出师表文言文翻译

出师表文言文翻译篇1

诸葛亮出师表

殂(4)，今(5)天下三分(6)，益州疲弊（精疲力尽）(7)，此(8)诚危急存亡之秋也。然(9)侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身(10)于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇(11)，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光(13)先帝遗德，恢弘(15)志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄(16)，引喻失义(17)，以塞忠谏之路也(18)。

出师表书法作品

宫中府中，俱为一体(19)；陟罚臧否(20)，不宜异同：若有作奸犯科(21)及为忠善者(22)，宜付有司(23)论其刑赏(24)，以昭陛下平明之理(25)；不宜偏私(26)，使内外异法也(27)。

侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯(28)，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下(29)：愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之(30)，然后施行，必能裨补阙（同“缺”）漏(31)，有所广益(32)。

将军向宠，性行淑均(33)，晓

出师表

畅(34)军事，试用(35)于昔日，先帝称之曰“能”，是以众议举宠为督(36)：愚以为营(37)中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵(38)和睦，优劣得所(39)。

亲贤臣，远小人(39)，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓(40)也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨(41)于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞良死节(42)之臣，愿陛下亲之信之，则汉室之隆(43)，可计日(44)而待也。

臣本布衣(45)，躬耕于(46)南阳(47)，苟全(48)性

出师表

命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯(49)。先帝不以臣卑鄙(50)，猥(51)自枉屈，三顾(52)臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激(53)，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间：尔来二十有(54)一年矣。

先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也(55)。受命以来，夙夜忧叹(56)，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明；故五月渡泸(57)，深入不毛(58)。今南方已定，兵甲已足(59)，当奖率(60)三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝(61)，攘除奸凶(62)，兴复汉室，还于旧都(63)。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也(64)。至于斟酌损益(65)，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。

愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效(66)，不效，则治臣之罪(67)，以告(68)先帝之灵。若无兴德之言(69)，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢(70)，以彰其咎(71)；陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹（商量；咨询）善道(72)，察纳雅言(73)，深追先帝遗诏(74)。臣不胜受恩感激。

出师表文言文翻译篇2

Yan Fu said that there were three difficulties in the process of translation:faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.Over hundred years, this sign made by Yan Fu has been heatly discussed by those who engaged in translation work.Some people agree to the theory, others don’t.Still some people have tried to improve it.However, no matter which aspects do we analyze, we can’t deny that the view still has been discussed by people, and still there are no theories that can overstep it.So it isn’t hard for us to find how powerful the theory is.

Faithfulness means that the translator should transmit the meanings or thoughts from the originals during translating.To achieve Faithfulness during translating, one may learn the foreign culture by learning its language first.Then receive more knowledge indirectly.Besides, it’s also an effective way to live abroad for some periods.After being a member of the society of country, you will learn much more things at there dradually.

According to Yan Fu, Expressiveness in translating means the translation should be logical.If the translation is just a collection of all the information from the originals, the readers couldn’t understand it.Of course, as a translator, to make readers catching the general idea of the translation is the basic work.Therefore, to achieve Expressiveness, one should learn the characters of different kinds of types of writing and choose the proper way to express it.

Elegance is also a standard of Yan Fu’s translation thought.Translating is not the information copied from the originals, but a creative project.A perfecttranslation is not only faithful and expressive, but also elegant.Elegance is the higher request of language.That is, the translation should be elegant.

In this thesis, the writer will set the three translation versions of“Chushi Biao”as an example to interpret this three translation criterias.Three translation versions of“Chushi Biao”are traslated by C.H.Brewitt-Taylor, Moss Robert and Luo Jingguo.

2 The importance of“faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”

There is no theory of translation can compare with“faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”in terms of the heated discussion, the widely range and the lasting time which caused by the theory.“Undoubtedly, there hasn’t been any theories about translation (no matter at home or abroad) with such lasting and widely influence.” (沈苏儒1998:37 my translation) Among the three theories, “faithfulness”takes the most important place referring that a translator should express the real meaning of the orig inal text.“Expressiveness”refers to the fluent expression of the original text, and“elegance”requires that the translated version should be of literary grace.The“three-word criterion”is a natural unity.As long as we get“expressiveness”, we realize“faithfulness”, so“faithfulness”is the goal of“expressiveness”.We pursue“elegance”for“expressiveness”, while“expressiveness”is for“faithfulness”, so we can say that“elegance”is still for“faithfulness”.In Yan Fu’s mind, “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”is a unit, they always focus on the meaning of the works.

Let’s discuss the three theories in the following examples from“Chushi Biao”.

2.1 Achieving“faithfulness”by“expressiveness”

As the foundament of translation, “faithfulness”should be displayed by a certain form, in order to make sure that the readers understand the content of the work.If we compare“faithfulness”to the soul of the translation, then“expressiveness”is the flesh. (王东风1998:5 my translation) Therefore, “expressiveness”is the carrier of“faithfulness”.Let’s share the following example together:

先帝创业未半, 而中道崩殂。

The First Ruler had accomplished but half his great task at his death. (Brewitt-Taylor)

The late sovereign was taken from us while his life’s work, the restoration of the Han, remained unfinished. (Moss Robert)

Our late king passed away before the great undertaking founded by him was half accomplished. (罗经国)

In this sentence, the writer put“先帝”at the first place in memory of how hard the king established the kingdom to touch the later sovereign Liu Chan hoping he could try his best to reign the country.Then the writer used“中道崩殂”as a new information and made it as the information focus to show the painfulness of“先帝”Liu Bei dying with the unfinished hope.At the same time, the writer encouraged the later sovereign Liu Chan to work hard in order to stop Liu Chan from disoppointing the hope of Liu Bei.If we want to get“faithfulness”, we must diliver thses informaton in the term of“expressiveness”.That is bringing on“先帝”as our topic, then focusing on“中道崩殂”.Though Taylor just used a simple sentence, we can see he made both of them in his translation.Comparing with Taylor’s translation, Robert and Luo Jingguo used a complex sentence.We can find the necessary parts in all of their translation, we can say that they all get“faithfulness”but the stressed parts were different.Because of their different expression ways, we get different feelings.So I must say that Taylor’s translation was a little better than that of Robert and Luo Jingguo.

