常用英文翻译十大技巧（精选7篇）
作者:netboy 日期:2007-07-27 字体大小: 小 中 大
英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。
一、增译法
指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：
①、What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语）
②、If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）
③、Indeed, the reverse is true.实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）
④、就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词）
⑤、只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps.（增译连词）
⑥、这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.（增译介词）
⑦、在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.（增译暗含词语）
⑧、三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.（增译注释性词语）
二、省译法
这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：
①、You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词）
②、I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在这儿过得愉快。（省译物主代词）
③、中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection.（省译名词）
三、转换法
指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：
①、我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。
Our instituteis co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government.（名词转动词）
②、Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。（名词转动词）
③、由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensivenational strength has greatly improved.（动词转名词）
④、I’m all for you opinion.我完全赞成你的意见。（介词转动词）
⑤、The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。（动词转名词）
⑥、In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment.作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。（形容词转名词）
⑦、In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（被动语态转主动语态）
⑧、时间不早了，我们回去吧！We don’t have much time left.Let’s go back.（句型转换）
⑨、学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。
All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically.（名词转副词）
四、拆句法和合并法
这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如：
①、Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。（在主谓连接处拆译）
②、I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitalityfor which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。（在定语从句前拆译）③、This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account.英联邦各国尤其如此，它们认为英国加入欧共体，将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。（在定语从句前拆译）
④、中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.（合译）
五、正译法和反译法
这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如： ①、在美国，人人都能买到枪。
In the United States, everyone can buy a gun.（正译）
In the United States, guns are available to everyone.（反译）
②、你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。
You can obtain this information on the Internet.（正译）
This information is accessible/available on the Internet.（反译）
③、他突然想到了一个新主意。
Suddenly he had a new idea.（正译）
He suddenly thought out a new idea.（正译）
A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him.（反译）④、他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。
He still could not understand me.（正译）
Still he failed to understand me.（反译）
⑤、无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
She can hardly be rated as a bright student.（正译）
She is anything but a bright student.（反译）
⑥、Please withholdthe document for the time being.请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译）
请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）
六、倒置法
在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如：
①、At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置）
②、I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。（部分倒置）
③、改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.（全部倒置）
七、包孕法
这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。如：
①、You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close.您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。
②、What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences.使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利。
八、插入法
指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。
如：如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的“带来灾难性的影响”，那我们要勇敢地面对这个灾难，做出决策。
If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, “disastrous effects,” we will face that disaster squarelyand make a new policy decision.九、重组法
指在进行英译汉时，为了使译文流畅和更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯，在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合。
如：Decision must be made very rapidly;physical enduranceis tested as much as perception, because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均根据同一情报和目的行事，而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此，一旦考虑成熟，决策者就应迅速做出决策。
十、综合法
是指单用某种翻译技巧无法译出时，着眼篇章，以逻辑分析为基础，同时使用转换法、倒置法、增译法、省译法、拆句法等多种翻译技巧的方法。
如：How can the European Union contribute to the development of a European film and television program industry which is competitive in the world market, forward-looking and capable of radiatingthe influence of European culture and of creating jobs in Europe?
欧洲联盟应该怎样做才能对欧洲的电影电视工业有所贡献，使它在国际市场上具有竞争能力，使它有能力发挥欧洲文化的影响，并且能够在欧洲创造更多的就业机会呢？
Concerning translation techniques, the present author tends toassume the following attitude.It is quite different from the onewhich is inclined to ignore translation methods or dismiss themlightly as something inconsequential.On the other hand, it is alsodistant from the one which is prone to exaggerate the importance of“translation methods”, or to look upon them as“panacea”.In termsof concrete techniques of translation, there exist too many that mer-it our attention and are to be applied to translation practice.Here, the present author is going to illustrate several commonly-usedtechniques in translating fuzzy language of some American andBritish literary works:diction, extension, explanation, amplifica-tion, and conversion.
1 Commonly-used Translation Techniques of Fu-zzy Language in Literary Works
1.1 Diction
Diction means proper choice of words and phrases availablein the dictionary on the basis of accurate comprehension of the orig-inal.“There is no single, correct diction in the English language;instead, you choose different words or phrases for different con-texts.”[5]As Jonathan Swift noted, “proper words in proper placesmake the true definition.”It is evident that without proper words inproper places, there would be no translation which could functionas a reliable and unambiguous vehicle of intercourse between peo-ple speaking different languages.Nor would translation be pro-claimed as a science or a skill.
It is a hard nut to crack for translators to master the art of us-ing proper words in proper places.Furthermore, owing to the inher-ent characteristics of fuzzy language, the translation of fuzzy lan-guage is a much more difficult task to undertake.Accordingly, translators should weigh and consider every fuzzy word or expres-sion conscientiously in the light of the context before setting theirpen to translation.The following are involved in the translators’choice of expressions from the dictionary on the basis of propercomprehension:
So that Lieutenant Osborne, when coming to Russel Square onthe day of the Vaux hall party, said to the ladies, “Mrs.Sedley, Ma’am, I hope you have room;I’ve asked Dobbin of ours to comeand dine here, and go with us to Vaux hall.He’s almost as modestas Joe.”
