小吃的英文表达

小吃的英文表达（精选8篇）

小吃的英文表达篇1

烧饼 Clay oven rolls

油条 Fried bread stick

水饺 Boiled dumplings

馒头 Steamed buns

饭团 Rice and vegetable roll

皮蛋 PRESERVED EGG（100-year egg）

咸鸭蛋 Salted duck egg

豆浆 Soybean milk

饭类

稀饭 Rice porridge

白饭 Plain white rice

糯米饭 Glutinous rice

蛋炒饭 Fried rice with egg

面类

刀削面 Sliced noodles

麻辣面 Spicy hot noodles

乌龙面 Seafood noodles

板条 Flat noodles

榨菜肉丝面 Pork , pickled mustard green noodles

米粉 Rice noodles

汤类

紫菜汤 Seaweed soup

牡蛎汤 Oyster soup

蛋花汤 Egg & vegetable soup

鱼丸汤 Fish ball soup

点心

臭豆腐 Stinky tofu (Smelly tofu)

油豆腐 Oily bean curd

虾球 Shrimp balls

春卷 Spring rolls OR Egg rolls

蛋卷 Chicken rolls

肉丸 Rice-meat dumplings

火锅 Hot pot

云吞: Wanton

锅贴: Pan-fried Dumplings

炒面: Chowmein

叉烧: Chinese BBQ pork

水饺: Boiled dumplings

蒸饺: Steamed dumplings

小吃的英文表达篇2

1 情态化及量值

Halliday认为情态是介于肯定与否定两极之间的意义领域。根据交流时传递的“交换物”种类及描述角度的不同,情态可分为情态化(modalization)与意态化(modulation)两个大类。前者表达的介于“是”与“不是”之间的概念,表现为命题的不同概率或频率,可分为可能性与经常性两种类型。后者则是针对提议所定义的情态概念,表现为不同程度的义务要求和提供物品或服务的意愿。由于医学研究性论文作者在医学研究性论文中的主要任务是发表自己的研究成果以及观点,很少涉及对交际对象——读者提出某些义务,也基本不涉及向读者提供物品或服务,本文探讨的对象仅限于医学研究性论文中的情态化表达。

量值(value)是描述情态表达从不确定到确定的程度高低的重要指标。Halliday把情态的量值分为高(high)、中(median)、低(low)三级,分别表达了不同程度的情态概念。Halliday用下列表达对可能性与经常性的情态化量值进行了定义[2]。

2 方法与结果

本研究按照随机抽样的原则从5种SCI收录的英文医学期刊中分别抽取1篇医学研究性论文,所抽样的5篇论文均由母语为英语的作者撰写且均发表于2001-2005年期间。抽样所选的5种医学期刊分别为:New England Journal of Medicine,Journal of the American Medical Association,Biology of Reproduction, Journal of Biological Chemistry, European Journal of Pharmacology。研究以小句(clause)为单位记录语料中所有的情态化表达。统计结果如表2所示。

注:*F代表频数,P代表频率

如表2所示,在抽样的5篇论文中,中值与低值分别出现了91次和149次,频率总和超过了90%,而高值出现频率最低,只有9.77%。这些数据表明中值和低值是医学研究性论文作者表达情态化意义的主要选择。

3 讨论与分析

3.1 认知程度对情态化表达的影响

认知(cognition)是指人们对客观事物的感知、学习和理解[3]。张德禄指出:情态有客观地表达讲话人对表示的情态和意态做出判断的作用[4]。认知的程度不同,与其相对应的情态化量值也随之不同。通常情况下,认知程度越高则情态化表达量值也越高。从认知角度看,医学研究的过程有其自己的特点。一方面,其研究的对象——人,是世界上最复杂的生命体,个体差异极大;另一方面,许多医学研究不允许在人体上直接进行,必须采用模拟的方法,建立实验动物模型,而动物实验的结果又不可简单地照搬到人体上来,最后还必须在人体上进行验证[5]。正是这些特点决定了在医学领域中,现象与原因之间存在着复杂的因果关系。因此,医学研究是一个极其复杂的认知过程,不确定性大,这在很大程度上影响了研究人员的认知程度,给解释发现或结果带来了很大的困难。

