金融专业词汇（精选8篇）
eq：分两种，一种为教育商数educational quotient，另一种情感商数emotional
quotient
保险业： the insurance industry
保证重点指出： ensure funding for priority areas
补发拖欠的养老金： clear up pension payments in arrears
不良贷款： non-performing loan
层层转包和违法分包： mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting
城乡信用社： credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas
城镇居民最低生活保障： a minimum standard of living for city residents
城镇职工医疗保障制度： the system of medical insurance for urban
workers
出口信贷： export credit
贷款质量： loan quality
贷款质量五级分类办法： the five-category assets classification for bank
loans
防范和化解金融风险： take precautions against and reduce financial
risks
防洪工程： flood-prevention project
非法外汇交易 ： illegal foreign exchange transaction
非贸易收汇： foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels
非银行金融机构： non-bank financial institutions
费改税： transform administrative fees into taxes
跟踪审计： foolow-up auditing
工程监理制度： the monitoring system for projects
国有资产安全： the safety of state-owned assets
过度开垦 ： excess reclamation
合同管理制度： the contract system for governing projects
积极的财政政策 ： pro-active fiscal policy
基本生活费： basic allowance
解除劳动关系： sever labor relation
金融监管责任制： the responsibility system for financial supervision
经济安全： economic security
靠扩大财政赤字搞建设： to increase the deficit to spend more on
development
扩大国内需求 ： the expansion of domestic demand
拉动经济增长： fuel economic growth
粮食仓库： grain depot
粮食收购企业： grain collection and storage enterprise
粮食收购资金实行封闭运行： closed operation of grain purchase funds
粮食销售市场： grain sales market
劣质工程： shoddy engineering
乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款： arbitrary charges, fund-raising, quotas and
fines
骗汇、逃汇、套汇： obtain foreign currency under false pretenses, not
turn over foreign owe
Debt to equity.A measure of a company's financial leverage calculated by dividing long term debt by shareholders equity.It indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets.是指公司长期负债与股东权益的比率。
de facto[银]实际上
A condition or situation treated as standard or official, even if not explicitly stated.即使未明言, 仍被当作标准或正式的条件或情况。
Dead Capital[证]不生息资本、死钱
Dead Money指投资在无利益的事业, 或尚未投资的资金。
dead-end street[房]死路
Also known as“Cul de Sac”.A street which is closed at one end so that traffic cannot flow through it.亦称“Cul de Sac”, 指一头封闭、交通无法穿越的街道。
deal[银]交易, 经营, 协议
1.A proposal for financing a business creation or expansion.2.More generally, any contract or arrangement.1.为建立或扩张企业而融资的提议。2.更常指合同或商定。
dealer[房]房地产经销商
Similar to a car dealer, a person who offers a collection of properties for sale to the public.与汽车经销商相似, 向公众提供一系列物业待售的人。
dealer[证]交易商
An entity that stands ready and willing to buy a security for its own account (at its bid price) or sell from its own account (at its ask price) .是指对自己的账户进行买卖证券, 并自己承担风险的人。以自营商而非代理人的身份参与证券业务的个人或公司。典型的是﹐证券商为自己的账户买入证券然后将自己的存款卖于顾客。交易商品的利润或者损失就是他买卖证券过程中支付价格和接受价格之间的差额。证券商在确认书中必须向顾客表明他是自营商。同一个人或公司在不同时间可以以经纪人和证券商的不同身份经营业务。
dealer bank[银]交易商银行
1.A bank department which is registered as a municipal securities dealer.2.A commercial bank which buys and sells government and agency securities.1.作为地方政府交易商注册的银行部门。2.是指专门从事政府债券交易和代理证券交易的商业银行。
dealer loan[分]交易商贷款
Overnight, collateralized loan from a money market bank made to a dealer financing his position by borrowing.是指银行对交易商给予隔夜质押的贷款。
dealer market[证]交易商市场
A market in which transactions occur between principals acting as dealers buying and selling for their own accounts, rather than between brokers acting as agents for buyers and sellers.是指专门为交易者设立的从事为其账户买卖特定资产的市场。例如, OTC市场。
death cross[证]死亡交叉
A crossover involving a securities long-term moving average breaking above its short-term moving average or support level.As long-term indicators carry more weight, this trend indicates a bear market on the horizon and is reinforced by high trading volumes.Additionally, the long-term moving average becomes the new resistance level in the rising market.技术分析用语。所谓死亡交叉是指原本多头排列之短、中、长期平均线, 其短期平均线自上方逐渐走平且跌破中、长期平均线, 并带动中、长期平均线同步向下行成空头排列, 意味着将有一波不小之跌幅, 往往代表一个相当强烈的卖出信号。
debenture[分]公司债券
Unsecured indebtedness, usually long-term.Most common debentures are in the form of bonds.Unsecured debt backed only by the integrity of the borrower, not by collateral, and documented by an agreement called an indenture.This is a type of share issued by a limited company.It is the safest type of share in that it is really a loan to the company and is usually tied to some of the company's assets so should the company fail, the debenture holder will have first call on any assets left after the company has been wound up.无担保债务, 通常为长期。多数普通信用债务是债券的形式。是指公司凭其信誉担保而发行的无抵押长期债券。凭借款人信誉而非抵押品作保的未担保债务, 用协议来为其作书面证明。无抵押债务, 只依赖借方信用质量作为支持, 并无抵押品, 协议属于契约形式。在英国是指有担保的公司债券;在美国是指无担保证券。
Our first expression is in the red. It is another way of saying that a business is losing money. In the past, numbers in the financial records of a company were written in red ink to show a loss.
A business magazine recently published a
report about a television company. The report said the company was still in the red, but was able to cut its loss from the year before.
A profit by a business is written in black
numbers. So a company that is in the black is making money. An international news service reported that a private health insurer in Australia announced it was “back in the black with its first profit in three years”.
Another financial expression is run on the bank. That is what happens when many people try to withdraw all their money from a bank. A “run on the bank” usually happens when people believe there is danger a bank may fail or close.
Newspaper reports about a banking crisis in Russia used that expression. They said the government acted because of fears that the crisis would cause a run on the banks. “When a run on the banks was starting, there was not much they could do,” said a banking expert.
