what引导的感叹句（共3篇）
1、what+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！例如：
What a good girl she is!
她是个多么好的一个女孩啊！
2、what+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语！例如：
What bad weather is it?
多么糟糕的天气啊！
3、what+形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语。例如：
What good students they are!
他们是多么好的学生啊！
二、how引导的感叹句也有三种结构形式。此时how是副词，用来修饰其后的形容词或副词，也可以修饰动词。
1、How+形容词+主语+谓语！例如：
How hot it is today!今天多么热呀！
2、How+副词+主语+谓语！例如：
How fast he runs!他跑得多么快呀！
3、How+主语+谓语！例如：
How time flies!光阴似箭！
在平时做练习时，我们常会碰到陈述句改为感叹句的句型转换题，不少同学对此感到棘手，这里介绍一种行之有效的方法：“一断，二加，三换位，四去very”。现以She is a very clever girl.为例。
二加：先在句首加上what或how，what是形容词，作定语，修饰名词。How为副词，作状语，用于修饰形容词、副词或动词。除修饰动词外，how修饰的词常放在其后面，判断用what还是how，就看陈述句中最后一词，是名词用what，是形容词或副词用how。上述例句是girl，所以用what。二加还要在句末加上感叹句，即：“what……！”
三换位：将“一断”之后的第一部分和第二部分对换位置，即：
What a very clever girl she is!
四去very：感叹句本身表达一种强烈的感情，如“多么、十分”等。故陈述句变为感叹句时，very一词应去掉，以免重复。故上述例句的转换是：
What a clever girl she is!
What与how有时也可以互换；what+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+ 主语+谓语！=How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！
例如：
What a clever girl she is!= How clever a girl she is!
3年前 回答者： 筑梦ingQ籽一级
词性不同，what近似于形容词的词性，how近似于副词！
3年前 回答者： wsmbflala-Q籽一级
关键词：关系代词型“What”,连接代词“what”,先行词
关系代词型What引导的名词性从句在英语中经常出现, 它表达的意思往往令学习者感到困惑。尤其是初学者在阅读理解, 或英中对译, 或写作表达方面, 对引导名词性从句的关系代词型what的含义和用法极容易产生误解和错误。本文拟通过分析常见的what引导的名词性从句, 帮助读者弄清楚连接代词what与关系代词型what引导名词性从句的区别, 以及关系代词型what引导名词性从句的特别之处。
1.连接代词what引导名词性从句时, 实际上是其作为疑问代词的一种借用, 即将疑问代词what用作连词引导从句, 这时它表示的是一个问题。
⑴ It was clear enough what she meant.
她究竟是什么意思是再清楚不过的。
⑵ I don’t care what she thinks.
我不在乎她会怎么想。
⑶ Let me see what you’ve chosen.
让我看看你选的是什么。
⑷ I can’t describe to you what I felt at that moment.
我无法向你描述我当时是什么感觉。
⑸ You have no idea what I suffered.
你不了解我有多苦。
⑹ No one can tell what will happen next.
每人能够预见往后会发生什么。
⑺ I don’t know what motive he could have had.
我不知道他的动机是什么。
⑻ I asked him what clothes I should wear.
我问他我应该穿什么衣服。
⑼ What Miss Fulton did, Bertha didn’t know.
富尔顿小姐干啥的, 伯莎并不晓得。
⑽ You would have absolute freedom as to what researches you thought it best to pursue.
你认为从事何种研究最好, 你可以有绝对的自由。
对此, 有的语法学家提出了一个标准, 即在表示询问, 怀疑, 不肯定, 好奇的句子中, what引导从句时表示疑问, 通常译为“什么……?”以上各句中what引起的从句相当于一个特殊疑问句。
⑾ What did she mean?
⑿ What does she think?
⒀ What have you chosen?
⒁ What did I feel at that moment?
⒂ What did I suffer?
⒃ What will happen next?
⒄ What motive could she have had?
⒅ What clothes should I wear?
⒆ What did Miss Fulton do?
