英语开场白句型（精选8篇）
开场白
Ladies and gentlemen, distinguished guests:
Good morning/afternoon/evening.
1. Let me start by thanking...
2. I’m very pleased to be here.
3. I’m very happy to have this opportunity to...
4. I feel great honored to be here.
5. It’s a pleasure for me to share my experience with you all.
6. We have the great pleasure to have Mr.President with us.
7. We are honored today to be joined by our distinguished guest,...
8. Today I’d like to say something about...
9. Well, the topic I’m going to deal with is...
10. I’m sure everybody is interested in... so I will share with you some...
结束语
Thank you very much.
That is all. Thank you/Thanks for your attention.
我们可以粗略地将重点句型分成to be句型、there be句型、一般现在时句型、现在进行时句型、一般过去时句型、情态动词can引导的句型、be going to句型等。
二、语音语调的掌握
句型注重的是语音语调的学习, 很多学生在日常学习时并不注意规范地读, 在日后的听力上就会产生困难, 更不要说阅读大段的文章了。
三、教学形式的单一
句型教学以操练为主, 在具体句型的操练上并没有注重方法和技巧, 使学生在学习的过程中产生了枯燥、不耐烦的心理, 甚至有抵触的情绪, 学习态度的偏差对于教学质量也有很大的影响的。
1. 句型生活化
学习句型的目的是为了能够将其运用到实际中去, 正如教育学家陶行知所说的:“我们要以生活为中心的教学做指导, 不要以文字为中心的教科书。”句型是死的, 但是想办法让它变活, 这是我们能够做到的事情。
在PEP小学四年级上册第三单元中我们重点要教学下面这几个句型, 即“My friend is strong.He has short hair.Who is he?”我让班上的学生站起来由第一位同学开始操练, 相互指着第三人进行训练, 五官、高矮、胖瘦、颜色等单词都可以带入到句型中来进行操练, 甚至很多人都想出了许多他们不知道的词组, 我也是尽量地传授给他们。
2. 语音节奏化
平时教句型的时候我总是先用平速讲一遍, 接着再以变速的方式念一遍, 让学生跟着操练, 通过转换朗读方式的方法带领学生朗读。
3. 方法多样化
学生在操练过程中最厌烦的是单一、反复和无效。教学过程中要避免此类事件的发生。当然在实际操作过程中你会发现, 原来学生讨厌的并不是单一的操练, 而是手段的不变通。
4. 复习常态化
复习句型是要让学生更加深刻地记住这些句型还有单词、词组。原本教条式的复习已经不适合如今的教学环境, 教师要让更多的学生参加复习, 不管他们会还是不会, 要让他们张开口说英语, 这才是复习的关键。复习的最好方式之一就是利用游戏和歌曲。
我将要复习的句型设置在游戏里, 使复习游戏化。学生对于游戏的喜爱是与生俱来的。顺着他们的思维设计的游戏才能真正地让学生在情趣盎然的游戏中复习所学句型、巩固所学句型。比如在复习“What is it?”这个句型的时候, 我就采用了“copy一个样”的方式:在给出一个一个实体物品之后, 让学生表演出来, 后面的学生一个一个地接着表演, 让最后一个学生猜“What is it”, 通过这样的句式练习, 孩子就会很有兴致地沉浸在复习学习的快乐中。
参考文献
[1]张莺, 付丽萍.小学英语教学法[J].东北师范大学出版社.
一、当前初中英语句型教学过程中面临的问题
在教学过程中没有一定的独立性。初中英语教学过程中，句型教学是非常重要的环节，在英语学习过程中，语法、词汇和句型之间存在着关联，但句型教学又有独特的内容。然而，当前初中英语句型在教学过程中没有注意到句型教学的独特性，仅仅是在语法、词汇等的教学过程中对句型进行简单地讲解，忽略了句型教学的重要性、独立性。
在教学过程中不注重交际性。初中英语教师在开展教学过程中，教师适时地根据教学进度安排一些实践活动，进而巩固练习句型、相关的知识点。但是，在实际活动中，完全是照抄照搬式的替换练习，没有运用交际能力，内容缺乏创新、形式简单，对学生学习英语有消极地影响。
初中英语句型教学缺乏情景化。教师在初中英语教学中，对于教材中所涉及的各种句型材料没有进行充分的利用，尤其是对于课堂上的人和物，没有将学生的实际生活与句型材料相联系，也没有对现有的资源进行充分的运用，更没有选择熟悉的内容进行情景教学。
二、改变当前初中英语句型教学应该采取的策略
1. 初中英语句型在教学过程中要存在独立性
初中英语是最基础的部分，其知识点相对分散，对于词义、语法的理解都较为灵活、繁琐，导致初中学生对英语学习不感兴趣，尤其是对于句型的学习；另外，对于句型的学习，教师不能将词汇、语法等简单地混淆起来。因此，英语教师在教学过程中又要采用独特的教学方式。
[案例] 对某些熟悉句型、句式的学习和应用。首先，教师让学生在课后进行简单地总结，在此基础上，可以根据总结的句型进行仿写造句。其次，教师在课堂上遇到学过的句型或者句式时，可以适当地进行提问，并根据课堂情景设置问题。比如：学习come from，即“来自”，还有一个有相同意思的词组“ be from ”，此时，教师可以向学生提问，“Where do you come from？ 紧接着让学生随机回答：I come from Zhejiang.”学生回答完毕后，教师根据学生回答的答案，再设置问题：She is from Zhejiang. 让学生将这句话改变成一般疑问句：Is she from Zhejiang？ 或者教师再稍作修改：She comes from Zhejiang. 然后让学生再变成一般疑问句： Does she come from Zhejiang？教师通过反复的练习，使得学生对句型、句式有了全面的了解和掌握。最后，教师对涉及的知识点进行归纳总结，让学生在自己练习的时候进一步的熟练应用。
2. 初中英语句型在教学过程中要注重交际性
初中教师在开展英语句型教学时，要切实地创设、营造学生运用所学的相关英语句型知识进行交际练习，使教学和学生摆脱机械式的模仿，不仅对知识起到巩固的作用，而且有助于培养学生运用英语进行交际的能力。
[案例] 初中英语学习，离不开日常交际，日常交际是将所学的知识实际应用的环节，对学生的学习起着至关重要的作用。教师要为学生创设交际环境。教师与学生、学生与学生之间进行交际练习，比如：学生之间可以问姓名：What’s your name？ My name is ...；询问电话号码：What’s your telephone number？ My telephone number is ...；或者还可以问所喜欢的课程：What’s your favourite subject？ My favourite subject is Chinese.教师还可以让学生进行思考，对于这个问题还可以怎么提问：Which subject do you like best？ I like biology best.同时，教师还可以带领大家对涉及的学科词汇进行认识：art、physics、geography、music、chemistry等。最后，教师和学生对日常交际用语进行总结和归纳，让学生尽可能的在课外进行练习，以便尽快地掌握并熟练应用。
◆句型1：There+be +主语+地点状语/ 时间状语
There’s a boat in the river.