Day trading is a new expression about a
system that let its investors trade directly on an electronic market system. The system is known as NASDAQ, short for The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation. It was the first completely computerized stock market. It sells stocks of companies not listed on any stock exchange. Many high technology
companies are listed on it.
Day trading companies provide a desk and a computer system to an investor who wants to trade. Individuals must provide fifty thousand dollars or more to the trading company to pay for the stocks they buy. Thousands of other
investors do day trading from computers in their homes.
A day trader watches stock prices carefully. When he sees a stock rise in price, he uses the computer to buy shares of the stock. If the stock continues to rise in price in the next few minutes, the day trader sells the shares quickly to make a small profit. Then he looks for
another stock to buy. If a stock goes down
instead of up, he sells it and accepts the loss.
The idea is to make a small profit many times during the day. Day traders may buy and sell stocks hundreds of times each day.
Many day traders lose all their money in a week or so. Only about thirty percent succeed in earning enough from their efforts to continue day trading.
(to be) in the red vs. (to be) in the black
说不清是东方影响西方，还是西方影响东方，还是大家在共同的财政事实面前取得非凡的默契，反正，中文的财政赤字在英语中也有对应的“in the red”。“赤”=“red”，用来表示财政上的损失或欠债，估计是因为红色这种色彩能让人产生触目惊心的感觉。与红色相对，黑色是稳重的颜色，在财政上，它也常用来作为记录盈利或日常收支的颜色。因此，“in the black”也就表示盈余的意思。
其实，英语中“(to be) in the red”和“(to be) in the black”的由来可以追溯到很久以前，记账的人在登记财政情况时，会准备一瓶黑墨水和一瓶红墨水，利润或盈余用黑墨水书写，而所有的损失和欠债则用红墨水记录。这种习惯演变成约定俗成的共识，沿用至今。
run on the/a bank
这个词组翻译成中文有个专业的术语——银行挤兑。挤兑是对人们排队拥挤着到银行争相提取现金的混乱又可怕的场面的形象化描述。“run on a bank”这个词组生动地描绘出人们往银行跑的情景。银行挤兑对任何一家银行来说都是一个重大的危机。通常储户们在听说银行陷入困境的消息后都会争相将自己的存款从银行账户里提现，银行库存现金顷刻间被提取一空。当银行出现无法支付的困境时便会引发更大的信任危机，甚至直接导致倒闭。
day trading, day trader
这两个词组都是股市的专业术语。“day trading”是指即日交易/即日操盘，是指交易员每天必须在收盘前把自己的所有交易完成，既不能留有股票，也不能借有股票。它与普通股民做短线股票交易的最大区别在于它不用支付每笔的手续费或佣金，并且它可以在更高级的界面上完成交易。
宏观经济的 macroeconomic
通货膨胀 inflation
破产 insolvency
有偿还债务能力的 solvent
合同 contract
汇率 exchange rate
紧缩信贷 tighten credit creation
私营部门 private sector
财政管理机构 fiscal authorities
宽松的财政政策 slack fiscal policy
税法 tax bill
财政 public finance
财政部 the Ministry of Finance
平衡预算 balanced budget
继承税 inheritance tax
货币主义者 monetariest
增值税 VAT (value added tax)
收入 revenue
总需求 aggregate demand
货币化 monetization
赤字 deficit
经济不景气 recession
a period when the economy of a country is not
successful, business conditions are bad, industrial
production and trade are at a low level and there
is a lot of unemployment
经济好转 turnabout
复苏 recovery
成本推进型 cost push
货币供应 money supply
生产率 productivity
劳动力 labor force
实际工资 real wages
成本推进式通货膨胀 cost-push inflation
需求拉动式通货膨胀 demand-pull inflation
双位数通货膨胀 double- digit inflation
极度通货膨胀 hyperinflation
长期通货膨胀 chronic inflation
治理通货膨胀 to fight inflation
最终目标 ultimate goal
坏的.影响 adverse effect
担保 ensure
贴现 discount
萧条的 sluggish
认购 subscribe to
支票帐户 checking account
货币控制工具 instruments of monetry control
借据 IOUs(I owe you)
本票 promissory notes
货币总监 controller of the currency
拖收系统 collection system
支票清算或结算 check clearing
资金划拨 transfer of funds
可以相信的证明 credentials
改革 fashion
被缠住 entangled
货币联盟 Monetary Union
再购协议 repo
精明的讨价还价交易 horse-trading
欧元 euro
公共债务 membership criteria
汇率机制 REM
储备货币 reserve currency
劳动密集型 labor-intensive
股票交易所 bourse
竞争领先 frontrun
牛市 bull market
非凡的牛市 a raging bull
规模经济 scale economcies
买方出价与卖方要价之间的差价 bid-ask spreads
期货(股票) futures
经济商行 brokerage firm
回报率 rate of return
股票 equities
违约 default
现金外流 cash drains
经济人佣金 brokerage fee
存款单 CD(certificate of deposit)
营业额 turnover
资本市场 capital market
布雷顿森林体系 The Bretton Woods System
经常帐户 current account
套利者 arbitrager
远期汇率 forward exchange rate
安全网 safety net
按可比口径 on comparable basis
按轻重缓急 to prioritize
暗补 implicit subsidy
暗亏 hidden loss
b
颁发营业执照 to license; to grant a licence to
办理存款业务 to take deposits
保护农民的生产积极性 to protect farmers´ incentive to produce
备付金(超额准备金) excess reserves
本外币并账 consolidation of domestic and foreign currency accounts
本外币对冲操作 sterilization operation
本位利益 localized interest; departmentalism
奔小康 to strive to prosper;to strive to become well-to-do
避税(请见“逃税”) tax avoidance
币种搭配不当 currency mismatch
币种构成 currency composition
变相社会集资 disguised irregular (or illegal) fund raising
表外科目(业务) off-balance-sheet items (operation)
薄弱环节 weaknesses; loopholes
不变成本 fixed cost
不变价 at constant price; in real terms
不动产 real estate
不良贷款(资产) problem loans; non-performing loans (assets)
c
财务公司 finance companies
财政赤字 fiscal deficit
财政挤银行 fiscal pressure on the central bank (over monetary policy)
财政政策与货币政策的配合 coordination of fiscal and monetary policies
采取循序渐进的方法 in a phased and sequenced manner
操作弹性 operational flexibility
操纵汇率 to manipulate exchange rate
产品构成 product composition; product mix
产品积压 stock pile; excessive inventory
产销率 current period inventory; (即期库存，不含前期库存) sales/outputratio
产销衔接 marketability
产业政策 industrial policy
长期国债 treasury bonds