在医学研究性论文的写作方面,王艳萍认为:准确性是使用学术语言最基本的要求,学术交流的根本目的是交换话语真实值[6]。医学研究性论文是医学工作者交流报道科学研究成果的主要媒介之一,客观、真实、准确无疑是医学研究性论文应该坚持的原则。作者在撰写医学研究性论文时,情态化表达量值的选用在很大程度上可能受到作者对所研究事物的认知程度的影响。

Hyland指出学术写作是与认知密切相关的,而认知却不可避免地是“模糊的(hedged)”[7]。正如前文所述,由于医学研究的复杂性,医学研究性论文作者的认知程度受到了很大影响,其认知普遍存在模糊性。正是认知的这种模糊性使医学研究性论文作者在表述自己对研究事物做出的判断或结论时往往留有余地。因此,在坚持真实、准确原则的前提下,医学论文写作者在医学研究性论文中分析现象、做出结论时往往会大量使用中值或低值的情态化表达。例如:

①An explanation for this difference may lie in the cause of the epileptiform activity and the mechanism of action for each drug.

② It is possible that only transient contact is required; however, our observations may be a result of the relative positions and diffusional ability of the globin genes within the nucleus.

在例 ①中,作者在解释研究结果中差异产生的原因时可能考虑到自己对这一问题的认知模糊性,于是在表达观点时就会对自己的话语留有余地。选择表达低量值的may而没有使用确定的语气或更高量值的可能性推测就真实准确地体现了作者的这一想法。同理,在例 ②中,由于受到认知程度的限制,作者所得到的结论本身就不是“确定的”,因此连续使用低值情态化表达“It is possible that”和“may”在一定程度上反映出作者对该命题的真实认知程度。

3.2 情态化表达中的礼貌策略

G. Yule认为“礼貌”是说话者表达重视听话者“面子”的一种手段[8]。以适当的方式表达礼貌会在交际双方之间建立良好的沟通桥梁,从而使作者(说话者)的观点更易被读者(听话者)接受。Leech提出礼貌有消极和积极之分[9]。前者是指“最小限度地表达不礼貌的信念或损及他人”,而后者是指“最大限度的表达礼貌的信念或惠及他人”。读者受损越大,话语越不礼貌;话语越礼貌,读者受惠越大。张建社等指出情态量值的不同选择将会影响言语行为的礼貌程度[10]。量值越低,礼貌程度越高;反之则礼貌程度越低。

在医学研究性论文中,礼貌策略的合理运用有助于作者通过书面语言与读者建立良好的交流氛围,帮助作者在展示自己的观点和看法时避免引起读者的反感。低值情态化和中值情态化表达能表现出医学论文写作者谦虚的态度和商榷的语气,有助于作者在与读者的交流中避免由于语言过于严苛而引起读者的反感。低值情态化和中值情态化表达的使用是一种消极礼貌策略。高值情态化表达留给交际对方的商榷余地很小,不利于礼貌策略的实现,在医学研究性论文中使用的频率也很低。

我们的研究表明低值情态化和中值情态化表达是医学研究性论文中的主要选择,在研究样本中使用比例高达90.23%。这说明医学论文写作者在写作中主要借助消极礼貌策略与读者进行学术交流。例如:

③ We cannot exclude the possibility that some of the effects of prenatal DHT on subsequent neuroendocrine function were due to the metabolism of this androgen to 3βAdiol, subsequent activation of ER by this metabolite.

④Rather, it is likely that the enhancement of perfusion pressure results from loss of a tonic endogenous vasodilator influence in the ciliary artery.