到游乐场去的那一天, 奥斯本中尉到了勒塞尔广场, 就对太太小姐说:“赛特笠太太, 我希望您这儿有空位子。我请了我们的都宾来吃饭, 然后一块儿上游乐场。他跟乔伊斯差不多一样怕羞。[6]
As to the fuzzy word“modest”, Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary (Extended Fourth Edition) gives thefollowing meanings:
1. (a) not large in amount, size, etc;moderate (b) not showy orsplendid in appearance;not expensive
2. (a) having or showing a not too high opinion of one’s abili-ties, qualities, etc;not vain or boastful (b) rather shy;not puttingoneself forward;bashful
3. (esp.of women or their appearance or behavior) having orshowing respect for conventional ideas of decency and purity
For what reason has Yang Bi decided meaning (a) of item 2 asher choice?Certainly, it is based on the context that she made thechoice.As a matter of fact, the above excerpt is from chapter 5 ofthe novel.At the end of the third chapter of the novel, the followingsentence let fall a hint of Joe’s character:Poor Joe, why will he beso shy?In addition, in the latter half of chapter 5, another sentencecan serve as another clue:He had arrived with a knock so very tim-id and quiet.Hence, both the evidences have justified Yang’s prop-er diction of“modest”.
1.2 Extension
As already noted, a Chinese dictionary does not necessarilysupply a proper meaning of the fuzzy language to be rendered.Then the technique of extension can be made the best of.It is evi-dent that the goal of adjustment and extension is not to seek the for-mal equivalence but to transfer the real connotation of the sourcelanguage.
It is a practice that translators will turn to a dictionary for theexact meaning of a perplexing word or expression so as to hunt for acounterpart in meaning in the target language to fit in the transla-tion.However, seldom can a dictionary provide a suitable version.For instance:
His eyes were warm and fierce and bright and his moustachewas thin and coarse.[7]
In rendering the above sentence, Wu Ningkun and Fan Zhon-gying have presented distinct Chinese versions.Wu’s renderingis:他的眼睛热情, 凶猛又明亮, 胡子又稀又粗.Fang’s render-ing is as follows:他的眼睛热情、锐利、炯炯有神, 胡子稀疏粗硬.Comparing the two versions, readers will notice their key differencejust lies in the rendering of the fuzzy word“fierce”.Without a fixedcontext, both the renderings, from the present author’s viewpoint, can be acceptable.However, being the protagonist of the novel, Ki-no is depicted as a positive figure.He is rustic, brave, and honest.Therefore, it is not fitting and proper to modify such a positive im-age using such a derogatory term as“凶猛”.In this sense, Fan’srendering“锐利”turns out to be more suitable and faithful.
1.3 Explanation
The technique of explanation is employed when there does notexist some corresponding Chinese expression or the above-men-tioned techniques fail to make sense.
The following instance is also quoted from Pearl, written byJohn Steinbeck:
Slowly he put his suppliant hat on his head.[8]
Wu Ningkun puts this sentence into Chinese as follows:慢吞吞地, 他把他那求情的帽子戴在头上.It is most likely that read-ers will be bewildered by the translation of“suppliant”:how the in-animate cap can possess the ability of“求情”?When looking it upin the dictionary, readers will find that it seems reasonable to ren-der it this way, for it means“to ask for or pray for help from some-one in power or from God”according to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. (English version) .Nevertheless, in such asetting, translators should flexibly consider the diction of such afuzzy word.To lucidly elaborate the meaning of this word, FanZhongying logically extends its original meaning and explains it as“为了表示谦卑而脱下的”.In this respect, readers have such afaithful and smooth translation of the above sentence:“他慢慢地把刚才为了表示谦卑而脱下的帽子又重新戴上”.[9]
In fact, none of the outstanding translators will inflexibly clingto the interpretations of the English-Chinese dictionary.They areexpert at working out a proper rendering based on their keen per-cipience and comprehension.Another instance worth noting is fromYang Bi’s translation of Vanity Fair:
He spoke of the honor of the family:the unsullied reputationof the Crawleys;expressed himself in indignant tones about her re-ceiving those young Frenchmen—those wild young men of fashion, my Lord Steyne himself, whose carriage was always at her door, who passed hours daily in her company, and whose constant pres-ence made the world talk about her.[10]
In translating the underlined part“those wild young men offashion”, Yang has illustrated the meaning by converting from theabstract to the concrete and put it as“他们全是花花公子, 行为不检点”.Provided that it was translated into Chinese as“他们全是追逐时尚的粗野男人”, hardly would such a rendering give read-ers a clear and lifelike image.Only when the translator has graspedthe author’s creative purpose and profoundly comprehend the artis-tic world, can he reproduce the style of the original.
