英文简历的组织结构（推荐9篇）
英文简历的组织结构有什么？下面来看看YJBYS的说法
一、说明信(Cover letter)
一封介绍性的信笺，介绍你自己以及你应征的目的，并有机会在其中概述你的技能和你能为公司做出的贡献，大多数公司除了要履历之外还要求附上一封说明信。(An introductory letter which introduces yourself，states your intent，and gives you an opportunity to summarize your skills and sell what you can offer to a company. Most companies require a cover letter in addition to a resume.)主要包括三部分：开场白(Anfang)、自我介绍(Selbstvorstellung)和结束语(Schluss)。
二、简历(Resume)
一个正规的个人鉴定，描绘出专业目标、工作经历和教育背景以及与某专业相关的`其他的活动，或参加的专业组织，等等。这是一种向一个可能成为你老板的人推销你技能和专业技巧的手段。(A formal document which identifies a person，outlines professional goals，describes work history and educational background，and identifies other activities，memberships in professional associations，etc.，which are relevant to a career. It is a tool by which you market or sell your skills and expertise to a potential employer.)
关键词：英文简历,写作,策略
一、英文简历写作的意义
简历是求职者向招聘单位推销自己的重要工具, 它也是打开面试大门的金钥匙。一份语言规范、得体的英语简历体现出求职者具备清晰的思路、良好的语言表达、较强的沟通交际能力, 而且体现出求职者所具备的专业特长、语言功力、综合文化修养等, 因此英语简历的写作显得尤为重要。
二、英语简历写作中出现的问题
(一) “I”使用的错误
为了引起招聘方的注意, 在写作中, 应聘者主观地认为“I”的出现会加深招聘方的印象, 这样的写法适得其反。“I”的反复出现会另招聘方非常不舒服, 认为应聘者骄傲, 不顾及他人的感受。所以在写作中, 尽量少用“I”或“my”的句子。
如:As a result of my steady efforts in study, I can get good scores. (wrong) As a result of steady efforts in study, I can get good scores.
(二) 语法、句法错误
在简历的写作中, 恰当运用简单句, 避免使用复合句是书写句式时不错的选择。简单句虽然简单, 但招聘方阅读时倍感枯燥无味, 很难留下深刻印象。简洁中蕴含信息容量很大的语言是招聘方希望看到的。
如:As I have been in Japan for 4 years, I know Japanese well. (wrong) having been in Japan for 4 years, I know Japanese well. (right)
另外, 在时态的运用上学生也经常混淆和模棱两可, 对于过去时和现在时的运用常常错位, 例如, 在写作中, 描写相关经历用过去时, 介绍自己曾经获得的奖项用一般现在时。
(三) 词汇使用错误
在词汇的表达上学生经常使用中式英文。“三好学生” (excellent student instead of three good students.) “辅导员” (counselor instead of ideological tutor.) “班长” (class president instead of monitor.) 因语感较差, 导致中式英文的表达出现较多。
(四) 时间顺序错误
在英语简历的写作中, 学生在说明学历和工作经历时经常先写过去, 再写现在。而英文简历的写作要求采取倒叙的方式说明学历和工作经历, 先写现在的学习和工作经历, 然后再写过去。在写作上一定要注意规范化的写作, 而不要受到汉语习惯的影响。一定要写出地道、符合西方表达的句子。
(五) 版面格式不规范
在简历的写作中, 美观、大方的排版会给招聘方留下美好的印象。合乎规范的排版应是条目化, 符合西方人的阅读习惯和审美意识。在简历的写作中, 学生演常常根据自己的喜好来排版, 五花八门, 各式各样。简历的写作需要培养学生跨文化的交际意识, 培养学生具备规范化和正确性的意识。
三、简历写作采取的对策
(一) 书写特点
