名人的英文作文

2024-08-16 版权声明 我要投稿

名人的英文作文(通用8篇)

名人的英文作文 篇1

Madame Curie

place of birth: Poland

studies the experience: In 1891 went study in University of Paris

work achievement: In 1898, altogether studied with husband Pierre Curie discovered two radioactive substance (radioactive matter) - - polonium and radium

in 1903, curie husband and wife won the Nobel Prize for Physics (the Nobel Prize for Physics)

in 1911, Madame Curie wins the Nobel chemistry prize once again, became in the history first two times to win the Nobel prize the scientist

名人的英文作文 篇2

Writing is one of the four basic skills in language learning Writing combines the ability of recognition,thinking and the using of words.It is a process of complicated skilled.Written work is usually produced after careful consideration so it is a relatively complete reflection of the learners'language ability.Errors tha appeared in writing are of great importance and value to both the language learners and teachers.

Among all the errors in writing,lexical errors are the mos frequent and important ones."People could describe few things without grammar,but they could express nothing without vocabulary"(Wilkins 111).Lexis is the centre role of language study while lexical errors are the most frequent category of error(James143).Lexical errors have been a great barrier to English writing In order to promote students'writing ability,this paper will firs discuss the significance of errors,and then classify the lexica errors in writings.Finally it will put forward some approach to the correction of lexical errors in English writing.

2 Significance of Lexical Errors

Traditionally,errors were regarded negatively and have to be eradicated.The more recent acceptance of such errors in learners'language is based on a fundamental shift in perspective from the more traditional view of how second languages acquired(Yule194).An error then,is not something that hinders student's progress,but is probably a clue to the active learning process being made by a student as he or she tries out ways of communicating in the new language.

Errors are not only inevitable but also necessary.Brown argues that"the study of the speech of learners is largely the study of the errors of learners",because"correct items yield little information about the Interlanguage of the learner."(169-171)There are some keys to the understanding of the process of learning language,which can be found in the errors made by learners.Errors are of great significance because they provide valuable information not only for teachers and students but also for textbook compilers,syllabus designers and researchers in the area of second language acquisition.

Errors could provide feedback by telling the teacher the effectiveness of his teaching materials and teaching techniques Errors also show the teacher what parts of the syllabus have been inadequately learned and taught and what parts need further attention.Thus the teacher gets the information which may enable him to decide whether he can move on or devote more time to the item he has been working on.Secondly,by analysis and corrections of their errors,students may know better in what aspect they should pay more attention to and to what extent he is weak Thus they may improve their learning more effectively.They can also test their hypothesis about the nature and rules of he language he is learning.As for the researchers,Corder claims that learner errors show them how the target language is learned or acquired and what kind of strategies or procedures employed in the discovery of the language(Error 10-11).Based on a systematic error study,syllabus,teaching materials and teaching techniques can be refined.

3 Approach to the Correction of Lexical Errors in

3.1 Self-correction

Students have some ability to correct their own errors.Tha is,they can activate their linguistic competence to do so,even without detailed cues.So,students should be encouraged to correct and revise their own work.Revision is an extremely important part of the writing process and students would benefit from strategies and advice to assist them in evaluating and revising their own and peers'work,whether for form or content.Consequently,students would participate in the writing process more actively,and cultivate the ability to take into consideration the expectations of the reader to develop a sense of audience.

Teachers can offer the students two kinds of check list,routine list and special list,which is the precondition for students self-correction.

Teachers may design a routine list for the errors that appeared frequently in English writing.By using this kind of list students can easily identify the errors and then try to reduce these errors in their writings.Such kind of routine list can be applied to correct all genres of writings as it contains high frequency errors in all types of composition.The second kind of check list is called special list that is designed for errors in specific compositions and it is used to aided the self-correction togethe with routine list.

3.2 Peer-correction

Small groups of students play an effective part in correcting written errors.It is considered that this method help teachers save time and free them for helpful instruction.

Students may be asked to correct compositions of his classmates.Small group worked as a team and went through the written assignments.The members of the small group marked,discussed,and correct the written errors.The teacher occasionally emerged to visit the small groups,looked at the corrected work listened to the debates,and offered help if there was a deadlock or made clarification if it was needed.Now,the roles of teachers and students have been exchanged.From this exchange,the students will get a fresh experience and some useful information to correct their own errors.Furthermore,when interacting with peers during small group activities,students may feel less anxious and more confident than they are during whole-class discussions.The interaction hypothesis of second language acquisition states tha interaction may facilitate second language learning by providing learners with negative feedback,drawing their attention to language form in the context of meaning,and pushing them to produce more complex or accurate target language forms.

Peer review can also be used.It is a powerful learning tool providing students with an authentic audience,thus increasing students'motivation for writing.In addition,it enables students to receive different views on their own writing.This will help them learn to read critically their own writing.Therefore,teachers correction should be supplemented with students'self-correction and peer review.

3.3 Teacher-correction

Teacher correction is an essential step in learning process.I they are not able to recognize the errors,the students do need some assistance from someone who is more proficient than they are.The teacher offers marginal notes to these corrections tha explain why certain errors are incorrect.For example,error tha is in inappropriate style.This will help students develop an idea of the criteria to judge their work and avoid similar errors in the future by offering them useful information.

