亡。他的头颅是一个能思考，能唱歌的头颅，他的心中还闪烁着复仇的光芒。从他坚持不懈的方面来谈，眉间尺是一个义无反顾的复仇者形象，他是为复仇而生也是为复仇而死。在文章的后面，眉间尺的头颅一边唱着歌，一边上下跳动引起王观看的兴趣，目的都是为了杀死王。直到最后眉间尺的头颅和宴之敖的头颅一同把王的头颅战胜，眉间尺的头颅才安心的倒下而安详的死去。具有讽刺意义的是王的头颅，眉间尺的头颅，宴之敖的头颅合葬在一起，合称“三王冢”为世人所祭拜。也在这时，英雄与暴君死在一处，最后埋葬在一个坟冢受世人所祭拜，这个关键处是否预示了什么，是革命的胜利还是暴政的消亡？正如鲁迅所说，革命一定要流血，但是流血不一定是革命。

⑱《铸剑》与《列异传》中古代小说的总结

鲁迅在1924年用过宴之敖的笔名，1927正是北伐战争的高潮时期，人们在那个年代都面临着新思想与旧思想的取舍。从五川战争到北伐战争，群众涌起，同仇敌忾，气壮山河。鲁迅的《铸剑》正是在这样的历史的时代而产生。鲁迅是一位卓越的讽刺艺术大师，他的很多小说都反映出讽刺的主题。讽刺起源于喜剧，却拥有着于喜剧的本质。他不同于一般的笑话，笑后便忘。鲁迅的讽刺小说中，其中都蕴含着严肃的主题，新思想和旧思想，新道德和旧道德的斗争，还有他对这种现象的思考。第一次给古代小说划分种类，并提出小说为“史之馀”的是唐代著名的历史学家刘知己，他在《史通．杂序》中提到小说的种类“一曰偏记，二曰小录，三曰逸事，四曰琐言，五曰郡书，六曰家事，七曰别传，八曰杂记，九曰地理书。”在古代，小说并没有算入真正的文学范畴，小说一般记载传奇故事，和神话故事，街谈巷议。《列异传》中关于干将为王造剑而被杀继而子为父报仇的故事并没有明确的时间记载，情节也模糊不清，人名和地名只是含糊带过。这就是古代留传的传奇小说，著名的小说有《西游记》和《搜神记》和《水浒传》和《红楼梦》和》《列异传》。鲁迅的《铸剑》就是改编于列异传中关于赤鼻复仇的故事。

今年关于《铸剑》的研究和探讨越来越具有一定的史学性和学派性，相信在不久的未来会有更多的人涉及《铸剑》的研究。就探讨到这里为止。

参考书目

① 鲁迅 《故事新编·序言》 天津人民出版社 2011

② 鲁迅 《古小说钩沉》 济南 齐鲁书社 1997

③ ⑨⑩卢今《鲁迅短篇小说欣赏》 广西教育出版社 1990 ④ 孙郁 《鲁迅与周作人》 辽宁人民出版社 2007

朗读精读课文促进英语精读教学 篇7

【关键词】朗读 精读教学 理解能力

在进入高校学习后，精读这门课程是每一个英语专业学生的必修课程。有学者指出：“英语精读教学始终是中国的大学英语教学中最重要的科目（Everett， 1990），”所以如何提高精读教学便成为专业教师关注的重点。很多学者研究了各种教学方法及模式对于精读教学的作用，比如说任务型教学法、语篇分析等。反之，也有很多学者提出了朗读对英语学习的作用，但很少有学者将朗读和精读教学结合起来。该文主要是总结前人观点以及通过一个实验来证明朗读促进英语精读教学。

由于精读课程所涵盖的知识面广，包括词、语法、翻译、课文背景等，算是英语专业低年级阶段的一门综合性课程。教学时数的限制导致很多教师只关注字词句法而忽略了学生对整个文章的理解和把握。这样片面式的教学让学生愈发觉得精读的枯燥从而失去学习的兴趣，也白费教师辛苦地备课及讲解。其实精读教学的目的并不只是让学生通过专四、专八，而是提高学生英语交流的能力。孔倩（2013）提出了英语交流能力的提高需要通过两个途径：强化形式和弱化形式的结合。强化形式是把语言当作工具来进行交流，比如演讲；而弱化形式是强调语言本身的学习，比如翻译、改述。但如果精读教学是在学生都未理解课文的基础上去强制性地灌输弱化形式教学，那么强化形式就更难进行，学生英语能力也得不到实质性的提高，所以学生对课文的理解是教学成功与否的一个重要条件。