1. 大写。
大写标题可以迅速吸引读者的注意力, 读者在瞬间后捕捉到主题意思, 使得招聘方即刻理解了简历的主旨, 有效地引领招聘方逐步理解各项内容, 为求职者成功申请到面试打开了一条通路, 也为找到满意工作奠定了基础。
如:COMPANY ASSISTANT
2. 粗体和黑体。
在简历的写作中, 单词粗体和黑体起到了强调的作用, 表明了作者的亮点所在, 优势得以展现, 希望以此吸引招聘方的注意力, 使得招聘方会着重阅读, 加深印象。
如:Education Background
3. 颜色。
简历书写者为了让招聘方清晰辨识到重点信息, 深刻领会简历书写者的意图, 有些文字用蓝颜色, 以此来表明重点, 增加更多的有力条件, 为成功面试铺垫基石。
4. 字号。
简历撰写者通过多种多样的方式来展现自己的优势以此来获得招聘方的青睐。字号的变化体现了求职者的心情。下面这个例子的标题字号为13.5, 正文字号为小五。简历撰写者希望读者多多关注并予以重视。
5. 标点。
英文简历是求职者成功取得面试资格的一个重要环节, 是打开就业渠道的一扇门。在简历中, 简历书写者陈述与招聘相关的工作、技能、特长等诸多事宜, 通常是陈述句, 句号运用多。
(二) 词汇特点
1. 名词。
在简历写作中, 简历书写者运用积极、乐观的词汇来陈述与招聘工作相关的事宜, 更为积极地展现简历书写者的资质, 招聘方会在阅读时感到愉悦舒服, 愿意录用阳光明媚的人士, 它会给公司的前景加砖加瓦, 同时增加了自信心, 有利于面试成功。
如:Creation, independence.
2. 动词。
在英语简历的写作中, 每个具体的动词描绘着简历书写者的学习、工作经历。因简历书写者的具体行为动词可以展现不同阶段所做的具体事情, 动词的生动运用可以把平时地相关事宜传递出来, 因此动词运用较多。
如:Demonstrate, design, communicate, purchase.
3. 形容词。
在简历写作中, 形容词的运用生动形象地展现了简历篇章美的韵味, 栩栩如生地勾画出求职者不同一般的经历和良好的社会阅历。
如:Active, energetic, modest, creative.
4. 词汇重复。
为了保证招聘方清晰读懂简历, 不产生任何误会和曲解, 简历书写者使用重复词汇来达到清清楚楚、明明白白的目的。努力做到简历清晰明了, 一目了然。
如:Work as a teacher.Work as a tutor.
5. 词语并列。
在简历写作中, 意思上相近的词并列排放, 准确无误地表达了每一个词的意思, 烦琐中显现简单, 招聘方进一步明晰此词的意思, 加深了印象。
如:Supervises and directed, questions and concerns.
(三) 句法特点
1. 主动语态。
在简历的写作中, 直截了当、简洁明了, 没有拐弯抹角。执行者和接收方一目了然, 主动语态的运用明晰了执行者和接收方。
如:I can make full use of my financial management knoewledge and skills.
2. 陈述句。
陈述句客观、真实地展现出简历书写者实事求是地写出了与应聘工作相关的经历和技能。陈述句在简历中的运用丰富了简历书写者所具备的各项能力, 没有任何虚构浮华之词, 真真切切。
如:An individual's resume usually includes personal data, job objectives, educational background, work experience or employment history and other information or references.
3. 过去分词短语。
在简历的写作中, 过去分词短语的使用丰富了句式结构, 使得句子结构紧密, 句意达到了言简意赅的效果。
4. 平行结构。
在简历的写作中, 平行结构运用较多, 它平衡和协调了前后的句子, 节奏分明, 保持了语言的连贯性。语言内容鲜明, 语言气势突显。
如:Guide and direct the large-scale events, manage and coordinate large-scale events.
(四) 语篇特点
1. 版面设计。
条目化、分项式的版面设计是英语简历语篇设计的特点。版面设计具有条理性, 会给招聘方留下美好的印象。版面设计美观、大方会另招聘方赏心悦目, 爱不释手。同时也增加了简历书写者的面试机会。
2.“and”。
英语简历的书写重在“简”, 啰嗦繁杂的句式是避讳的。简简单单的句式干净利落, 令招聘方对大篇幅的内容一目了然。“and”在简历中使用较多, 它简化了复杂的句式关系。
如:Supervise general office activities and assist the executive vice-president such as writing and reports.
