卡梅伦演讲（精选8篇）
We should be proud of the fact that in these islands we trust the people with these big decisions.
We not only have a parliamentary democracy, but on questions about the arrangements for how we are governed, there are times when it is right to ask the people themselves, and that is what we have done.
The British people have voted to leave the European Union and their will must be respected.
I want to thank everyone who took part in the campaign on my side of the argument, including all those who put aside party differences to speak in what they believed was the national interest.
And let me congratulate all those who took part in the Leave campaign – for the spirited and passionate case that they made.
The will of the British people is an instruction that must be delivered. It was not a decision that was taken lightly, not least because so many things were said by so many different organisations about the significance of this decision.
So there can be no doubt about the result.
Across the world, people have been watching the choice that Britain has made. I would reassure those markets and investors that Britain’s economy is fundamentally strong.
And I would also reassure Brits living in European countries, and European citizens living here, that there will be no immediate changes in your circumstances. There will be no initial change in the way our people can travel, in the way our goods can move or the way our services can be sold.
We must now prepare for a negotiation with the European Union. This will need to involve the full engagement of the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Ireland governments to ensure that the interests of all parts of our United Kingdom are protected and advanced.
But above all, this will require strong, determined and committed leadership.
I am very proud and very honoured to have been Prime Minister of this country for 6 years.
I believe we’ve made great steps, with more people in work than ever before in our history, with reforms to welfare and education, increasing people’s life chances, building a bigger and stronger society, keeping our promises to the poorest people in the world, and enabling those who love each other to get married whatever their sexuality.
But above all, restoring Britain’s economic strength, and I am grateful to everyone who has helped to make that happen.
I have also always believed that we have to confront big decisions – not duck them.
That’s why we delivered the first coalition government in 70 years to bring our economy back from the brink. It’s why we delivered a fair, legal and decisive referendum in Scotland. And it’s why I made the pledge to renegotiate Britain’s position in the European Union and hold a referendum on our membership, and have carried those things out.
I fought this campaign in the only way I know how – which is to say directly and passionately what I think and feel – head, heart and soul.
I held nothing back.
I was absolutely clear about my belief that Britain is stronger, safer and better off inside the European Union, and I made clear the referendum was about this and this alone – not the future of any single politician, including myself.
But the British people have made a very clear decision to take a different path, and as such I think the country requires fresh leadership to take it in this direction.
I will do everything I can as Prime Minister to steady the ship over the coming weeks and months, but I do not think it would be right for me to try to be the captain that steers our country to its next destination.
This is not a decision I’ve taken lightly, but I do believe it is in the national interest to have a period of stability and then the new leadership required.
There is no need for a precise timetable today, but in my view, we should aim to have a new Prime Minister in place by the start of the Conservative party conference in October.
Delivering stability will be important and I will continue in post as Prime Minister with my Cabinet for the next 3 months. The Cabinet will meet on Monday.
The Governor of the Bank of England is making a statement about the steps that the Bank and the Treasury are taking to reassure financial markets. We will also continue taking forward the important legislation that we set before Parliament in the Queen’s Speech. And I have spoken to Her Majesty the Queen this morning to advise her of the steps that I am taking.
A negotiation with the European Union will need to begin under a new Prime Minister, and I think it is right that this new Prime Minister takes the decision about when to triggerArticle 50 and start the formal and legal process of leaving the EU.
I will attend the European Council next week to explain the decision the British people have taken and my own decision.
The British people have made a choice. That not only needs to be respected – but those on the losing side of the argument, myself included, should help to make it work.
Britain is a special country.
We have so many great advantages.
A parliamentary democracy where we resolve great issues about our future through peaceful debate.
A great trading nation, with our science and arts, our engineering and our creativity respected the world over.
And while we are not perfect, I do believe we can be a model of a multi-racial, multi-faith democracy, where people can come and make a contribution and rise to the very highest that their talent allows.
Although leaving Europe was not the path I recommended, I am the first to praise our incredible strengths. I have said before that Britain can survive outside the European Union, and indeed that we could find a way.
Now, the decision has been made to leave, we need to find the best way, and I will do everything I can to help.
I love this country – and I feel honoured to have served it.