As"language teaching is a very practical business",and teachers should"always be aware of the learners'needs"(胡壮麟386).Thus teacher correction should be carried out differently and error correction should be done according to the students'English level.There are three different strategies as there are three stages,which are presystematic stage,systematic stage and postsystematic stage.(Corder,270-272)At the presystematic stage,the learner's use of the target language is through random guessing because he is unaware of a particular rule in the target language.He fails to correct the errors and explain them.At the systematic stage,the learner is inconsistent in using some rules of the system of the target language even he has discovered them At this stage,he can explain why he made these errors,but he cannot usually correct them.When it comes to the postsystematic stage,the learner's using of the garget language is quite consistent.He can not only correct the errors but also explain why they are incorrect when he makes them.There will be errors at this stage,but the occurrence of them is infrequent.It happens to be the same with the three levels in learning English for Chinese students.

It is time-consuming and difficult to apply the above mentioned procedures.However,self-correction and peer-correction could be carried out after class if they are properly planned.The above mentioned methods are commonly and efficiently used by experienced teachers and play an important part in correcting lexical errors in English writings.

Teachers'correction and students'self-correction are both important.Apart from employing the common principles of error treatment,teachers should put primary focus on content and organization.That is,teachers'feedback(correction)should be given on content before focusing on language use so as to help students appreciate the communicative function of writing.Teachers should avoid premature editing and making revisions to the text at a surface instead of a global level.

4 Conclusion

The classification of lexical errors and lexical error correction mentioned above is,of course,either the only or the best way.It should be carried out differently and vary accordingly in the process of teaching and learning English.The purpose of this paper is to reduce lexical errors in English writings of senior middle school students.

参考文献

[1]Brown H,Douglas.Principles of Language Learning and Teach-ing[M].2nd ed.New Jersey:Prentice-Hall Regents,1987.

[2]Corder S,Pit.Error Analysis and Interlanguage[M].Oxford:Ox-ford University Press,1981.

[3]James,Carl.Errors in Language Learning and Use:Exploring Error Analysis[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2001.

[4]Wilkins,George W.Linguistics in Language Testing[M].London:Edward Arnold,1978.

[5]Yule,George.The Study of Language[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.

名人的英文作文 篇3

必须赞下北京的微作文,评论首都不文明现象,一是扣紧学生生活实际;二是文体短小精悍,像当下的微博;三是叙议结合,考查点明确;四是可深可浅,浅说到不文明即可,深说可至国民劣根性,有利于选拔。高考不是水平性考试,是选拔性考试。选拔什么样的人进入大学?无疑,应该优先选拔关心、热爱生活、生命并具有创新精神、批判思维和逻辑严谨、表达准确者,而北京、上海作文题正是注意了这方面考查。学校语文教育应这样导向。

谢冕(北京大学教授)

北京的高考作文命题总体上来看,是想贴近时代精神、弘扬正能量的,可以说是大作文命题。“假如我与心中的英雄生活一天”,是想在那些历史上“挽狂澜于既倒”的英雄形象之中植入情感的成分,以使英雄变得真实可亲。

但是,大作文对于中学生来讲,由于他们读书和阅历有限,恐怕很难把握像“英雄”和“灵魂”这样的大词,弄不好就会变成心灵鸡汤式的写作,怕很难出好文章。能让我感动的作文就是好作文。短时间的作文,能出好作文是很难的,能出真情感就足够了。

作文大串烧 倾诉对你深入灵魂的热爱

情书篇:想写一封信,用文章和人品,倾诉对你深入灵魂的热爱。却不知,老实与聪明,哪个范儿更适合造就和谐自我。想和你一起感知自然,分辨蝴蝶翅膀颜色。像喷泉与泉水,彼此成就,如丝瓜藤和肉豆须,互相依赖。一路风雨,总有一棵大树让你停歇。愿我们都有智慧等待。

席慕蓉风:佛叫我修成一棵大树,老实等在你必经的路侧。游人在树下感知自然,情侣争论着蝴蝶的颜色。五百年寂寞,我仅凭深入灵魂的热爱,和任性执着。无数次默念,却终于等到你无视走过。短暂而永恒的时光里,你,千万眼不见完整的我,我,终究是个看客。

接力大吐槽 就这样逼着考生选“心动男生”

新课标全国一卷:女儿举报老爸

@王旭明:我认为这是一种非常假想的情况,因为毫无疑问大义灭亲是我们的道德守则,但是是不是就因为违反交规,在车上打电话这样一点,就要采取报警这样一种比较极端的形式,我认为是可以考虑的。但是在这样短的时间内,把这样的一个非常复杂的现象,摆在学生面前,我觉得这对于考生来讲是不公平的,因为生活当中这样的事情不多见,非常少。

新课标全国二卷:谁最有风采

@江上渡:一个是生物技术研究的,一个是搞焊接的,一个是摄影师,选你认为最有风采的!没见到真人,没背景介绍,连一张照片也没有,就这样逼着考生选“心动男生”?

山东卷:丝瓜藤和肉豆须

@杰克波比:我觉得城里没见过这俩东西的孩子出考场可能要吐槽了:你们乡下人真会玩。

浙江卷:文章和人品

@白发渔樵:出题人:马伊琍!