3. 词汇同现。
词汇同现联结了句与句之间的密切关系, 控制整个语篇的主题范围, 加强了语篇的衔接力, 语义连贯, 相互之间互为联系, 互为补充。在简历的写作中, 词汇同现的使用加强了语篇的粘合力。“Vice-president”是中心词, 与之工作有关的词汇依次使用。
如:Vice-president, Duke University, North Carolina, PA (2002-present) .
四、结语
写好英文简历是求职成功的重要部分。简历中的书写、词汇、语句、语篇特点不但体现了简历书写者的逻辑思维能力, 而且也体现了语言文字表达的能力, 是一个人综合能力素质的体现。通过探讨写作策略, 希冀帮助求职者成功就业, 找到满意的工作, 为社会贡献自己的一份力量。
参考文献
[1]陈鹏霞.英文求职信与求职面谈英语会话[M].世界图书出版公司/香港商贸出版社, 1991.
[2]丁往道, 等.英语写作手册[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1994.
Name: Yang Hong
Sex: Male
Date of Birth: April 17,1967
Email: ＊＊＊＊＊
Mobile: 136＊＊＊＊＊＊＊
Education:
1984.9-1988.8 Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Electronic precision Mechanical Engineering Bachelor
Experience:
.3-.5
IP Terminal Business Department (Chengdu) Datang Telecom Technology
Senior mechanical engineer
● Took charge of mechanical structure designs of IPTV digital entertainment product “Multimedia On Networks System” and “Personal Media Player”
.10-2005.3
Datang Telecom technology Co.,Ltd Optical Communication Branch
Senior mechanical engineer/Mechanical structure development team leader/
Mechanical structure department manager
● Took charge of mechanical structure design of “Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)”
● Took charge of mechanical structure design of “Multi-Service Transmission Platform (MSTP)”, formed schemes of mechanical structure design, finished detail design of MSTP2.5Gb/s subrack.
1988.8-1998.9
The fifth institute of Ministry of Posts and Tele-Communications
Assistant mechanical structure engineer/Mechanical structure engineer
● Independently took charge of the mechanical design of Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) series equipment
● Participated in mechanical design of carrier communication amplifier equipments for coaxial cable etc.
Strength:
● Have nearly 17 years experience in mechanical design of Optical Communication products
● Familiar with all kinds of design characteristic of sheetmetal parts, plastic parts, parts of machining by cutting, extrusion parts of aluminium alloys, and relative machining process.
● Familiar with national and international standards, good at standardizing design of communication equipment.
● Good ability to communication and co-operation in working，Working hard, actively and strictly.
第一种方法，以学业为核心的模式，基于这种模式的求职者身份肯定是尚未拥有工作经验的人，不管是否刚毕业的大学生，只要你还没有正式工作过即使你在社会上呆了一段时间，你都得以学业为核心。
如果你暂时找了个一两个月的工作而后辞职了，并且连个正式合同都没有，你能够以这种工作做为简历的核心吗?显然这是极不合适的做法，因为核心内容必须具有显著的地位，仅仅一个月的工作作为核心只会让人觉得你的简历太没有份量了，这种东西居然做中心，时间太短暂，工作显得不正式，无法真正从这种工作当中获得技术和经验。
about résumé
show your ability simple, never more than one page don’t try to write everything in it, many can be kept until an interviewsimple arouse employer’s interest easy to read, and quickly move on to your résuméJuly, 2014
Professor Angelo Della Colla
Director, Biosensor Center
University of Bolognia
Dear Professor Della Colla:
My name is TANG Tianwu.I’m currently a doctoral candidate at the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Ningbo.I’m a Research Associate in Prof.QIU Shenghua’s State Key Laboratory, specializing in noble-metal nanowire detection of marine crustacean proteins.I’m interested in applying for a summer Research Exchange position in your laboratory as it’s a very good fit for my experience and interests.Attached please find my résumé for your review.Please feel free to contact me to arrange a telephone interview at your convenience.Thank you very much for your consideration.Sincerely,TANG Tianwu