关键词：话语分析,意识形态,认知语境模型
批评话语分析 (Critical Discourse Analysis) 最早源自于20世纪70年代末Fowler等人的《语言与控制》 (Language and Control) 一书, 其源头是批评语言学。自其兴起发展至今, 批评话语分析朝着多元化的趋势方向发展。费尔克劳 (N.Fairclough) (1992) 采用辩证——联系的分析角度, 提出了CDA的三个步骤——描述、阐释、解释, 对CDA的发展做出了巨大贡献, 但其具体的分析仍以Halliday的系统功能语法为支撑, 只注重语言文字特征的描述和解读。沃达克 (Ruth Wodak) 将话语的历史性背景纳入到语篇的分析范围内, 在其《批评话语分析:历史, 议程, 理论和方法论》中详细阐述了CDA的历史——话语分析法, 将语篇置于历史条件下进行分析, 探讨了历史背景对话语生产及理解的影响。此外, 她还与范·戴克 (Van Dijk) 就语言与社会之间的关系进行探讨, 认为此二者并非直接联系的, 认知是语言与社会的中介, 并提出心智模型 (mental model) 这一术语。沃达克与范·戴克从社会——认知的角度出发, 认为个体和社会的认知介于社会与语篇之间。范·戴克在1993年发表的《批评话语分析的原则》一文中提出研究权力与语篇的关系需通过“认知接口”, 并在其文章《话语、语境与认知》中将语境理论纳入CDA的社会认知方法中, 他认为语境是话语参与者对交际情境的主观构建, 是明确的心智模型。
本文从认知语境的角度出发, 以卡梅伦挽回苏格兰的演讲为例, 探讨认知 (也即心智模型) 在语言与社会之间的中介作用以及语境是如何在解释话语, 权力和意识形态关系方面发挥功能的。
一、认知语境模型
随着认知科学的发展, 语言学家越来越注重认知在语言生成及言语理解过程中的主观作用。最早提出语境模型 (context model) 这一概念的是荷兰的批评语言学家范·戴克, 他认为认知心理学中的心智模型 (mental model) 可以解释交际双方在言语交际活动中对语境的主观建构, 从而能够达到更好地理解对方交际意图的效果。而认知语境应用于批评性话语分析正是由于近年来一些批评语言学家发现, “语境不仅包括场景、语域、行为、参与者关系、地位等与交际行为相关的社会因素, 也包括参与者的认知特点, 如目的、信念、知识、意见等”。[1]它不同于传统意义上的包含话语历史、社会、文化背景等的静态的语境, 而是把语境看作一个动态的发展的过程, 强调话语参与者及话语解读者的认知即心智模型在话语的生成和语义的加工中发挥的作用。换言之, “认知语境分析把语境视为语言使用者在交际过程中不断建构的主观体, 研究交际双方作为一定社会组织的成员如何在交际中通过对语境不断实时更新和建构来完成话语的生产与解读”[2]那么, “言语交际行为实施的过程主要是听话人对认知语境假设进行不断选择和调整的过程。”[3]认知语境模型在言语活动中对交际双方如何策略地选择合适的语言以适应当时的情景起到指导的作用。
范·戴克认为, 个人的心智模型和社会的认知密不可分, 在群体意识下个人根据语境做出符合交际情景的分析并指导自己在交际活动中的言语生成和对交际对象言语的理解。在这个过程中, “权力通过共享的社会认知即群体意识和这些认知的心智模型来影响话语的生成和理解”。[4]
本文正是依据范·戴克的语境模型, 以卡梅伦挽回苏格兰的演讲为例分析交际者如何通过认知模型分析语境, 并在此基础上作出能够实现其权力控制符合其交际意图的言语选择的。
二、卡梅伦演讲的认知语境分析
卡梅伦作为英国首相, 除代表个体外还代表着英国政府的形象和利益, 他所演讲的受众对象是整个英国的民众, 而“公众演讲作为政治语篇的一种, 是有效地传达政府意识形态的方式”。因而, 研究卡梅伦如何成功地将认知语境分析与语言策略相结合在演讲中选择合适的语言, 使得民众受到其灌输的意识形态的控制, 以实现其交际的意图具有重要意义。根据范·戴克的语境模型, 语境可分为背景和交际者两大内容。
(一) 背景
时间:2014年9月15日。