敞口头寸 open position
炒股 to speculate in the stock market
承购包销 underwrite (securities)
成套机电产品 complete sets of equipment; complete plant (s)
城市信用社 urban credit cooperatives (uccs)
城市合作银行 urban cooperative banks; municipal united banks
城市商业银行 municipal commercial banks
城乡居民收入增长超过物价涨幅 real growth in household income
持续升温 persistent overheating
重复布点 duplicate projects
重置成本 replacement cost
重组计划 restructuring plan
筹资渠道 funding sources; financing channels
初见成效 initial success
出口统一管理、归口经营 canalization of exports
出口退税 export tax rebate
储蓄存款 household deposits (不完全等同于西方的 savings deposits, 前者包括活期存款，后者不包括。)
储蓄分流 diversion of household deposits
储源萎缩 decline in the availability of household savings
传导机制 transmission mechanism
从价税 ad valorem tax
从紧控制 tight control
存贷款比例 loan/deposit ratio
存款保险体系 deposit insurance system
存款货币银行 deposit money banks
存款准备金 required reserves
d
打白条 issue iou
大额存单 certificate of deposit (cd)
大额提现 withdraw deposits in large amounts
大面积滑坡 wide-spread decline
大一统的银行体制 (all-in-one) mono-bank system
呆账(请见“坏账”) bad loans
呆账准备金 loan loss reserves (provisions)
呆滞贷款 idle loans
贷款沉淀 non-performing loans
贷款分类 loan classification
贷款限额管理 credit control; to impose credit ceiling
贷款约束机制 credit disciplinary (constraint) mechanism
代理国库 to act as fiscal agent
代理金融机构贷款 make loans on behalf of other institutions
戴帽贷款 ear-marked loans
倒逼机制 reversed transmission of the pressure for easing monetary condition
道德风险 moral hazard
地区差别 regional disparity
第一产业 the primary industry
第二产业 the secondary industry
第三产业 the service industry; the tertiary industry
递延资产 deferrable assets
订货不足 insufficient orders
定期存款 time deposits
定向募集 raising funds from targeted sources
东道国(请见“母国”) host country
独立核算 independent accounting
短期国债 treasury bills
对冲操作 sterilization operation; hedging
对非金融部门债权 claims on non-financial sector
多种所有制形式 diversified ownership
e
恶性通货膨胀 hyperinflation
二级市场 secondary market
f
发行货币 to issue currency
发行总股本 total stock issue
法定准备金 required reserves; reserve requirement
法人股 institutional shares
法人股东 institutional shareholders
法治 rule of law
房地产投资 real estate investment
放松银根 to ease monetary policy
非现场稽核 off-site surveillance (or monitoring)
非银行金融机构 non-bank financial institutions
非赢利性机构 non-profit organizations
分税制 assignment of central and local taxes; tax assignment system
分业经营 segregation of financial business (services); division of business scope based on the type of financial institutions
风险暴露(风险敞口) risk exposure
风险管理 risk management
风险意识 risk awarenes
风险资本比例 risk-weighted capital ratios
风险资本标准 risk-based capital standard
服务事业收入 public service charges; user´s charges
扶贫 poverty alleviation
负增长 negative growth
复式预算制 double-entry budgeting; capital and current budgetary account
g
改革试点 reform experimentation
杠杆率 leverage ratio
杠杆收购 leveraged buyout
高息集资 to raise funds by offering high interest
个人股 non-institutional shares
根本扭转 fundamental turnaround (or reversal)
公开市场操作 open market operations
公款私存 deposit public funds in personal accounts
公用事业 public utilities
公有经济 the state-owned sector; the public sector
公有制 public ownership
工业成本利润率 profit-to-cost ratio
工业增加值 industrial value added
供大于求 supply exceeding demand; excessive supply
鼓励措施 incentives
股份合作企业 joint-equity cooperative enterprises
股份制企业 joint-equity enterprises
股份制银行 joint-equity banks
固定资产贷款 fixed asset loans
关税减免 tariff reduction and exemption
关税减让 tariff concessions
关税优惠 tariff incentives; preferential tariff treatment
规范行为 to regularize (or standardize)...behavior
规模效益 economies of scale
国计民生 national interest and people´s livelihood
国家对个人其他支出 other government outlays to individuals
国家风险 country risk
国际分工 international division of labor
国际收支 balance of payments
国有独资商业银行 wholly state-owned commercial banks
国有经济(部门) the state-owned (or public) sector
国有企业 state-owned enterprises (soes)
国有制 state-ownership
国有资产流失 erosion of state assets
国债回购 government securities repurchase
国债一级自营商 primary underwriters of government securities
过度竞争 excessive competition
过度膨胀 excessive expansion
过热迹象 signs of overheating
h
合理预期 rational expectation
核心资本 core capital
合资企业 joint-venture enterprises
红利 dividend
宏观经济运营良好 sound macroeconomic performance
宏观经济基本状况 macroeconomic fundamentals
宏观调控 macroeconomic management (or adjustment)
宏观调控目标 macroeconomic objectives (or targets)
坏账 bad debt
还本付息 debt service
换汇成本 unit export cost;local currency cost of export earnings
汇兑在途 funds in float
汇兑支出 advance payment of remittance by the beneficiary´s bank
汇率并轨 unification of exchange rates
活期存款 demand deposits
汇率失调 exchange rate misalignment
混合所有制 diversified (mixed) ownership
货币政策态势 monetary policy stance
货款拖欠 overdue obligations to suppliers
j
基本建设投资 investment in infrastructure
基本经济要素 economic fundamentals
基本适度 broadly appropriate
基准利率 benchmark interest rate
机关团体存款 deposits of non-profit institutions
机会成本 opportunity cost
激励机制 incentive mechanism
积压严重 heavy stockpile; excessive inventory
挤提存款 run on banks
挤占挪用 unwarranted diversion of (financial) resources(from designated uses)
