高考英语常用句式(共8篇)
这部分针对一些在写作上实在有困难的考生,列出一些经常用于作文开头、结尾以及中间过渡的句式。需要指出的是,这些句式并不仅仅可以用在命题作文中,部分句式也可以用在我们后面要介绍的漫画类作文、图表类作文以及段首句类作文中。因此,考生一定要根据 不同内容灵活运用。当然,在介绍后几种题型的作文中,我们还会列出一些专门适用于那几种题型的作文的句式。
㈠ 常用于开头的句式
1.With the rapidly growing popularity of „, the quality of our lives has been considerably changed.2.Recently, sth./the problem of„has been brought to popular attention/has become the focus of public concern.3.With the development of„, more and more people come to realize that„
4.In the past few years, there has been a boom/sharp growth/decline in„
5.It is a traditional practice to„in our society.6.It has long been considered only right and proper/perfectly justified to„
7.No one would deny that/everyone would agree that/there is no doubt that„
8.To sb’s mind/in sb’s eyes, sth.seems/means„
9.Now it is widely believed that„
10.The birth/invention of„has made an enormous/essential difference to„ But is does not mean that„
11.Sth.has changed the way our society develops, but its bright side should not keep us from following closely its dark side.12.What would our society be like if there were no„?
13.Should we put sth.above sth.else? /Should we attach as much weight to sth.as to.sth.else?
14.Sth.is just the same as„/is compared to„/is like„
15.In our life, there often appears such an occasion when„/on which„
16.One of the great men one said that„/There is an old saying that„
17.According to the recent survey/statistics, there is„percent of„
18.Nowadays, a heated debate/discussion about„is under way in China.Some people believe that„, whereas others argue that…
19.When it comes to„, most people contend that„, but other people consider that„
20.There are many advantages and disadvantages in„
㈡ 常用于结尾的句式
1. It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/pay more attention to„
2. Only in this way/only when/only through„, will/can we„
3. As long as„, we will be able to„/the problems is bound to„
4. In the course of time/In a long run/In the long term, sth.is more likely/bound/sure to„
5. In a word, there is every/little chance/probability/possibility that„in time to come.6. Anything/anyone that/who„will have to„
7. It is high time that„
8. We should do our best in eliminating„
9. The problem is not„;the problem is„
10.In order to„, we must„
with all wildlife species.11.All the above evidence/experience/ facts goes to show that„
12.No surprising/ It is apparent that the task of„demands/requires/deserves immediate/serious/considerable attention/consideration.13.We can come to the conclusion that„
14.We then have reasons to be confident that in the near future„
15.My suggestion is that„;otherwise„
16.As for me, I have always been taking care to„ So, I„
例句:As for me, I have always been taking care to choose a goal and a right path before doing anything important.Then I will work hard and perseveringly.So, I have made some achievements and I will do better.17.So I believe a„tomorrow„will be achieved through efforts of every person.例句:So I believe a safe tomorrow of less car accidents will be achieved through efforts of every person.18.Therefore, we should not only„but„as well.例句:Therefore, we should not only realize that competition and cooperation, like two sides of the coin, have to go hand in hand, but fix more attention on how to make full use of cooperation as well.19.In short, „are the major problems to be solved to„
例句:In short, shortage of water, decrease of fertile fields and environmental pollution are the major problems to be solved to increase grain production.20.Who is to say that„?
例句:Who is to say that our scientists may not provide a better theory?
㈢ 常用的过渡句式
1. Although lots of people follow the fashion/trend, I still set my heart on„
例句:Although lots of people follow the fashion, I still set my heart on its negative effect on our society.2. For one thing„ For another„ As a third benefit/disadvantage„
例句:For one thing, some excellent students can take full advantage of the holiday to awaken their personal interests such as painting, sightseeing and so on.For another, it can provide more chances for some poor students to help make two ends meet and to get prepared for the future by taking part-time jobs.As a third benefit, for those who are far from good at a certain subject, there is a golden opportunity of catching up with other.3.It is no easy/simple task/job to furnish/identify/find every reason/cause for sth., but/while, on the whole, two/some factors shout louder/ weigh heavier than others/stand out from others.例句:It is no easy job to find every reason for the increase in the number of teenagers who run away from their homes, but, on the whole, two factors shout louder than others.First of all, ….Second, …
4.In contrast with the drawbacks/demerits/flaws of sth., sth.else can serve as a better step/move/advance in the right direction/toward the solution for the problem of…
例句:In contrast with the drawbacks caused by nuclear power, the solar power can serve as a better move toward the solution for the problem of energy crisis.5.It is true/obvious that sth can’t compete/be compared with sth else in„, but sth still enjoys/secures/possesses distinct/substantial advantage over sth else.例句:It is obvious that radio cannot compete with television in visuality, but it still possesses
substantial advantages over television.(One of these is…Another…Still another…)
6.But if„, it is easy/not difficult/hard to see/find/discover that„
例句:But if they adjust their frame of mind a little in the other direction, it is not hard for them to find that life is just as promising as before.7.Superficially/ On the surface/ At first glance/ In appearance, the issue in question seems„.But in fact/in substance/on close examination, …
例句:At first glance, the western-type democracy seems superior to any other types.But on close examination, it does not entitle every citizen of the same nation to the equal freedom to act.8.Those in favor of the issue in question argue/contend/hold/maintain/claim that„.But what they fail to consider/analyze/see/find out is that…
例句:Those in favor of euthanasia(安乐死)contend that its practice can benefit both the patient and his family.But what they fail to consider is that euthanasia may be taken advantage of for some evil or hidden purposes.9.My look on/choice of/participation in/devotion to„stems from/derives from/results from some/several chief factors.例句:My choice of the career stems from several chief factors.First„ Second„
10.A variety of/Quite a few factors have led me to do„
例句:Quite a few factors have led me to form the habit of reading
1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy
2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard
3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology
4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges
5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that„
6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development
7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention
8.不可否认 It is undeniable that„/ There is no denying that„
9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate
10.有争议性的问题 a controversial issue
11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument
12.一些人 „而另外一些人 „ Some people„ while others„
13.就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,14.就„达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on„
15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons
16.双方的论点 argument on both sides
17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in„
18.对„必不可少 be indispensable to „
19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:
20.„也不例外 „be no exception
21.对„产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on„
22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。
23.导致,引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in
24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
26.竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation
27.开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision
28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills
29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden
30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration
31.从另一个角度 from another perspective
32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts
33.对„有益 be beneficial / conducive to„
34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society
35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for„
36.综合素质 comprehensive quality
37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach
39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to„
40.应当承认 Admittedly,41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty
42.满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of„
43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information
44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources
45.因特网 the Internet(一定要由冠词,字母I 大写)
46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient
47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life
48.环保(的)environmental protection / environmentally friendly
49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress
50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology
51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue
52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion
53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence
54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way
55.理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice
56.„必然趋势 an irresistible trend of„
57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition
58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest
59.长远利益.interest in the long run
60.„有其自身的优缺点 „ has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones
62.取其精髓,取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。
63.对„有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to
64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information
65.跟上„的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …
66.采取有效措施来„ take effective measures to do sth
67.„的健康发展 the healthy development of „
68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。
No garden without weeds。
69.对„观点因人而异 Views on „vary from person to person。
70.重视 attach great importance to„
71.社会地位 social status
72.把时间和精力放在„上 focus time and energy on„
73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge
74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally
75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to„
76.提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal
77.可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that
78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden
79.优先考虑/发展„ give(top)priority to sth。
80.与„比较 compared with„/ in comparison with
81.相反 in contrast / on the contrary。
82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of
83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water
84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities
85.社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress
86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that„
87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding
【真题链接】Sorry, I am too busy now.If Ihad time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.