苏格兰公投的日期为2014年9月18日, 即此次演讲的时间为公投前的倒数第三天。在卡梅伦的认知中这是最后一次能赢得公众支持的机会, 言辞须能表达迫切之情, 殷切希望之心。因此, 在演讲中“We meet in a week that could change the United Kingdom forever.On Thursday, Scotland votes, and the future of our country is at stake.On Friday, people could be living in a different country, with a different place in the world and a different future ahead of it.”常用到“一周内”“永远”“这周四”“这周五”等词传达公投日期将至, 若听话人投支持票则国家将迅速分裂陷入国将不国的状态的意识形态, 企图引导听话人反对独立。
空间:苏格兰东北部城市阿伯丁 (Aberdeen) 阿伯丁会展中心
此次演讲的地点位于苏格兰的阿伯丁市, 直接面对的就是苏格兰的民众, 因此在代词选择上多用“we”和“you”。选用“we” (我们) 使听话人感到亲切感, 在认知上将说话人和自己放在了同一阵营, 减弱了对说话人的防备心理, 从而更易使说话人的意识形态得以渗透;“you” (你、你们) 的选用使听话人在认知心理上产生对话感, 增强听话人的主人翁意识, 因此更能吸引听话人的注意引发其思考。
(二) 交际者
交际角色:卡梅伦——说话者;
苏格兰民众——听话者;
社会角色、组织成员、身份:卡梅伦——英国首相, 英国政府利益的维护者;
苏格兰民众——英国公民,
公投参与者;
双方的关系:卡梅伦——权力实施者;
苏格兰民众——权力受施者。
共享的社会知识和信念:1.卡梅伦是英国政府的首相;2.苏格兰受英国政府统治;3.2014年9月18日举行苏格兰公投。
意图与目的:卡梅伦——说服苏格兰民众反对苏格兰独立, 支持英国政府的统治。
交际及其他行为/事件:卡梅伦发表演讲。
就交际角色、社会角色和双方关系来说, 卡梅伦作为英国首相首先代表着英国政府的利益, 并且在交际活动中处于权力的支配者, 因此在演讲中常从国家的角度出发“Indeed, it could end the United Kingdom as we know it.The United Kingdom would be no more.It’s only become Great Britain because of the greatness of Scotland.”唤起民众的国家意识和集体意识。就共享的社会认知而言, 苏格兰在公投中取得多数票意味着苏格兰和英国的分离。这一状态在听众的心智模型中同离婚带给人们的痛苦, 故卡梅伦在演讲中运用隐喻“Independence would not be a trial separation;it would be a painful divorce.”将情感具体化, 使民众感同身受, 在心理上倾向于避免这种痛苦的发生。交际的意图通过交际事件实现, 卡梅伦发表这一演讲的意图即将权力通过语言的形式发挥作用, 传达反对苏格兰独立这一意识形态。说话人在演讲过程中所采用的言辞最终都是为其实现他的意图而服务的。
三、结语
本文应用认知语境模型分析卡梅伦的演讲, 即演讲中交际双方从具体情境语境即交际的背景, 交际者的角色、权力关系、交际意图等方面结合个体的心智模型和社会的认知选择能实现自己表达意图的话语, 从而达到意识形态渗透的效果。另外, 从认知的层面对语篇进行批评性话语分析, 揭示了人的主观建构在影响言语的产生和理解过程中的重要作用, 以及语言是如何通过认知传达意识形态的。
参考文献
[1]辛斌.批评话语分析中的认知话语分析[J].外语与外语教学, 2012 (04) .
[2]田海龙.认知取向的批评话语分析:两种路径及其特征[J].外语研究, 2013 (02) .
[3]欧阳苹果, 肖武云.认知语境在话语交际中的作用[J].外语学刊, 2007 (05) .