1.4 Amplification
Amplification, also called addition, means supplying neces-sary words in the translation on the basis of an accurate comprehen-sion of the original.[11]On the whole, as a rule, a translator is notsupposed to add any meaning or subtract any meaning from theoriginal work at random.However, this does not mean that a trans-lator should refrain from supplying the necessary words in order toconvey the original meaning accurately or faithfully.It rests uponthe fact that both the English and the Chinese languages are two en-tirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultur-al background.Accordingly, many ideas that are easily compre-hended in the country of their origin can hardly make sense to peo-ple speaking a different language.Owing to the features of fuzzylanguage, the translation of fuzzy language is a much more typicalcase.As a result, it is necessary for translators to adopt the tech-nique of amplification or omission in coping with the rendering offuzzy language.As the present author has observed, nevertheless, omission is much less employed in translating fuzzy language.Thus, amplification will be elaborated in particular by citing the fol-lowing examples:
What scrubbing, baking, errand-running, and nursing therehad been to do she did.擦地板, 烤面包, 跑差使, 喂孩子, 哪一样都是她的事。[12]
In rendering the above underlined fuzzy expressions, Fu Dong-hua, a translator of considerable repute of last century, adds respec-tively four objects“地板”, “面包”“差事”and“孩子”after thefour verbs.By this means, the meaning the original means to con-vey becomes complete.Such a rendering, in the meantime, alsoconforms to the convention of Chinese expression.
The above sentence is specifically fuzzy.For the purpose ofrhetoric or coherence, and hence making the translation expressive-ly convey the original, the translator adds the underlined parts inthe Chinese version.It seems as if the amplification was overem-phasized, but the translation is still confined to and thus faithful tothe source text.
It is sometimes possible to make clear to the target languagereaders the original meaning by adding further information of thefuzzy image, as in the following example:
Phoebe Anna was thin and black, a very umbrella of a woman. (Driesel) 安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人, 上身粗大, 下身细长。简直像一把雨伞。[13]
For the native reader, the analogy of comparing a woman’sbody to an umbrella is both vivid and humorous.Without the under-lined amplified words, however, probably most Chinese readerswill feel completely at sea.It is the proper addition that further ex-plains the analogy and hence adds to the vividness and beauty.
It is evident that to add some words or expressions, for theskilled translators, does not mean random addition.The applicationof addition should ensure that any meaning will not be subtractedor distorted.Certainly the above examples have achieved this aim.
1.5 Conversion
By conversion, it means in the present thesis the change ofparts of speech or various elements of a sentence in translation.Itis a technique required essentially by the syntactical differencesbetween Chinese and English.As a matter of fact, a word, which be-longs to a certain part of speech in one language, has to be convert-ed into another part of speech to coincide with usage of the lan-guage to be translated into.For this reason, translators are sup-posed to observe with great care the shift and change of parts ofspeech between the two languages.Accordingly, the technique ofconversion is called for.As one of the commonly adopted transla-tion techniques, this technique is widely employed in the transla-speech takes a host of forms, for instance, conversion into verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.The conversion of verbs will behighlighted in particular in this part.
It is widely believed that one of the most remarkable differenc-es between English and Chinese syntax is the use of the verb.Aclose study of the English sentence, especially when comparedwith the Chinese version, will reveal that an English sentence con-tains no more than one predicate verb, while in Chinese it is not un-usual to have clusters of verbs in a simple sentence.Take the fol-lowing sentences for example:
“By Jove, she has taste!Exclaimed Henry Lynn.”
“嗬, 她还挑肥拣瘦呢!”亨利·利恩嚷道。[14]
In search for a fitting and proper Chinese rendering of thefuzzy word“taste”, Zhu Qingying has put the fuzzy noun“taste”in-to Chinese as a verbal phrase“挑肥拣瘦”.It is meant for the con-text that Rochester, the protagonist, who disguised himself as anold woman fortuneteller, only works for nobody except young la-dies.Another instance:
The furnishings of the room were heavy and dark and gloomy.[15][16]
屋里摆着深色的笨重家具, 给人一种忧郁之感。[16]
The above sentence is the depiction of the setting of a wickedquacksalver in the story.In terms of conversion of parts of speech, among other things, the adjective“gloomy”is converted into thenoun phrase“忧郁之感”.From the perspective of conversion of el-ements of a sentence, the translator Fan Zhongying converts in thetranslation of the underlined part from the predicative to the attribu-tive“深色的笨重”and objective”忧郁之感”.It is certain thatsuch a rendering has achieved the translator’s aim of readingsmoothly as well as faithfully.However, as for the translation of“gloomy”, the present author holds that it is appropriate to put it in-to Chinese as“阴森之感”, for this term can accurately convey themeaning that the place where the quacksalver dwells is like a dev-il’s den.