【句型解读】该句型表示与现在、过去, 及将来事实可能相反的假设。其if从句的谓语形式分别为“过去时 (be用were) ”“had+过去分词”和“动词的过去时”/“should+动词原形”或“were to+动词原形”;主句谓语形式分别为“would/should/might/could+动词原形”“would/should/might/could+have+过去分词”和“would/should/might/could+动词原形”。
【温馨提醒】
●“If it were not for…I/they…would...”句型意为“如果不是……/如果没有……/要不是……, 我/他 (它) 们……就会……”。其中, “If it were not for...”是表示与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句, were不能用was来代替。主句用“would+动词原形”表示虚拟语气。
●“If it had not been for…I/they…would/should/might/could+have+过去分词”句型意为“ (过去) 如果不是……/ (过去) 如果没有……/要不是 (过去) ……, 我/他 (它) 们……就 (可能) 会已经……”。其中, “If it had not been for...”是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。主句用“would/should/might/could+have+过去分词”表示虚拟语气。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.如果不是因为她不会唱歌, 我将会邀请她来参加聚会。
If___________the fact that she can'tsing, I would invite her to the party.
2.如果我的汽车性能更可靠些, 去年夏天我就会开车去拉萨而不是坐飞机去了。
If my car___________more reliable, I____________to Lhasa instead of flying last summer.
Keys:1.it were not for 2.had been;wouldhave driven
句式二、用介词短语表达虚拟条件的句型
【句型解读】在英语中, 除了用if从句表示虚拟的情景外, 还可以用but for“要不是”和without“没有”等介词 (短语) 来表达虚拟的条件, 相当于条件状语从句。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
没有你的慷慨帮忙, 我不可能熬过那段痛苦的日子。
I couldnt have gone through that bitterperiod_____________your generous help.
Key:without/but for
句式三、宾语从句使用虚拟语气的句型
【句型解读】表示“建议 (suggest, advice, propose, recommend) 、要求 (demand, request, re-quire) 、命令 (order, command) ”等主观意向的动词后的宾语从句使用虚拟语气, 其谓语动词由“should+动词原形”构成, 其中的should可以省略。
【温馨提醒】
●动词wish后接宾语从句时, 从句谓语动词可以根据对现在、将来、过去的虚拟愿望分别采用过去式 (be动词用were) 、“would/could+动词原形”“had+动词过去分词或could/would+have+动词过去分词”等形式。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.他们要求给予每个成年男子选举权。
They demanded that the right to vote__________ to every adult man.
2.彼得希望他读大学时学的是法律, 而不是文学。
Peter wishes that he__________lawinstead of literature when he was in college.
Keys:1. (should) be given 2.had studied
句式四、“it be+adj.+for/of sb.+to dosth.”句型
【真题链接】I thought it would be useful forrhim to learn Chinese at an early age.
【句型解读】结构中, 如果不定式前面的形容词说明不定式的特性, 其逻辑主语一般由for引出;若形容词是描写人的品德、素质的, 说明逻辑主语的特征, 如kind, honest, clever, wise, sensible, nice, thoughtful, brave, bold, foolish, stupid, wrong, cruel等, 则不定式的逻辑主语就用of引出。
【温馨提醒】
●有时不定式的动作执行者不是句子的主语, 此时就需要在不定式前面加一个名词或代词来充当其逻辑主语, 构成不定式的复合结构。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.我打算在大学学习艺术史, 因此访问法国对我来说是很重要的。
I plan to study history of art at university soit is important___________France.
2.我们认为他问那位女士的年龄是不礼貌的。
We think it impolite___________thelady her age.
Keys:1.for me to visit 2.of him to ask
句式五、“be+形容词+不定式”句型
【真题链接】Wewere astonished to findthe temple still in its original condition.
【句型解读】该句型中, 不定式位于作表语、表示心理活动或情绪的形容词后面, 作原因状语。
【温馨提醒】
●这样的形容词主要有:happy, kind, surprised, frightened, angry, shocked, glad, delighted, disappointed, sorry, anxious, proud, clever, safe, dangerous, lucky, pleased, fortunate, right, astonished等。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
虽然看到我们很惊讶, 但是教授给了我们一个热烈的欢迎。
Though____________us, the professorgave us a warm welcome.
Key:surprised to see
句式六、“动词+it+宾语补足语 (adj./n) . (+for sb.) +不定式 (动名词或从句) ”句型
【真题链接】The fact that she was foreignmade it difficult for her to geta job in thatcountry.
【句型解读】当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时, 通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语it, 而将真正的宾语移至句末, 构成该句型。
【温馨提醒】
●该句型中的动词通常是think, find, feel, believe, take, consider, make, suppose等。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.我们觉得让我们的国家成为一个更加美好的地方是我们的责任。
We____________our country a betterrplace.
2.这两个女孩长得很相似, 不熟悉的人很难将她俩区分开来。
The two girls are so alike that strangers_________ one from the other.
Keys:1.feel it our duty to make 2.find itdifficult to tell
句式七、“动词 (have, take, put, like等) +it+that/when (if) 从句”句型
【真题链接】Legend has it that the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival is to recall the soul of Qu Yuan. (江苏卷)
【句型解读】“动词 (have, take, put, like等) +it+that从句”“动词 (enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer等) +it+when (if) 从句”“动词 (see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, answer for, rely on等) +it+that从句”三类结构中的形式宾语it无实际意义, 由于英文句法结构的需要, 其后没有宾语补足语。
【温馨提醒】
●“动词 (take it for granted, bring it tosb.’s attention, owe it to sb.等) +that从句”结构中的形式宾语it也无实际意义, 其后也没有宾语补足语。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.如果你愿意教我如何使用电脑我将非常感谢。
I’d____________you would like to teachme how to use the computer.
2.你放心, 他会来接你的。
You may____________he’ll come to meetyou.