河里有条船。
◆句型2：What’s wrong with+sb. / sth. ?
What’s wrong with your watch?
你的手表有什么毛病?
◆句型3：How do you like...?
How do you like China?
你觉得中国怎么样?
◆句型4：What do you like about...?
What do you like about China?
你喜欢中国的什么?
◆句型5：had better(not)+动词原形
You’d better ask that policeman over there.
你最好去问问那边的那个警察。
◆句型6：How+adj. / adv. +主语+谓语!
What a/ an+adj. +n. +主语+谓语!
How cold it is today !
今天多冷啊!
What a fine picture it is!
多美的一幅图画呀!
◆句型7：Thank+sb. +for(doing)sth.
Thank you for coming to see me.
感谢你来看我。
◆句型8：So+be/ 情态动词/ 助动词+主语
He is a student. So am I.
他是一个学生，我也是。
◆句型9：... not ... until ...
He didn’t have supper until his parents came back.
直到他的父母回来他才吃饭。
◆句型10：比较级+and+比较级
The baby cried harder and harder.
那孩子哭得越来越厉害。
◆句型11：the +比较级，the +比较级
The more one has，the more one wants.
越有越贪。
◆句型12：... as +adj./ adv.+as ...
…not as(so) +adj. / adv. +as ...
Do you think that art is as important as music?
你认为艺术和音乐一样重要吗?
Last Sunday the weather was not so wet as it is today.
上个星期天的天气不如今天的天气潮湿。
◆句型13：more/ less +adj.+than...
I think art is less important than music.
我认为艺术不如音乐重要。
◆句型14：stop…from doing sth.
The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.
绿色长城将阻挡风吹走土壤。
◆句型15：both ... and ...
Both you and I are students.
我和你都是学生。
◆句型16：either ... or...
Either you or he is wrong .
不是你错就是他错。
◆句型17：neither ... nor ...
Neither he nor I am a student.
我和他都不是学生。
◆句型18：... as soon as ...
As soon as I see him，I’ll give him the message.
我一见到他，我就把你的消息告诉他。
◆句型19：... so+adj. / adv.+that ...
I was so tired that I didn’t want to speak.
我累得连话也不想说了。
◆句型20：Though...+主句
Though I like writing to my pen-friend，it takes a lot of time.
虽然我喜欢给笔友写信，但它要耗费我大量时间。
◆句型21：be going to
This afternoon I’m going to buy a Qisu English book.
今天下午我要去买本奇速英语书。
◆句型22：be different from
I think this is different from Chinese names.
我认为这与汉语名字不同。
◆句型23：Welcome(back)to...
Welcome back to school!
欢迎回到学校!
◆句型24：have fun doing
We’re going to have fun learning and speaking English this term. 这学期我们将兴味盎然地学习和讲英语。
◆句型25：... because ... / ...，so ...
I don’t know all your names because this is our first lesson.
因为这是我们的第一节课，所以我并不知道你们所有人的名字。
◆句型26：Why don’t you ... / Why not ...
Why don’t you come to school a little earlier?
为什么不早点到校呢?
◆句型27：make it
Let’s make it half past nine.
让我们定在九点半吧!
◆句型28：have nothing to do
They have nothing to do every day.
他们每天无所事事。
◆句型29：be sure/ be sure of/ about sth. / be sure to do sb.
I think so, but I’m not sure.
我想是这样，但不敢确定。
I was not sure of / about the way，so I asked someone.
我对于怎么走没有把握，所以我问别人了。
◆句型30：between ... and ...
There is a shop between the hospital and the school.
在那家医院和那所学校之间有一家商店。
◆句型31：keep sb. / sth. +adj./ V-ing/ 介词补语/ adv.
You must keep your classroom clean.
你们必须保持教室干净。
Sorry to have kept you waiting.
对不起，让你久等。
Can you keep him in the room ?
你能让他在这个房里吗?
Keep them here.
让他们在这儿呆着。
◆句型32：find +宾语+宾补
He finds it very hard to travel around the big city .
他发现要环游这个大城市是很难的。
◆句型33：... not ... anymore/ longer
The old man doesn’t travel any more.
这位老人不再旅行了。
He isn’t a thief any longer.
他不再是个贼。
◆句型34：What’s the weather like...?
What’s the weather like in spring in your hometown ?
在你们家乡春天天气怎么样?