Now let’s share another example:

2.2 Making“faithfulness”by“elegance”.

Among“faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance”, “elegance”and“expressiveness”belong to a same category.We pursue“elegance”for“expressiveness”.“Elegance”a higher state on the base of“expressiveness”. (王东风1998:6 my translation) The final aim of“expressiveness”is“faithfulness”, so“elegance”is also for“faithfulness”, making“faithfulness”as the foundament.“elegance”pursues aesthetic effect of language expression. (王东风1998:6 my translation) “Elegance”mainly refers to literary grace.So in the process of translation, translator should carry out the work under the restriction of“faithfulness”.Pursuing the beauty of language basing on“expressiveness”, it is the essence of“elegance”.

Let’s share the following example together:

亲贤臣, 远小人, 此先汉所以兴隆也;亲小人, 远贤臣, 此后汉所以倾颓也。

Attract worthy people;repel mean ones.This policy ach ieved the glory of the

Former Hans, while its reversal ruined the Latter Hans. (Brewitt-Taylor)

The Former Han thrived because its emperors stayed close to worthy vassals and far from conniving courtiers.The opposite policy led the Later Han to ruin.

(Moss, Robert)

To be close to the virtuous and able officials and keep away from the vile and mean persons.That was the reason that the Western Han Dynasty was prosperous.To be

close to the vile and mean persons and keep away from the virtuous and able officials.That was the reason that the Eastern Han Dynasty collapsed. (罗经国)

Among the three translation versions, Taylor and Robert made the same mistakes, that was they neither made“elegance”of the original context, nor made“expressiveness”.However, Luo Jingguo’s translation succeeded in conveyed the original context.Therefore, he not only made“expressiveness”, but also achieved“elegance”.It is a very good translation.

3 Conclusion

Faithfuness, Expressiveness and Elegance formed a whole translation thought.But they play different roles in it.Some people thought, the effective Faithfuness is the preliminary level of Expressiveness, and Expressiveness is the higher level of Faithfuness, while the Expressiveness is the Highest level of Fiathfuness and Expressiveness.

Though because of the historical restriction, there are some insufficiencies, we can’t deny he made a great contribution to the development of translation theory.In a word, Yan Fu’s translation theory of Faithfuness, Expressiveness and Elegance”influenced the translation circle deeply.A lot of scholars study it, and think it is an effective standard.The criteria of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance summarized the scattered translation views in theory, brought up a standard for the later translation theory specific and practical, and promoted the Chinese translation theory up to a new stage.

摘要：“Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”, the three characters of translation criteria raised by Yan Fu, have been the heatedly-discussed topic for a long time.This thesis will focus on analyzing three translation versions of“ChushiBiao”to interpret the function of“faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”.

参考文献

[1]沈苏儒.论“信达雅”严复翻译理论研究[M].北京:商务印书馆, 1998.

[3]王东风.论“达”为纪念严复《天演论》问世[J].福建外语, 1998, 3.

[3]C.H.Brewitt-Taylor.三国演义[M].Boston:Tuttle Publishing, 2002.

[4]Robert Moss.三国演义[M].北京:外文出版社, 2003.

[5]罗经国..古文观止精选 (汉英对照) [M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2005.

[6]Martin, Rose.Working with Discourse:Meaning beyond the Clause[M].London/New York:Continuum, 2003.

[7]王宏志.重释“信、达、雅”20世纪中国翻译研究[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2007.

[8]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2009.

[9]钟述孔.英汉翻译手册[M].北京:商务印书馆, 2011.

[10]Eugene A.Nida.翻译科学探索[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2004.

文言文翻译训练篇3

总结起来，文言文句子翻译主要有以下几种方法：

留指凡朝代、年号、人名、地名、官职等专有名词，皆保留不动；

替将单音词换成现代汉语双音词，将通假字换成本字……凡该换的，一律换之；

补补出古代简练说法所省略或隐含的内容，特别是对省略句；

删删去那些无意义或没有必要译出的虚词；

移把文言句中特殊句式按现代汉语要求调整过来；

换古义换成今义，主要包括：①通假字换成本字；②单音词换成双音词；③词类活用的换成活用后的词。

【模拟练习】

一、翻译下列各段文言文中加线的句子。

1.太祖少好飞鹰走狗，游荡无度，其叔父数言之于嵩，太祖患之。后逢叔父于路，乃阳败面口。叔父怪而问其故，太祖曰：“卒中恶风。”叔父以告嵩，嵩惊愕，呼太祖，太祖口貌如故。嵩问曰：“叔父言汝中风，己差乎？”太祖曰：“初不中风，但失爱于叔父，故见罔耳。”嵩乃疑焉。自后叔父有所告，嵩终不复信。太祖于是益得肆意矣。

①其叔父数言之于嵩。