Keys:1.appreciate it if 2.rely on it that
句式八、“状语 (方向、地点、时间副词或表示方位、地点的介词短语) +不及物动词+主语 (名词) ”句型
【真题链接】There remainsa certain doubtamong the people as to the practical value of theproject.
【句型解读】主语是名词、谓语动词是be, remain, live, come, stand, lie, exist, go, run, rush, flee, walk等不及物动词时, here, there, out, in, on, up, down, away, back, now, then等表示方向、地点、时间的副词放在句子的开头, 引起全部倒装, 描述一个生动的情景。
【温馨提醒】
●当谓语动词为be, come, sit, live, stand, lie, exist等不及物动词, 表示方位、地点的介词短语作状语置于句首时, 或当主系表结构中由表地点的介词短语所作的表语置于句首时, 也使用该句型
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.有一会儿什么也没发生, 接着就有一阵欢呼声。
For a moment nothing happened, ____________all shouting together.
2.山脚下坐落着一个村庄。
_____________a village.
Keys:1.then came voices 2.At the foot of the mountain lies
句式九、以“only+状语”开头的句子使用倒装语序的句型
【句型解读】当only位于句首, 修饰、强调状语 (副词、介词短语、从句) 时, 句子的主体部分要用部分倒装语序, 即把其中的助动词或者情态动词提到主语的前面。
【温馨提醒】
●在强调句中, 被强调部分是only所修饰的状语时, 句子的主体部分不用倒装。例如:
It wasonly when I reread his poems recent-ly thatI began to appreciate their beauty.只是在最近我重读了他的诗, 我才开始欣赏他们的美。
●如果only修饰的是句子的其他成分, 则句子的主体部分也不用倒装。例如:
Only Cinderella’s foot fitperfectly and sothe prince chose to marry her.只有灰姑娘的脚完全吻合, 于是王子娶她。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
只有那时我才真正开始感谢爸爸和他的信仰。
____________I truly begin to appreciate Dad and his faith.
Key:Only then did
句式十、“It is/was+强调部分+who/that+其他成分”句型
【真题链接】It was in New Zealand thatElizabeth first met Mr.Smith.
【句型解读】该句式是强调句型。其中, it, that/who无词汇意义, it为强调词, 引出强调成分, that/who只起语法连接作用。
【温馨提醒】
●如果被强调的部分在句子中作主语且指人时, 用who或that来连接都可以, 如果是其他成分, 则一律用that来连接。
【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
首先想到骑车从沿湄公河源头到终点旅游的是我的姐姐。
_______________first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.
Key:It was my sister that/who
巩固练习:
根据汉语提示, 完成句子。
1.事实上, 如果我们今天听到的话, 我们当然不能理解。
2.要不是约翰最近受伤了, 我们昨天就把他的名字填在比赛名单里了。
We would have put Johns name on the racelist yesterday___________his recent injury.
3.简苍白的脸色表明她生病了, 她父母建议她做一次体检。
Janes pale face suggested that she___________ ill, and her parents suggested that she ____________a medical examination.
4.医生认为您最好休个假。
The doctor thought it would be good_________a holiday.
5.我们认为他们在几周内完成生产计划是可能的。
We think it possible__________their production plan within a few weeks.
6.当她1960年来到贡贝时, 对女性来说住进大森林是件罕见的事情。
When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, itwas unusual___________in the forest.
7.我讨厌人们满嘴含着食物说话。
I_________people talk with their mouthsfull.
8.我喜欢秋天清爽明朗的日子。
I__________in the autumn_________theweather is clear and bright.
9.在长江和嘉陵江的交汇处是重庆——中国最大的城市之一。
10.重要的不是谁是对的, 而是什么才是对的。
一、判断句
判断句是对事物的性质、情况、事物之间的关系做出肯定或否定判断的句子。文言文判断句最显著的特点就是基本上不用判断词“是”来表示,而往往让名词或名词性短语直接充当谓语,对主语进行判断,文言中常用以下几种形式表示判断:
1、......者,......也
这是文言判断句最常见的形式。主语后用“者”,表示提顿,有舒缓语气的作用,谓语后用“也”结句,对主语加以肯定的判断或解说。例如:
陈涉者,阳城人也。(《史记·陈涉世家》)
廉颇者,赵之良将也。(《史记·廉颇蔺相如列传》)
师者,所以传道受业解惑也。(韩愈《师说》)
2、......,......也
判断句中,有时“者”和“也”不一定同时出现,一般省略“者”,只用“也”表判断。例如:
操虽托名汉相,其实汉贼也。(司马光《资治通鉴·赤壁之战》)
道之所存,师之所存也。(韩愈《师说》)
项脊轩,旧南阁子也。(归有光《项脊轩志》)
夫战,勇气也。(《左传·曹判论战》)
3、......者,......
有的判断句,只在主语后用“者”表示提顿,这种情况不常见。例如:
四人者,庐陵萧君圭君玉,长乐王回深父,余弟安国平父,安上纯父。(王安石《游褒禅山记》)
4、......者也
在句末连用语气词“者也”,表示加强肯定语气,这时的“者”不表示提顿,只起称代作用。这种判断句,在文言文中也比较常见。例如:
城北徐公,齐国之美丽者也。(《战国策·齐策》)
莲,花之君子者也。(周敦颐《爱莲说》)
5、在文言文中有时为了加强判断的语气,往往在动词谓语前加副词“乃”“则”“即”“皆”“耳”等表判断
这种形式也较为多见。例如:
当立者乃公子扶苏。(司马迁《陈涉世家》)
此则岳阳楼之大观也。(范仲淹《岳阳楼记》)
即今之偶然在墓者也。(张溥《五人墓碑记》)
夫六国与秦皆诸侯。(苏洵《六国论》)
此亡秦之续耳。(司马迁《鸿门宴》)
6、用“是”表判断
古代汉语中有时用“是”表判断。例如:
问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。(陶渊明《桃花源记》)