◆句型35：There is no time to do/ have no time to do
There was no time to think.
没有时间思考。
I have no time to go home for lunch.
我没有时间回家吃午饭。
◆句型36：Help oneself to...
Help yourself to some fish.
吃鱼吧!
◆句型37：used to do
I used to read this kind of story books.
我过去常读这种故事书。
◆句型38：borrow ... from
I borrowed a Qisu English book from him.
我从他那借了一本奇速英语书。
◆句型39：lend sb. sth. / lend sth. to sb.
He lent me a story book / He lent a story book to me.
他借了本故事书给我。
◆句型40：have been to
Have you ever been to Haw aii?
你曾去过夏威夷吗?
◆句型41：have gone to
Where’s he?He’s gone to Washington.
他在哪儿?他去华盛顿了。
◆句型42：be famous for
Hawaii is famous for its beautiful beaches.
夏威夷以它美丽的海滩而出名。
◆句型43：No matter +疑问句+主句
No matter when you come，you are welcomed.
无论你们什么时候来，都受欢迎。
◆句型44：be afraid(of / todo / that...)
I’m afraid not. 恐怕不能。
Don’t be afraid of making mistakes when speaking English.
当说英语时不要害怕犯错误。
◆句型45：... as ... as possible / ... as ... as sb can
I hope to see him as soon as possible.
我希望能尽快见到他。
He ran here as fast as he could.
他尽最大努力跑到这儿。
◆句型46：practise / enjoy / finish doing
A young man practised speaking English with Mr Green.
一个年青人和格林先生练习说英语。
Tom enjoys playing football very much.
汤姆很喜欢踢足球。
He finished reading the story book.
他看完了那本故事书。
◆句型47：It’s said that ...
It’s said that one of the most dangerous sharks is the Great White Shark.
据说最危险的鲨鱼之一是大白鲨。
◆句型48：Not all / everyone ...
Not all sharks are alike.
并不是所有的鲨鱼都一样。
Not everyone likes dumplings.
并不是每个人都喜欢饺子。
◆句型49：be based on
His argument is based on facts.
他的论断是以事实为根据的。
◆句型50：... so that ...
Put the tree in the hole so that it is straight.
把树放入洞穴中，让它立直。
◆句型51：be+num. +metres / kilometres / years...+long / wide / deep / high / old...
The Great Green Wall is 7，000 kilometres long.
绿色长城长7000公里。
The river is about 2 metres deep.
这条河大约有2米深。
The boy is about 12 years old .
这个男孩约12岁。
◆句型52：keep ... from doing
The heavy rain kept us from starting out.
大雨阻止了我们出发。
◆句型53：with one’s help...
With Tom’s help，I’ve come to America to study further.
在汤姆的帮助下，我来美国深造。
◆句型54：I don’t think ...
I don’t think any of them is interesting.
我认为他们中任何一个都无趣。
◆句型55：What’s the population of ...?
What’s the population of Germany ?
德国的人口有多少?
◆句型56：prefer to do … rather than do
They prefer to buy a new one rather than repair it.
他们更喜欢买一辆新车，而不愿去修理它。
◆句型57：be worth (doing) …
This book is worth reading.
这本书值得读。
◆句型58：regard … as
They regarded their pets as members of their families.
他们把宠物视为家庭成员。
◆句型59：be confident of
I’m confident of success.
我确信会成功。
◆句型60：seem to do / seem +adj. / (介词短语)
He seems to be angry.
他似乎生气了。
The house seems too noisy.
这房子似乎太吵了。
◆句型61：be angry with / about / at(doing)
We’re all very angry with ourselves.
我们都很生自己的气。
I was angry about his decision to build a factory here.
我很生气他决定把工厂建在这儿。
I was angry at being kept waiting.
这样一直等我很生气。
◆句型62：pay for / pay … for
He paid for the book and went away.
他付完书款便离开了。
I paid him ￡200 for the painting.
买这幅画我付了他200英镑。
小升初英语得高分的几种备考方法
1、学生需要先根据自身英语学习情况进行综合分析，了解自己在英语学习中，哪一方面是自己英语学习中的强项，哪一部分是自己英语学习的弱项。对于英语学习中的强项，学生要善于归纳总结，在巩固语言的同时，注重知识相关性练，反复演练，争取做到熟能生巧。
2、熟悉小升初英语考试题型。听力、阅读、语法，写作是常见小升初英语考试的题型，学生应掌握每种题型的做题思路与解题技巧，平时要多听，多读，多写，多积累。
3、对于英语学习要制定一个长期学习计划，切忌三天打鱼两天晒网。一定要把英语学习当成一种习惯，每天抽出至少一小时进行学习，保证自己所学的英语知识巩固、预习将学的英语知识，并根据小升初英语题型进行专项训练，毕竟英语是需要有一个输入过程的，而且只有经常做题才能了解自己的英语水平，才能将所学的英语知识使用出来，并扎实巩固自己的英语知识。
4、扩充英语知识面，这样不仅为英语写作和口语提供大量的素材，而且也提高自身英语阅读能力，训练语感。
疑问句型 What is this? 结构︰问句：What＋be 动词＋this（that„）？
答句：This（that„）＋be 动词＋a book（pen„）。
说明︰此句型意为“这（那）是什么？这（那）是书（钢笔„）”。what（什么）叫做“疑问词”，用于询问“事物”，通常放在句首，后接 be <动词>，再接<主词>，第一个字母 w要大写，句尾要加问号(?)，位置不可排错。
What is this? This is a chair.这是什么？这是一张椅子。
What’s this? It’s a book.这是什么？它是一本书。
What is that? That is a desk.那是什么？那是一张书桌。What are these? 结构︰问句：What are＋these／those„？
答句：These／Those are＋复数名词（＋s／es）。
说明︰<主词>与<动词>的形式要一致，is 后面接单数<名词>，are 后面要接复数<名词>。
What are these? These are books.这些是什么？这些是书。
What are those? Those are cups.那些是什么？那些是茶杯。
What are they? They are glasses.它们是什么？它们是玻璃杯。What are you? 结构︰问句：What＋be 动词＋主词（人）„？
答句：主词＋be 动词＋a student„。
说明︰此句型意为“你是做什么事情的？我是学生„”。疑问词 what 除了询问事物之外，还可用于询问“人的职业或身分”。be <动词>随<人称代名词>的变化而改变形态，如：I am，we are，you are，he is„。
What are you? I am a student.你是做什么事情的？我是一名学生。
What is she? She is a teacher.她是做什么事情的？她是一名教师。Are you a...? 结构︰问句：Be 动词（am，are，is）＋主词＋„？
肯定简答：Yes，主词＋am（are，is）。
否定简答：No，主词＋am（are，is）not。
说明︰在否定<简答句>中，<主词>和 am，is，are 可以缩写；在肯定<简答句>中则不可。
Is he a student? Yes, he is.(No, he isn’t.)