湖南卷:有一棵大树

@脑洞先生:大树想去旅行,我的第一反应居然是:“宝贝宝贝我是你的大树。”“爸爸去哪儿?”“世界那么大,我想去看看。”

读书的名人名言英文翻译 篇4

人生十分短促,宁静的时间又不多;我 们不应该浪费宝贵的时间去读毫无价值的书。 -约翰·拉斯金

it is more valuable to seek truth than to own it. -einstein

对真理的追求比对真理的 占有更为可贵。 -爱因斯坦

if well used, books are the best of all things; if abused, among the worst. -r.w.emerson

如果利用得当,书籍就是最好的朋 友;反之,如果滥用,它就会变成最坏的东西了。 -r.w.爱默生

learning is an ornament in prosperity, a refuge in adversity, and a provision in old age. -aristotle

学问在成功时是装饰品,在失意时是庇护所,在年老时是供应品。 - 亚里士多德

people of high intellectual endownments do not require familiar ones in those they love. they are just

nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity. -martin luther king jr.

世界上再也没有比纯粹的无知和认真的愚蠢更危险的了。 - 小马 丁·路德·金

that we want is to see the child in pursuit of knowledge, and not knowledge in pursuit of child. -bernard shaw

我们希望看到孩子们追求 知识,而不是知识追求孩子们。 -肖伯纳

dictionaries are like watches; the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true. -samuel johnson

字典和时钟一样,最坏的一种也有胜于无,而最好的一种也不能认为是 十分准确的。 -塞缪尔·约翰逊

work is the grand cure of all the maladies and miseries that ever beset mankind. -thomas carlyle

the persons to appreciate the wholesome gush of natural feeling, the honest affection, the simple joy, the fullness of contentment with what they love. -hawthorne

富有才华的人不要求他们的爱人像自己一样 出众。他们所欣赏的只是感情的自然流露真诚的爱朴素的乐趣以及与所爱的人在一起时 的满足。 -霍桑

the reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest men of past centuries. -rene descartes

读好书,如同与先哲们 交谈。 -雷内·笛卡尔

a great poem is a fountain forever overflowing with the waters of wisdom and delight. -shelley

一首伟大的诗犹如一座喷泉,不 断地喷出智慧和快乐的泉水。 -雪莱

there are two motives for reading a book: one that you enjoy it; the other that you can boast about it.-bertrand russell

读书有两种动机:一是从中获得乐趣;另一种则是可以向人夸耀。 -罗素

reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.-john locke

阅读只是用堆积的知识来充实大脑;只有思考才能使 我们读过的东西真正成为自己的。 -约翰·洛克

the profoundest thought or passion sleeps as in a mine until an equal mind and heart finds and publishes it.-r.w.emerson

最深刻的思想或感情就如同地底的矿藏,在等待着同样深沉的 头脑与心灵去发现和开采。 -r.w.爱默生

i would like to live to study, and not study to live. -bacon

我愿意为了学习而活着,不愿意为了活着而学习。 - 培根

conscience is an instinct to judge ourselves in the light of moral laws. it is not a mere faculty; it is a instinct.-immanuel kant

良知是 一种依靠道德准则来批判自己的本能。它不只是一种能力,还是一种本能。 -伊曼纽尔·康 德

laziness is like a lock, which bolts you out of the storehouse of information and makes you an intellectual starveling. -bernard shaw

懒 惰就像一把锁,锁住了知识的仓库,使你的智力变得匮乏。 -肖伯纳

there is no royal road to learning. -anthony trollope

学无坦途。 -安东尼·特罗洛普

reading without reflecting is like eating without digesting. -edmund burke

读书不加思考,如同吃东西不经消化。 -埃德蒙·柏克

books are the ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom. -g.w.curtis

名人成功故事英文 篇5

:Edison and his assistants,with platinum tried several times,but the high melting point of platinum,although the lamp lighting time a lot,but from time to time to turn off the light automatically automatically again,still not very ideal.Edison was not discouraged,to continue his work with test.He has tested a barium,titanium,indium and other rare metals,the effect is not very ideal.Next,he and aides will be arranged the 1600 heat resistant materials to test,or the use of platinum is most appropriate.Because of the improvement of pumping method,so that the glass bulb in vacuum.The service life of the lamp has been extended to 2 hours.But the platinum materials for the lamp,the price is too expensive,and who are willing to so much money to buy only 2 hours of light?Edison saw the scarf which made of cotton,Edison mind suddenly had an idea:to!Cotton fiber than wood,can use this material can not?He hurried off to a cotton yarn from the scarf,carefully put the carbon filament into a bubble,the effect was very good.Edison very happy,make carbon silk cotton made,conducted a number of tests.To extend the lamp life 13 hours,then 45 hours.“I hope it will light for 1000 hours,preferably 16000 hours!” Edison said.Finally,Edison finally chose bamboo.He took out a piece of bamboo,into the glass bulb,pass after power on,the bamboo filament lamp was continuously lit 1200 hours!He finally made their satisfaction with the lamp

名人英文演讲稿 篇6

各位议员,

女士们,先生们,朋友们:

Your Excellency Mr. Ricardo Anaya, President of the Permanent Commission of Congress,

Members of Congress,

Ladies and Gentlemen,

Dear Friends,

大家好!今天,有机会来到墨西哥参议院演讲,同各位议员交流,我感到十分荣幸。

Good morning. It gives me great pleasure to address the Mexican Senate and exchange views with members of the Mexican Congress today.