巨是凡人,偏在远郡,行将为人所并。(司马光《赤壁之战》)
石之铿然有声者,所在皆是也。(苏轼《石钟山记》)
需要注意的是,判断句中谓语前出现的“是”一般都不是判断词,而是指示代词,作判断句的主语,而有些判断句中的“是”也并非都不表示判断,“是”在先秦古汉语中很少作判断词,在汉以后作判断词则多起来。还有,肯定判断谓语前加的副词和否定判断谓语前加的否定副词“非”,都不是判断词。还要注意和用作代词的“是“的区别。
7、用“为”表判断
古代汉语中有时用“为”表判断。例如:
故今之墓中全乎为五人也。(张溥《五人墓碑记》)
如今人方为刀俎,我为鱼肉,何辞为? (司马迁《鸿门宴》)
8、无标志判断句
文言文中的判断句有的没有任何标志,既不用判断词,也不用语气词,直接由名词对名词,通过语意直接表示判断。例如:
刘备天下枭雄。(司马光《资治通鉴·赤壁之战》)
刘豫州王室之胃。(同上)
9、用否定副词“非”“未”“弗”“无”“莫”等表示否定的判断 例如:
六国破灭,非兵不利,战不善,弊在赂秦(苏洵《六国论》)
衣食所安,弗敢专也。(《左传·曹判论战》)
蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强。(荀子《劝学》)
愿早定大计,莫用众人之议。(司马光《资治通鉴·赤壁之战》)
二、疑问句
文言中的疑问句,一般要用疑问代词(谁、何、易、胡、安、孰、焉等)或疑问语气词(乎、欤、耶、哉等)提出问题。
1、用疑问代词的 例如:
谁为哀者? (张溥《五人墓碑记》)
独五人之激檄,何也? (同上)
蹈死不顾,亦曷故哉?(同上)
沛公曰:“君安与项伯有故?“(司马迁《鸿门宴》)
人非生而知之者,孰能无惑? (韩愈《师说》)
且焉置土石? (《列子·愚公移山》)
2、用疑问语气词的 例如:
壮士,能复饮乎? (司马迁《鸿门宴》)
学而时习之,不亦说乎? (《论语·学而》)
四海之大,有几人欤? (张溥《五人墓碑记》)
六国互丧,率赂秦耶?(苏沟《六国论》)
三、被动句
所谓被动,是指主语与位于之间的关系是被动关系,也就是说,主语是位于动词所表示的行为的被动者、受害者,而不是主动者、实施者。文言文中,被动句的主语是谓语动词所表示的行为被动者、受事者,而不是主动者、施事者。在古汉语中,在古汉语中,被动句主要有两大类型:一是有标志的被动句,即借助一些被动词来表示,二是无标志的被动句,又叫意念被动句。
(一)有标志的被动句,大体有以下几种形式
1、用介词“于”“受……于……”表被动
动词后用介词“于”表被动,“于”起介绍引进动作行为的主动者的作用。例如:
则今之高爵显位,一旦抵罪,或脱身以逃,不能容于远近。(张溥《五人墓碑记》)
故内惑于郑袖,外欺于张仪。(《史记.屈原列传》)
六艺经传皆通习之,不拘于时,学于余。(韩愈《师说》)
有时也在介词“于”或动词前加“受”,形成“受……于……”的形式表被动。例如:
吾不能举金吴之地,十万之从,受制于人。(《资治通鉴》)
2、用“见”、“见......于......。”表被动
古代汉语中有时在动词前面加上“见“字表被动,有时后面加上“于”字,起介绍引进动作行为的主动者的作用。例如:
秦城恐不可得,徒见欺。(《史记·廉颇蔺相如列传》)
臣诚恐见欺于王而负赵。(同上)
暴见于王。(《孟子·梁惠王下》)
吾长见笑于大方之家。(《庄子·秋水》)
“见”有一种特殊用法和表被动的“见”的形式很相近,如:“冀君实或见怒也。”(《答司马谏议书》)这里的“见”不表被动,它是放在非动词前,表示对自己怎么样的客气说法,像现代汉语中的“见谅”等,为此种用法。
3、用“为”,“为......所.....”表被动
“为”在这里起引出动作的主动者的作用,例如:
(巨)偏在远郡, 行将为人所并。(《资治通鉴》)
及其衰也,数十伶人困之,而身死国灭,为天下笑。(欧阳修《伶官传序》)
吴广素爱人,士卒多为用者。(司马迁《陈涉世家》)
今不速往,恐为操所先。(司马光《赤壁之战》)
有如此之势,而为秦人积威之所劫。(苏洵《六国论》)
不者,若属皆且为所虏。(司马迁《鸿门宴》)
4、用“被”表被动
有时用用介词“被”表被动。例如:
予犹记周公之被逮,在丁卯三月之望。(张溥《五人墓碑记》)
忠而被谤,能无怨乎?(司马迁《史记.屈原列传》)
(二)无标志的被动句
这种情况是指没有被动词的被动句,因为动词本身表被动,这是意念上的被动句,需要根据上下文来判别。例如:
蔓草犹不可除,况君之宠弟乎?(《左传·郑伯克段于鄢》)
傅说举于版筑之间,胶鬲举于鱼盐之中,……(《孟子·生于忧患,死于安乐》)
荆州之民附操者,逼兵势耳。(司马光《赤壁之战》)
四、省略句
句子成分的省略,在文言文和现代汉语中都有,不过,文言文中的省略句更普遍。常见的有以下几种情形:
1、主语的省略
省略主语有承前面的主语省略,有呼应下文省略,在对话中也常常省略主语。文言文中的第三称代词“之”、“其”不能作主语,也是文言文中主语多省略的原因之一。如:“自吾氏三世居是乡,积于今六十年矣,而乡邻之日蹙。殚其地之出,竭其庐之入,号呼而转徒,饥渴而顿踣,触风雨,犯寒暑,呼嘘毒疠,往往而死者相藉也。”有时一个复句或一段话中多处省略主语,这些主语并不一贯,即所指不是同一对象,在阅读和翻译时要注意。如:“见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来。具答之。便要还家,设酒杀鸡作食。”(《桃花源记》)在翻译成现代汉语时,省略的主语要补充出来。例如:
永州之野产异蛇,( )黑质而白章,( )触草木,( )尽死。(柳宗元《捕蛇者说》)
沛公谓张良曰:“……()度我至军中,公乃入。”(司马迁《鸿门宴》)
()每假借于藏书之家,()手自笔录,()计日以还。……录毕,( )走送之,不敢稍逾约。(宋濂《送东阳马生序》)
()问:“()何以战?”公曰:“衣食所安,()弗敢专也,必以分人。”
()对曰:“小惠未偏,民弗从也。”(《左传·曹判论战》)
2、谓语的省略
省略谓语为主是句子里最重要的成分,一般是不能省略的。但在特定情况下也有承接上文、呼应下文或因对话而省略的。在译成现代汉语时,被省略的为主要补充出来。例如:
择其善者而从之,( )其不善者而改之。(《论语》六则)
一鼓作气,再()而衰,三()而竭。(《左传·曹判论战》)
3、宾语的省略
宾语的省略有两种情况:省略动词的宾语和省略介词的宾语。如:“以相如功大,拜为上卿。”(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)这句话就省略了动词谓语“拜”的宾语“之”又如:“竖子不足与谋!”(《鸿门宴》)这句话中省略了介词“与”的宾语“之”。在文言文中,介词“以”、“为”、“与”的宾语“之”往承上文省略。在译成现代汉语时,省略了的动词宾语或介词宾语要补充出来。例如:
尉剑挺,广起,夺()而杀尉。(司马迁《陈涉世家》)
每字为一印,火烧()令()坚。(沈括《活板》)
项王曰:“壮士!赐之卮酒。”则与()斗卮酒。(司马迁《鸿门宴》)此人一一为()具言所闻。(陶渊明《桃花源记》)
4、介词的省略
在文言文中,介词“于”和“以”常被省略。如:“后数日驿至,果地震陇西。”(《张衡传》)句中省略了介词“于”。又如:“赐之彘肩。”(《鸿门宴》)句中省略了介词“以”。译为现代汉语时,省略了的介词也要补充出来。例如:
今以钟磬置()水中,虽大风浪不能鸣也,而况石乎? (苏轼《石钟山记》)
激昂()大义,蹈死不顾(张博《五人墓碑记》)
五、变式句
所谓变式句,是比照现代汉语说的。文言中句子的语序多有变化,常见的有以下几种:
1、主谓倒装
为了强调谓语,有时将谓语置于主语之前,也叫“主语后置”。这仅仅是因为语言表达的需要。例如:
甚矣,汝之不惠(慧)!(《愚公移山》)
甚矣,乌纱之横,皂隶之俗哉!(袁宏道《虎丘记》)
2、宾语前置
文言文中,动词或介词的宾语,一般置于动词或介词之后,但在一定条件下,宾语会前置,主要有以下三种情况:
⑴ 疑问句中,疑问代词作宾语,宾语前置