在例 ③中,作者选用“We cannot exclude the possibility that”对that引导的投射小句所述命题做出了低量值推测。低值情态化表达的使用给读者留下了足够的质疑空间,避免了把自己的观点强加给读者,其实质是通过不干预他人的行动自由这种方式来实现消极礼貌。在例 ②中,作者选择了中值情态化表达“it is likely that”而没有选用低值情态化表达,表明自己对推断的正确性有比较强的信心,希望读者接受自己观点的愿望也比较强烈。但是,例 ②中,中值情态化的表达同样避免了将自己的观点强加给读者,给读者留下了独立思考的自由,同样属于消极礼貌策略。

3.3 情态化表达中的权位因素

在交际中,每个交际的参与者都有与自己身份相对应的社会地位,也称权位。在交际中,如果某一方在某一点(如社会地位、身份、年龄、辈分、财富等)上居于优势(年龄大一些、辈分高一些、财富多一些、社会地位高一些等),则该方比另一方权位更高。“同等关系”指的是社会地位相似的人视对方为伙伴关系。根据参与者的权位, 人们往往产生一种符合常规行为的预期。一旦某一方的言语行为不符合人们的预期,交际中止现象将不可避免。

张德禄认为:“一般来讲,对方的权位越高则说话者选择的情态值应越低。典型的科技英语是‘专家与专家’的交流。”在以医学研究性论文为媒介报道医学研究和发现的书面英语交际中,交际双方的典型角色无疑也多是“专家与专家”的对等角色。在大多数情况下,作者与读者之间的地位是相互平等的,即作者撰写论文的主要目的多是与其他学者交流,而不是向其他学者“施教”。这种相互平等的地位决定了作者在撰写医学研究性论文时多将读者视为“伙伴”;而读者则往往站在与作者平等的地位上对作者的观点进行审视和评价。可能正是基于这种对等角色和平等地位,多数医学论文写作者在说服读者接受自己的观点时会选用中值或低值的情态化表达来营造和谐、良好的交际氛围。例如:

⑤This finding is important, because it suggests that intravascular ultrasonography can be used successfully to determine both the benefits and potential hazards of new therapies.

在例 ⑤中,作者在强调“发现很重要”时没有使用情态表达,语气很强。但在解释原因时,则使用了表达低值意义的suggest。低值情态化表达的使用明显降低了整句的语气强度。在接下来的投射小句中,作者再次使用了表达低值意义的can,使整句的语气进一步弱化。强势语气之后连续使用低值情态表明作者对读者感受的重视。例⑤ 中,论文写作者恰当地选择低值情态表达来解释原因有助于实现作者和读者双方学术交流的“同等关系”。

4 结语

本文以Halliday的系统功能语言学理论为基础,分析了英文医学研究性论文中作者对情态化量值的选择。研究发现中值和低值是英文医学研究性论文作者表达情态化的主要选择。英文医学研究性论文中情态化表达的量值选择受到认知程度、礼貌策略和权位因素的影响。合理地选择情态化表达的量值有助于作者准确地表达态度和立场并使其表述更加严谨、客观,从而令其观点更易于为读者接受。

参考文献

[1]胡壮麟,朱永生,张德禄,等.系统功能语言学概论(修订版)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008.

[2]M.A.K.Halliday,Matthiessen.An Introduction to FunctionalGrammar[M].London:Hodder Arnold,2004.

[3]柯林斯出版公司.Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’sEnglish Dictionary[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006.

[4]张德禄.语言的功能与文体[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005:114.

[5]贲长恩.医学科研思路方法与程序[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2009.

[6]王艳萍.英语学术语篇中情态系统的分布及人际意义[J].唐山师范学院学报,2008,30(3):22-24.

[7]Ken Hyland.Hedging in academic writing and EAP textbooks[J].English for Specific Purposes,1994,13(3):239-256.

[8]George Yule.Pragmatics[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.

[9]Leech,G.N.Principles of Pragmatics[M].New York:Long-man Inc.,1983.