2 Conclusion
一、词义的选择
英国著名语言学家弗斯（J·R·Firth, 1890—1960)说：“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”意思是说，一个词的词义随其所在上下文而变化，或同一个词在不同的地方会有不同的意思。（郭著章等，2003）因此根据上下文选择适当的词义是非常重要的。
例：
1. We look forward to being invited to attend the opening ceremony. （被邀请出席开幕式）（10年6月四级真题）
“attend”有多个意思，如“出席”、“上（大学等）”、“照料”等， 此例句中是取其“出席”之意。
2. You would not have failed if you had followed my instructions. （按照我的指令去做） （09年12月四级真题）
“instruction”有“教导”、“指令”、“说明”等意，此例句中是取其“指令”之意。
3. Our efforts will pay off if the results of this research can be applied to the development of new technology. （能应用于新技术的开发）（08年6月四级真题）
“apply”有“申请”和“应用”之意，此例句中取其“应用”之意。
二、 词类的转译
在翻译过程中，由于两种语言的语法和习惯的表达差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，有时候需要改变词类（任智巍，2003）。
例：
1.Since my childhood I have found that nothing is more attractive to me than reading（没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力）.（06年12月四级真题）
此例句中“吸引力”本是名词，我们翻译时将其转译为形容词“attractive”比较好。
2. In order to finance my education/studies（为了挣钱供我上学）,mother often takes on more work than is good for her. （06年6月四级真题）
此例句中“上学”本是动词，我们翻译时将其转译为名词"study"或"education"比较好。
三、 增词法
增词法就是在翻译时按意义上（或修辞上）和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺的表达原文的思想内容（张培基等，1980）。增词法也是四级考试里翻译题型常用的技巧之一。
1.Some psychologists claim that people might feel lonely when they are far from home. （出门在外时可能会感到孤单）
此例句中“when”的时间状语从句中需要增加主语“they”。（06年12月四级真题）
2. How long does a jacket like this last me? It all depends on how often you wear it. （这要看你多长时间穿一次）（09年12月六级真题）
此例句中“穿”后面的宾语实际上是前面的"jacket", 所以翻译时要加上宾语，为了避免重复要用it代替。
四、 从句的译法
四六级考试翻译题型里常出现的从句主要有名词从句、定语从句和状语从句。
1.名词从句
四六级考试里出现的英语名词从句主要包括主语从句和宾语从句两大类，翻译此类句子时大多不用改变句子顺序。
（1） 主语从句
从四六级考试历年真题来看，其中出现的主语从句主要由what引导。
例：
What many people don't realize （很多人没有意识到的） is that Simon is a lover of sports, and football in particular. （09年6月四级真题）
（2） 宾语从句
在四六级考试历年真题里出现的宾语从句主要由why、that引导
例：
①Your resume should attract a would-be boss's attention by demonstrating why you are the best candidate for a certain position. （为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选）（08年12月六级真题）
②Civilized men do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. （并未意识到被剥夺了生活所必需的东西。）（06年6月四级真题）
③ it 做形式宾语
She has decided to go on a diet, but finds it hard to resist the temptation of ice cream.（很难抵冰淇淋的诱惑。）（09年6月六级真题）
2.定语从句
四六级历年真题里出现的定语从句都是为限制性的，主要分为不带介词和带介词的。
① 不带介词的
例：
We can say a lot of things about those who devote their whole lives to poetry（毕生致力于诗歌的人): they are passionate, impulsive, and unique.（08年6月六级真题）
② 带介词的
Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems to which they have no answers till now. （他们至今还没有答案）（08年12月四级真题）
3. 状语从句
（1） 时间状语从句
例：
① Scientists agree that it will be a long time before we find the methods to cure cancers. （我们找到治愈癌症的方法）（09年12月四级真题）
② The anti-virus agent was not known until a doctor found it by chance.（直到一名医生偶然发现了它）（08年12月四级真题）
③Some psychologists claim that people might feel lonely when they are far from home.（出门在外时可能会感到孤独）（06年12月四级真题）
（2）条件状语从句
例：
① You'd better take a sweater with you in case it turns cold. （以防天气变冷）（08年12月四级真题）
② Please come here at ten tomorrow morning if it is convenient for you. （如果你方便的话）（07年6月四级真题）
五、 倒装的译法
四六级考试中常出现的倒装有：
1. only修饰副词、状语从句或介词短语位于句首时
例：
①Only when I reached my thirties did I realize that reading could not be neglected. （我才意识到读书时不能被忽视的。）（10年12月六级真题）
②Only in the small town does he feel secure and relaxed.（他才感到安全和放松）（07年6月六级真题）
2. 否定副词或短语如never, hardly, little, seldom, by no means, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances等位于句首时。
例：
① He assured his friend that under no circumstances would he break his promise to pay back the money. （他会违背还钱的承诺）（10年6月六级真题）
② Never once have the old couple quarreled with each other（老两口互相争吵）since they were married 40 years ago. （08年6月六级真题）
③ The manager never laughed; neither did she lose her temper. （她也从来没有发过脾气）（10年6月四级真题）
3. not until置于句首时。
例：
Not until the deadline did he send out（直到截止日期他才寄出）his application form.（06年12月六级真题）
4. as 引导的让步状语从句中，表语、副词、动词原形要放到句首。
例：
Much regretted as I felt（我感到遗憾）, I was unable to finish the work on time.
六、虚拟语气的翻译方法
例：
①Many educators advise that kids should not be addicted to computer games.（不要沉溺于电脑游戏）
②Nancy is supposed to have finished her chemical experiment（做完化学实验）at least two weeks ago. (08年6月六级真题）
③If you had followed my advice, you would not have been in trouble. （听从了我的忠告，你就不会陷入麻烦）。（06年12月六级真题）
④Hadn't been so strict with herself, she wouldn't have made such great success. （不会取得这么大的进步）
⑤The manager could have attended the meeting in person （本可以亲自参加会议), but he was called away for some urgent business abroad. （09年12月六级真题）
参考文献：
[1]张培基,喻云根,李宗杰.彭谟禹.英汉翻译教程[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,1980.