借此机会,我谨代表中国政府和人民,向在座各位议员朋友和长期致力于中墨友好的各界人士,向热情友好的墨西哥人民,致以诚挚问候和良好祝愿!

I wish to take this opportunity to express, on behalf of the Chinese government and people, warm greetings and best wishes to members of Congress and people from all sectors of the Mexican society who have long been committed to friendship with China and to the friendly and hospitable people of Mexico.

今年4月,培尼亚总统对中国进行正式访问并出席博鳌亚洲论坛年会,我们就新形势下加强中墨关系达成重要共识。当时,培尼亚总统热情邀请我访问墨西哥,我愉快地答应了。我的想法是,为了推动中墨关系加快发展,必须趁热打铁、乘势而上。

Last April, President Peńa Nieto paid an official visit to China and attended the Annual Conference of Boao Forum for Asia, on which occasion President Peńa and I reached important agreement on closer China-Mexico relations in new circumstances. At that time, President Peńa kindly invited me to visit Mexico, which I gladly accepted. I think it is important that we build on the positive momentum to boost the growth of China-Mexico relations.

,我曾访问过墨西哥。时隔4年,再次来到这个美丽多彩的国家,我感到十分高兴,也感到十分亲切。

I visited Mexico in . Today, four years later, it gives me great pleasure and a surge of warm feelings to be back in this beautiful and magnificent country.

中国有句话叫“宾至如归”,说的是客人到了一个地方,就像回到家里一样。来到墨西哥,我就有这样的感觉。

There is a saying in China, “home away from home”. It means that a guest in a new place feels very much at home. This is exactly how I feel now in Mexico.

中墨两国有着悠久的交往历史。这次前来墨西哥途中,当我透过飞机舷窗俯瞰浩瀚的太平洋时,仿佛看见几个世纪前那些满载丝绸、瓷器的“中国之船”正向着阿卡普尔科破浪前行;当我踏上贵国的土地时,又仿佛看见那位传说中的乐善好施的美丽“中国姑娘”正在普埃布拉传授纺织、刺绣技艺。

China and Mexico have a long history of interactions. On my way to Mexico, when I looked down at the vast Pacific Ocean through the window of the plane, I felt as if I saw the fleet of La Nao de China, giant ships fully loaded with silk and porcelain, braving the surging waves and moving towards Acapulco centuries ago. When I set foot on this land, I felt as if I saw the legendary Chinese Poblana, a kind-hearted and beautiful girl, teaching locals how to weave and embroider in Puebla.

我这次访问墨西哥,目的是深化友谊、扩大合作,同贵国领导人共同规划中墨关系的发展蓝图。

I am visiting Mexico this time to enhance friendship, expand cooperation and jointly map out the blueprint for China-Mexico relations together with Mexican leaders.

女士们、先生们、朋友们!

Ladies and Gentlemen,

Dear Friends,

墨西哥是个具有悠久文明历史的国家。玛雅人的金字塔,阿兹特克人的太阳历,见证着贵国古代文明的辉煌。

Mexico is a country with a time-honored civilization. The Mayan pyramids and Aztec Sun Calendar both stand testimony to the splendor of your ancient civilization.

当代艺术大师里维拉的壁画,文学巨匠帕斯的著作,凝聚着墨西哥人民对现实世界和人类生活的深刻感受。

The fresco of Diego Rivera, the master of contemporary art, and the classic works of Octavio Paz, the towering figure in literature, both speak to the profound insight of the Mexican people about the real world and human life.

今天的墨西哥,经济快速发展,综合国力和国际影响力不断提升。从坎昆联合国气候变化大会,到洛斯卡沃斯二十国集团领导人峰会,世界的目光一次又一次聚焦在欣欣向荣的墨西哥。

Today’s Mexico enjoys rapid economic growth, greater national strength and international influence. From the UN Climate Change Conference in Cancun to the G20 Summit in Los Cabos, a dynamic Mexico has time and again captured the eyes of the world.

我们对墨西哥的发展成就表示祝贺,衷心祝愿墨西哥国家建设事业取得更大成就!

We congratulate Mexico on its achievements and wish Mexico even bigger progress in national development.

女士们、先生们、朋友们!

Ladies and Gentlemen,

Dear Friends,

回顾历史,中墨两国人民都创造了灿烂的文化,都为人类文明进步作出了不可磨灭的贡献。

In the long course of history, both the Chinese and Mexican people have created a splendid culture and made indelible contribution to human progress.

拉美有句谚语:“朋友要老,好酒要陈。”中墨两国经过岁月积淀的深厚友谊,正如陈年的龙舌兰酒,历久弥香。

There is a proverb in Latin America, “Condition of good friends, condition of old wine.” The friendship between China and Mexico, which has grown from one generation to another, is like a bottle of aged Tequila, brimming with ever fresh fragrance with the passage of time.

近代以来,中墨两国在争取民族解放、捍卫国家主权、建设现代化国家的奋斗中相互声援、彼此支持。

In the more recent history, China and Mexico have supported each other in both words and actions in seeking national liberation, upholding state sovereignty and advancing modernization.