“纠结”的英文表达篇3

1. be in a dilema

It seems you are in a dilemma.

看起来你很纠结。

2. You just can’t get over ... (you can’t forget ...)

The French soccer fans can’t get over the World Cup 2002.

法国的球迷很难从2002年世界杯中的失利的阴影中走出来。

3. dwell on something

You should not dwell too much on your past failures.

你不应该老是想着过去的失败。

We shouldn’t dwell on someone’s past.

我们不该总抓住一个人的过去不放。

4. prey on somebody’s mind

The thought that he could have helped more preyed on his mind.

他本来可以多帮些忙,这个想法使他一直耿耿于怀。

5. take something to heart

Don’t take such small things to heart.

别为这点小事想不开。

6. be torn

My heart is being torn in two different directions.

我拿不定主意。

7. on the fence

I’m on the fence.

我举棋不定。

8. the lesser of two evils

It was considered that this alternative would be the lesser of two evils.

人们认为这种选择的害处小一些。

Neither candidate seemed capable of governing the country. People voted for him as the lesser of two evils.

小吃的英文表达篇4

I prefer to see a woman doctor.

我希望让女医生给我看病。

The doctor tested her reflexes.

医生检测了她的反射动作。

“Hell, no!” the doctor snapped.

“该死，不!”医生厉声说。

The nurse smiled blandly.

护士温和地微笑着。

The nurse was fiftyish.

这位护士大概五十岁左右。

The nurse bustled us out of the room.

表达惊喜的英文短语篇5

部分中国经济数据让国际投资者感到惊喜。

I think a lot of people will be pleasantly surprised.

我认为许多人将会对该工具感到惬意、震惊。

I was pleasantly surprised by the results of the survey.

我对调查结果又惊又喜。

If you stick by your system, you may find yourself pleasantly surprised.

如果你坚持按照自己的计划学习，你可能会意外的.发现自己很快乐。

Pleasantly surprised low price, over flow happy!

惊喜低价，超值快乐!

Besides, you might be pleasantly surprised by her answer.

秋天的表达英文口语摘抄篇6

1.It seems that fall has begun.

秋天似乎来了。

Notes:seem是一个常用的系动词，表示看来、似乎。It seems that后面可接从句表示看起来/似乎。

进入9月，虽然气温居高不下，但相信小伙伴们已经感受到凉爽的秋风和干燥的空气。It seems that fall has begun.

2.There is a cool and refreshing breeze blowing.

飒爽秋风吹过。

Notes：cool and refreshing：清凉提神

breeze:微风(夏末秋初的风又轻又凉，可谓最佳)

3.I like a breeze passing through the trees.

我喜欢风吹过树木的`景象。

Notes:pass through有几层含义，在这里表示穿过，通过(某处)。还可表示修完(课程)。

I passed through a university course in the UK.

我在英国通过了一门大学的课程考试。

4.I feel empty seeing the leaves falling.

看到落叶我感到空虚。

I feel lonely for no reason.

我没来由的觉得孤单。

I feel like writing to someone.

我想给别人写信。

Notes:empty:在用于描述心理状态时可表示空虚，无意义的。

for no reason:无缘无故，无端，没有理由。

feel like:表层意义是摸上去/感觉像是，在例句中为口语意义很想要，恨不得。

秋日萧瑟，落叶纷飞，人难免多愁善感。不过，也有人偏爱秋季。

5.I like fall best. It is said that fall is a good season for studying.

我最喜欢秋天了。秋天是一年当中最适合学习的季节。

Notes:关于喜欢，有很多短语和句型。按照喜欢的强度由强至弱排列如下：

is my biggest passion in life. 无它不欢的境界

Im enchanted by 像着了魔一样的喜欢

Im fascinated by 神魂颠倒

Im crazy about 着迷

I adore 极喜欢

I love 酷爱

Im a buff/nut .迷

Im into 大家还记得那个电影名吗?Hes Just Not That Into You

Im fond of 喜欢，爱好

appeals to me. 吸引我

I kind of like 有点儿喜欢

不知道大家对于什么是无它不欢的喜欢?