[2]任智巍.大学英语四六级翻译方法与技巧[J].哈尔滨：哈尔滨学报,2003.
大学英语四级句子翻译的常用技巧
英语和汉语是两种差异比较大的语言，英语重形合，汉语重意合。有人把英语句子比喻为“树木丛生、干枝纠缠的树林”，脉络难析，主次难辨，而把汉语句子比喻为“枝干分明的竹林”，脉络清晰，主次易辨。翻译时，根据表达习惯，英语、汉语的句子结构有时需要进行相应的转换。英汉语复合句中主句和从句之间的时间顺序和逻辑顺序也不完全一致，因此，翻译时，也时常需要根据表达习惯，对句序进行相应的调整。
现代翻译理论认为，句子是最重要的翻译单位。大学英语考试大四级考试中的翻译题型也是以句子翻译为主。考生如果能够熟练掌握句子翻译的基本方法，那么对于处理四级考试中的句子翻译题必将是如虎添翼。本期着重介绍常用的句子翻译方法：正反、反正表达法，分句、合句法。
正反、反正表达法
由于民族文化和思维方式不同，英汉两种语言在表达同一概念时所采用的方式就有所不同。在表达否定概念时，英语和汉语使用的词汇、语法、语言逻辑就有很大的差异。汉语中有些词、短语或者句子是从反面表达的，而译成英语时则需要从正面进行表达，如例
1、例
2、例3。反之，汉语中有些从正面表达的词、短语或者句子，译成英语时需要从反面进行表达，如例
4、例
5、例6。此外，汉语还有一些特殊的句子结构，如双重否定(例7)、否定转移(例8)在译成英语时也需要引起我们的注意。
一、I.汉语从反面表达，译文从正面表达
例1：他提出的论据相当不充实。
译文：The argument he put forward is pretty thin.(词)
例2：我们确信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。
译文：We are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.(短语)
例3：他七十岁了，可是并不显老。
译文：He was 70, but he carried his years lightly.(句子)
II.汉语从正面表达，译文从反面表达
例4：他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。
译文：He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.(词)例5：调查结果清清楚楚地显示病人死于心脏病。
译文：The investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease.(短语)
例6：这类举动迟早会被人发觉的。
译文：Such actions couldn’t long escape notice.(句子)
III.特殊的否定句式
例7：有利必有弊。
译文：There is not any advantage without disadvantage.(双重否定)例8：我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。
译文：In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews.(否定转移）
二、分句、合句法
很多情况下，翻译句子的时候，需要调整原来的句子^考试*大结构，分句法和合句法是调整原文句子的两种重要的方法。所谓分句法就是把原文的一个简单句译为两个或两个以上的句子。所谓合句法就是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个单句。I.分句法
汉译英时，需要分译的句子多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句，就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚，也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译，则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。如以下五个例子：
例1.少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰竭时，要做学问也来不及了。(按内容层次分
译)
译文： Youth will soon be gone，never to return.And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.例2.她隔窗望去，突然发现有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。(从主语变换处分译)
译文： Looking through the window, she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank.In it there was a boatman fast asleep.例3.声速随温度的升降会有轻微的增减，但不受气压的影响。(从关联词处分译)译文： The speed of sound increases slightly with a rise in temperature and falls with decrease in temperature.It is not affected by the pressure of the air.例4.我们的政策是实行“一个国家，两种制度”，具体说，就是在中华人民共和国内，有着十多亿人口的大陆实行社会主义制度，香港、台湾地区实行资本主义制度。(原文出现总说或分述时要分译)
译文： We are pursuing a policy of “one country with two systems.” More specifically, this means that within the People’s Republic of China, the mainland with its more than one billion people will maintain the socialist system, while Hong Kong and Taiwan continue under the capitalist system.例5.我们主张对我国神圣领土台湾实行和平统一，有关的政策，也是众所周知和不会改变的，并且正在深入人心。(为了强调语气而采用分译)
译文： We want peaceful reunification with Taiwan which is part of our sacred territory.Our policy in this regard is also known to all and will not change.The desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking hold in the hearts of the entire Chinese nation.II.合句法
英汉两种语言的句子结构不完全相同，尽管英语句子日趋简洁，但是从句套^考试*大从句，短语含短语的句型也是频频出现。一般而言，一个英语句子的信息包含量要大于一个汉语句子，因此，我们在做汉译英的时候，常常把汉语的两个句子，甚至更多句子，合译成英语的一句。使用合句法还可以使译文紧凑、简练。如以下三个例子：
例6：一代人与一代人之间的冲突，也就是年轻人与老年人的冲突，似乎是最可笑的。因为这就是现在的自己与将来的自己，或者说过去的自己与现在的自己的冲突。(在关联词处合译)
译文：A conflict between the generations between youth and age seems the most stupid, for it is one between oneself as one is and oneself as one will be, or between oneself as one was and oneself as one is.例7：对我来说，我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。(从主语变换处合译)
译文：To me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom where I am king.例8：第二天，我又接到一个电报。这个电报有34个字，比前一个电报说得更详细。(按内容连贯合译)
ppt文档可能在WAP端浏览体验不佳。建议您优先选择TXT，或下载源文件到本机查看。80%的英语考试作文都是书信作文，按考纲 的英语考试作文都是书信作文，的英语考试作文都是书信作文 要求，必须是学生熟悉的内容话题，要求，必须是学生熟悉的内容话题，那样才 有话可写。知己知彼，百战不殆。有话可写。知己知彼，百战不殆。? 想得高分有两条捷径。想得高分有两条捷径。? 1.书写工整。书写工整。书写工整 ? 给人以清新感觉。给人以清新感觉。? 2.善于用经典句型。善于用经典句型。善于用经典句型 ? 给人以道高，且老练之感，不敢给你低分，给人以道高，且老练之感，不敢给你低分，恐有埋没人才之嫌。恐有埋没人才之嫌。
开头： 询问情况及写作目的）开头：（询问情况及写作目的）1.你最进学习怎么样？ 你最进学习怎么样？ 你最进学习怎么样 2.我很高兴收到你的来信。我很高兴收到你的来信。1.How are you getting along with your study recently? ? 2.I am glad to receive your letter.? ? ? ?