他是学生吗？是的，他是。（不，他不是。）
Are you a teacher? Yes, I am.(No, I’m not.)你是教师吗？是的，我是。（不，我不是。）
Is that a clock? Yes, it is.(No, it isn’t.)那是钟表吗？是的，它是。（不，它不是。）What is your name? 结构︰问句：What＋is＋所有格＋name?
答句：所有格＋name＋is＋名字。
/ 103 说明︰“my，your，his，her”为单数人称的<所有格>；<所有格>后面必接<名词>，即“<所有格>＋<名词>”；<所有格>不可与 a，an，this，that，these 或 those 紧接一起使用。
What is your name? My name is Sue.妳叫什么名字？我的名字叫苏。
What is his name? His name is John.他叫什么名字？他的名字叫约翰。
What is her name? Her name is Jean.她叫什么名字？她的名字叫珍。Who is that...? 结构︰问句：Who＋be 动词＋that＋形容词＋名词？
答句：That is＋名字。
说明︰Who 是<疑问代名词>，询问人的“姓名”或“关系”；将<形容词>直接放在<名词>前面，叫做“前位修饰”。
Who is that short boy? That is Bill.那位矮男孩是谁？那位是比尔。
Who is that tall girl? That is Mary.那位高女孩是谁？那位是玛丽。
Who is that fat man? He is my uncle.那位胖男子是谁？那位是我叔叔。Where is...? 结构︰问句：Where＋be 动词（am，are，is）＋主词„？
答句：主词＋be 动词＋in the＋名词„。
说明︰问句是“Where...?”，简答时可用<副词词组>“In／On the＋<名词>”。
Where is Sue? She is in her room.苏在那里？她在她的房间里。
Where are your books? On the desk.你的书在那里？在书桌上。
Where is your mother? She is in the kitchen.你妈吗在哪里？她在厨房里。Are you V-ing...? 结构︰Am（Are，Is）＋主词＋现在分词„？
说明︰此句型意为“<主词>（人，物）正在„吗？”。这一<句型>转换的三要素是：be <动词>移到句首；改为大写；句尾用问号。
Is Mary sleeping?
玛丽正在睡觉吗？
Are you reading a book?
你正在看书吗？
Is the dog playing?
小狗正在玩耍吗？ What are you doing? 结构︰问句：What＋am（are，is）＋主词＋现在分词？
答句：主词＋am（are，is）＋现在分词„。
说明︰“<主词>（人）正在做什么？<主词>（人）正在„”。注意：<祈使句>的动词只能用原形，不可造<现在进行式>；表示“瞬间产生”的动作的<动词词组>，如 sit down，stand up，不可造<现在进行式>。
What am I doing? You are reading a book.我正在做什么？ 你正在阅读一本书。
What are the girls doing? They are singing.姑娘们正在做什么？ 她们在唱歌。
What is Bill writing? He is writing a letter.比尔在写什么？ 他在写一封信。How old are you?
/ 103 结构︰问句：How old＋be 动词＋主词（某人）？
答句：主词（某人）＋be 动词＋year(s)old。
说明︰此句型意为“某人几岁？某人是„岁”。该句型中，<疑问词>要用 how，不可用 what；且 be <动词>（am，is，are）要和后面的<主词>(某人)配合；答句中的“year(s)old”可以省略。
How old are you? I am twelve(years old).你几岁？我十二岁。
How old is your sister? She is thirteen years old.你的姊妹几岁？她十三岁。
How old is John? He is one year old.约翰几岁？他一岁。What time is it? 结构︰问句：What time is it？
答句：It is＋数字＋o’clock。
说明︰此句型意为“现在是几点钟？现在是„点钟”。问句中 what 当<形容词>，修饰后面的<名词> time；time 当时间解时，只能用单数，不可用复数。
What time is it? It is ten o’clock.现在是几点钟？现在是十点钟。
What time is it? It is six o’clock.现在是几点钟？现在是六点钟。
What time is it? It is nine o’clock.现在是几点钟？现在是九点钟。Do you + V...? 结构︰问句：Do／Does＋主词＋原形动词„？
肯定简答：Yes，主词＋do／does。
否定简答：No，主词＋don’t／doesn’t。
说明︰肯定句中，如有一般<动词>（speak，work，teach„），则在句首加<助动词> do 或 does，并将一般<动词>改为原形<动词>（不加s或es），即构成<疑问句>。
Do you speak English? Yes, I do.(No, I don’t.)