It is said that ：是据说的意思，it is often said that 则是人们常说。

小吃的英文表达篇7

1 Materials and methods

1.1 Materials

Human umbilical cord was provided by the Department of Obstetrics of Beijing AnZhen Hospital,Capital Medical University.Rabbit-anti-human E-selectin polyclonal antibody,sheep-anti-rabbit IgG and NF-κB p65 rabbit polyclonal IgG were purchased from the Santa Cruz Corporation,USA;TNFαwere purchased from PeproTech EC Ltd.,USA;fetal calf serum(FCS)and vascular endothelial growth factor from the Gibco,USA.

1.2 Cell culture

Phosphate-buffered saline(PBS)supplemented with 1 g/L typeⅠcollagenase was injected into the umbilical vein and incubated for 20 minutes in PBS at37℃.The collagenase solution was washed out and collected.A cell pellet was obtained by centrifugation for 10 minutes at 1 500 r/min.Cells were grown in medium 199,supplemented with 20%FCS,20 mg/L vascular endothelial growth factor,20 mol/L glutamine,100 U/mL penicillin and 100 U/mL streptomycin.ECs were identified by factorⅧimmunostaining.HUVECs were used in their second passage in all the experiments.Then the cells were exposed to s LDL and bLDL.

1.3 Extraction of LDL

LDL subclass was isolated by two step sequential ultracentrifugation of human plasma in the presence of EDTA.LDL subclass was identified by negative staining electron microscopy,they were sLDL and bLDL.Isolated sLDL and bLDL were dialysed for 24 h against Tris-HCl buffer(0.01 mol/L,pH 7.4)containing 1 mmol/L EDTA,sterilized by filtration and stored at 4℃.Before experiments,EDTA was removed by dialysis against PBS(10 mmol/L,pH 7.4).LDL subclass samples were filter-sterilized and incorporated in the culture medium.The concentration of LDL subclass protein was determined by the Lowry’s method.Finally,the bacteria in the solution were removed through ultrafiltration.

1.4 Incubation of HUVEC with sLDL and big particles LDL

HUVECs were seeded in 96-well microplates and cultured in the medium described previously.After confluence,the cells were cultured in M199 supplemented with 2%FCS overnight.The medium was then replaced with fresh M199,supplemented with5%FCS.After 24 hours at 37℃,the medium was replaced again with the new one containing varied concentrations of sLDL and bLDL.These agents were added to the culture medium at the indicated final concentrations just before incubation with HUVEC.After these samples(6 samples per time point)were incubated for 24 hours,respectively,150μL of the supernatant was taken out from each well.

1.5 Cell ELISA of E-selectin on HUVEC

After stimulation with different samples,HUVEC were washed with PBS plus 0.05%Tween-20 and fixed with 0.25%glutaraldehyde for 20 minutes.Then,HUVEC were incubated with 10 g/L of non-fat dry milk for 2 hours.The monolayers were washed with warm PBS followed by overnight incubation with 50μL of rabbit-anti-human E-selectin polyclonal antibody at a final concentration of 0.5μg/mL at 4℃.After incubation,the cells were washed 3 times with PBS/Tween and incubated at 37℃for 1 hour with 50μL of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG diluted at 1∶1 000 in PBS.The cells were washed again with PBS/Tween 3 times and incubated at room temperature in 100μL/well of the substrate solution(10 mL 0.1 mol/L phosphate-citrate buffer,4 mg ophenylenediamine,and 15μL 30%H2O2,mixed immediately before incubation).After an incubation of20 minutes in a dark place,50μL/well of 4 mol/L H2SO4was added to stop the reaction and spectrophotometric readings were taken at 492 nm,using a microplate reader(model:450,Bio-Rad).