这类句子,介词的宾语也是前置的。如:“沛公安在?”(《史记·鸿门宴》)这种类型的句子关键是作宾语的疑问代词(像:谁、何、奚、曷、胡、恶、安、焉等)。值得注意的是,介词“以”的宾语比较活跃,即使不是疑问代词,也可以前置。如:“余是以记之,以俟观人风者得焉。”(柳宗元《捕蛇者说》)其中的“是”是一般代词,但也前置了。例如:
大王来何操? (操何) (司马迁《鸿门宴》)
子何恃而往? (侍何) (彭端淑《为学》)
微斯人,吾谁与归? (与谁) (范仲淹《岳阳楼记》)
不然,籍何以至此? (以何) (司马迁《鸿门宴》)
⑵ 文言否定句中,代词作宾语,宾语前置
这类句子有两点要注意,一是否定句(一般句中必须有“不”、“未”“毋”、“无”、“莫”等否定词);二是代词作宾语。在这种情况下,代词宾语要放在动词之前和否定词之后。如:“时人莫之许也。”(陈寿《三国志.诸葛亮传》)正常语序应该是“时人莫许之也。”例如:
三岁贯汝,莫我肯顾。(《诗经·硕鼠》)
古之人不余欺也。 (苏轼《石钟山记》)
⑶用“之”或“是”把宾语提到动词前,以突出强调宾语。这时的“之”只是宾语前置的标志,没有什么实在意义。如:“句读之不知,惑之不解。”(韩愈《师说》)有时,还可以在前置的宾语前加上一个范围副词“唯”,构成“唯……是……”的格式。如:“唯利是图”、“唯命是从”等。
⑷介词宾语前置的情况除了第一种情况外,还有一种情况,就是方位词、时间词作宾语时,有时也前置 例如:
“业文南向坐。”(《史记.项羽本记》)意思是“业文面向南坐。”
3、定语后置
文言文中,定语的位置一般也在中心词前边,但有时为了突出,中心词的地位,强调定语所表现的内容,或使语气流畅,往往把定语放在中心词之后,并用“者”结句,形成“中心词+后置定语+者“或“中心词+之+后置定语+者”的形式。例如:
求人可使报秦者,未得。(《史记·廉颇蔺相如列传》)
石之铿然有声者,所在皆是也。(苏轼《石钟山记》)
应注意的是,文言文中定语后置只限于表示修饰关系的句子,表领属关系的定语则不后置。
文言文中,有修饰名词的数词或量词放在名词之后特殊的定语后置现象,翻译时应提前作定语。例如:
我持白璧一双,欲献项王;玉斗一双,欲与亚父。(司马迁《鸿门宴》)
4、状语后置
现代汉语中状语置于谓语之前,若置于谓语之后便是补语。但在文言文中,处于补语的成分往往要以状语来理解。翻译时应提前作状语。例如:
“将军战河北,臣战河南。”(《鸿门宴》)
“战河南”即“战(于)河南”,应理解为“于河南战”。
“覆之以掌“(《促织》)
很多的酒店工作人员经常会接触到酒店常用英语口语,为了更好的学好这类酒店常用英语口语,我们就应该到下面的文章中去更多的认识一下,从而更好的在酒店中用英语交流。酒店常用英语口语的常用句式有很多,一方面离不开我们孜孜不倦的进行学习,另一方面我们也要借助一些语境和外部方法进行口语的学习。下面的文章就介绍到了几种短语,也是需要大家好好记忆一下的,所以请看下文的介绍。
我们不可能在一个完全的英语环境下学习英语,但可以想法设法,千方百计的创造学习英语的氛围。比如,可以每天听英语广播、看英语频道电视节目;或者每天看一部英文电影或连续剧;或阅读一些英文报纸和杂志。但仅仅被动的去听和看是不够的,我们要主动的运用英语去表达和沟通。同时如果是酒店行业的英语就应该掌握一些酒店常用英语口语:
1)Good morning(afternoon ,evening),sir(madam)。早上好(下午、晚上好),好,先生(夫人)
2)How do you do?(--how do you do ?)您好!
3)Hello(or hi)!您好!
4)How is everything(with you)?
(您的)一切都好吗?
5)How are you getting on(or along)these days ?这几天过得怎么样?
6)How are you ?(-Fine ,thank you.and you?)您的身体好吗?
28)形容词+ as +主语+ be,主语+ 谓语(虽然……),例如:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。
29)The + 比较级 +主语+谓语, the +比较级+主语+谓语(愈……愈……),例如:The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力,你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多,我们愈有学问。The more, the better. 越多越好。
30)It is time + 主语 + 过去式 (该是……的时候了)例如:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
注意:此句型可以转化为简单句句型:It is time for sth./for sb to do….例如:
It is time for lunch. 该吃午饭了。
It is time they were taught a lesson. 他们该接受教训了
31)To be frank/ To tell the truth, …. (老实说, ……) , 例如: To be frank/ To tell the truth, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.老实说,不论你喜不喜欢,你别无选择。
32)it took him a year to do….( 他用了1年的时间来做……), 例如:As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book.到目前为止我们所知道的是,他用了1年的时间来写这本书。It took them a long time to realize they had made a mistake. 过了很久,他们才意识到犯错了。
33)spent as much time as he could doing sth.(花尽可能的时间做某事),例如:He spent as much time as he could remembering new words. 他花了尽可能多时间记新单词。
34)Since + 主语 + 过去式,主语 + 现在完成式,例如:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自从他上高中,他一直很用功。
35)An advantage of… is that + 句子 (……的优点是……),例如:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
36) It was not until recently that….( 直到最近, ……) ,例如:It was not until recently that the problem was solved. 直到最近这个问题才被解决。
37) We will be successful as long as we…. (只要我们……,我们就会成功的) ,例如:
We will be successful as long as we insist on working hard.只要我们坚持努力工作,我们会成功的。
38) No matter + wh-从句,…, 例如:No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it.不管英语有多么难,你都应该尽你最大的努力来学它。No matter what he asks you to do, please refuse him. 不管他让你做什么,请拒绝他。注意:此句型一般可以改为疑问词+ever引导的从句,+主句,例如:Whatever he asks you to do, please refuse him.