技改投资 investment in technological upgrading
技术密集型产品 technology-intensive product
计划单列市 municipalities with independent planning status
计划经济 planned economy
集体经济 the collective sector
加大结构调整力度 to intensify structural adjustment
加工贸易 processing trade
加快态势 accelerating trend
加强税收征管稽查 to enhance tax administration
加权价 weighted average price
价格放开 price liberalization
价格形成机制 pricing mechanism
减亏 to reduce losses
简化手续 to cut red tape; to simplify (streamline) procedures
交投活跃 brisk trading
缴存准备金 to deposit required reserves
结构扭曲 structural distortion
结构失调 structural imbalance
结构性矛盾突出 acute structural imbalance
结构优化 structural improvement (optimization)
结汇、售汇 sale and purchase of foreign exchange
金融脆弱 financial fragility
金融动荡 financial turbulence
金融** financial disturbance
金融恐慌 financial panic
金融危机 financial crisis
金融压抑 financial repression
金融衍生物 financial derivatives
金融诈骗 financial fraud
紧缩银根 to tighten monetary policy
紧缩政策 austerity policies; tight financial policies
经常账户可兑换 current account convertibility
经济特区 special economic zones (sezs)
经济体制改革 economic reform
经济增长方式的转变 change in the main source of economic growth (from investment expansion to efficiency gains)
经济增长减速 economic slowdown;moderation in economic growth
经济制裁 economic sanction
经营自主权 autonomy in management
景气回升 recovery in business activity
境外投资 overseas investment
竞争加剧 intensifying competition
局部性金融** localized (isolated) financial disturbance
k
开办人民币业务 to engage in rmb business
可维持(可持续)经济增长 sustainable economic growth
可变成本 variable cost
可自由兑换货币 freely convertible currency
控制现金投放 control currency issuance
扣除物价因素 in real terms; on inflation-adjusted basis
库存产品 inventory
跨国银行业务 cross-border banking
跨年度采购 cross-year procurement
会计准则 accounting standard
l
来料加工 processing of imported materials for export
离岸银行业务 off-shore banking (business)
理顺外贸体制 to rationalize foreign trade regime
利率杠杆的调节作用 the role of interest rates in resource allocation
利润驱动 profit-driven
利息回收率 interest collection ratio
联行清算 inter-bank settlement
连锁企业 franchise (businesses); chain businesses
良性循环 virtuous cycle
两极分化 growing income disparity;polarization in income distribution
零售物价指数 retail price index (rpi)
流动性比例 liquidity ratio
流动资产周转率/流通速度 velocity of liquid assets
流动资金贷款 working capital loans
流通体制 distribution system
流通网络 distribution network
留购(租赁期满时承租人可购买租赁物) hire purchase
垄断行业 monopolized industry (sector)
乱集资 irregular (illegal) fund raising
乱收费 irregular (illegal) charges
乱摊派 unjustified (arbitrary) levies
m
买方市场 buyer´s market
卖方市场 seller´s market
卖出回购证券 matched sale of repo
贸易差额 trade balance
民间信用 non-institutionalized credit
免二减三 exemption of income tax for the first two years of making profit and 50% tax reduction for the following three years
明补 explicit subsidy
明亏 explicit loss
名牌产品 brand products
母国(请见“东道国”) home country
n
内部控制 internal control
内部审计 internal audit
内地与香港 the mainland and hong kong
内债 domestic debt
扭亏为盈 to turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one
扭曲金融分配 distorted allocation of financial resources
农副产品采购支出 outlays for agricultural procurement
农村信用社 rural credit cooperatives (rccs)
p
泡沫效应 bubble effect
泡沫经济 bubble economy
培育新的经济增长点 to tap new sources of economic growth
片面追求发展速度 excessive pursuit of growth
平衡发展 balanced development
瓶颈制约 bottleneck (constraints)
平稳回升 steady recovery
铺底流动资金 initial (start-up) working capital
普遍回升 broad-based recovery
配套改革 concomitant (supporting) reforms
配套人民币资金 local currency funding of...
q
企业办社会 enterprises burdened with social responsibilities
企业集团战略 corporate group strategy
企业兼并重组 company merger and restructuring
企业领导班子 enterprise management
企业所得税 enterprise (corporate) income tax
企业效益 corporate profitability
企业资金违规流入股市 irregular flow of enterprise funds into the stock market
欠税 tax arrears
欠息 overdue interest
强化税收征管 to strengthen tax administration
强制措施 enforcement action
翘尾因素 carryover effect
切一刀 partial application
清理收回贷款 clean up and recover loans
(破产)清算 liquidation
倾斜政策 preferential policy
区别对待 differential treatment
趋势加强 intensifying trend
全球化 globalization
权益回报率 returns on equity (roe)
缺乏后劲 unsustainable momentum
r
绕规模贷款 to circumvent credit ceiling
人均国内生产总值 per capita gdp
人均收入 per capita income
人民币升值压力 upward pressure on the renminbi (exchange rate)
认缴资本 subscribed capital
软贷款 soft loans
软预算约束 soft budget constraint
软着陆 soft landing
s
三角债 chain debts; inter-enterprise arrears
善政廉政 good governance
商业贷款 commercial loans
上市公司 (publicly) listed corporations
设备利用 capacity utilization
社会保障 social safety net; social security (insurance)
深层次矛盾 deep-rooted structural imbalance
审批金融机构 to license financial institutions
审慎监管 prudential supervision
生产能力闲置 unutilized capacity
生息资产 interest-bearing assets
实际利用外资 disbursement of foreign capital;actual inflow of foreign investment
实际有效汇率 real effective exchange rate
实时 real time
实收资本 paid-in capital
实现利润 realized profit
市场分割 market segmentation
市场经济 market economy
市场占有率(市场份额) market share
市场准入 market access (指商品和劳务的进入);market entry (指机构的审批)
市价总值 market capitalization
适度从紧 appropriately tight