你讲英语吗？是的，我讲英语。（不，我不讲英语。）
Does she have a cat? Yes, she does.(No, she doesn’t.)
她有一只猫吗？是的，她有一只猫。（不，她没有一只猫。）
Do they work in office? Yes, they do.(No, they don’t.)
他们在办公室里工作吗？是的，他们在办公室里工作。（不，他们不在办公室里工作。）What time do you + V...? 结构︰问句：What time＋do／does＋主词＋原形动词„？
答句：主词（某人）＋一般动词„＋时间。
说明︰此句型意为“某人几点做某事？”<助动词> do 或 does 的选择依<主词>而定，若<主词>为第三人称单数，用 does；其它用 do。
What time do you get up? I usually get up at six.你几点起床？我通常六点起床。
What time does he go to bed? He usually goes to bed at ten.他几点就寝？他通常十点就寝。
What time does your class begin? It begins at eight-ten.你的课几点开始？八点十分开始。What day is today?
结构︰问句：What day is today？
/ 103
答句：It’s＋Sunday／Monday／„。
说明︰此句型意为“今天是星期几？今天是星期日／星期一／„。”it 可用于指“星期的名称”，但 this或 that 不可以；一星期七天的名称，都是<专有名词>，开头的首字母要大写，前面不加<冠词>。
What day is today? It’s Sunday.今天是星期几？今天是星期日。
What day is today? It’s Wednesday.今天是星期几？今天是星期三。
What day is today? It’s Saturday.今天是星期几？今天是星期六。How many N are there...结构︰问句：How many＋复数名词＋are there in／on＋名词？
答句：There is／are＋单数（复数）名词＋in／on＋名词。
说明︰此句型意为“在某处有多少„？在某处有„。”该句型中，many 修饰复数<名词>；又因本句型是 <疑问句>，故用 are there，不可用 there are。
How many seasons are there in a year? There are four seasons in a year.一年有几个季节？ 一年有四季。
How many days are there in a week? There are seven days in a week.一星期有几天？ 一星期有七天。
How many lessons are there in this book? There are twelve lessons in this book.这本书里有几课？ 这本书里有十二课。How many...do you have? 结构︰问句：How many＋复数名词＋do／does＋主词＋have？
答句：主词＋have／has„＋复数名词＋„。
答句：主词＋don’t／doesn’t have„＋复数名词„。
说明︰“How many”后面接复数<可数名词>，复数<名词>的前面可用 many，a lot of，a few，some，few，any，no 等修饰。
How many books do you have? I have a lot of books.(I don’t have any books.)
你有几本书？ 我有许多书。（我没有书。）
How many sweaters do you have? I have three sweaters.(I don’t have any sweaters.)
你有几件毛衣？ 我有三件毛衣。（我没有毛衣。）
How many friends does she have? She has a lot of friends.(She doesn’t have many friends.)
她有几个朋友？ 她有许多朋友。（她没有许多朋友。）How much...do you have? 结构︰问句：How much＋单数不可数名词＋do／does＋主词＋have？
答句：主词＋have／has„＋单数不可数名词。
答句：主词＋don’t／doesn’t have„＋单数不可数名词。
说明︰“How much”后面接单数<不可数名词>，单数<不可数名词>前面可用 much，a little，some，little，any，no 等修饰。
How much tea does he have? He has a lot of tea.(He doesn’t have any tea.)
/ 103
他有多少茶？ 他有很多茶。（他没有茶。）
How much homework do they have? They have a lot of homework.(They don’t have much homework.)他们有多少家庭作业？ 他们有许多家庭作业。（他们没有许多家庭作业。）
How much fruit do they have? They have a lot of fruit.(They don’t have a lot of fruit.)
他们有多少水果？ 他们有许多水果。（他们没有许多水果。）How much do(es)...cost? 结构︰How much do（es）＋某物＋cost„？
说明︰此句型意为“某物值多少钱？”。how much 用来询问商品的价格。还可以写作：“How much＋ be <动词>＋某物？“。
How much does this computer cost?(=How much is this computer?)这部计算机值多少钱？
How much do the vegetables cost? 这些蔬菜值多少钱？
How much do the movie tickets cost? 这些电影票值多少钱？ Did...V...结构︰Did＋主词＋原形动词＋„过去时间？
说明︰将肯定句中的过去式改为“Did＋原形<动词>”，并将 Did 放在句首，句尾用问号，即构成过去式的<疑问句>。
Did he clean the room yesterday? 他昨天打扫房间吗？
Did she wash the skirt yesterday? 她昨天洗这裙子吗？
Did your brother play in the park this morning? 你弟弟今天上午在公园玩耍吗？
Did he eat lunch yesterday? 他昨天吃午饭吗？
Did you see any elephants in the zoo last week? 上星期你在动物园里看到大象了吗？
Did Sue have her breakfast at eight? 苏在八点钟吃过早餐了吗？ Do you ever + V...? 结构︰问句：Do／Does＋主词＋ever＋原形动词„？
答句：No，主词＋never＋一般动词（加s或es）„。
说明︰ever 通常用于<疑问句>，never 通常用于否定回答；never 也可放在句首，后接原形 <动词>，形成否定<祈使句>，如例句4。
Do you ever use a computer? No, I never use a computer.你曾经使用计算机吗？不，我未曾使用过计算机。
Does Tom ever get up late? No, Tom never gets up late.汤姆曾经晚起床吗？不，汤姆未曾晚起床过。
Does Sally ever play the piano? No, Sally never plays the piano.萨莉曾经弹钢琴吗？不，萨莉未曾弹过钢琴。