5月8日，英国的大选—议会下议院选举结果揭晓。选举结果前，各方都预测以卡梅伦为代表的保守党无法收获超过半数席位从而独立胜出，但在最后的选举结果中保守党还是成功收获了331席，以超过半数的席位得以单独执政。
2010年下议院选举时，保守党由于票数不足，最终与英国自由民主党组成了联合政府。但这一次，卡梅伦成功将执政权都揽入了保守党手中。
过去5年的经济增长或许是卡梅伦在此次竞选中最大的加分项。在上一轮竞争中，卡梅伦成功地让英国经济出现领跑全球的增长率，使政府赤字减少、收支达到平衡，并把失业率降到了一个新低点。一些分析师说，保守党在选战中的强势表现得益于其主打的经济议题。正是这张“经济牌”切中了许多英国民众的关注点。
不过胜利过后，严峻的挑战显然已经摆在了卡梅伦的面前。
与欧盟的关系是首先要面对的一个问题。卡梅伦在大选前曾承诺，连任后将推动在2017年举行全民公投，让英国民众来决定英国是否应该脱离欧盟。而在获胜之后，卡梅伦也表示将执行这一承诺。这或许会给英国与欧盟的关系带来很大的不确定性。
另外，维持统一依然是卡梅伦需要重点关心的问题。虽然去年的苏格兰独立公投失败，但在此次竞选中主张苏格兰独立的苏格兰民族党一共收获了59个席位，晋升为第三大党。卡梅伦曾承诺在新任期中给苏格兰地方议会比全球其他任何地方政府都要大的地方权力，并向苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰下放更多的自治权。但现在看来，情况显然不会这么简单了。
It’s a New Year –and for Britain there can only be one New Year’s resolution—to stick tothelong-term plan that is turning our country around.
When we came tooffice, our economy was on its knees.
Three and a halfyears later, we are turning a corner.
We see it in thebusinesses that are opening up, the people who are getting decent jobs,thefactories that are making British goods and selling them to the world again.
The plan isworking.
That’s why thisyear, , we are not just going to stick to the plan – we are goingtoredouble our efforts to deliver every part of it, to benefit the whole countryand secure abetter future for everyone.
We’ll continuewith the vital work on the deficit.
We’ve reduced itby a third already, and this year we will continue that difficult work,tosafeguard our economy for the long-term, to keep mortgage rates low and to helpfamiliesacross Britain.
We’re going tokeep on doing everything possible to help hardworking people feelfinanciallysecure, cutting income taxes and freezing fuel duty.
We’ll keep onworking even harder to create more jobs, whether that’s through investmentinour roads and railways, lower jobs taxes, or more help for Britain’s amazingsmall businesses.
Those who run oursmall businesses are heroes and heroines, they are the backbone of oureconomyand we are supporting them every step of the way.
We are going tokeep on with our vital work on welfare and immigration too.
We’ve alreadycapped welfare and cut immigration, and this year, we’ll carry on buildinganeconomy for people who work hard and play by the rules.
And last but notleast – we’re going to keep on delivering the best schools and skills forourchildren and young people, so that when they leave education they have a realchance to geton in life.
So this is a vitalyear for our economy.
And 2014 is alsoan important date in the history of the United Kingdom.
The referendumvote will be the biggest decision Scotland has ever been asked to make.
When NATO last met here in the UK in 1990, many would have hoped that its core aim would soon have been fulfilled. After the long years of the Cold War, the vision of a Europe whole, free and at peace seemed within our grasp. Yet today the protection and security that NATO provides is as vital to our future as it has ever been in our past.
We face new and evolving dangers. To the East, Russia is ripping up the rulebook with itsannexation of Crimea and its troops on sovereign soil in Ukraine. To the South, an arc ofinstability bends from North Africa to the Middle East.
Last night we discussed the threat posed by ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) in Iraqand Syria.
So our message is clear. We are united in our condemnation of these barbaric and despicableacts. They should be very clear, these terrorists: their threats will only harden our resolve tostand up for our values and to defeat them.
To do so - and to deal with all the threats we face - our great alliance must now evolve andrefocus on the new capabilities that we need to keep our people safe. And I hope that in thesesessions today we can agree the changes that are needed. For me there are 3.
First, as Russia tramples illegally over Ukraine we must reassure our Eastern Europeanmembers that we will always uphold our Article 5 commitments to collective self-defence. Sowe must be able to act more swiftly.