适时调节 timely adjustment
收回对金融机构贷款 to recall central bank loans (to financial institutions)
税后还贷 amortization (repayment of loans) after tax
税收流失 tax erosion
税源不足 weak tax base
私营经济(私人经济) the private sector
私有制 private ownership
所有者权益 owner´s equity
t
逃税(请见“避税”) tax evasion
套汇 (1)指合法：currency swap; arbitrage
(2)指非法：illegal purchase of foreign exchange
剔除季节性因素 seasonally adjusted
调节流动性 to influence liquidity level
贴现窗口 discount window
同比 on year-on-year basis;over the same period of the previous year
同业拆借(放) inter-bank borrowing (lending)
同业拆借市场利率(中国) chibor (china inter-bank offered rate)
同业融通票据 inter-bank financing bills
同业往来 inter-bank transactions
透支 overdraft
退税 tax refund (rebate)
头寸 position
吞吐基础货币 adjustment of monetary base
脱媒现象 disintermediation
w
外部审计 external audit
外国直接投资 foreign direct investment (fdi)
外汇储备 foreign exchange reserves
外汇调剂 foreign exchange swap
外汇占款 the rmb counterpart of foreign exchange reserves;the rmb equivalent of offcial foreign exchange holdings
外向型经济 export-oriented economy
外债 external debt
外资企业 foreign-funded enterprises
完善现代企业制度 to improve the modern enterprise system
完税凭证 tax payment documentation
违法经营 illegal business
委托存款 entrusted deposits
稳步增长 steady growth
稳健的银行系统 a sound banking system
稳中求进 to make progress while ensuring stability
无纸交易 book-entry (or paperless/scriptless) transaction
物价监测 price monitoring
x
吸纳流动性 to absorb liquidity
稀缺经济 scarcity economy
洗钱 money laundering
系统内调度 fund allocation within a bank
系统性金融危机 systemic financial crisis
下岗工人 laid-off employees
下游企业 down-stream enterprises
现场稽核 on-site examination
现金滞留(居民手中) cash held outside the banking system
乡镇企业 township and village enterprises (tves)
消费物价指数 consumer price index (cpi)
消费税 excise (consumption) tax
消灭财政赤字 to balance the budget; to eliminate fiscal deficit
销货款回笼 reflow of corporate sales income to the banking system
销售平淡 lackluster sales
协议外资金额 committed amount of foreign investment
新经济增长点 new sources of economic growth
新开工项目 new projects; newly started projects
新增贷款 incremental credit; loan increment; credit growth;credit expansion
新增就业位置 new jobs; new job opportunities
信贷规模考核 review the compliance with credit ceilings
信号失真 distorted signals
信托投资公司 trust and investment companies
信息不对称 information asymmetry
信息反馈 feedback (information)
信息共享系统 information sharing system
信息披露 information disclosure
信用扩张 credir expansion
信用评级 credit rating
姓“资”还是姓“社” pertaining to socialism or capitalism; socialist or captialist
行政措施 administrative measures
需求膨胀 demand expansion; excessive demand
虚伪存款 window-dressing deposits
削减冗员 to shed excess labor force
寻租 rent seeking
迅速反弹 quick rebound
y
养老基金 pension fund
一刀切 universal application; non-discretionary implementation
一级市场 primary market
应收未收利息 overdue interest
银行网点 banking outlets
赢利能力 profitability
营业税 business tax
硬贷款(商业贷款) commercial loans
用地审批 to grant land use right
有管理的浮动汇率 managed floating exchange rate
证券投资 portfolio investment
游资(热钱) hot money
有市场的产品 marketable products
有效供给 effective supply
诱发新一轮经济扩张 trigger a new round of economic expansion
逾期贷款 overdue loans; past-due loans
与国际惯例接轨 to become compatible with internationally accepted practices
与国际市场接轨 to integrate with the world market
预算外支出(收入) off-budget (extra-budgetary) expenditure (revenue)
预调 pre-emptive adjustment
月环比 on a month-on-month basis; on a monthly basis
z
再贷款 central bank lending
在国际金融机构储备头寸 reserve position in international financial institutions
在人行存款 deposits at (with) the central bank
在途资金 fund in float
增加农业投入 to increase investment in agriculture
增势减缓 deceleration of growth; moderation of growth momentum
增收节支措施 revenue-enhancing and expenditure control measures
增长平稳 steady growth
增值税 value-added tax (vat)
涨幅偏高 higher-than-desirable growth rate; excessive growth
账外账 concealed accounts
折旧 depreciation
整顿 retrenchment; consolidation
政策工具 policy instrument
政策性业务 policy-related operations
政策性银行 policy banks
政策组合 policy mix
政府干预 government intervention
证券交易清算 settlement of securities transactions
证券业务占款 funding of securities purchase
支付困难 payment difficulty
支付能力 payment capacity
直接调控方式向 to increase the reliance on indirect policy instruments
间接调控方式转变
职能转换 transformation of functions
职业道德 professional ethics
指令性措施 mandatory measures
指令性计划 mandatory plan; administered plan
制定和实施货币政策 to conduct monetary policy; to formulate and implement monetary policy
滞后影响 lagged effect
中介机构 intermediaries
中央与地方财政 delineation of fiscal responsibilities
分灶吃饭重点建设 key construction projects; key investment project
周期谷底 bottom (trough) of business cycle
周转速度 velocity
主办银行 main bank
主权风险 sovereign risk
注册资本 registered capital
逐步到位 to phase in; phased implementation
逐步取消 to phase out
抓大放小 to seize the big and free the small (to maintain close oversight on the large state-ownedenterprises and subject smaller ones to market competition)
专款专用 use of funds as ear-marked
转贷 on-lending
转轨经济 transition economy
转机 turnaround
转折关头 turning point
准财政赤字 quasi-fiscal deficit
准货币 quasi-money
资本不足 under-capitalized
资本充足率 capital adequacy ratio