1.6 Extraction of total RNA

After incubation of HUVECs with sLDL and bLDL 150 mg/L for 24 h,total RNA was extracted from HUVECs with TRIzol reagent(Gibco/BRL USA).OD260/OD280 ratio and agarose gel electrophoresis identified the purity and integrity of isolated RNA and it was then stored at-20℃prior to use.

1.7 Reverse transcription polymerase chain reac-tion

The reverse transcription reaction was performed at 42℃for 60 minutes,90℃for 5 minutes and immediately cooled on ice.The oligonucleotide primers(863 bp)for E-selectin(sense:5′GGG ACA ACG A-GA AGC CAA CG 3′,antisense:5′CCG AAG CCA GAG GAG AAA TG 3′)were constructed to amplify the full coding sequences according to the sequences downloaded from the GeneBank,which amplified 863bp PCR product respectively.GAPDH was used as a housekeeping gene and its primer had the following sequences:sense:5′GCG CCT GGT CAC CAG GGC TGC TT 3′and antisense:5′TGC CGA AGT GGT CGT GGA TGA CCT 3′,which were intended to produce a 465 bp PCR product.According to kinetic analysis of RT-PCR,suitable amplification was selected as 30 cycles,and the amount of input RNA was selected as 1.0μg.A 50-μLreaction mixture containing the first-stand cDNA as a template corresponding to 1.0μg total RNA,each primer 40 pmol,each dNTPs 0.2 mmol/L,10×PCR buffer(KCl 50 mmol/L,Tris-HCl 10 mmol/L,MgCl22.5 mmol/L,pH 8.4)and2.5 U Taq DNA polymerase(Promega,USA).Thirty cycles of 40 s at 94℃,60 s at 55℃,and 60 s at 72℃were performed in a Thermal Cycler(Bio-Rad,UK).The PCR products were electrophoresed on 2%agarose gel,and visualized by ethidium bromide staining.The signal intensity was quantified by a UVI computerized medical image-processing system.The relative amount of E-selectin mRNA was estimated by semi-quantification.Values were normalized to GAPDH levels.

1.8 Measurement of NF-κB P65 with immunofluorescent method

HUVECs were exposed to sLDL 150 mg/L for 24h and then were incubated overnight with rabbit-antihuman NF-κB p65 polyclonal IgG diluted in 1∶200 at4℃.Under the laser confocal microscope(Olympus FV500,Japan),the immunofluorescent staining of HU-VECs(fluorescent location and intensity,using FV-REVIEW STATI10N soft)was observed before and after the stimulation of sLDL.The negative control was culture medium and positive one was TNFα.

1.9 Statistical analysis

All the values are expressed as mean±SD.Statistical comparison was performed using one way ANO-VA.Statistical significance was considered as P<0.05.

2 Results

2.1 Effects of sLDL in different concentrations on expression of E-selectin

HUVEC were exposed to 50,100 and 150 mg/L sLDL for 24 hours.sLDL dramatically increased the expression of protein levels of E-selectin in a dose dependent manner.

2.2 Effects of LDL subclass of varius concentra-tion on expression of E-selectin

HUVECs were exposed to LDL subclass for 24hours.Under its stimulation,the cells had elevated protein expression of E-selectin.As revealed by the present experiment,under the stimulation of s LDL,the cells had a markedly elevated protein expression of E-selectin and such effect was concentration-dependent.bLDL induced the expression of E-selectin in a concentrated manner,the maximal effect was reached at 100 g/mL at which the protein expression amount of E-selectin for sLDL.For sLDL,the protein expression amount of E-selectin increased markedly as compared to the other two groups(P<0.01).sLDL of 150 mg/L significantly enhanced E-selectin protein expression than b LDL of same concentration(P<0.01)(Table 1,Figure 1).

2.3 Effects of LDL subclass on mRNA expression of E-selectin

HUVECs were exposed to LDL subclass 150 mg/L for 24 hours.sLDL of 150 mg/L significantly enhanced E-selectin mRNA expression than bLDL particles of same concentration.Gray scan also indicated it:sLDL∶bLDL particles=1.7∶1(Figure 2).