attachment
TANG Tianwu唐天吴
Building 7, Room #326, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, New Ningbo Road, Ningbo 315201, CHINA
Mobile: 86-***
E-mail: tangtianwu@gmail.com
EXPERIECE
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
State Key Laboratory of Noble-metal Detection of Marine Proteins，2013-Present
Responsible include: Supervision of laboratory associates, assigning weekly tasks and performance evaluations, developing assessment strategies for complex research data, design, fabrication and implementation of purpose-built experiment devices, preparation of draft manuscripts, training fundamental safety procedures and equipment operation, care and nurturing of marine organisms, adapting to frequently changing deadlines in a high-stress environment
ASSOCIATE RESEARCHER
Fudan State Key Laboratory for Protein Configuration Dynamics, Shanghai, 2011-2013
Duties included: Preparation of weekly progress report, programming of automated analysis, including algorithm development, active participation in weekly laboratory meetings, cooperation with senior researchers, responding to public inquires, regular equipment maintenance.COMPUTER EXPERIENCE
–Broad experience using Windows 7, Windows XP, Mac OSX 107, Red Hat Linux
-Strong proficiency with Auto CAD, MatLab, Ruby on Rails, VisiCalc, Kingsoft, Dreamweavor, MS Office Suite
-Frequent Internet user, emphasizing on-line research, ultizing both Chinese & English Web Resources
-Computer coursework includes: Data Mining, Database Management, Introduction to Computer
EDUCATION
– Doctor of Philosophy in Biosensor Technology
University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo
(Degree expected July, 2016)
-Major coursework includes: Marine Pollution, Detection & Mitigation, Aquatic Patogen Biosensors, Noble metal Nanowires, Select Topics in Material Science, Project Management, Stochatics, Optimization
-Master of Science in Biochemistry
Fudan University, Shanghai, 2013
-Bachelor of Science in Material Science
Shantou University, 2011
PERSONAL
–Fluent in Mandarin, English, Teochow Reading Knowledge of French
-Active player, class volleyball team
-Excellent Health
1 关于主位和主位推进模式的论述
1.1 主位理论的发展
现代语言学的主位概念, 一般追溯到19世纪的德裔法籍学者亨利·维尔 (Henri Weil) 。他提出句法运动不等于思想运动, 句法运动由词尾 (名词的格形式) 表示, 思想运动则由语序表示。布拉格学派的创始人之一马泰修斯 (Mathesius) 受到了亨利·维尔思想的启发, 证实并发展了亨利·维尔的观点, 较早提出了主位 (Theme) 和述位 (Rheme) 这对概念, 目的在于研究句子中不同成分在语言交际中所发挥的不同作用。后来以韩礼德为代表的系统功能语言学派接受了布拉格学派提出的这对术语, 并从功能的角度对其进行了重新界定 (朱永生19956) 。
1.2 主位与述位
韩礼德 (1985) 认为一个主位结构 (thematic structure) 由主位和述位构成, 主位一旦被确定, 剩下的成分就是述位了。主位选择体现了说话人所选择的信息传递模式, 述位构建过程体现了人脑对信息加工处理的运作过程。他认为, “主位是充当信息出发点的成分;是小句所关心的成分 (The Theme is the ele ment which serves as the point of departure of message;it is tha which the clause is concerned.) (Halliday 1985:38) 。在英语中被选为主位的都是居于句子首位 (whatever is chosen as the Them is put first) , 其他的部分都被视为述位。述位是句子的信息中心所在, 是新信息, 是交际对象所未知的内容。如:
I/received a research grant for$100, 000.