现在,我们两国都进入了经济社会发展的快车道,都呈现出美好的发展前景,中墨关系正面临前所未有的重要机遇。

Today, China and Mexico are both moving onto a fast-track of economic and social development and embracing a promising future. There is an unprecedented opportunity for our two countries to further advance bilateral relations.

这次来,我同培尼亚总统举行了很好的会谈。刚才,我又会见了安纳亚主席和阿罗约众议长。

During my visit, I have had a very good talk with President Peńa. And just now, I met with President Anaya of the Permanent Commission and President Arroyo of the Chamber of Deputies.

我们一致认为,发展中墨关系既要着眼双边合作,更要面向世界。为此,我和培尼亚总统决定,将两国关系提升为全面战略伙伴关系,使中墨关系能够在更高水平、更宽领域、更大舞台上不断发展,推动两国关系进入新的发展阶段。

名人广告,品牌主与名人间的博弈 篇7

一、阿迪达斯之困

阿迪达斯推出的“一起2008, 没有不可能”奥运主题广告, 是以胡佳、郑智、隋菲菲、中国女排等奥运明星们为主角, 讲述他们不同寻常的奥运故事。中国味道十足, 又不乏时尚感, 还获得了今年的戛纳广告节户外系列金狮奖。这个广告, 铺满了北京、上海等城市的地铁, 热播于电视荧屏, 但其命运却注定是多灾多难。奥运会开赛前, 代言明星之一的胡佳就因伤病复发和状态不佳而落选国家队, 无缘奥运会。国奥队耻辱地出局, 郑智的红牌, 其在广告中的那句“就等北京奥运, 我不想再辜负球迷……为中国足球, 写下新一页”的豪言壮语, 显得那么的苍白和可笑。女篮虽然打进四强, 但其代言明星隋菲菲全程表现却都很低迷。而卫冕冠军的中国女排止步四强, 这样的成绩显然也是难以让中国球迷满意的。还有本来预留给刘翔的画面因其退赛而只能用个很晦涩的背影来代替。“一起2008, 没有不可能”广告中选用的体育明星都没有能在本次奥运会上取得好成绩, “阿迪达斯军团”全军覆没, 身陷“诅咒门”事件。

二、三鹿代言明星群之惑

“专业生产, 品质保证, 名牌产品, 让人放心, 还实惠。三鹿婴幼儿奶粉, 我信赖!”的三鹿广告视频被网民恶搞, 有网民戏称“我信赖”应改成“我姓赖”。三鹿奶粉成为众矢之的, 邓婕, 倪萍等相关代言明星也受到牵连, 被推到风口浪尖。某门户网站为此做了一项调查:你觉得明星代言产品出问题, 应不应该负责任?结果选择“不怪明星, 要怪生产商无良”的占36%;选择“应负部分责任, 要看清楚好坏”的占28%;认为“应负很大责任, 他们辜负了大家的信赖”的占34%。调查显示, 有将近6成以上的人认为明星应该负责任或者负部分责任, 因为明星作为公众人物, 应该对自己代言的产品负责的。有将近4成的人认为明星不是神, 没有火眼金睛, 他们是无辜的。虽然目前, 还不能从法律角度来断定明星该不该为这些问题产品的代言的负责任, 但从伦理道德上, 这些代言明星们的人气和口碑势必要受到影响。“水能载舟亦能覆舟”, 正是明星与大众之间关系的真实写照。一旦其代言产品出了问题, 大众会对明星们产生信任危机, 势必会影响到明星们的演绎事业的发展。

上面两则广告案例深刻地反映出了当前名人广告的两个主体各自的担忧, 广告主担心其签约明星出现明星丑闻曝光、明星过气贬值等情况, 从而使公众对产品的形象受到明星的牵涉;明星们也担心其代言某个品牌那天突然出了问题, 使自己在公众中产生信任危机, 公众形象受到挑战, 给自己的演绎事业带来不可估量的后果。“看上去很美”的名人随着越来越多的现实问题的出现, 遇到了空前的挑战。面对名人代言这种现象, 人们不再像以前那般狂热, 更多的更为客观地看待“带刺的玫瑰”的名人代言。企业运用名人广告策略为其品牌寻找代言人, 和明星有所选择地接受某些品牌的代言的过程, 都存在着一个因对方出现问题规避风险的过程。品牌主选择代言名人和名人选择代言品牌一样, 应该本着对消费者负责, 对对方负责, 更是对自己负责的态度, 全面, 详尽地考察“对方”。

三、品牌主规避风险策略

对于广告主来说, 规避名人广告所带来的风险, 选择哪个明星代言来给品牌代言, 不是朝令夕改, 一时冲动所下的决定, 因此, 明星代言制度势必要体系化, 制度化, 将其纳入到企业的品牌建设和管理体系之中。

1.首先, 科学评估代言明星

要选择好一个合适的代言人, 绝不是仅仅看这个明星名气大不大那么简单, 而是一个很慎重的过程。由于明星发展存在生命周期的效应, 对其魅力状况及未来的人气发展必须有科学的指标体系来辅以实现, 需要建立一个科学的代言人评估体系, 全面评估其目标明星的人气, 魅力现状以及未来的发展趋势。知名度、气质形象、性格特点、亲和力、品质精神、才艺水平、公众评价、发展趋势等都应该成为其考量的标准。经过充分的了解, 再结合品牌自身特点, 方能找到合适的, 能代表品牌的代言人。要从品牌目标消费者的角度去物色合适的代言人, 从明星对消费者的吸引力和可信度、明星与产品的关联度等角度去考虑适合为企业代言的明星。企业选择哪些消费者认可的明星作为其代言人, 才能达到事半功倍的效果, 为此, 企业应进行充分的市场调查, 深入洞察目标消费者的内心, 他们对明星的偏好、期望及反感等等。