In , NATO stood down its high readiness force. So I hope we can agree a multi-nationalspearhead force deployable anywhere in the world in just 2 to 5 days.
This would be part of a reformed NATO Response Force with Headquarters in Poland, forwardunits in the Eastern Allies, and pre-positioned equipment and infrastructure to allow moreexercises and if necessary rapid reinforcement. If we can agree this, the UK will contribute3,500 personnel to this multi-national force. And we must scale up our readiness to respondto any threat they face.
Second, as the Secretary General has said, we must increase our capacity. I hope today we canreaffirm our public commitment to spend 2% of our GDP on defence and 20% of that moneyon equipment. This would send a strong message to those who threaten us, that ourcollective resolve is as strong as ever.
This issue of equipment is as important as the overall amount of money. What matters mostof all is what are we able to do, what are we able to deploy, what enables us to respondrapidly and together collectively to the threats we face? Those are the questions we mustanswer with our increases in capability.
Third, we must extend our partnerships and build a more effective security network thatfosters stability around the world.
To do this NATO must become not just an organisation that has capability but an exporter ofcapability. I hope we can agree to use our expertise to provide training and mentoring offorces in Jordan and Georgia. And also in Iraq when the new Government has beenestablished.
英音控们，千万不要错过啦!
Prime Minister David Cameron’s New Year Message
1 January
It’s a New Year. And with our economy growing and a strong,majority government in power, Britain begins it with renewedstrength.
There are no New Year’s resolutions for us, just an ongoing resolve to deliver what we promised.
Security at every stage of your life.
Over 31 million people will begin the year in work more than any in our history.
Six million children will start the new term at a good or outstanding school.
More than half a million workers will be taken out of income tax in April, as everyone apart fromthe very best paid gets a tax cut and, for the lowest paid, there will be a new National LivingWage.
Meanwhile, millions more will benefit from the free childcare, new academies, rising pensions andextra apprenticeships that we committed to in our manifesto, all as a result of our long-termeconomic plan.
We also promised something else in our manifesto: giving you a say on Europe. Now we aredelivering on that promise. There will be an in-out referendum by the end of it is writteninto the law of the land. I am negotiating hard to fix the things that most annoy British peopleabout our relationship with the EU.
There is just one thing that drives me: what is best for the national interest of our country?
But in the end it will be for you to decide: is our economic and national security in a dangerousworld better protected by being in, or out?
We also go into the year confronting some deep social problems, ones that have blighted ourcountry for too long.
I want 2016 to be the time when we really start to conquer them a crucial year in this greatturnaround decade.
Because with economic renewal and social reform, we can make everyone’s lives more secure.
So if you’re one of the many hard-working young people locked out of the housing market, wewill deliver the homes that will help lead you to your own front door.
If you’re off school or out of work, trapped in an underworld of addiction, abuse, crime and chaos,we will sweep away state failure and help give you stability.
If your dreams have been dashed simply because of who you are, we will fight discrimination anddeliver real opportunity, to help lay your path to success.
And we will take on another social problem, too.
When our national security is threatened by a seething hatred of the west, one that turns peopleagainst their country and can even turn them into murderous extremists. I want us to be veryclear: you will not defeat us. And we will not just confront the violence and the terror.
We will take on their underlying, poisonous narrative of grievance and resentment. We will comedown hard on those who create the conditions for that narrative to flourish. And we will havegreater confidence in indeed, we will revel in our way of life.
Because if you walk our streets, learn in our schools, benefit from our society, you sign up to ourvalues: freedom; tolerance; responsibility; loyalty.
These are the big challenges of our age, some of the biggest our nation has ever faced. And thisyear is a test of our mettle.
Whether we put up with poverty or put an end to it, ignore the glass ceiling or smash it,abandon the tenant or help make them a homeowner, appease the extremist or take aparttheir ideology, piece by piece.
We’ll get Britain a better deal in Europe, give families the peace of mind they crave and we’ll makeour country even more secure.
That’s what this year this turnaround decade is all about.
So let me wish everyone the very best and a very Happy New Year.