⒇ What researches did you think it best to pursue?
2.关系代词型what引导的名词性从句相当于带有定语从句作后置修饰语的名词词组, 即the things + that-clause或the persons + that-clause, 它表示的不是一个问题, 而是一件事情, 通常译为“ (所) …的 (东西) ”;“ (所) …的 (人) ”。
(21) What (=the things that) caused the accident is a complete mystery.
(所) 造成这场事故的原因还完全是个迷。
(22) What (= anything which) is done cannot be undone.
几成定局的事情无可挽回
(23) What (= the thing that) is one man’s meat is another’s poison.
对甲有利的事情未必对乙也有利。
(24) What (= anything that) snow conceals, the sun reveals.
积雪掩盖的东西, 太阳曝光之。 (若要人不知, 除非己不为)
(25) This book is just what (= the book that) I have been looking for.
这本书正是我所一直在找寻的那本书。
(26) The novel is what (= a novel that) people call a nonstop page turner.
这本小说是人们称之为引人入胜、欲罢不能的那种作品。
(27) Do not put off till tomorrow what (= the things that) you can do today.
今天可以干好的事情绝不要拖到明天。
(28) Don’t criticize what (= the things that) you don’t understand.
不可批判自己不能理解的事物。
(29) I can’t make out what (= the things that) you are talking about.
我无法理解你所谈论的事情。
(30) There is in English what (= a metaphor that) we call the “mixed metaphor”, an unhappy marriage of two different figures of speech.
英语里有一种我们称之为“混杂隐喻”的东西, 即两种不同的修辞格的生硬结合。
例句 (21) — (30) 中what引导的从句并不表示疑问意思, 因此不可改写成特殊疑问句。此外, 关系代词型what由于已经包含了先行词 (thing或things;that或 those;person或persons) , 它与通常引导定语从句的关系代词that, which, who不同。
(31) Philip was depressed by what ( = those that) he had gone through.
菲利普的苦难经历使他感到很消沉。
(32) He seemed to have forgotten all that he had gone through.
他似乎把他受的苦全忘了。
(33) Rachel was what (= the kind of person who ) was known as a Don
Quixote.
雷切尔就是那种人们称之为不切实际的理想主义者。
The man who was sick is now well.
患病那个人现在好了。
例 (31) 、 (33) 中的关系代词型what由于在意义上已经包含有先行词those, the kind of person, 所以在它前面不需要在加其他名词性短语。例 (32) 、 (34) 中的关系代词that, who必须跟在先行词之后, 所以在其前面必须用别的名词性短语, all, the man。
3.关系型代词what在意义上具有特指和泛指的区别。关系型代词what表示特指的有如上述的例 (21) 、 (23) 、 (25) 、 (27) 、 (28) 、 (29) , 再如:
(35) What (特指 = that which) caused the accident was a broken bottle.
造成事故的原因是一只破瓶子。
(36) Quality is what (特指= that which) counts most..
质量是最重要的方面。
关系型代词what表示泛指的有如例 (22) 、 (24) 、 (26) 、 (30) 。关系型代词what表示泛指时, 其包含的先行词相当于一个不定代词, 它引导的从句表示不必或不可能说得十分具体的事物:
(37) What (泛指 = anything which ) caused the accident has not yet been found.
是什么原因造成这一事故目前还没有弄清楚。
(38) What (泛指= anything which ) she looks like doesn’t matter.
她长相怎么样无关重要。
关系代词型what具有的泛指意义可通过复合词whatever得到强调, 但实际上二者常常起相同的作用, 只不过whatever表示泛指的意义更突出一些。
(39) Well, I’ll do what (= anything that) I can.
对了, 我要尽力而为。
(40) I’ll do whatever (= anything that) you wish.
你想要我干什么, 我就干什么。
(41) They did what (= all that) they could to console her.
他们尽量安慰她。
(42) Whatever (= anything that) she says goes.
她说怎么样就怎么样。
(43) Give me what (= anything that) there is.
有什么就给我什么。
(44) Whatever (= all that) I have is at your service.