3.1我正写信告诉你我下月将拜访你。我正写信告诉你我下月将拜访你。我正写信告诉你我下月将拜访你 ? 3.2我正写信询问你关于学习英语方面的一些 我正写信询问你关于学习英语方面的一些 信息
3.I am writing to tell you that I am going to visit you next month.I want to ask for some information about how to learn English
中间 ：（表明观点）表明观点）? 4.众所周知，英语正变得越来越重要。众所周知，英语正变得越来越重要。众所周知
As is well-known to us
4.As we all know,English is becoming more and more important.5.此外，英语正变得越来越重要。此外，此外 英语正变得越来越重要。? 6.我认为，80%的学生认为英语正变得越来 我认为，我认为 的学生认为英语正变得越来 越重要。越重要。
what’s more
5.Besides,English is becoming more and more important.? 6.In my opinion,80%（of the students））think that English is becoming more and more important.结尾：（祝福，期望）结尾： 祝福，期望）? 7.我非常抱歉，但我不得不停下来写，因为 我非常抱歉，但我不得不停下来写，我非常抱歉 我明天还有测试。我明天还有测试。?
8.我正盼望着收到你的来信。我正盼望着收到你的来信。我正盼望着收到你的来信 ? 7.I am sorry but I have to stop writing, because I will have a test tomorrow.? 8.I am looking forward to hearing from you.9.把我最好的祝福送给你父母。把我最好的祝福送给你父母。把我最好的祝福送给你父母 ? 10.总之，我们应该努力学习。总之，我们应该努力学习。总之
9.Give my best wishes to your parents.? 10.In short ,we should study hard.In a word
开头：（询问情况及写作目的）? 1.How are you getting along with your study? ?
2.I am glad to receive your letter.? 3.I am writing to tell you that I am going to visit you next month.I want to ask for some information about how to learn English中间 ：（表明观点）表明观点）
As is well-known to us
4.As we all know,English is becoming more and more important.what’s more
5.Besides,English is becoming more and more important.? 6.In my opinion,80% of the students think that English is becoming more and more important.结尾：（祝福，期望）结尾： 祝福，期望）? 7.I am sorry but I have to stop writing,because I will have a test tomorrow.? 8.I am looking forward to hearing from you.? 9.Give my best wishes to your parents.In a word
10.In short ,we should study hard.例文
Writing(2008 全国Ⅱ)全国Ⅱ ? 假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Peter来信向你咨询 假定你是李华，你的英国朋友 来信向你咨询 如何能学好中文。请根据下列要点写封回信。如何能学好中文。请根据下列要点写封回信。? 要点： 参加中文学习班 参加中文学习班； 要点：1.参加中文学习班； ? 2.看中文书刊、电视； 看中文书刊、看中文书刊 电视； ? 3.学唱中文歌曲； 学唱中文歌曲； 学唱中文歌曲 ? 4.交中国朋友。交中国朋友。交中国朋友 ? 注意： 词数 词数100左右； 左右； 注意：1.词数 左右 ? 2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 可适当增加细节，可适当增加细节 以使行文连贯； ? Dear Peter, ? I am glad to…… ? ? Li Hua.Dear Peter, I’m glad to hear from you.In your letter,you ? asked me how to learn Chinese well.As we know ,Chinese is becoming more and more important.? Here are some suggestions.First,it is important to take a Chinese course.If so,you will be able to learn from your teacher and practise with your classmates.Then, you’d better read books ,newspapers and magazines and watch TV in Chinese.? Besides,in my opinion,I think it useful to learn and sing Chinese songs,by doing so you’ll learn and remember Chinese words more easily.?