一、人际功能理论
系统功能学派认为, 语言是人类社会活动的产物, 作为人类交际的工具, 它承担着各种各样的功能。韩礼德从语言的社会性出发, 把语言的纯理功能划分为三种:概念元功能、人际元功能和语篇元功能 (Halliday, 1994) 。其中人际功能指的是人们用语言与其他人交往, 用语言建立和保持人际关系, 用语言影响别人的行为, 同时也用语言表达对世界的看法 (黄国文, 2001) 。Halliday指出实现人际功能的词汇语法资源主要是语气、情态和语调及体现在人称系统, 态度修饰语和具有隐含意义的词中 (Halliday, 1994) 。
二、人际功能具体分析
1. 语气系统分析
系统功能语法认为在交际过程中, 无论说话者如何变化交际角色, 交际中都有两个言语角色:一个是给予, 另一个是需求。交际中的交流物既可以是物品和服务, 又可以是信息。交际角色和交流物这两个变项组成了四种最主要的言语功能:提供、陈述、命令和提问。与此紧密相连的语气是陈述语气、疑问语气、祈使语气等。
在英国首相这篇演讲中共有261句, 其中陈述句236句。政治家发表演讲时的语言往往受待定时间、演讲目的和社会背景的影响。卡梅伦发表此篇演讲正值平息英国伦敦骚乱后。通过陈述语气的使用, 卡梅伦回顾了一周前所发生的暴乱, 分析了暴乱发生的原因, 自己及所在政府及社会所做的努力, 表明他渴望寻求国内社会稳定的愿望及为实现这理想所作出努力, 最后呼吁全国人民为建立和平稳定的英国而奋斗。
政治演讲具有很强的肯定性和劝说性, 因此疑问句的使用相对较少, 但穿插疑问句能使演讲脱离单一的形式, 并增加悬念与起伏感。本文共出现17句疑问句, 卡梅伦通过多次使用一般疑问句引发听众的注意, 表明了自己和听众改变国内现状的决心, 同时也表达了对听众的期待与信心。另外, 演讲者使用了8个祈使句, 一方面表明演讲者自己的权势和地位, 另一方面拉近和听众的距离, 表明要和民众一起面对困难, 迎接挑战的决心。
2. 情态系统
韩礼德认为, 情态是讲话者对自己所讲的命题的成功和有效性的判断或在命题中要求对方承担的义务或在提议中要表达的个人意愿 (Halliday, 2000) 。在表达语篇的人际意义时, 情态往往由情态动词和情态副词表达说话者所述内容对听众产生的影响。在这篇演讲中, 卡梅伦主要通过情态动词表达人际意义。文中共用了58个情态动词, will及其否定形式 (27个) , can及否定形式现 (18个) , must及否定形式 (4个) , should及其否定形式 (4个) , could (2个) , might (1个) , would (2个) 。其中will, can, must, should出现的次数最多。
must是高量值情态动词, 用于加强所有判断的可能性并且赋予责任, 可用于义务和树立自己的权威。在政治演讲词中使用高量值的情态动词是不可避免的。在这篇演说中must出现了4次。如: (1) We must fight back against the attitudes and assumptions that have brought parts of our society to this shockingstate.卡梅伦通过must表明对暴乱行为的态度是明确的, 表明坚决打击的决心。
中量值情态动词的使用表达了演讲者的信念、预测或意图, 有助于体现演讲者的客观态度, 从而取得听众的信任。如: (2) We will review our work and consider whether our plans and programmes are big enough and bold enough to deliver the change that I feel this country now wants to see.通过will的使用, 卡梅伦表明了将会检验自己及政府所做出的工作是否达到改变当前社会状态的效果。
低量值情态动词的大量使用, 反映了演讲者对人或事物的判断估测及对命题所保持的态度, 能够增加演讲内容的客观性和可信度。情态动词can在文中出现了18次。除了可以表示程度较低的情态外, 在语义上一方面表达有能力或没有能力做某事, 如: (3) Because it’s only by getting our young people into work that we can build an ownership society in which everyone feels they have a stake.此句中can主要表明了卡梅伦坚信自己及政府有能力建立一个人人感觉安全的社会。
3. 人称代词