朗读在英文学习中扮演着重要的角色，其中就包括了对学习者理解能力的促进。仲群（2008）提到了朗读有助于发展学生的思维能力，文字印在纸上相对来说是死的，当学生用视觉器官感知文字后，再通过有声地朗读，纸上的文字通过听觉器官又传送到大脑，这样就有别于阅读或者听课。因为阅读只通过视觉器官将材料传送到大脑；而听课也仅仅通过听觉器官将知识传送到大脑。也有学者认为朗读可以增强学习者的篇章理解能力（张文果，2012；白玉，2012），因为学习者在长期的朗读之后，将大量的字、词、句储存在自己的脑海中，这样的方式使学习者对英文的语言组织形式更加熟悉，在下一次遇到相关的词义、文体表达时便会能更快更准确地理解文章含义。

英语专业的学生最常用的教材是外语教学与研究出版社的《现代大学英语——精读》，这系列教材所有文章都出自于英文原版作品，大部分作者都是世界文坛上的佼佼者。由于每个作者的文化背景不尽相同，学生若光靠自身的文化背景是很难理解文章中作者所要表达的思想和意图。学生在这方面缺失的背景只有通过大量阅读来获取，最直接也最简单的方式就是通过对文章的朗读来感受作者的思想，因为在朗读中学生通过自己的声音来体会作者文章中的抑扬顿挫、修辞手法和篇章布局。在充分了解文章背景后，学习者对于课文的理解会更上一层楼。

笔者现在假设朗读促进学生对文章的理解，然后进行以下实验。该实验选取两个大一的教学班级，班级A有34人，班级B有35人，两个班级在入学和平时成绩上并无太大的差异。试验中选取了《现代大学英语——精读2》第二版Unit5 Quick Fix Society后Preview的第一题，这是一道阅读理解填空题，通常是在预习课文时完成以便检查学生对于课文基本内容的理解和掌握。一共包含19个空格，其中涉及到了文章的一些细节内容和大意归纳，答案都在课文里，但并不是原模原样的内容，而是编者对课文中语句的改写，对于探究学生是否理解所学文章，这是一道很适合的题型。实验设计如下：该实验中班级A为实验组，而班级B则为对照组，两个班级在相同时间内分别做三次这道练习题的结果作为实验的依据。不同的是，在每一次做这道阅读填空题前让班级A完整地朗读一遍该课文，而班级B却不进行任何朗读。

在进行三组实验后，笔者取了两种参考数值：一是每一次做题后班级学生所完成空格的平均值（T），二是每一次做题后班级学生做对空格的平均值（R）。由图一可以看出，在完成率上两个班级都呈现上升状态，但对于哪个班的完成率更好没有太大的规律，所以证明该实验中两个班级在完成速度上水平相当。而在正确率上A班在进行朗读之前和之后都高于B班，但这样从表面简单地看并不能说明朗读增强了A班的理解能力，也有可能是A班成绩本身就比B班好。但若是计算一下每个班级正确率的增长率便能看出，在完成第二组实验后A班正确率的增长率是64.64%，而B班只有63.61%；在完成第三组实验后相对于第一组实验的数据A班增长了123.27%，而B班只有109.44%。这样就很容易看出完整地朗读课文确实促进了学生对课文的理解。

完整地朗读促进学生对文章的理解，而学生对课文的理解是使精读教学成功的条件之一，所以能看出朗读课文在一定程度上促进精读教学。现在的英语教学中，人们更多地是关注朗读对于语音的作用，所以会寻找很多课外的素材让学生朗读，却遗忘了相关课本上很多经典的文章以及优质的朗读音频。必须杜绝这种本末倒置的现象。精读课文的学习离不开学生通篇地朗读，这样既促进了学生的理解能力，也减少了学生被动接受教学的现象。

参考文献：

[1]白玉.有效英语朗读提高言语技能[J].陇东学院学报，2013.