主位述位
1.3 主位与述位推进模式
国内语言学者朱永生对主位推进模式进行了研究, 他采用了四种基本的主位推进模式。我们用符号T表示主位, R表示述位, T1, R1分别表示第一句的主位和述位。英语中的主位推进模式主要可归纳为:
1) 延续型, 这一模式的特点是第一小句的述位作为第二小句的主位:
例如:
I (T1) worked for more than one year in electronic industry (R2) .The experience I gained during working (T2) benefits me a lot (R2) .
2) 连续型, 即小句有共同的主位, 而每句的述位各不相同:
例如:
First, I (T1) actively participate in many active working in clients’suits (R1) .Second, I (T2) have excellent problem-solving skills (R2) .I (T3) would be an immediate as well as a long-term asset to your firm if given the opportunity (R3) .
3) 交叉型, 这一模式的特点是前一句的主位是后一句的述位:
T1→R1
T2→R2 (=T1)
...
Tn→Rn (=Tn-1)
例如:
A personal meeting (T1) would give us the opportunity to discuss your short and long-term objectives and my ability to direct your organization towards successfully achieving those goals (R1) .I (T2) should be glad to have a personal meeting (R2) .
4) 派生型, 此模式由一个“超主位”或上义主位派生出一组“下义主位”:
例如:
Undergraduate courses I have taken (T1) are very importan and useful (R1) .English language skills (T2) enable me to commu nicate with foreigner clients (R2) .Extensive electronic and comput er competency (T3) can improve my work efficiency (R3) .
2 英文简历中的主位推进模式
2.1 语料收集及研究方法
本研究收集了40份中国高校毕业生的英文简历, 从中筛选出符合条件的30份。选出的英文简历语篇篇幅较长 (平均为100—150个英文单词) , 书写清晰, 语句连贯。笔者对简历中的主位、述位进行标注, 运用主位推进模式对其进行分析。
2.2 统计结果与分析
从表1可以看出, 英文简历中常用“Action Word” (行为词) , 从而使表达更有目的性, 更充满活力, 更有力度。而且英文简历中常省略句子主题 (I, my manager) 、物主代词 (my/mine his/hers) , 有时甚至省略冠词 (the, a) , 这样使简历看起来更简洁, 而且符合西方人的表达方式。
从表2可以看出在英文简历中避免使用长句、复合句。没人愿意看冗长的句子, 因为“YRIS” (Your resume is scanned, no read) 。
2.3 简历文本的语篇分析
由于文化背景和语言上的差异, 英文简历应该符合英语国家人们的阅读习惯。英文简历的基本要求是简练, 对于求职者来讲, 目的明确、语言简练是其简历行之有效的基础。而一个篇章真的正主位结构是指主位的衔接和连接, 它们的相互关系和领属层次, 以及跟段落、整个语篇和情景的关系。
下面结合主位推进模式理论, 分析英文简历中的主位特点, 归纳为以下几点:
1) 若无标记主位为“I”时, 经常避免使用。在表述自己的学历、工作经验和任职资格时, 如果你的名字出现在个人资料中, 或者反复使用“I”一词, 不仅达不到简洁的效果, 而且有自傲的嫌疑, 使HR产生厌烦的感觉。
例如:
I am very experienced at programming in C++and Java.
→Highly experienced programming C++and Java.
2) 简历作者为强调过去的学习或工作经历时, 多采用连续型主位推进模式。同时避免使用复合句, 达到简练的效果。
例如, 在介绍experience时采用的表达方式:
I taught some pupils English in grade three and grade five as a substitute teacher from Sept.2011 to May.2012.I took part in the inauguration of Hubei Institute of Technology as a volunteer, and had been awarded“the advanced individual volunteers”on April 8, 2012.
3) 有时省略主位或者述位, 以达到精简的目的。虽然有很多话要说, 但是空间有限, 英文简历写作允许使用缩写句。
例如, 在表达self-assessment时, 如果在一句话中要列出不止一个成就, 表达方式为:
Advantages:Honest, work actively and seriously, quickthinking, hard-working, high self-learning ability and social competence, etc.
Disadvantages:Lack of social experience but I will use the shortest time into the best state.