李战子 (2002:124) 认为:除了语气和情态之外, 人称代词也具有实现话语人际意义的功能。代词的使用可以在一定程度上反映人际关系的亲疏, 演讲语篇的人称代词同样有助于建立和维持演讲者及听众的人际系。在演讲中, 使用最多的代词首先是第一人称, 其次是第二人称, 最后是第三人称。在这篇演讲中, 出现了第一人称单数I (I35次) , we (26次) , 第二人称you (10次) , 第三人称he (5次) , they (25次) 。可见第一人称I和we出现的频率较高。
第一人称单数是指说话人自己, 用来陈述演说者自己的观点, 立场或态度, 以此凸显演讲者的地位和权威, 影响听众的反应。如: (4) In my very first act as leader of this party I signalled my personal priority:to mend our broken society.卡梅伦运用“I”表达了自己强烈的意志、观点和态度, 强调自己作为首相的责任, 试图把自己塑造为一位负责任的英国首相。
第一人称代词复数we既可以是包含式的, 又可以是排除式的。排除式的第一人称复数往往是为了强调自己一方的立场或观点, 带有很强的权威性。 (5) We will review our work andconsider whether our plans and programmes are big enough and bold enough to deliver the change that I feel this country nowwants to see.这里的we是排除式的, 指的是卡梅伦及其所代表的政府, 表明为平息骚乱所作出的努力, 让听众拭目以待。
包含式的we具有很强大的感情效力, 说明说话人与听话人之间有共同的目标、任务和利益, 能够拉近说话人与听话人的距离。如: (6) Because whatever the arguments, we all belong to the same society, and we all have a stake in making it better.这句中的we是包含式的, 不仅包括卡梅伦及其政府, 还包括听众。说明政府和人民的共同目标任务, 不仅缩短了双方的距离, 易于被听众接受, 卡梅伦的政治目的还得到了实现。
在演讲中, 第二人称出现10次, 通过使用第二人称, 可以和听众实现交流, 吸引听众的注意。同时本篇演讲多次使用第三人称指代暴乱分子及他们的父母, 表达了对他们的不满, 也使广大人民群众反省。
三、结语
本文主要以韩礼德功能语法中的人际功能为理论框架, 从语气、情态和人称代词三个方面对卡梅伦演说进行语篇分析。
通过分析发现, 卡梅伦为了更好地表达自己的思想, 在语气方面大量使用了陈述句阐述事实, 表达自己向听众传达信息的客观性;在情态方面, 大量使用中低量的情态动词表现了肯定以感动观众, 引起互动和共鸣, 避免了以权相压;在人称代词使用方面, 大量使用第一人称单数I表达了自己的责任及决心, 使用we拉近与听众的距离, 削弱权势关系, 有助于树立个人良好形象, 还使用了第三人称复数they指代骚乱者, 表达了对他们的不满。总之, 卡梅伦通过正确使用语言策略, 树立了首相的形象, 赢得了国内民众的信任与支持, 获得了较好的演讲效果。
摘要：本文以韩礼德系统功能语法中的人际功能为理论, 对英国首相卡梅伦在平息暴乱后发表的演讲进行了系统分析, 旨在研究演讲如何传递演说者的真实意图, 有助于更深刻地理解政治演讲语篇的人际意义。
关键词：政治演讲,人际功能,演讲意图
参考文献
[1]Halliday, M.A.K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M].London:Edward Am old, 1994.
[2]Halliday, M.A.K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd ed) .London Amold, Beijing Foreign Language Teaching andResearch Press, 2000.
[3]黄国文.语篇分析的理论与实践[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2001, 22.
伊比沙岛是卡梅伦一家最喜欢的度假地，好几个夏天都去了那里度假。大部分女性做了妈妈之后，再到海滩时都会穿个围裙，可是萨曼莎没有。2011年5月，他们一家去伊比沙岛时，她生过女儿才九个月，就自信地秀出了苗条的身材。
萨曼莎的比基尼照片传出后，英国一档电视节目访问了卡梅伦，问他的感受。他说，自己没有“沙滩身材”，因为无法抵御宴会的吸引。他说，萨曼莎在保持苗条身材方面非常自律，而自己从小受到的教育是，要把面前盘子里的食物都吃完，这也养成了他吃东西无节制的习惯。
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