一名优秀的培训师除了要具备扎实的专业知识，还应深谙各种培训技巧，比如：如何读懂参训者的肢体语言；怎样妥善统筹时间；如何让培训充满趣味等等。就像烹制一道佳肴，鸡、鸭、鱼等原料必不可少，而填加油盐酱醋这些佐料更能将原料的美味发挥得淋漓尽致。
1.制定时间表
每个人都需要有一定计划。时间表就好像是一幅地图，指导着学习目标的完成。对时间的安排可以进行讨论和展示，而且可为每一部分设定大致的时限。时间表还可以不时地提醒培训师进行到了哪儿。
2.一切为了学习
注意！如果学习场所偏离得较远，而且持续时间较长，将有可能使你的参与者失望。如果不能在工作中运用所学到的方法，将无法衡量学习效果，而这恰恰是培训成功与否最重要的指示剂。
3.把成年人当作成年人来培训
现在的培训已不仅仅以说和演示的方式进行，作为培训师你应该：
1)给予学员一定挑战
2)尊重学员
3)使他们有可能影响或改变学习过程和某一段内容
4)给他们以自我发现的方式学习的机会
5)提供一个安全的学习场所
6)给予专业的反馈
4.保证均等的参与
让一些性格外向的、比较自信的参与者在讨论中扮演主角非常容易，但你
应该确保时间得到公平的分配：
1)采用轮流的方式，使每人都有发言的机会 2)避免与那些想要主导讨论的人进行眼神交流
3)直接向那些沉默不语的人提问
4)私底下让人们意识到他们想要控制讨论的倾向。也可寻求他们的帮助，以引
导其他人畅所欲言地发表观点
5)谢谢他们愿意将自己的想法与人分享，然后可以说：“让我们来听听其他人的想法。”
5.应对不良表现
有时会有这样的情形，有人看上去冷淡、不友好或者比较内向，培训师应主动干预。在很多情况下，干预此类表现可以起到影响其他人行为的作用。培
训师可以试图：
1)接近他
2)让他意识到你正在关注他
3)把注意力放在问题上，不要进行人身攻击
4)倾听他的任何抱怨
5)提供帮助，在你力所能及的范围内
6.拿出你的最佳状态
人们往往对培训有很高的期望。所以，培训师需要拿出100％的热情和知识。如果事情并不象计划的那样顺利，你应试着略作调整：
1)不要为任何不足道歉，你的学员可能并没有意识到那是一个问题。2)处理问题时要有自信。软弱和缺乏果断将会使你的学员在过程中渐渐丧失信
心。
7.回顾
在每天结束时或者第二天开始时，回顾一下大家已学过的内容。可以通过
如下方式进行：
1)培训师做一个简短的总结
2)所有学员轮流发言，回忆到目前为止他们学到最有用的是什么
8.善于倾听
千万不要在真空中工作，否则你会为忽视参与者而付出代价。
1)倾听他们说什么和怎么说
2)观察学员的肢体语言，消极的态度通常表现为：
a、眼珠不停地转动
b、极力避免眼神的交流
c、把胳膊和腿相互交叉
d、将胳膊折叠放在脑后，身体后倾
e、频频离开教室
3)当你注意到一个问题，仔细听清它所表达的含义，这样你才能作完整地回答。运用以下技巧，你可以取得更佳的效果： a、复述他们的问题，使你对问题的理解更充分
b、不要一味反驳
9.提供良好的学习氛围
当人们学习了某种技能，在运用之前需要有机会去实践。你可以通过以下
方式创造学习气氛： 1)运用幽默和自我否定 2)强调从反馈中学习的重要 3)进行角色模仿，并及时进行反馈 4)建立学习交流，鼓励互相学习
10.让培训更有趣
如果有轻松的学习环境人们可以学得更好，也可以从中获得乐趣。但这并不意味对学习的不重视。培训师可以通过以下方式让学员保持轻松的心情：
1)讲一些合适的笑话
2)自我解嘲
3)用一些奇闻、轶事来解释枯燥的理论
经典一:《雷霆救兵/拯救大兵瑞恩》(Saving Private Ryan)
当百万大军登陆诺曼底海滩时,一小队由约翰·米勒中尉(汤姆·汉克斯饰演)率领的美军士兵深入敌区,冒生命危险拯救一名士兵詹姆斯·瑞恩(麦特·戴蒙饰演)。导演着重刻画了战争中人的关系和人性的表现。评论普遍认为此片是有史以来最好看的战争片。影片中战争场面的表现非常逼真,几乎是真实再现了当时的战场血腥景象。许多二战老兵对影片给予了极高评价,称它是“最真实反映二战的影片”,尤其是片中长达26分钟的重现诺曼底登陆的壮观场面。另一方面,影片探讨了战争中人道主义的一个难题,用8个人的生命去拯救一个士兵的人道主义精神究竟是否值得?这一点将影片单纯作为纪实性电影,提高到更深层地挖掘战争中的正义和人道精神的境界。
经典二:《魂断蓝桥》(Waterloo Bridge)
《魂断蓝桥》是一部荡气回肠的爱情经典之作,内容虽有些传奇化,但文艺气息浓厚,具有甚高的催泪效果。整部片除了感叹造化捉弄人外,也恰可作为那个时代道德观的纪录。两次战争,使得这个标准的爱情悲剧故事背后有着反战信息。主题曲《友谊地久天长》更是风靡全世界。
经典三:《卡萨布兰卡》(CASABLANCA)
这是一部堪称“教科书”式的经典影片,也是表现二战中男女爱情的惊世之作。