3 结论
研究结果表明, 虽然英文简历中有不同的主位推进模式, 但在英文简历语篇中主位推进模式倾向于使用连续型推进模式, 这与体裁和交际目的相关。第一, 缺省主位在英文简历中很突出, 主要原因是两种语言的不同特征。中文注重话题, 英文注重主语, 在简历文本的表达形式上有不同体现。第二, 连续型推进模式在英文简历中比在中文简历中出现次数多, 这与西方人的思维缜密、注重逻辑有关。本研究可以帮助中国人在撰写英文简历时避免文化差异所造成的交际语言障碍, 从而写出更加地道的英文简历, 实现跨文化的有效信息传递。
摘要：该文运用主位-述位推进模式理论对30篇英文简历进行语篇分析, 以期为中国学生在撰写英文简历时提供一定的帮助。
关键词：主位—述位推进模式,英文简历,语篇分析
参考文献
[1]Halliday M A K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M].London:Edward Arnold, 1985.
[2]姜望琪.主位概念的嬗变[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2007.
[3]张德禄.语篇分析理论的发展及应用[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2012.
active主动的，活跃的aggressive有进取心的
ambitious有雄心壮志的amiable和蔼可亲的amicable友好的analytical善于分析的
apprehensive有理解力的aspiring有志气的，有抱负的
audacious大胆的，有冒险精神的capable有能力的，有才能的
careful办理仔细的candid正直的
competent能胜任的constructive建设性的
cooperative有合作精神的creative富创造力的
dedicated有奉献精神的dependable可靠的
diplomatic老练的，有策略的disciplined守纪律的
dutiful尽职的well――educated受过良好教育的
efficient有效率的energetic精力充沛的
expressivity善于表达faithful守信的，忠诚的
frank直率的，真诚的generous宽宏大量的
genteel有教养的gentle有礼貌的
humorous有幽默impartial公正的
independent有主见的industrious勤奋的
ingenious有独创性的motivated目的明确的
intelligent理解力强的learned精通某门学问的
logical条理分明的methodical有方法的
应届毕业生求职网总结英文简历的语言
忌讳长句
HR看你的简历不会超过1分钟，所以切记“YRIS”(Your resume is secanned, not read)的原则，在成千上万的简历中，HR没有时间和耐心去“拜读”你的简历。
使用行为动词
在简历中，行为动词让你听起来更有目的性，更有活力。
例如：“Managed a team of 20 employees”就比“Was in charge of 20 employees”更有力度。
调整语法
虽然我们常觉得有千言万语要向 招聘 单位诉说，不过空间有限，简历写作的标准只允许你使用缩写句。可以省略句子的主语(I, my manager)、物主代词(my/mine,his/hers)有时甚至省略冠词(the/a)。如果要在一个句子中列出不只一个成就，你可以用“and”取代分号。
关键词：纳米棒,胶体片状结构,水热合成,单晶
Nanostructuredmaterialshavebeenattractedgreat interestdue to theirunique physicaland chemical properties compared with theirbulk materials[1,2,3].Manymethods, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) , hydrothermalsynthesis, templatemethod, coprecipitationandhydro-/thermolysishavebeenusedto synthesisvariousnanostructures[3,4,5,6,7,8].Generally, these methodsmeetseveraldisadvantagessuch asrelative hightemperatureandlongreactiontime.Therefore, fabricatinguniform nanostructuredmaterialsinalow cost andfastwayunderloworroom temperatureisbelieved tobean effectiveand energeticstrategytocaterfor suchproblems[5,6,7,8,9].
Nanostructureswithvariousmorphologiesofinorganicsolidssuch asfunctionallead compoundshave beensynthesizedusingdifferentmethodsduetotheir potentialapplicationsinenergystorage, electronicnanodevices, and burn ratecatalysts[9,10,11].Forexample, Yangetalreportedthechemicalvaportransportsynthesisofleadchalcogenidesnanowires, whichshowedexcellentthermoelectricalproperties[9].Single crystal PbCO3nanoplatescanbefabricatedusingblockcopolymersascrystalmodifiers[10].Recently, pulsecurrent depositionofPbO2thinfilm wasperformedonthesubstrate, whichexhibited largespecificcapacitanceand stablecycleperformance[11].However, itisstillachallengetosynthesizesinglecrystalnanostructuresoflead compoundsin afaciletemplate-freeapproach atlow temperatureoratroom temperature.