Never be late for school, Bill.比尔，上学绝不可迟到。What year was he born in? 结构︰What date／year＋was／were＋主词＋born＋on／in？
/ 103 说明︰此句型意为“你出生于几月几日（那一年）？”。born 是<原形动词> bear 的过去<分词>，在文法上当 <形容词>，前面常有 was 或 were；中文说“某人出生”，英语应说：“某人＋was／were born„”。
What year were you born in? 你出生于那一年？
What date was your mother born on? 你母亲出生于几月几日？
What month was your sister born in? 你妹妹出生于几月？ What will you do on...? 结构︰What will／did＋主词＋do＋on＋时间？
说明︰此句型意为“某人在某时间将做什么？（未来式）某人在某时做了什么事？（过去式）”。指特定的日期（如几月几日）、星期几或星期几的早上（下午，晚上），要用介系词on。
What will you do on Teacher’s Day? 你在教师节将做什么事？
What will they do on Christmas Eve? 他们在圣诞夜将做什么事？
What will Helen do on her birthday? 海伦在她生日那天将做什么事？
What did John do on New Year’s Day? 约翰在元旦做了什么事？
What did Mary do on Youth Day? 玛丽在青年节做了什么事？
What did the suspect do on July ninth? 嫌疑犯在七月九日做了什么事情？ How do you + V...? 结构︰问句：How＋do＋主词＋一般动词„？
答句：主词＋一般动词„＋情状副词。
说明︰How 是问情况的<疑问副词>，表示“怎样„？”。用于说明“状态或性质”的副词，称为 <情状副词>。当用来修饰<不及物动词>时，<情状副词>位于其后；当用来修饰<及物动词>时，<情状动词>位于<及物动词>的前面或后面。
How did you do your work? I did my work happily.你怎样做你的工作？ 我很快乐地做了我的工作。
How did Mrs.Lin look at Mr.Lin? She looked at Mr.Lin coldly.林太太怎样注视林先生？ 她冷漠地注视林先生。
How does Mr.Wang drive his taxi? He drives his taxi carefully.王先生怎样驾驶他的出租车？ 他小心地驾驶他的出租车。You are..., aren’t you?
结构︰肯定句，＋否定式助动词＋主词？
说明︰这是一种反意<疑问句>，其结构特点是：第一部分是肯定式，第二部分就用否定式。直述句的<主词>是<名词>时，附加问句的<主词>要用<代名词>代替：it 代替 this，that，<不定词>(当<主词>)或<动名词>(当<主词>)等；they 代替 these，those，people 等。下列<助动词>的否定缩写式较易弄错：will not－>won’t；would not－> wouldn’t；should not－>shouldn’t；can not－>can’t；could not－>couldn’t； might not－>mightn’t；ought not－>oughtn’t。直述句有一般<动词>现在式，则附加问句用 do 或 does 代替；有一般<动词>过去式，则附加问句用 did 代替。
They’re ready, aren’t they?（读降调）他们准备好了吧？（读升调）他们准备好了，不是吗？
/ 103
Mike has a car, doesn’t he?（读降调）麦克有辆车，是吧？（读升调）麦克有辆车，不是吗？
The secretary typed the letter, didn’t she?
是秘书打了这封信，不是吗？
They will go to Europe, won’t they?
他们将去欧洲，不是吗？
You are the teacher, aren’t you?
你就是老师，不是吗？
I suppose you have been in our woods, haven’t you?我推想你在我们的森林里呆过，不是吗？
I know he had a good time last night, didn’t he? 我知道他昨天晚上玩得很愉快，不是吗？
The wall plug is broken, isn’t it?
墙上的插座坏了，不是吗？
Clean parks are beautiful, aren’t they? 干净的公园是美丽的，不是吗？
You can do it, can’t you?
你会做它，不是吗？
We should rise early, shouldn’t we?
我们应该早起，不是吗？ He isn’t..., is he?
结构︰否定句，＋肯定式助动词＋主词？
说明︰这是另一种反意<疑问句>。否定结构在第一部分，第二部分就要用肯定结构。对反意<疑问句>的回答和对否定式一般<疑问句>一样，要看答句。
He isn’t a manager, is he? －-Yes, he is.(No, he isn’t.)
他不是经理，是吧？－－不，他是经理。（是的，他不是经理。）
Mike doesn’t have a car, does he? 麦克没有车，是吗？
The secretary didn’t type the letter, did she? 秘书没有打过这封信，是吗？
They won’t go to Europe, will they? 他们不会去欧洲，是吗？
You aren’t the teacher, are you?
你不是老师，是吗？
I don’t think he can answer the question, can he? 我想他无法回答这个问题，是吗？ What in the world...? 结构︰疑问词＋in the world／on earth／ever＋其他
说明︰此句型意为“究竟„？到底„？”。这是特殊<疑问句>的强调说法。in the world，on earth 和 ever是强调疑问词的<词组>。
How in the world will he do it?
他到底将如何做这件事？
What in the world do you mean?
你的意思究竟是什么？
How on earth did you know it?
你到底是怎么知道的？
Who on earth told you that?
那件事究竟是谁告诉你的？
Where ever did you lose it?
你到底在哪儿丢的呀？
What in the world are they hoping for?
他们到底想要什么？ Are you...or...? 结构︰一般疑问句（读升调）＋or＋一般疑问句（读降调）
说明︰此句型意为“是„还是„？”。这是选择<疑问句>，前面都是一般<疑问句>，后面的问句如与前面有相同的部分，都可以省略。
Shall we come to see you or will you come to see us?
/ 103 是我们来找你们，还是你们来找我们？
Are you from the America or from the England?
您是美国人还是英国人？
Will he go on Monday or on Tuesday?
他是星期一走还是星期二走？
Would you like coffee or tea?