《卡萨布兰卡》又名《北非谍影》,是好莱坞在二战期间拍摄的最卖座的影片之一。本片以一个令人心碎的爱情故事演绎出一种不折不扣的爱国主义情怀。为什么相爱的人不能相守?答案只有一个,相爱不是索取,而是奉献。
经典四:《教父》(The Godfather)
这是一部最具史诗气质的揭露黑社会明争暗斗内幕的影片,一幅气势恢弘的“社会图卷”。
《教父》是自《公民凯恩》以来最出色的一部美国影片,它把黑手党作为一个隐喻,不仅暗指非法生意的腐朽,而且暗指着所有的权力中心——其中主要包括政府的腐败。影片的深层意义在于它为美国电影史上一个十分悠久的经典类型——犯罪片开拓了宽广的前景,它不仅拓展了犯罪片的表现领域,其思想意义和内涵也远远超越了暴力的范畴,并将主题升华为人类社会中最常见的权力交替的深层问题——权力与罪恶的关系。
经典五:《阿甘正传》(Forrest Gump)
这是美国“反智电影”的代表作,它也是以小人物的经历透视美国政治社会史的史诗片,而且充满着好莱坞电影回归的保守主义精神。
20世纪90年代,美国社会的反智情绪高涨,好莱坞推出了一批贬低现代文明、崇尚低智商和回归原始的影片,美国媒体称之为“反智电影”。《阿甘正传》就是这一时期反智电影的代表作,它根据美国作家温斯顿·格卢姆的同名畅销小说改编,通过对一个智商为75的智障者生活的描述反映了美国生活的方方面面,并以独特的角度对美国几十年来社会政治生活中的重要事件做了展现。它使美国人重新审视国家和个人的过去,重新反省美国人的本质。
经典六:《乱世佳人》(Gone with the Wind)
这是好莱坞电影史上最值得骄傲的旷世巨片,一首人类美好爱情的绝唱,一幅反映社会政治、经济、道德诸多方面的巨大而深刻变化的历史画卷,奥斯卡史上一个不可逾越的“制高点”。
影片把美国人奋斗于逆境,追求个人独立、尊严、爱情以及永远乐观进取的民族精神表现得淋漓尽致。郝思嘉,一个中产阶级家庭出身的弱小女子,历经了情场失意、内乱战火、家园重建、爱女夭折、丈夫出走等一连串巨大的困难和挫折,这些打击不是一般的女性可以承受的,但她却始终没有向命运低头,她也从不胆怯,一次次重新把生活的主动权夺回到自己手中。“After all tomorrow is another day.”(“不管怎样,明天就是新的一天了!”)这是她乐观自强人生的最好表白,也是她对命运的诠释。
经典七:《勇敢的心》(Brave Heart)
《勇敢的心》一直被视为一部悲壮的、融合血泪传奇的史诗片,在影片中,人们常常为苏格兰那绵延的山脉、凄婉的风笛和苏格兰人民在贫困痛苦中发出的凄厉呼号所感动,也为华莱士一往无前的精神所鼓舞。威廉·华莱士的精神就如同一面旗帜,指引着苏格兰人民争取到了最后的自由。他最喜欢的一首诗也流传至今:告诉你,我的孩子/在你的一生中,有许多事值得争取/但,自由无疑是最重要的/永远不要戴着脚镣,过奴隶的生活。700年前的一位英雄,700年后的一部电影,激励着每一位为了自由而战的英雄以及民众。
经典八:《罗马假日》(Roman Holiday)
《罗马假日》,一个温馨悦目的浪漫爱情故事,一部经久不衰的轻喜剧。导演威廉·惠勒将罗马的名胜风光生动地融入剧情之中,英俊潇洒的格利高里·派克与奥黛丽·赫本十分般配,将一部浪漫爱情喜剧演绎得十分温馨悦目。这部浪漫爱情喜剧几十年来一直是电影观众和影评人必提的经典。在科技发达的今天,几乎所有的老片都被处理成彩色,只有包括本片在内为数不多的几部黑白影片保留不变。无论从哪个角度来看,它的艺术性都完美无缺,堪称转折片时代的完美佳作。
经典九:《狮子王》(The Lion King)
《狮子王》是迪斯尼录制了4年而成的震撼巨片,是一部探究有关生命中爱、责任与学习的温馨作品。它的电影音乐洋溢着浓厚的世界乐风,成功地营造出了片中非洲大地自然浑厚的生命气势。《狮子王》向我们展示了一个新生的壮阔世界,让我们体验到爱与冒险的生命感动。
《狮子王》一直被称为是“动物界的《哈姆雷特》”,它除了复仇的主题外,也反映亲情、友情的主题,很多人认为,它吸引人们的真正原因就是其间所散发着的时代气息。
经典十:《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet)
《哈姆雷特》是英国戏剧大师莎士比亚的杰作,在他的中期作品中,最著名的就是四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》与《麦克白》。人性观在《哈姆雷特》中表露无遗。莎士比亚透过哈姆雷特的口说:“某种品行、脾气、习惯、缺点……冲破约束发展成反常……这少量的邪恶足以勾销全部高贵的品质,害得人声名狼藉。”
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