Inthiswork, singlecrystalnano-/colloidalstructuresofPbCO3andPb3 (CO3) 2 (OH) 2havebeencontrollablesynthesizedviaasimpleprecipitatingmethod atlow temperaturethrough.Theformationmechanism ofthenanostructureswasproposedbasedontheexperimentalresults.
1 Experimentalsection
1.1 Synthesisofthenanostructures
Inatypicalsynthesis, anaqueous 0.02mol (or0.06mol) Na2CO3solutionwasdroppedintoa 0.02molPb (NO3) 2solutionunderstirring.Andthenthe mixturewastransferredtoa 40-mLTeflonlinedautoclave.Hydrothermalsynthesiswascarriedoutinanov-enat 200℃for 24h.Thefreshprecipitatesandthe productsobtained after the hydrothermaltreatments werecollectedbyfiltration, washedwithdistilledwater andethanolforseveraltimeseach, andthendriedinan ovenat 60℃for 6h.
1.2 Characterization
X-raypowderdiffraction (XRD) measurements wereperformedusingaBrukerD 8advancedX-raydiffractmeterwithaCuKαradiation (λ=0.154 18nm) from 10to 80degrees (2θ) .Scanningelectronmicroscopy (SEM) imagesweretakenwithaJSM—6390LV andJSM—840scanningelectronmicroscope.Transmissionelectronmicroscopy (TEM) imageswereobtained with a JEM—2000EX transmission electron microscope.FTIR spectraaremeasuredwithaNicolet 5 700spectrophotometer.
2 ResultsandDiscussion
Fig.1showstheXRD patternsofalltheas-made products.ItcanbeseenthatmainlyorthorhombicPbCO3 (PDF, 05—0417) phasesareobtained atroom temperaturewhenthePb/CO3molarratiointhereagentsis 1∶1 (fig.1a) .Meantime, aweakpeakwith 2θdegreeof 27°isalsoobserved (fig.1a) , whichcanbe indexedto (015) peaksofPb3 (CO3) 2 (OH) 2 (PDF, 13—0131) phase.Ifthefreshprecipitatesgothrougha hydrothermaltreatment, the phases are almostunchanged (fig.1b) .However, theXRD patternofthe products (fig.1b) synthesizedfrom thesystemswith thePb/CO3molarratioof 1:3atroom temperaturecan bewellindexed to pure rhombohedralPb3 (CO3) 2 (OH) 2 (PDF, 13—0131) phase.Furthermore, the rhombohedralphaseofbasicleadcarbonatecannotbe changedafterthehydrothermalprocess.
SEM imagesrevealthatthemorphologieschange greatlyfortheproductssynthesized from thesystems withdifferentPb/CO3molarratiosatroom temperature (fig.2aandb) .ForsamplePbCO3synthesizedatthe molarratioof 1:1, rod-likestructureswithdiametersof (60～300) nm andlengthsof (0.5～4) μm canbe observed (fig.2a) .However, disk-likecolloidalplates areobtainedwiththediametersof (100～300) nm for thePb3 (CO3) 2 (OH) 2productssynthesizedatthemolarratioof 1:3 (fig.2b) .Iftheproductsareexperi-encedahydrothermalprocess, themorphologyofPbCO3nanorodswerealmostunchanged (fig.2c) , while micro-scalepolygonalplatestructureswiththediametersofabout (1～3) μm andsidelengthsofabout (200～400) nm forPb3 (CO3) 2 (OH) 2canbeobtainedduetotheOstwaldripeningeffect (fig.2d) [12].