资本利润率 return on capital
资本账户可兑换 capital account convertibility
资不抵债 insolvent; insolvency
资产负债表 balance sheet
资产负债率 liability/asset ratio; ratio of liabilities to assets
资产集中 asset concentration
资产贡献率 asset contribution factor
资产利润率 return on assets (roa)
资产质量 asset quality
资产组合 asset portfolio
资金成本 cost of funding; cost of capital; financing cost
资金到位 fully funded (project)
资金宽裕 to have sufficient funds
资金利用率 fund utilization rate
资金缺口 financing gap
资金体外循环 financial disintermediation
资金占压 funds tied up
自筹投资项目 self-financed projects
自有资金 equity fund
综合国力 overall national strength (often measured by gdp)
综合效益指标 overall efficiency indicator
综合治理 comprehensive adjustment (retrenchment); over-haul
总成交额 total contract value
总交易量 total amount of transactions
总成本 total cost
m&a 合并与收购
maastricht treaty 马城条约；马斯特里赫特条约
macroeconomic 宏观经济；总体经济
madrid stock exchange 马德里证券交易所
main board 主板
maintenance margin 维持保证金
makati stock exchange 马卡地证券交易所
make-whole call 以支付溢价为成本的提前还款权利
make-whole provision 提前赎回补偿
management best practice 管理最佳做法
management buy-out, mbo 管理层买断交易；管理层收购
management fee 经办费
management seminar, management tools 管理人员研讨会；管理工具
manila stock exchange 马尼拉证券交易所
marche a terme international
de france 法国国际期货及期权市场
marche des options negociables
de la bourse de paris 巴黎证券交易所期货市场
margin [期货交易] 保证金；按金
margin call 要求增补按金
mark-to-market 按市值计价
market capitalization 市场资本值；市值
market maker 报价商；市场庄家
market order 市价委托
market share 市场占有率；市场份额
marketable securities 有价证券
marketing 促销；推介；营销
单的bookbuilding销售活动。期内，经办银行和投资者双方间的销售和研究人员会定期进行对话。紧接发行前促销活动，促销期经过bookbuilding程序和发行定价的完成而结束。
material misstatement 重大失实陈述
matif 法国国际期货及期权市场
mature market 成熟市场
maturity 到期
medium and long term loans 中长期贷款
medium term note 中期票据
memorandum of understanding 谅解备忘录
mergers & acquisitions, m&a 合并和收购；并购
mezzanine fund [投资] 后期资金；中间资金；夹层资金
mezzanine stage [投资] 后期；成熟期
mfn 最惠国待遇
micro capitalization 微型股
mid-cap stock 中型股
milan stock exchange 米兰证券交易所
minority interest 少数股东权益
monetarism 货币主义
monetary policy 货币政策
monetize 货币化
monopoly enterprise 垄断/独占企业
montreal stock exchange 蒙特利尔证券交易所
moral hazard 道德风险
moratorium 冻结；宣布停止还款；延期付款命令
mortgage-backed security 有抵押证券
most favored nation 最惠国待遇
mou 谅解备忘录
msci (morgan stanley capital international) 摩根士丹利资本国际
mtn 中期票据
multi-lateral netting 多边净额
multi-tranche offering 分期或分多个份额发行
The act of selling and buying stocks almost instantaneously in order to increase or decrease book value.
几乎同时出售及买入股票以提高或减低账面价值的行为
CSI计算机安全研究所
Computer Security Institute=CTD
最便宜可交割
Cheapest-to-deliver.The acceptable Treasury security with the highest implied repo rate;the rate that a seller of a futures contract can earn by buying an issue and then delivering it at the settlement date.
由于债券期货常以事实上并不存在的概念性债券为标的资产, 而交割时需要的却是实物形态的债券, 所以, 在期货合同中可以根据列明的实物债券和每一种债券的价格系数来选用那种最便宜可交割的债券, 这对于债券期货的卖方是有利的。
cum dividend附股息
When a buyer of a security is entitled to receive a dividend that has been declared, but not paid.
买家买入的证券有权收取已经公布但未派发的股息
cum rights附带股权
Buyer has the same rights to purchase new share as the current shareholders.
指股东直接按照现行持有股票的比例获得公司新发行股票的权利。
cumulative adj.累计的
An arrangement in which a payment not made when due is carried over to the following period.
安排到期未付款项转移到下一期。
cumulative dividend累积股利
A dividend paid on cumulative preference shares, that the company is liable for in the next payment period if not satisfied in the current payment period (i.e.the dividends accumulate) .
对企业的限制, 旨在确保公司在向普通股股东派息前支付优先股息。是指企业对累积优先股尚未实际支付的红利, 且必须在普通股股利发放之前支付。
cumulative interest累计支付利息
The total amount charged as interest on a loan or mortgage to a certain date.
到某个日期为止, 对某个贷款或抵押贷款收取的利息总额。
cumulative preferred stock累积优先股
Preferred stock on which dividends accrue in the event that the issuer does not make timely dividend payments.Dividends not paid in any year must be made up in a later year before any profits can be distributed to common stocks.
是指股利因企业该年度盈余不足未能按年发放, 则日后若有超额盈余时, 将过去未发的累积股利一并发放的优先股。
cumulative total return累计总回报
Actual, non-annualized performance over a given period of time.
给定时期的实际非年度化的收入。
cumulative voting累计投票
This method of voting is intended to create adequate representation of minority shareholders.Cumulative voting allows shareholders to aggregate their votes in favor of fewer candidates than there are slots available.
公司董事投票的程序, 每名股东的投票权相等于每股一票乘以需要选出董事的数目。这个方法有时也称为按比例投票。
curb v.交易控制
A temporary restriction in trading, in a particular security, usually to reduce dramatic price movements.Also called trading curb.
对特定证券贸易的暂时限制, 通常是为了降低价格的剧烈波动。也叫贸易控制。
curb trading场外交易
Trading that occurs outside of general market regulations, commonly through computers or telephones after the official exchanges have closed.
是指在交易所闭市后, 有些期货商品交易发生在交易所的街道上, 因而起名为路边贸易。
curbs in控制开始生效
The term used to describe when trading curbs are in effect.
术语, 用以描述控制开始生效。
curbs out控制停止
The term used to describe when trading curbs are no longer in effect.
术语, 用以描述控制不再有效。
cure period修复期
A provision in a contract allowing a defaulting party to fix the cause of a default, for example a repayment grace period.