39)It’s useless/ no good / no use doing sth. (做……是没有用的) , 例如:It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
40)It’s + a shame / nice/ kind + to do (做.....真惭愧/好),例如:It’s a shame to lose the match. 输了比赛,真惭愧!It’s nice of you to tell me the truth. 你太好了,告诉我真相。It’s your turn to look after the young trees. 该你照顾这些小树了。
41)It is obvious/clear that + 从句 (…是明显的),例如:It is obvious that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。
注意:此句型中it是形式主语,其后谓语可以有不同变化。例如:
一、表达个人观点
1. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.
2. As far as I am concerned, I am really/completely in favor of the test/policy.
3. In conclusion/a word, I believe that….
4. There is some truth in both arguments, but I think the disadvantages of… outweigh its advantages.
5. In my opinion/view, we should….
6. As for me, I….
7. As I see it, ….
8. From my point of view, ….
9. Personally, I think….
10. My view is that….
11. I think/consider….
12. I take/hold a negative/positive view of….
二、常用过渡词和句型
过渡词在文章中发挥着连接上下文的作用,学会恰当地运用过渡词会使文章连贯、流畅。
1.常用于文章开始的过渡词语和句子
(1)To begin with首先
例:To begin with, smoking should be banned in public areas.“首先,公共场所禁止吸烟。”
(2)Generally speaking一般地说,总体上说
例:Generally speaking, it is the best policy to spend more money on libraries.“总的说来,加大图书馆的投资是良策。”
(3)First of all第一,首先
例:First of all, many people in remote areas still live in poverty.“第一,居住在边远地区的许多人仍生活在贫困之中。”
(4)With (the development/progress/growth)
of(economy/society)...随着(经济、社会)的(发展、进步、增长)...
例:With the development of society, women’s role has become more important than ever before in daily life.“随着社会的发展,妇女在社会生活中比以往发挥着更加重要的作用。”
(5)Recently近来
例:Recently,the problem (conflict, production) of grain shortage has become the world focus.“近来粮食短缺问题已成为全球关注的焦点。”
2.常用于文章结尾的过渡词和句子
(1)In conclusion最后,在结束时
例:In conclusion, the international agreement should be made to prevent the world from war.“最后,应达成国际协定使世界避免战争。”
(2)In brief简言之
例:In brief, family planning is of vital importance in China.“简言之,计划生育对中国具有重要意义。”
(3)In a word总之
例:In a word, without mutual understanding, true friendship does not exist.“总之,没有相互理解,真正的友谊是不存在的。”
(4)It is high time that...到...时候了
例:It is high time that the issue were to be solved so as to promote the economic development.“为了促进经济发展到该解决问题的时候了。”
(5)It is only when...that...只有当...才...
例:It is only when people become the masters of the country that science can serve the people.“只有当人民成为国家的主人,科学才能为人民服务。”
3.常用于表示先后次序的过渡词语及句子
(1)first, second, third...第一,第二,第三
例:First, she had studied chemistry during her sophomore and junior years. Second, she never missed a class. Third, she performed every required experiment in all her chemistry courses. Fourth, she always worked hard. Her classmates were sure that she would win top award in Chemistry during her senior year at the university.“首先,她在一二年级时就选修了化学课程。其次,她从不误课。再有,她认真完成每一次化学试验。还有,她学习非常刻苦。因而同学们确信她在高年级时会获得学校化学大奖。”
(2)To begin with...,moreover...,finally...,首先...,此外...,最后...
例:There are a few reasons for his decision of studying law. To begin with, he is very interested in social affairs and it seems the best way to enable him to engage in these activities. Moreover, his father is a lawyer. He has always encouraged him to do something similar. Finally, he is sure he can get a job after graduation.“他决定学法律有几方面的原因:首先,他对社会事物感兴趣,学习法律有助于他参与这些活动。此外,他父亲是个律师,一直鼓励他从事同样的职业。最后,他确信毕业后能找到工作。”
(3)Meanwhile同时
例:Meanwhile, the better skills and knowledge children possess, the more opportunities they will be ensured.“
同时,孩子们的技艺与知识掌握得越好,今后的机会就越多。”
(4)since then自此之后
例:Since then, the Olympics turned out to be an instrument of peace and freedom for small nations.“自此之后,奥林匹克运动成为小国争取和平和自由的工具。”
(5)Therefore因而
例:Therefore, if this is included in good education that parents are seeking now, their children will be definitely ensured a bright future.“因而,如果父母们在其为孩子们寻求的良好教育中加入这一点,他们的子女肯定会有一个光辉灿烂的未来。”
4.常用于表示因果关系及分析原因的过渡词语与句子
(1)As a result由于...结果
例:Her performance in college was excellent. As a result, she has got a satisfactory job.“由于她在大学成绩优异,她找到一份令人满意的工作。”
(2)Due to由于
例:My trip to Guang Zhou and Shen Zhen has to be cancelled due to the financial problem.“由于财务问题,我去广州和深圳的旅行取消了。”
(3)consequently结果,因此
例:The government was unwilling to risk a conflict with that neighboring country, and consequently, promised to sign the treaty.“该国政府不愿冒险与邻国发生冲突,因此答应签署条约。”
(4)One may criticize......for......,but the real cause of...lies deeper人们可以因为...批评...,但是...的真正原因在更深层次
例:One may criticize the school authorities for the fire accident, but the real reason of the accident lies deeper.“人们可以就火灾事故批评校领导,但事故还有更深的原因。”
(5)Among...reasons, one should be emphasized that...在众多的.原因中,其中一点给予强调...