TEM observations further confirm the rod-like structuresofsamplePbCO3 (fig.3a) .Theselectedarea electrondiffraction (SAED) patternsshownintheinsetsofFig.3acanbeidentifiedasthe[2]zoneaxis projectionofPbCO3phase.ItissuggestedthattheorthorhombicPbCO3nanorod aresinglecrystallineand grow withapreferreddirectionof<001>.Itcanbe seenfrom theTEM image (fig.3b) thatPbCO3nanorodsarealsosinglecrystallineafterthehydrothermal treatment.However, thediametersofthePbCO3nanorodsincreasecomparedwiththosesynthesizedatroom temperature, whichareinducedtotheeffectofOstwald ripening[12].Disk-orelliptical-likecolloidalplatesare observedfrom TEM imagesofPb3 (CO3) 2 (OH) 2products (fig.3c) .ThehexagonalSAED patternsofone plateconfirm thesinglecrystalnatureofthecolloid structuresandcanbewellindexedtotherhombohedral Pb3 (CO3) 2 (OH) 2phaseforthe (110) planes.Similar tothosePbCO3samples, thesizesofthestructuresof basicleadcarbonateareincreasedandtheEDpatterns alsoconfirm thatthemicro-scalepolygonalplateare singlecrystalline.
Fig.4showstheFTIR spectraofallthesamples.Itcanbeseenthattwoabsorptionbandsat 3 435and～1 630cm-1areappeared, denotingtheexistenceof theadsorbedH2O moleculesontothecrystals.Thevibrationbandsappearedat～1 410and～680cm-1, whichcanbeascribedtotheabsorptionpeaksofstretchingandbendingvibrationsofCO 32-ions[13,14], respectively, indicatetheexistenceofthecarboxylgroupin thesamples.However, obviousdifferencescanbeobservedfrom theFTIR spectra.ComparedtotheFTIR spectraofthePbCO3samples (fig.4aand 4b) , anew peakat 3 538cm-1 appeared and thepeak at 839cm-1disappearedinthespectraofthebasicleadcarbonatesamples (fig.4cand 4d) , whicharecontributed tothestretchingvibrationsofhydroxylgroupandthe CO 32-ion, respectively[13].TheseresultsfurtherindicatedtheformationofthePb3 (CO3) 2 (OH) 2phase.
From theaboveresults, itcanbeconcludedthat themorphologyandthephasesofleadcompoundscan becontrolled through a simple synthesismethod by changingthemolarratioofthereagentsatroom temperatureoratanelevatedtemperature.WhenthePb/CO3molarratiowas 1:1, itisobviousthatthefollowing reaction[eq (1) ]isoccurredalthoughfew reagents reactedvia eq (2) concomitantwith Eq (1) [15].Whiteproductsareformedandrod-likePbCO3
nanostructureswereobtainedundersuchconditions.It issuggestedthateq. (2) startfirstlywhentheconcentratedNa2CO3solutionwasdropedintothePb (NO3) 2solution[15].Thateq. (2) wasreactedshouldbecontributed to the strong basic properties of aqueous Na2CO3solutionsduetothehydrolysisofcarbonateions[15], whichpreventedthereactionofeq (1) .And thus, single crystalline Pb3 (CO3) 2 (OH) 2colloidal platescouldbeobtainedatroom temperature.
Itshouldbepointedoutthatthesynthesistemperatureisthekeyparameterthatcontrolledthemorphologyandpropertiesoftheproducts.Althoughthephases oftheproductswereunchangedwhenthefreshprecipitateswere experienced a hydrothermaltreatmentat200℃, themorphologyof PbCO3and Pb3 (CO3) 2 (OH) 2changegreatlyandmicro-scalerods andpolygonalplateswereobtained, respectively.Itis suggestedthatthesinglecrystalcolloidal/nano-structuresareformedduetotheformationoflargenumbers ofcrystalnucleusatlow temperature, whilethemicroscalestructuresareformulatedduetotheeffectofOstwaldripeningathightemperature[12].Thecontrollable synthesisofthese nanostructuresatlow temperature mayhelptofabricatesinglecrystallinenanostructures offunctionalmaterials.
3 Conclusions