2.其次, 代言期间全程监管代言明星

品牌代言人毕竟不是企业员工, 也不隶属于企业, 对其管控是个难题, 尤其是是大腕级的明星更是如此。但不是说, 在名人代言过程中, 企业就失去主动权, 对于其代言明星, 企业要时刻关注, 尤其是其公众活动, 一旦发现有不利于品牌的问题出现, 及时与之取得联系, 沟通协商, 并做出对策, 从而维护自身的利益。企业要和其代言明星紧密的联系起来, 加强相互之间的沟通。通过合同等法律的手段来制约代言人行为, 防范代言人风险是非常必要的, 在与代言人签订的合同中, 应明确表明代言人在代言期间, 由于自身的不良行为给企业带来负面影响及损失, 企业有权中止合同, 停止支付费用, 并要求代言人赔偿企业相应的损失等。

3.最后, 出现危机, 积极展开公关

代言明星一旦出现问题, 这里分两种情况, 一种就是明星爆出丑闻等突发意外事故, 另一种则是文章开头提到阿迪达斯遇到的代言人的事业在走下坡路, 成为过气明星等非人为的情况。对于第一种情况, 企业应该当机立断, 及时停用或者是更换品牌代言人, 以免危机进一步恶化。企业对品牌代言人的果断弃用其和“不良”代言人划清界线, 最大可能地让消费者不把对代言人的不良印象和看法嫁接到品牌身上去。而对于第二种情况, 企业则应该采取低调处理法, 可能采用改变代言的广告的说辞, 耐克在刘翔退赛后推出的“爱比赛。爱拼上所有的尊严。爱把它再赢回来。爱付出一切。爱荣耀, 爱挫折。爱运动, 即使它伤了你的心。”赢得了一场漂亮的公关战。针对代言人, 尤其是竞技体育等明星的成绩下滑的现象, 企业若直接将其停用或撤换, 在消费者心目中会留下不义, 势利等不良印象, 反而不利于品牌形象。经过一段缓冲的时间, 再考虑将其撤换, 因为这时的名人也已不再为消费者太过关注了。

四、代言人规避风险策略

而对于明星来说, 代言品牌同样也面临着一个规避风险的过程, 相应地, 正如品牌要物色适合自己的明星来为其代言一样, 明星在代言品牌也存在选择可靠的品牌的过程。其规避风险的途径主要有如下:

1.首先, 充分了解, 亲自尝试

在代言品牌之前, 势必要对该品牌进行一番充分而详尽的了解, 包括品牌的规模, 历史, 品牌在消费者当中的口碑, 企业的社会责任等等。在最大可能的前提下, 亲自尝试其所代言的品牌产品, 把粉丝的利益、消费者的利益、最终还是他自身的利益三者高度统一在一起。西方国家对明星代言有严格缜密的广告法规, 为伪劣产品代言的明星是要连带吃官司的, 因此, 在国外, 明星们往往在做广告前, 要慎重调查或亲身体验一番, 确认无误后才敢收下诱人的代言费。因为一旦广告失实, 他们就要承担相应的法律责任。如美国的形象代言人广告必须“证言广告”和“明示担保”, 明星们必须是其所代言产品的直接受益者和使用者, 否则就会被重罚。虽然目前我国现有的法律法规, 很难找出明星代言产品出现质量问题后, 明星应承担什么法律责任的规定, 明星不必为其所代言的品牌产品出现问题而负责。但作为公众人物的明星, 问题关键不在于所赔偿的经济损失, 而是因其代言的品牌出现问题, 而殃及其形象, 影响其作为明星的号召力, 人气狂跌。因此, 慎重选择代言品牌, 是明星对消费者, 对其粉丝们, 更是是对自己负责任的行为。

2.其次, 签订合同, 保障权益

运用法律的手段, 明确代言合同范围, 保护自身的合法权益。在同企业签订代言合同上应该明确标明如果其代言品牌产品出现问题, 造成很坏的后果, 以至于有损于代言人的公众形象, 有权终止合同, 有权要求品牌方至少应该给公众一份公开声明, 澄清事件的真相原委, 从而可以对其粉丝们的消费有所交代。

3.最后, 正视问题, 积极公关

品牌出现问题, 应积极应对危机, 而不是一味回避。明星代言品牌出现问题, 本来就是对声誉的一种损害, 而在这个时候明星躲起来不见人, 不做任何回应, 采取鸵鸟策略, 就会进一步恶化其在公众心目中的形象。要正视事实, 而不是一味的辩解和为自己开脱, 因为此时受到伤害的消费者对其辩解是听不进的。因此, 在品牌出现问题, 公众利益受到损害时, 做一个敢担当的人, 去帮助那些需要的帮助的人, 积极为其代言危机展开公关乃为上上策。比如, 可以通过捐出其代言费用于弥补一部分问题产品给消费者所带来的损失, 对受害者做一些力所能及的人道主义帮助等行动与问题品牌划清界线。

参考文献

[1].刘大斌著.名人与广告[M].长春:时代文艺出版社, 2000.