例:Among the most important reasons, one reason should be emphasized that large pieces of cultivated land have been occupied, which results in the grain shortage.“在许多重要的原因中,其中一点应强调的是造成粮食减产是因为大量的可耕地被占用。”
5.常用于比较和对比的过渡词
(1)unlike...与...不同
例:Unlike oral English, written English is comparatively formal.“与口头英语不同,笔头英语比较正规。”
(2)In contrast...与之相比
例:In contrast with Tom, Mario seldom studies harder.“与汤姆比,玛里奥很少努力学习。”
(3)On the other hand...另一方面
例:The life expectancy in developing countries has increased during the past thirty years. On the other hand, the infant mortality has decreased from twenty percent to ten percent in the same period.“发展中国家的期望寿命在过去的30年间都增长了。另一方面婴儿死亡率同期由20%下降到10%。”
(4)Likewise同样
例:Plenty of food must be packed for the journey;likewise, warm clothes will also be needed.“要带上旅行中吃的食品,同样也需要带上御寒保暖的衣服。”
(5)similarly同样
会展英语作为一门特殊用途英语, 有其独特的词汇和句法特征。对会展英语的词汇和句法特征的研究与学习, 有利于从业者提高语言使用效果, 达到顺利交流的目的, 更好地开展涉外会展活动。
2 词汇特点
2.1 专业词汇表达丰富。
以“会议”一词为例, 根据不同的会议类型, 有相应的不同的表达词汇, 如:assembly大会, conference专门会议, congress代表大会, forum论坛, convention年会, exhibition展览展示会, commission委员会, meeting集会, panel专题讨论组, seminar研讨会, symposium专题学术讨论会, trade show展示会, workshop现场讨论会, retreat静修会。会展英语中其它的专业词汇的表达也很丰富, 在此不赘述。
2.2 用词简单通俗、用语得体恰当。
在涉外会展活动中, 得体而又简练的语言, 不仅可以提高会展活动的工作效率, 还会给与会人员带来良好的话语氛围。
(1) Let me declare open the international symposium on the service trade.译文:现在宣布服务贸易国际研讨会开幕。
此句既简单地说明了会议的主题, 又宣布了会议的开幕。
(2) My heartfelt thanks go to the congress officials for their diligent work in planning, arranging and organizing all these activities for our congress.译文:我衷心感谢本次大会的官员, 他们全力以赴地筹备、安排和组织了我们这次大会的全部活动。
此句子用得体的语言表达出了会议主办方对与会人员的谢意。
2.3 用词准确、表达固定。
会展英语中的一些词汇, 在翻译成汉语时有固定的表达, 如果因译员不同而出现不同的翻译, 则会造成交流中的误解。如:“floor manager”一般译为“展区管理人”, 如果解释为“地面管理人”则会让人产生误解;“正牌货”常译为“standard brand of goods”, 若译成“real goods”便不达意;“冒牌货”译为“adulterated goods”, 而不是“false goods”。类似的词汇还有很多, 因此, 在会展交流沟通中应选用准确的词来表达相应的意思, 避免带来沟通上的误会。
2.4 大量使用专业术语和术语缩略语。
在国际会展中, 经常会出现一些专业术语和术语缩略语, 正确理解这些术语的含义, 有助于从业人员开展正常的会展英语信息传递与交流。如:public address system展厅广播设备, stand-fitting service, poster session展示, move-in布展, Move-out撤展, space assignment分配的展位, UFI (Union of International Fairs世界会展联盟, ICCA (International Convention and Conference/Congress Association) 世界会议协会, RFP (Request for Proposal) 招标说明书, 报价要求, CMP (Certified Meeting Professional) 注册职业会议筹划者, CVB (Convention and Visitors'Bureau) 会议和旅游局。涉外会展人员应正确掌握一些相关专业术语及缩略语来促进良好地交流。
3 句式特点
3.1 多使用一般现在时和现在进行时。使用这种句式的目的是使对方产生现时感, 使谈论的内容具有可靠性和客观性。如:
(1) It is an all-in-one device, combining the functions of a printer, a copier and a fax machine.译文:这是一款多功能的设备, 它具有打印、复印和传真功能。
对产品功能的介绍, 让参展的础客了解产品的现在的功能而不是过去的功能。
3.2 Our center has a lot of experience of holding events, trade shows and conferences.And there are many photos of these successful events over there.译文:我中心具有丰富的举办会议和展览的经验。那边有许多己成功举办的会议和展览的照片。
3.3 常使用被动语态。为了强调宾语或没有必要提及动作的主语, 甚至不知道动作和主语时常多被动动语态。如:
(1) A list of available facility services and equipment is needed early in the planning process, because the availability or lack of required equipment impacts on overall meeting budget.译文:因为会议所需的设备会影响到会议的全部预算, 所以在会议筹办过程的前期, 需提供一份会务服务的所需的设备清单。
(2) Boao Forum for Asia Annual Conference is actually described as a very important annual conference that is well recognized both nationally and internationally.译文:博鳌亚洲论坛被认为是一项非常重要的会议, 每年举办一次, 在国内外享有盛誉。
另外, 介绍公司、展会的性质时常使用被动语态, 如“be established, be counted, be said, be described as---, be considered”等句型。
3.4 多使用虚拟语气。
在会展活动中, 为了让双方在平等友好的气氛中建立长期的业务关系, 展会双方常使用虚拟语气来表达自己的观点, 提出请求或建议。如:
(1) You should pay the remaining amount off at the end of this month.译文:您应该在月底前付清剩余款项。
(2) But I would appreciate it if you could arrange if for us.译文:如果你能为我们安排一下, 我们会感激不尽的。
以上句子中, 虚拟语气的使用, 让会展双方在轻松的话话中完成了会展活动。
3.5 多使用省略句式。
(1) How about per show advertising?译文:单次展览广告怎样的?
(2) Good morning.International Expo Center.Advertising Department.May I help you?早上好。这儿是国际会展中心广告部, 可以为您服务吗?
省略句子简洁明了, 避免了交流中的重复罗嗦, 可以提高会展活动的工作效率。
3.6 常使用否句式。在会展活动中, 尽可能减省误会和冲突, 常用否定句式来弱化语气, 如:
(1) I'm afraid 50%of the total amount is required within a week after receiving the booth confirmation.译文:在收到展位确认函之后, 一周之内付清总费用的一半。
(2) It's not an easy task for you to persuade your potential sponsors to become your partners.译文:让潜在的赞助商成为你的合伙人, 可不是一件容易的事情。
否定句的使用让交流在委婉、更轻松的氛围中完成。
结语:在国际会展活动中, 只有正确把握住了会展英语的词汇和句法特点, 才能进行更好的沟通, 才能使中国会展顺利走向世界与国际接轨。
参考文献
[1]黄映秋.会展英语的特点和译员的培养[J].中国科技翻译, 2007, 3.
[2]伍帅英.会展英语语体特征简析[J].湖北行政学院报, 20075, .
[3]王俐俐.浅析会展英语的词汇特点[J].辽宁行政学院学报, 2009, 12.
[4]浩瀚.会展英语脱口秀[M].北京:北京师范大出版社, 2010.
[5]张占军, 张宝敏, 张宏杰.会展英语[M].北京:中国商务出版社, 2005.