我所有的一切都任由你使用。
4.关系型代词what包含的先行词表示的意思既可以是单数 (the thing which, anything that) , 也可以是复数 (the things which; those which, all that) ;既可以指物, 又可以指人 (the person that) :
(45) As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what (=all that ) I hear.
作为你的朋友, 我要告诉你我听到的一切。
(46) I should like to be a teacher. That’s what (=the kind of person that) I want to be.
我想做一位老师, 那是我心向往之的理想。
(47) It was a small place then compared to what (=the place that ) it is now.
和今天的规模相比, 那里当时仅仅是个小地方。
已如前述, 关系代词型what具有泛指意义, 它所表示的内容从what本身是看不出来的。这时可以根据关系代词型what引导的从句中的动词来进行推敲和理解, 就不难确定what表达的意思。
(42) She was no happy at what he had said.
她对他说的话感到不快。
(43) But what follows is the narrative of his experience.
而以下内容是叙述他的人生经历。
(44) What she saw gave her a little fright.
她见到的景象使她感到有些害怕。
关系代词型what的含义与用法与其说是个语法问题, 不如说是英语中的一个表达习惯。英语学习者经过大量阅读、细心体会和反复练习, 必能熟练掌握它的特点, 在翻译, 写作实践中加以灵活运用, 曲尽其妙。
参考文献
[1]张道真.实用英语语法.商务印书馆, 1979.
[2]章振邦.新编英语语法.上海译文出版社, 1983.
[3]张道真.现代英语用法词典.上海译文出版社, 1987.
[4]费致德.现代英语惯用法词典.商务印书馆, 1987.
一、what/ that/ which引导的名词性从句
名词性从句相当于名词，在句子中作主语的称为主语从句，作宾语的称为宾语从句，作表语的称为表语从句，另外在名词后面起到对内容补充说明作用的同位语的名词性从句称之为同位语从句。
试做下面题目：
1. At first, the donkey realized_____________was happening and cried horribly.
2.“Thank you for_____________you’ve said. I hope I will never be too busy to help others.” With that, Thomas Jefferson turned his horse around and went away.
3. He hopes that sharing_____________he’s been through will help others.
4. They spent a couple of days and nights on the farm of_____________would be considered a very poor family.
5. It never occurred to me_____________you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.
6. The only difference is_____________today’s employment of children is confined to small industries and family businesses.
7. She loved driving very fast, and boasted of the fact_____________she had never, in her thirty-five years of driving, been punished for a driving mistake.
8. Its publication has started a debate as to_____________way of parenting is superior, the traditional Chinese way or the American way.
[参考答案]
1. what2. what3. what4. what5. that6. that7. that 8. which
[思路点拨]
以上第1-4题考查了what在名词性从句中的用法。题1,4中，what作从句的主语；题2中，what作动词say的宾语；在题3中，what作介词through的宾语。第5-7题考查了that在名词性从句中的用法。that在这三题中分别引导了主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。题8考查which在名词性从句中的用法，这里which引导宾语从句。
考生可以遵循以下做题步骤，坚持实践，提高做题速度和正确率。
1. 从宏观角度分析句子结构，抓住句子的主干，从而判断出从句的类型。如何分析句子结构呢？这就需要抓住句子的关键点，也是核心点——动词部分。抓住了动词就意味着抓住了句子的脊梁和命脉。因为英语句子的主干结构就是“主语+谓语动词+宾语”或者“主语+系动词+表语”。在平时训练中，考生找句子中的主语或宾语是比较困难的, 相对而言找动词会比较容易。考生根据动词的形式确定出句子的谓语动词，动词前后可以确定出句子的主语或宾语成分。如题1中，我们可以知道空格后的句子是realized的宾语从句。题2和4中，空格在介词for和of后，可以判断出后面的句子是介词的宾语从句。题3的sharing_____________he’s been through是在主句谓语动词hope后的宾语从句中作主语。
2. 分析确定出的从句，判断从句中所缺的成分。
that引导名词性从句时没有意义，仅起连接作用，不在句子中充当任何成分。当它引导的同位语从句、表语从句和主语从句放在句首时，that不能省略；that引导的宾语从句不能在介词后做宾语。如题5，It never occurred to me_____________you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. It为形式主语，故句子可以转化为： you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind never occurred to me. 在主语从句中，主谓宾的主干结构已经齐全，不缺成分，故用that引导。
值得注意的是，what 引导名词性从句时, 除起连接作用外, 还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，相当于all that 或everything that，表示“ 什么”或“…… 的东西或事情”。如题3，宾语从句sharing_____________he’s been through中share是及物动词，后接宾语从句，what在宾语从句中充当介词through的宾语，意为“分享他所经历过的事情”。另外，which引导名词性从句时，除起连接作用外，还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，意为“哪一个”。如题8中，从the traditional Chinese way or the American way可知，空格引导的宾语从句有选择的意味，故用which。