[2].黄合水著.广告心理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2005.

名人的由来等 篇8

张晶

日本的围棋,从算砂那个时代开始具有了一定的现实性。也就是从那个时候开始,大家才养成了记录棋谱的习惯。这里有一个传说。

永禄2年(公元1559年),算砂出生于京都,在他8岁的时候,进入日渊门下。日渊后来成为了日莲宗寂光寺的开山祖。翌年,即算砂9岁的时候,剃去了头发,正式成为一名僧侣,本行院日海成为了他的法名。

我们就目前掌握的资料还无从知道日海如何围棋与日本象棋兼修、并且在两种棋上都出类拔萃的。但是,在他20岁的时候,曾经被当时颇具实力的诸侯之一织田信长叫去下让五子棋,结果算砂的棋力使织田信长大吃一惊,于是便给算砂如此评价:“真是名人。”这是有历史记载的事情。

当时在日本,正是茶道大行其事的时候,在整个茶道的一系列操作过程中,那些精美并且非常实用的器具被称为“名物”。信长似乎是把茶道中称谓好的器具的办法引申到了围棋当中,有名的人便称之为“名人”了。并且织田信长将名人命名为“本因坊”。

日海作为一个僧人,作为日渊的门徒,后来成为了寂光寺的二世住持,并且为加贺金泽本行寺的开基起到了决定性的作用,后来位置又升到了僧都,具有相当大的权力。在丰臣秀吉主持召开的围棋大赛上,他击败了各路英豪,成为当时最有实力的棋手。

庆长17年(公元1612年),德川家康家族开始给日本象棋的优秀棋手发固定的薪禄,4个月之后,德川家康希望本因坊也能处于自己家族的控制之下。此时日海已是僧侣中的头面人物了,名为法印。进入德川家族之后,他改号为“算砂”。

如此一来,本因坊称号也得以代代相传,但本因坊一门与寂光寺的千丝万缕联系始终未能全部割断。比如三世本因坊道悦在隐居之后就成为了寂光寺的四世住持,法号“日胜”。

韩国奇才成琦秀博士

——介绍韩国Cyber棋院代表理事成琦秀先生

李东哲

2000年10月,成博士由韩国Cyber棋院经营本部长朴赞圣先生陪同,为参加与联想365网站的业务合作合同签字仪式来到了北京。在他逗留北京的几天里,我有幸与他见面,有机会同他当面交谈。这次接触,他给我留下了深刻的印象。这位韩国国家科学技术咨询委员会委员、韩国计算机界著名专家、韩国世界Cyber棋院代表理事,位高而待人和善,博学而谦和,年长而又精力充沛,深感他是一位值得让人尊敬的老人。

成先生与围棋

成先生酷爱围棋。他说:“我最喜欢下围棋。因为围棋的逻辑内涵吸引着我”。他幼年时曾向其祖父学过围棋。但当时他的祖父强要他学“千字文”,就无奈从命于祖父之命,学习汉字。他说:“如果当时祖父只教我围棋,那么我的棋艺现在会有很大长进。后来,因疲于谋生,又忙于学习和工作,到了70年代生活有了安定才又拿起了我的爱好”。

成博士一次与人交谈时诙谐地说:“现在我的棋力恐怕是4~5级水平吧”。韩国棋界人士则说,“成先生曾和九段棋士对弈,有过一胜一负的战绩”,“他有年轻人所不及的战斗力”。成先生酷爱围棋名不虚传。笔者亲眼见到他在访问北京的几天里,还为抽空与中国一位九段棋士下围棋,连原定的参观安排也给挤掉了。

由于他热爱围棋就形成了独到的用人观念。他说,计算机工作和下围棋都需要善于思考,这是共同点。下围棋好的人会搞好计算机工作。他谈到,在美国和欧洲,从事计算机工作和数学领域工作的人中,下围棋下得好的人就比较多。韩国人士说,由于他的这一独到的观念,“在用人方面,条件差不多的情况下,他就优先选用围棋高手,这一方面成先生是出了名的。”

成博士对网络围棋的见解

现在,世界进入信息化时代,随着电子计算机的普及因特网正广泛发展,传统的围棋也进入电子化和网络围棋的新时期。韩国是世界围棋强国,这几年,韩国不仅加强传统围棋的研究和管理,而且又紧随时代的发展,正大力推动电子围棋、网络围棋事业的发展。1954年1月建立社团法人韩国棋院后,1998年12月,组建信息化推进委员会,成琦秀先生任委员长。1999年4月,韩国棋院网上主页开通,同年8月开始直播主要网上对弈,11月开始因特网对局服务。2000年2月,成立世界Cyber棋院(株)创立推进委员会,5月,韩国世界Cyber棋院正式成立,成先生任该棋院首位代表理事。