Note:1)Compare with control,P<0.01;2)Compare with control,P<0.001;3)Compare between 100μg/mL group and 50μg/mL group,P<0.01;4)Compare between 150μg/mL group and 50μg/mL group,P<0.001

1:sLDL 2:bLDL particles C:GAPDH M:Marker

2.4 Measurement of NF-κB P65 with im-munofluorescent method

Under the laser confocal microscope,the immunofluorescent staining of HUVEC was observed before and after the stimulation of sLDL.When there was no stimulation of sLDL,the immunofluorescence was distributed palely within the cytoplasm and the intra-nuclear immunofluorescence was even weaker than that in the cytoplasm(Figure 3-A).After stimulation,the fluorescence was located within the nucleus instead of on the surface of nuclear membrane and the intra-nuclear intensity of fluorescence became stronger(Figure 3-B).In the negative control group,the cells showed almost no fluorescent staining(Figure3-D)while in the positive control group,the intra-nuclear immunofluorescence was evident increased(Figure 3-C).

3 Discussion

Atherosclerosis is one of the chronic specific inflammation occurring within the major and small blood vessels.The expression of cell adhesion molecules(CAMs)is one of the the early stage manifestation.During the formative stage of As,LDL boosts the cellular adhesion and induces the expression of CAMs.There are multiple pathways of signal transduction that regulate the gene expression included NF-κB.NF-κB is one of important transcription factors of regulating the gene expression in immune and inflammatory responses.The presence of NF-κB could be found within microphage,endothelial cells(ECs)and vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs).It participates in the expression of multiple genes of regulating ECs and promotes the local adhesion of monocytes and their migration toward the atherosclerotic injury-susceptible sites[8].Therefore NF-κB probably plays an important role in the pathogenesis of As.

Belonged to the family of selectin,E-selectin has a quite limited distribution within the body and is only expressed in the activated vascular ECs[9].It mainly mediates the first stage of vascular adhesion of leucocytes,this adhesion is reversible,slows down the fluidity of leucocytes which start rolling and provide conditions for further adhesion.Under the effects of endotoxin and such inflammatory factors as IL-1 and TNF for 1 hour,the expression of the ECs started to increase,reached the peak at 4-6 hour and decreased after 24 hours[10].Therefore the expression of E-selectin is one of the earliest changes of vascular inflammation of As.

The present study compared the effect on expression of E-selectin by sLDL and bLDL.The result showed that the protein expression of E-selectin in both groups increased markedly and sLDL enhanced E-selectin protein expression more significantly than bLDL of same concentration.Such effect was concentration-dependent in sLDL while bLDL induced the expression of E-selectin was in a concentrated manner.RT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of E-selectin in both groups increased markedly and the E-selectin level in sLDL was 1.7 folds of that of bLDL.It can be suggested that both sLDL and bLDL can promote the gene transcription of E-selectin and sLDL has a stronger effect of induction.The experimental results of protein level as measured by ELISA were further corroborated and can provide the experimental rationales for further studies on the effects of LDL subclass upon the transcription factors.The results surmise that sLDL causes the elevated expression of E-selectin in vascular ECs and slows down the fluidity of monocytes and lymphocytes to allow them to adhere to the vascular leucocytes and release some inflammatory factors to damage the vascular ECs.This is probably one of the most important causative mechanisms of As.

Characterized by chronic inflammation and hyperplasia,As was probably one of the chronic inflammatory diseases with the participation of NF-κB.NF-κB was reported to participate in expressing a host of genes regulating ECs and As,promoting the local mononuclear adhesion and migrating toward the injury-susceptible areas of As and thus participating in the occurrence and development of As[11].LI[12]found that if the activity of NF-κB was inhibited,the upregulation of adhesive molecules could be suppressed.The formation of foam cells was blocked so as to slow down the progression of As.This suggests that NF-κB plays an important role in the expression of adhesionregulating molecules and pathogenesis of As.Within the present study,sLDL was incubated with HUVEC respectively.Under the laser confocal microscope,NF-κB was observed to increase markedly in the nucleus.It suggests that sLDL may boost the activation and translocation of NF-κB.