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3. 填入引导词，检查语意是否完整。
【小试牛刀】
1. He knew_____________would happen when his classmates found out.
2. That Christmas Eve, Paul learned_____________Jesus meant when he said: “it is more blessed to give...”
3. Next day, when he was about to drink wine, he also remembered_____________he promised to Allah, so he gave up the idea of drinking wine.
4. When Vincent stopped his inner voice and asked the woman out, she said, “Vincent,_____________took you so long?”
5. The Pine Street Foundation conducted its research on the belief_____________cancer cells give off a different type of metabolic(新陈代谢) waste product.
6. In addition, the most undesirable effect is_____________examinations encourage bad study habits.
7.“She could hardly speak Chinese at the beginning, and we had to guess_____________each other meant through gestures,”said Li.
8. Girls are no longer closely guarded, and they can do more or less_____________they like.
9. The shocking news made me realize_____________terrible problems we would face.
10. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of_____________others actually understand.
【参考答案】
1. what2. what3. what4. what5. that 6. that7. what8. what9. what10. what
二、that/ which引导的定语从句定语从句一般紧跟在被修饰的名词后面，起修饰作用。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词that和which一般可以换用。限制性定语从句中，必须用that的情况有：
1. 先行词是指事物的不定代词all, little, much, anything, everything, nothing等时；
2. 先行词被the only, the very, 形容词最高级或序数词修饰时；
3. 先行词有人也有物时。
定语从句中，必须用which的情况有：
1. 引导非限定性定语从句，常跟在“，”后；
2. 当定语从句中的介词提前时，即紧跟在介词后面时。
试做下面的题：
1. With each shovel of dirt_____________hit his back, the donkey was doing something amazing.
2. It turned out that I couldn’t do any of them very well in such a hurry,_____________made me quite angry.
3. At last, they tried to fill in the plane with carbon dioxide,_____________poisoned all the eighty rats by the poisonous gas.
4. Chilren often form bad habits, some of_____________remain with them as long as they live.
5. The second kind of medicine is called “natural cures” or “folk medicine” in_____________less educated people try to cure sicknesses with various herbs.
【参考答案】
1. which/that2. which3. which4. which 5. which
【解题妙招】
确定定语从句，首先看它是否位于名词后面，再确定从句跟该名词存在的关系。建议考生用括号把定语从句括起来，以便于更好地把握句子的主要意思。然后使用“还原”的方法，将先行词还原到从句中，看它作什么成分。
【小试牛刀】
1. I looked into their eyes and I found they didn’t care,_____________told me it would be useless.(2010深圳一模)
2. His way lay through a forest in_____________there were many monkeys. (2010广东模拟)
3. This means their children will for sure have the family disease,_____________is a great trouble for these families. (2009深圳外国语)
4. Then，the daughter began using some of her money to promote a day_____________would honor all mothers. (2009汕头城南)
5. Wind stirs things down and brings down a lot of warm air_____________often floats just above housetops and trees. (2009广东模拟)
【参考答案】
1. which2. which3. which4. that/which 5. that/which
（作者单位：广州市第89中学）
责任编校蒋小青