你是要咖啡还是茶？ What..., + A or B? 结构︰特殊疑问句(读降调)，＋A（读升调）or B（读降调）
说明︰这种选择<疑问句>使用得相当广泛，其特点是：前面的特殊<疑问句>已经明确地指出了要问的内容，再补充几项具体事物让对方做出肯定的答复。其语调是“降-升-降”调。
What would you like － coffee or tea?
你要什么？咖啡还是茶？
Which would you rather to buy － silk or cotton? 您想买什么？丝还是棉？
Where did you go: to Tianjin or to Beijing? 您去了哪里？天津还是北京？ When will you go to the Fair, tomorrow or some other day?
你何时去交易会？明天还是另找哪一天？...what/which...结构︰主要子句＋疑问词（what／how／which／why 等）＋子句
说明︰这是间接<疑问句>。疑问词后面的语句采用正常词序，不采用特殊<疑问句>所用的倒装词序。全句末尾大多用句点，但也有用问号的。直接问句改为间接问句或间接句时，原先的<疑问句>要改为肯定句或<否定句>的顺序；<助动词>如 will，should，would，must，may，can 等，须照抄，不可去掉；<助动词>如 do，does，did，必须去掉，再将它后面的原形<动词>改为适当的形式。
I’d like to know how old the manager is.我想知道经理有多大年纪。
He inquired how it was done.他问这事做得怎么样了。
Please advise me which item I should buy.请问我该先买哪个品种。
Tell me why it is so important?
告诉我为什么此事这么重要？
They do not know what the words mean.他们不知道这些字的意思是什么。
Tell me what happened yesterday.告诉我昨天所发生的事。
What they talked about is what we want to know.他们谈论什么是我们所想要知道的事。
She washed her hair every night and measured how much it grew in a week.她每晚洗头发，而且量量看一星期长多少。
You will never know how much your encouragement meant to me.你决不会知道你的鼓励对我多么有意义。...whether / if...结构︰主要子句＋whether／if＋子句
说明︰此句型意为“„是否„”。口语中使用 if 较为普遍。如果子句中带有 or not 等词，则只能用 whether；另外，whether 不能引导否定的间接<疑问句>，而 if 则可以。
He asked me the question whether the price was too high.他问我价格是否太高。
They asked him whether the quality is fine or not.他们问他质量是否好。
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Tell me whether you like this color.告诉我你喜不喜欢这种颜色。
Tell me if it doesn’t rain.告诉我是否下不了雨。
Ask him if it is true.问他那是不是真的。
I wonder if he is in the school.我想知道他是否在学校。Do you know if/where...结构︰一般疑问句＋疑问词（what／where／when 等）＋子句
说明︰此句为双重<疑问句>。疑问词后面采用正常词序，不用倒装词序。
Can you tell me where the teacher has gone? 你能告诉我老师到哪里去了吗？
Have you any idea where he comes from? 他是哪里人，您知道不知道？
Do you know if they like this new item? 你知道他们是否喜欢这个新品种？
Do you know who wants to go with me? 你知道谁想跟我一起去吗？
Do you know when the train will leave? 你知道火车何时开吗？
Can you tell me how much you earn a month? 你能告诉我你一个月赚多少吗？ He is..., is he? 结构︰肯定式陈述句＋肯定式反问句
说明︰这种疑问<句型>的前后一致，都是肯定式结构。后一部分进一步强调前一部分的内容，是不需要回答的一种修辞方式。
We are old friends, not strangers, right?
我们是老朋友了，不是陌生人，是吗？
He’s a capable businessman, is he?
他是一位很有能力的业务员，可不是吗？
So you come importing Chinese textiles, do you? 原来你是来进口中国纺织品的，是么？
So you’ve been to Shanghai, have you? 原来你去过上海，是吧？...what...? 结构︰„疑问词（在句中任何位置上）„
说明︰疑问词不是位于句子开头，而是在句子中任何位置上，这种方法十分简单，因此在口语中经常出现。
Two times what number makes ten? 什么数的两倍是十？
You will go where?
你要到哪里去？
You are twenty-what this year?
你今年二十几岁？
He’s your who? 他是你什么人？ What/How about + N/V-ing? 结构︰What／How about＋名词／动名词？
说明︰此句型意为“„如何？”。这是征求对方意见或提议的委婉说法。
What about the name Smith? 史密斯这个名字怎么样？
What about going to a movie? 去看场电影如何？
What about lending me some money?
借点钱给我如何？
What about washing the car on Sunday?
礼拜天洗车怎么样？
How about the others? 剩余的怎么样？
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How about a drink? 来一杯吧？
How about a cup of coffee at a nearby coffee shop? 去附近的咖啡屋喝杯咖啡吧？ What if...? 结构︰What if＋主词＋动词
说明︰此句型意为“如果„的话怎么办呢？”。但经常用于反语，有时也变成“即使„也没关系”之意。
What if it is true?
如果这是真的又该如何呢？
What if he doesn’t agree? 如果他不同意该怎么办呢？
What if he comes back now? 如果他现在回来怎么办？
What if the boy’s parents should die? 如果那男孩的父母死了该怎么办呢？
What if I fail!即使我失败了又怎样！What...for? 结构︰What＋助动词＋主词＋动词„＋for？
说明︰此句型意为“为什么„？”。相当于“For what„？”
What are you running for? 你为什么在跑步？
What do you want it for?
你为什么要那个？
What did they go there for? 他们为什么去那里？ How else...? 结构︰How else＋助动词＋主词＋助动词？ 说明︰此句型意为“„还有别的方法吗？”。
How else should a father in this modern world express his affection and concern for his own son?
现代这个世界上，父亲还应该有别的方法来对自己的儿子表示爱护和关心吗？
How else can the doctor save him?
医院还有别的方法可以救他吗？
How else can I apologize for her?