[摘要]本文主要从学生的词汇学习策略和当前大学英语课堂上的词汇教学模式这两个方面，分析了学生词汇量较小的原因，简单介绍了笔者在词汇教学方面的一些做法。笔者采用“课外记，课上练”的教学方法，有效地处理了词汇记忆和运用的关系。
[关键词]英语词汇词汇教学词汇运用
[中图分类号]G623.31[文献标识码]B[文章编号]1001—4128(2009)08—0038—04
1引言
著名的语言学家Wilkins(1972)曾经说过，“Without grammar little can be conveyed；withoutvocabulary nothing can be conveyed”。词是用以构成句子或话语的最小单位，人们要掌握一门语言，首先要具备一定数量的词汇，在外语学习中更是如此。目的语词汇是掌握该语言必不可少的重要语言材料。文秋芳(1993)的研究表明，词汇学习可以促进英语水平的提高。《大学英语课程教学要求(试行)》对词汇量作了具体要求：非英语专业本科毕业生必须至少掌握4500个单词和700个词组。如果学生达不到这样的词汇要求，就很难实现《要求》提出的大学英语教学目标——培养学生的英语综合应用能力，使他们在今后工作和社会交往中能用英语有效地进行口头和书面交流。
笔者在多年的教学中发现，学生无论在课内或课外，只要有时间都在记单词，但效果并不理想。他们的词汇量并没有显著增加，或者可以说他们不能熟练地应用所记的单词，这一点可以从他们的产出性知识中反映出来。在他们的口语表达和写作中，用得最多的词是英语中的最基本的词根词，也是他们在初级阶段所学的一些词汇，而在大学阶段所学的基本词汇，要么用得很少，要么被误用。学生们也反映说新的词汇学过就忘，或是只知其意义不知其用法。那么，问题出在哪儿呢?
2问题的症结
二语习得理论认为，学习外语有三个重要环节：输入(input)——吸收(intake)——输出(output)(Ellis，2000：349)。就词汇学习而论，学生记单词只是对大脑的一个输入过程，接下来学生对单词进行消化吸收，变成内在的东西，最后通过说、写产出。研究表明，学生对单词的吸收和输出，主要靠大量练习和运用获得。中国学生习得英语的主要场所是课堂，因此，课堂教学的安排直接影响着学生记单词的效果。
2.2学生学习策略的问题
通过问卷调查和面谈，笔者发现学生在记单词的时候，只记其意义，几乎不记其用法、搭配。有的甚至于背词汇表，囫囵吞枣。心理学研究表明，记忆的强度与理解的尝试成正比。换句话说，如果我们只是简单地记住某一个英语单词的含义，而不熟悉其发音，不了解其搭配和用法，势必对这一单词印象不深，记忆不牢。再者，学生在阅读中遇到生词，就会习惯性地使用文曲星等电子词典查找而不是查阅词典。众所周知，大多数电子词典只提供了单词的中文意义，并未给出恰当的例句，这样，学生无从了解单词的用法。另外，学生一般只重视记忆单词意义，而忽略单词的用法和输出。吕道利(2004)的实验表明，学生词汇习得上的问题表现在词的用法上而不是词义上。比如，把“arouse my interestn错误地表达为“cause my interest”，只会说“make me able towork hard”，不会用“enable me to work hard”。这种错误的搭配和生搬硬套的做法在学生的作文中屡见不鲜。
2.2课堂教学模式的问题
当前，大学英语课堂上的词汇教学主要有两种倾向；
2.2.1按生词表逐词讲解；以语法一翻译为中心的教学法认为，学习外语的最重要任务是学语法，记单词，只要熟记大量单词。就可掌握语言．为此，语言教师在课堂上花大量时间逐字讲解生词表，希望通过这样的讲解能帮助学生记忆单词，从而巩固扩大词汇量，但往往事倍功半。这是因为：“语言是交际的工具，应该尽量让学生在真实的交际环境中学习使用中的语盲。并在使用中真正掌握这门语言．”(柬定芳，2004：119)孤立地讲解单词，脱离了语境和课文的联系，形式上缺乏多样化，例句没有实际意义，这样的词汇课就会枯燥无味，学生的兴趣不大．记忆单词的积极性受挫，从而只会消极、被动地死记硬背单词。心理学研究表明。记忆有意义的材料遗忘得幔而少，记忆无意义的材料遗忘得快而多．“在词汇教学中，教师充分调动学习者的学习兴趣……这对提高学习效率是至关重要的”(柬定芳。2004；120)另外，认知心理学还认为，人的短时记忆有一个固定的容量。即记忆广度(span of memory)。一般地说．人的短时记忆广度为“八个不相关的数字，或七个不相关的字母，或六个相关的单词”(桂诗春。1985：128)．一次性教授太多的新单词，使学生的短时记忆负担过度，影响了短时记忆对新信息的处理、编码，从而造成学生心理负担过重。继而厌烦记忆单词，妨碍了学生词汇量的增加。这种教学模式置学生于被动吸收的地位，缺乏练习、运用语育的机会，从而影响词汇的记忆。
2.2.2偏重课文不注重词汇的讲解：以交际法为中心的教学法认为，既然外语教学的目的是学生能够运用目的语进行交流。那么学习外语的首要任务就是能说出、写出符合语境、有实际意义的话语。因此，外语教师就把重心放在了对篇章结构的和句子的讲解上，而把词汇的学习任务交给学生自行解决．诚然，二语习得理论强调学生在语言学习中的主体性。只有学生积极、主动地参与到语言学习中来，才能最大限度地学好外语．但是如果学生在课外所记的单词。不能及时得到运用、重现，那么，这些单词就会很快被遗忘。因此教师在英语课堂上弱化学生所记词汇的运用练习，势必会造成学生对词汇的理解不深，惯用法不能准确掌握。记忆不牢固．德国著名心理学家艾宾浩斯发现，熟记之后，最初一段时间不仅遗忘得快，而且遗忘的也多．根据这一发现，老师在课堂上就应当“趁热打铁”，在学生对单词还记忆犹新的时候，借用各种手段让学生对单词进行大量运用，从而提高记忆效果。因此，在重视语篇教学的同时，重视词汇的教学实属必要．