据韩国多方面的资料介绍,成琦秀博士对网络围棋事业有关问题发表了不少重要的见解。这里,笔者将有关内容选要作几点介绍。

1.网络围棋(Cyber baduk)是围棋史上的第二次潮流。他认为,迎接21世纪,随着因特网人口的急剧增加和数字化革命的到来,人类文明中的所有旧的硬件和软件条件正急速更新。在这样的形势下,传统围棋与因特网的结合,使男女老少、各不同人种的人,通过网上围棋系统超越空间的限制和国界进行对弈成为可能。由于围棋添上了因特网这一翅膀,可以自由地飞到世界各地,而且使地球上所有的地方都可以自由地观看围棋比赛。

2.网络围棋市场前景光明。他认为,围棋是一项健康、文明的游戏,而且对社会公益和人类和平方面也有很多益处。说它好处多多就是说它有发展前景。又说到,我们比起日本棋院和中国棋院,在财政状况上有有利的条件。这就可以先下手争取主导权,应在网络围棋的发展上走在各国的前列。

3.要重点关注棋院的经济效益。成博士在一次谈话中说,在我任期内,将重点放在提高棋院经济效益上,并为此尽力。他说,围棋虽然是一项文化事业,但作为株式会社来说,又应为投资的股民利益作出最大努力。有人说到,现在不少因特网网站虽然拥有很多会员,但在经济效益方面实际存在很多困难时,成先生认为,现在,是有收费网站和免费网站。但是,只要会员人数达到5,000或10,000人,一个月只收1万韩元,就是1亿韩元。这就说明实现效益现金化的理由是充分的。又说,将免费变成收费的过程中会遇到一些困难。但这个问题要研究。一旦到了一定阶段,会研究今后是实行免费会员制还是以广告费提高效益的问题。他强调说,这里要看到大的有利条件,这就是各类棋赛的直播权。世界杯、奥林匹克比赛的直播费收入会是很大的。应该向这一方向发展。

4.要与各国棋院开展公平竞争。他认为,同日本棋院、中国棋院之间,在公正的前提下越是能开展善意的竞争,对双方就越有好处。但直播权是韩国棋院的固有财产,也是我们的主要收入来源。因此,廉价转让销售是困难的。但一旦支付适当的直播费就会开放的。

他谈到,和日本、中国棋院的关系上没有必要存什么忧虑。因为现在是同日、中棋院的关系比过去任何时候都好的时期。一旦和他们建立合作关系,也有可能向由对方股主出资合作的方向发展。他特别指出,我们除了关注同日、中棋院的关系之外,现在,更加关注如何解决与美国、欧洲之间的语言障碍问题。今后打算主要致力于能与各国相互能沟通语义的软件程序开发上。

成博士深切地说,因特网之热日益高涨。“现在,学习因特网技术,想上因特网和施教因特网技术的人日益增多,排成长队。连国家的总理、总统也在关心因特网事业。”他表明见解说:“因特网革命是第二次产业革命”,“网络围棋是围棋史上的又一潮流”。

期盼

笔者在写这篇短文时深切感到:韩国的围棋界与计算机专家的联手合作卓有成效;韩国计算机界专家热心从事网络围棋事业发展的事迹引人注目。这不能不说是重要启示。我热切期盼进入21世纪,中国围棋界与计算机专家的联手合作能有大的加强,也期盼中国计算机界专家们能更多地关心中国网络围棋事业的发展,为中国网络围棋的发展作出贡献,使世界围棋大国中国能早日成为世界网络围棋大国。

爱打桥牌的职业棋手们

吴赤潮

2000年7月,在韩国举行的世界桥牌大会上现了4名九段围棋选手的身影。他们是韩国的三位九段棋手曹薰铉九段、徐能旭九段、金秀壮九段和中国的聂卫平九段。这一次大会世界桥牌界的顶尖高手济济满堂,是最高规格的比赛。这一次比赛举办方从公关的角度考虑,特地邀请了围棋界的棋手参加。桥牌是扑克游戏中最复杂、规则最烦琐的竞技项目,需要绵密的算路和逻辑能力,和围棋有许多相似的地方。在职业棋手中有很多桥牌高手,特别是聂卫平九段已经具备了职业的实力,已有30年的牌龄。而代表韩国参加比赛的韩国棋手们牌龄基本不到1年——可是已经有相当的实力。特别是金秀壮九段在网上世界桥牌比赛上获得过第二名,徐能旭九段也获得了第四名。

在这一次大赛中,来自中国、台湾、日本等国家和地区的选手名列前茅,徐能旭一组只得第19名,曹薰铉一组则止于第20名。可是,聂卫平九段在众多职业牌手中脱颖而出,获得了第一名。颁奖以后,聂卫平九段发表感想说:“在我的书斋一半是关于围棋的,一半是关于桥牌的。我有没有看完的围棋书,但是桥牌书基本都翻过了。围棋是个人的竞技,但是桥牌必须跟自己的伙伴合作,所以别有意趣。”聂九段还说,“桥牌跟围棋的腾挪作战有很多相似的地方,而且形势判断也犹为重要。”

有趣的是,在打桥牌时,棋手们的棋风也融入了牌技里面。如,徐能旭九段信奉“棋者,扭断”,在打桥牌时,就是攻击与速度。而金秀壮九段则如出一辙,重视全体的均衡和调和,将重点置在后发制人上。曹薰铉九段牌龄最短,可是已经体现出柔风快抢的风格,在电光石火间捕捉战机,对胜负的超常敏锐。

桥牌是扑克游戏中惟一可以复盘研究,而且次序的妙味始终贯穿着全局。

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