【关键词】教材文本 高考书面表达范文 高级句式
高级句式的运用是提高学生书面表达得分的重要因素。许多高中生在英语写作中能基本表达文章主要要点,但缺乏高级句式的运用。单一的句式结构极大影响了整体文采,降低了得分。而复杂多变的句式结构却能使篇幅有限的书面表达文章灵活生动,吸引阅卷老师的眼球。一篇优秀的高中英语作文,除了能够准确无误的表达题目所要求的内容要点之外,还应该体现学生个人的英语素养和文采(Krashen.S.D,1988)。现行的北师大版教材文本和历年的高考范文覆盖了广泛的话题,具备丰富的文章体裁。因此,教师在日常教学中应充分挖掘教材文本和高考范文,有效地指导学生认真进行解读,采掘其中的高级句式并恰当地运用到自己的写作过程中。作者归纳整理了北师大版教材文本及高考范文中的部分经典例句和学生习作中的部分句子以供分享。
一、非谓语结构
Without the naturally occurring gases, the suns rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on. (北师大版教材文本)
Everything done,the volunteers sat in the yard,chatting with the elderly people. (09年浙江)
Moved by the story, everyone stood still, unable to say a word. (学生习作)
非谓语结构是最能体现文采的高级句式之一。它简练出彩,书面性强,一直以来备受阅卷老师的青睐。但是,大部分学生却很难自如地运用非谓语结构。其实,几乎所有的状语从句都可以改写为非谓语结构,尤其是时间状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句及方式状语从句。熟练掌握非谓语结构,并能充分运用到日常写作中,定能提高书面表达的得分。
二、倒装句
At the bottom of the bed was the stocking, now full of all kinds of small presents and sweets. (北师大版教材文本)
Along this 800-metre-long street are more than 300 shops. (09年全国Ⅱ,宁夏,海南)
Not until I graduated from shool did I realize the importance of education. (学生习作)
倒装句是一种有效提升句子亮点的句式结构。如何运用倒装句可以根据文章体裁进行选择,这具有一定的技巧性。
1.地点状语或时间状语开头的完全倒装。在介绍方位地点的文章中常要描述某一建筑物位于某地或某地有某物,这时可以运用完全倒装,把整个地点状语放在句首,然后是谓语动词,最后是主语。主语后还可以再加一个非限定性定语从句,使整个句子呈现出丰富的变化。此外,在记叙文中,如果把时间状语放在句首,采用完全倒装句式,会使得整个事件的描述更为紧凑,句与句之间衔接自然。
2.部分倒装。以否定词或only为开头的部分倒装句式也是常见的高级句式。当写作中需要用到否定词never, seldom, hardly等时,不妨直接把这些否定词放在句首,引起部分倒装。叙事时运用No sooner...than...,Hardly...when...来代替when会使描述更加栩栩如生,体现文采。而在解决问题型议论文结尾提出号召时,则可以应用only放在句首的部分倒装句式,不仅能升华文章的精神内涵,又使文章结尾更具有张力。其他类型的倒装句式也各有其妙处,在写作中尽量使用一两个倒装句式。
三、被动句
In other cultures, looking thin for a husband-to-be is not what a woman desires at all-rather, looking a little overweight is considered more attractive. (北师大版教材文 本)
It is suggested that all the people wear a hat and a pair of gloves. (09年辽宁)
All classes are taught by teachers with rich experience. (学生习作)
当不强调动作执行者,动作执行者不明确或主语过长时,宜使用被动句。被动句具有地道之美。然而,我国中学生长期受汉语思维的影响,几乎整篇文章都运用主动句。通篇采用人称开头表达某人做了某事。这种文章句式显得尤为单调,缺乏文采。英语是一门客观的语言,运用被动语态的场合似乎比汉语多。被动语态便于论述客观事实,故常用于科技文章,新闻报道,书刊介绍以及景物描写。因此恰当地使用被动语态更符合英语的表达习惯。学生若能巧妙地将文章中个别主动句改为被动句,便会使该篇文章句型变化丰富,语言表达更地道。
四、虚拟语气
If you had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century, you would have a real dilemma on your hands.(北师大版教材文本)
Besides, I wish there would not be too many students in a class. (2014 新课标)
It is high time that we put an end to phenomenon of wasting food. (学生习作)
虚拟语气具有较强的修辞功能。它在语用功效上是一种言语表达现象。虚拟语气表示所说的话是一种主观的愿望,假想或建议,甚至还可以是怀疑,忧虑,祝愿,遗憾或后悔等。在写作中恰如其分地运用虚拟语气会使表达更加委婉,含蓄,从而增强语言的表现力,使句子意味深长,甚至有话外之音,言外之意的特殊功效。
五、It的各种句型
It was only when I got home tow hours later that I realized Id forgotten it and there was nothing I could
Do as the library was closed. (北师大版教材文本)
It is not until about 5:00 p.m. that 1 will come home. (09年全国I)
It is necessary that efficient action should be taken to prevent such things from happening. (学生习作)
It 作为引词,起到先行引导的作用。它可以在句子中作为形式主语,引导以下常见句型:
It + be + noun/ adjective + V-ing.
It + be + noun/ adjective + ( for/of)somebody + to do something.
It + be + noun/ adjective + that...
It + be + p.p.+ that...
It也可以作为形式宾语,运用于:
Vt.+ it + adj./n. +to do/doing/that...
常用于这一类句型的动词有believe, find, consider, feel, make, think等。
提到it的用法,最为突出的句式是it引导的强调句。it引导的强调句的运用便于表达主观的意愿或增强情感。通过对句子的某个部分,尤其是主语,宾语或状语进行强调,从而起到了修辞的功效。学生在写作过程中合适地运用it引导的强调句可以让文章更富于变化,更具有吸引力,容易引起阅卷老师的关注及共鸣。
六、名词性从句
That chances that we will all have the opportunity to live in an English-speaking country are small. (北师大版教材文本)
However, what makes us surprised is that most of the Chinese mothers do not agree with the authors practice. (2011年 广东)
What the boy badly needs is regular exercise and a balance diet. (学生习作)
英语名词性从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句及同位语从句。其中,what引导的主语从句最为常见。当句子的谓语动词为动宾结构或介宾结构,可将句子改写为主语从句。此外,当需要对某个抽象名词进行解释说明时常运用同位语从句。
七、非限制性定语从句
This might explain his interest in fast cars, of which he has a vast collection. (北师大版教材文本)
You should sign your name in the office before 5:00 p.m. next Thursday,which is the deadline. (09辽宁)
As students, we often take examinations at school ,but sometimes we have too many examinations, which lay a heavy burden on us. (学生习作)
Which引导的非限制性定语从句常起着后位补述的功能。补述既可以使语言连贯,又有简练,生动的效果。常用于事实表述后的情感感受,引发感想或对细节补充的场合。这一句式值得学生重视。
综上所述,英语写作是一个长期的复杂的训练过程。写作更是一个厚积薄发的过程,是一项将积累释放于一时的过程。可供学习的写作素材无处不在,教师应坚持长期有效地指引学生挖掘教材文本及历年高考范文,鼓励和指导学生多读多练,坚持不懈,熟能生巧方可达到“下笔如有神”的境界。此外,教师还应引领学生互相学习,共同成长。
参考文献:
[1]余文森.课堂有效教学的理论与实践.
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