众所周知，外语是一门实践性很强的课程，只有通过大量运用才能掌握。因此，外语教师除了在课堂有限的时间内，把必要的知识传授给学生以外，还应该给学生创造尽可能多的机会运用语言．鉴于上面两种倾向，笔者采用“课外记，课上练”的教学方法，有机地处理了词汇记忆和运用的关系。
3笔者在词汇教学上的一些做法
3.1分层次的要求
大学英语每篇课文的生词量都很大，以《二十一世纪大学英语》第一册为例，平均每篇课文的生词量约为50个．这么多的单词要让学生一下子全部记住
是不可能的，也是不必要的，但是，如果学生不熟悉生词，那么篇章的分析、句子的理解就会遇到困难。因为这二者建立在词汇的掌握和运用上．因此，在讲解课文前，有必要让学生熟悉、记忆生词．这些生词中，有常用词。也有生僻词，有实词，也有虚词。《大纲(修订版》对学生的词汇有领会式掌握和复用式掌握两种层次的要求．领会式掌握，就是看到英语单词能理解其词义，复用式掌握是指能正确拼写单词并掌握其基本词义和用法．为此，在词汇教学中。笔者采用了“以复用式掌握的词为主，领会式掌握的词为辅”的原则，要求学生重点记忆复用式掌握的词汇。每次在讲解新课文之前，把需要记忆的单词告诉学生，让学生根据自身情况。加以取舍。如《二十一世纪大学英语》第一册的第一课有44个生词和17个短语，但复用式掌握的词汇只有16个。分层次要求的目的是减轻词汇记忆压力。增强短时有效记忆，提高学生学习信心。
3.2用词典．查用法
电子词典一般只提供词汇的意义，而词典除了告诉我们词汇的意义外，还详细列出了这个词的语法特征、同义词和反义词，此外，通过词典给出的例子，我们能够知道该词的用法和搭配，因此。笔者要求学生充分运用词典来学习需要掌握的词汇的用法、搭配。如果需要查阅的单词过多。同学之间可自行合作，共同完成任务。课堂上，采用教师抽查和学生自查的方式，检查学生自学词汇的情况。比如，提问学生谈谈对某一个生词的认识，它的主要用法、搭配及需要注意的地方，其他同学也可以就该同学的发言发表看法。自查的方式是：要求学生拿出一张纸，默写课前所记的单词，然后，与同桌就写下来的单词互相举例、造句来说明其用法，进一步巩固单词的记忆。最后，交上这张纸，作为平时成绩。教师可以从中了解学生的词汇掌握情况，便于在课文讲解中及时提醒。
这种做法使学生明白了记单词除了牢记它的意义之外。更重要的是还要掌握其用法，“若要记得，必先懂得”，这是大家都知道的一句格言。另外，还可以使学生逐步养成使用词典的习惯。这一手段只是为学生提供了一个词汇输入的过程。如何让学生吸收词汇。并最终能够有效地输出呢?也就是说，如何把所记的单词、习语灵活自如地运用在说、写这两种输出性活动中呢?
3.3复用
现代认知心理学认为，语言运用是语言习得的最高层次，其习得效率也最佳。所以，在词汇学习中，一定要强调通过练习来记忆和掌握词汇。按心理学的观点，如果记忆的材料在头脑中反复出现，就可以由短时记忆变成长时记忆，从而达到内化的效果。一位哲人说过一句有名的话：“重复是知识之母”，何自然老教授(2003)通过自学英语的经历也肯定了重复的重要性。鉴于此，笔者在教学中有意识地利用各种活动为学生创造词汇练习的机会。主要手段如下：
3.3.1复述：每次分析完一篇课文之后，要求学生用笔者所给出的单词、短语，对课文内容进行复述，通过这一活动，学生刚刚记忆的主题词得以在头脑中重现。而复述课文这一活动就能帮助学生复习，重现刚学过的生词。
3.3.2造句、编故事：要求学生用教师所指定的单词、短语，联系实际生活，根据其含义、用法，造句或编故事。心理学研究表明。结合语境记忆的单词，保持的时间更为长久。章柏成、韦汉(2004)的研究也证实，在英语词汇教学中，由学生根据自己认知结构或生活实际来给目标词造句能增强目标词汇的长时记忆。
3.3.3翻译：教师从实际生活中找一些有意义的中文句子，让学生用所学的单词、短语来翻译，或者将课文译文的部分中文，再翻译成英文，学生此时已经掌握一种语言——母语，他们习惯用母语思维，形成概念，组织思想，通过翻译活动，学生们会自觉发现英汉语词汇方面使用的相似与不同之处。生活实践和心理研究告诉我们，记忆是建立在事物之间联系的基础之上的，联系越紧密，记忆便越容易建立和巩固，另一方面，由于找出了事物之间的不同点，各种事物的精确形象便可能牢固地保持在记忆中。
3.3.4写评论：学习完一篇课文之后，教师补充一篇与课文内容相关的文章，文章发给学生之前，首先要求学生小组讨论，并围绕这一内容列出所能想到的单词、短语；再发下补充文章，在阅读中，若有不认识的单词，或利用上下文进行猜测，或相互讨论然后，要求学生就这两篇文章的内容，在小组中进行讨论。发表各自的看法；最后写成书面的评论性短文。实践证明，共同学习有助于激发学生的主动性，保持学习的热情，而且主动学习有利于知识的长久记忆。通过讨论，学生所记的词汇得到巩固和加强，各种语言技能也相应得到了锻炼。通过书面表达，学生的单词拼写和运用也得到了训练。
这几种手段应交叉进行，不宜同时运用，正如十七世纪捷克教育家夸美纽斯所说：“过度的练习和过度的需要记忆的功课，以至使人产生恶心甚至痴癫”。也不可长期使用同一手段，因为单一的重复方式会使学习变得枯燥无味，降低学习兴趣，结果事与愿违，达不到帮助学生扩大词汇量的目的，因此。课堂上为学生复习巩固词汇的手段要多样化，使学生的大脑始终处于兴奋状态，从而加深对词汇的记忆和吸收。
4结束语
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