Further studies were needed to determine whether sLDL may activate NF-κB through other pathways.It was reported that the stimulation of HU-VEC with LDL may boost the conjugating activity of activator protein-1(AP-1)[13].Angiotensin II might regulate the expression of integrin 3 related with hypertension and As through such important transcription factors as NF-κB,SP-1 and AP-1 in vascular ECs of umbilical vein so as to participate in the occurrence and development of these two diseases.Therefore it remained to be studied whether sLDL influences the activity of other transcription factors.

摘要：目的以LDL亚组分为刺激物,以人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)为靶细胞,以E选择素为重点从基因转录水平探讨LDL亚组分致As的早期可能分子机制。方法采用两步超速离心法分离制备LDL亚组分并与人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)共孵育;细胞表面ELISA法测定HUVEC表面E选择素蛋白表达;RT-PCR检测E选择素mRNA表达;免疫荧光法观察LDL亚组分对NF-κB核转位的影响。结果与对照组比较,sLDL组E-选择素蛋白的表达量明显增加,呈剂量依赖型;大颗粒LDL(bLDL)组E-选择素蛋白的表达量轻度增加,呈剂量饱和型。150μg/mL时sLDL组E-选择素蛋白表达量较bLDL组显著增加[(0.137±0.011)vs.(0.077±0.005),P<0.01];RT-PCR结果显示,sLDL及bLDL组E-选择素mRNA水平较对照组增加,分别为81.26、47.8倍,sLDL组是bLDL的1.7倍。免疫荧光、激光共聚焦显微镜法观察到sLDL刺激HUVEC后p65亚基核转位明显增加。结论LDL亚组分引起血管内皮细胞E-选择素表达增强,sLDL和bLDL促进E-选择素基因转录且sLDL的诱导作用更强;sLDL可增强NF-κB的激活和转位,可能是As形成早期的重要机制之一。

如何用英文表达中文地址篇8

关键词：常见地址；翻译原则；行政区划；应用举例

一、Test yourself：True or Faulse

1.广东省湛江市赤坎区康顺路68号；

2.湛江市麻章区育才南路一号；

3.上海市宝山区示范新村37号403室；

4.广州市天河区天源路767号。

1.No.68 Kangshun Road， Chikan District， Zhanjiang， Guangdong；

2.No.1 Yucai South Road，Mazhang District， Zhanjiang；

3.No.37 Shanghai Baoshan Shifan New village，403Room；

4.No.767，Tianyuan Road， Tianhe District， Guangzhou

Key：1.（T）2.（F﹚3.（F﹚4.（T）

二、Tell the reasons

After a discussion， The students will give the reasons why they think them right or wrong. Obviously ，the keys must be various. At this time ，the teacher will give them two helpful tips：

1.Have we paid attention to the “sequence” /“order” of these sentences？

Yes. We should think of the“order” when we translate the common Chinese address into English.

2.Dear classmates， What is the second point we should pay more attention to， can you tell me？

Yeah. Translating the “administrative name” is the key to translating a Chinese address into English.

三、The main principles of translation

1.順序：由小到大

（1）人名、路名、街道名等，最好用拼音；

（2）“幢”“栋”等表示“楼”的，一般用“Building… ”表示；

（3）“村”在大多数情况下，并不真正指自然形成的村落，而是经规划的居民区小区的名称，所以常用Residential Quarter/Area来表示，也可用Village 来表示；

（4）若就指ⅹⅹ镇ⅹⅹ村，用Village 表示。

如：上海市宝山区示范新村37号403室Room 403， No.37，ShiFan Residential Quarter， BaoShan District，Shanghai.

2.行政级别的翻译