我还能有别的方法可以向她道歉吗？ 假设法句型
If + Present Tense..., S + will/shall + V...结构︰If＋现在式„，S＋未来式„
说明︰if 子句用现在式，表示须具备的条件，主句用未来式表示可能的结果，整句含意为“如果„，那么„”。will 用于所有的人称，在 I 和 we 之后可用 shall 代替 will。若主句的主词为 I 或 we 时，可以用 shall 代替 will。像 if necessary（如果需要），if possible（如果可能），if so（如果这样）等固定词组实际上是省略了的 if 子句。
If I lose my job, I will/shall go abroad.如果我失业了，我就出国。
If I have a headache, I will take an aspirin.如果我头痛，我就服一片阿斯匹林。
If it rains, we will stay at home.如果下雨，我们将待在家里。
If the weather clears, we’ll go for a walk.如果天晴，我们就去散步。
If the weather doesn’t clear, we won’t go for a walk.如果天不晴，我们就不去散步。
Inflation may be rising, if(it is)so, prices will go up.10 / 103 通货膨胀率可能上升。如果是这样，物价就会上涨。
If possible, She wants to go with us.可能的话，她想跟我们一起去。
Sterling may fall, if(this should be)so, interest rates will rise.英国货币可能贬值，如果果真如此，利率就会上升。If + Present Tense..., S + Modal Verb...结构︰If + 现在式，主词＋情态助动词
说明︰本句型实为
If it is fine tomorrow, we can go out.如果明天天气好，我门可以出门。
If it is fine tomorrow, we could go out.如果明天天气好，我门能够出门。
If it is fine tomorrow, we may go out.如果明天天气好，我门可能出门。
If it is fine tomorrow, we might go out.如果明天天气好，我门可能出门。
If it is fine tomorrow, we should go out.如果明天天气好，我门宜于出门。
If it is fine tomorrow, we ought to go out.如果明天天气好，我门宜于出门。
If it is fine tomorrow, we must go out.如果明天天气好，我门必须出门。If I should..., Imperative Sentence.结构︰If I＋should...＋祈使语气
说明︰
If you should see him, please give him my regards.如果你见到他，请代我向他致意。
Should you see him, please give him my regards.如果你见到他，请代我向他致意。
If you should happen to see him, please give him my regards.如果你万一见到他，请代我向他致意。
Should you happen to see him, please give him my regards.如果你万一见到他，请代我向他致意。
If you should write to her, send her my love.如果你给她写信，请代我向她问候。
Should you not wish our agent to call, please let us know.你若不希望我们的代理人去造访，请告之。
Should you be interested in our offer, please contact us.你若对我们的报价感兴趣，请与我们联系。If I should..., I will...结构︰If„should„，„would（will）／should（shall）等＋原形动词
说明︰这是表示与未来事实相反的假设<句型>，if <子句>要用<助动词> should，译成“万一”。should可置于<主词>前，将 if 省略。<主要子句>的<助动词>则视可能性做变化：若可能性低，则为过去式，若可能性高，则为现在式。should 可以提前，而将 if 省略。
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If he should come, I would tell him the truth.万一他来，我会把真相告诉他。
If he should come, I will tell him the truth.万一他来，我一定会把真相告诉他。
Should the boy come again, I would throw him out.要是那男孩在来，我就把他撵出去。
If it should rain, our plan would be spoiled.万一下雨，我们的计划就泡汤了。
Should that be true, the contract would be canceled.假如那是真的，合约就该取消。
Should another world war break out, what would become of human beings?
万一另一次世界大战爆发，人类将会发生什么事？ If I were to..., I...结构︰If„were to„，„would／should 等＋原形动词
说明︰这也是表示与未来状况相反的假设<句型>，与“if...should,...”大致相同，但“if...were to”所表示的可能性更低，通常用以表示“与真理相反”的<假设语气>。
If the sun were to rise in the west, he would pass the exam.要是太阳从西边出来，他就会通过考试－－他不可能通过考试。
If I were to be born again, I would like to be a bird.我要是再活一次，我想当一只鸟。
If the sun were to disappear, what would the earth be like?
万一太阳消失了，地球会变成什么样子？
Were I to die tomorrow, what would my children do?
万一明天我死了，我的孩子们将怎么办呢？ If I + V-ed, I would...结构︰If„＋过去式动词„，主词＋过去式助动词（would／should 等）＋原形动词
说明︰这是与现在事实相反的假设句型。if <子句>中的
If I knew his address, I could write to him.如果我知道他的住址，我会写信给他。
If I were free now, I might call on him.如果我有时间，我可能会去看他。
If you were in my shoes(=Were you in my shoes), what would you do?
如果你站在我的立场，你会怎么做？
Were I rich enough, I would buy a sports car.如果我有足够的钱，我就买一辆赛车了。
How happy I would be if I were a few inches taller!要是我再高几寸，我会好高兴。
If I had a car, I could take her for a drive.如果我有车，我就带她去兜风了。
If I had binoculars, I could see that comet clearly.如果我有望远镜，我就可以清楚地看见那颗彗星。It is time that...结构︰It is（high）time＋（that）＋主词＋过去式动词
说明︰此句型意为“已经到了„的时间了”。过去式<动词>处有时亦使用“should＋<动词>原形”。that <子句>也能用 to <不定词>来表示。
It is time he went to bed.该是他睡觉的时间了。
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It is time that you left for the duty.该你当班了。
It is time that you reflected upon your mistakes.该是你反省思过的时候了。
It is high time he should come to our house for dinner.已经到了他该上咱家吃晚饭的时候了。
It is time for somebody to teach you to behave yourself.该是有人教你应对进退之礼仪的时候了。If I had V-ed, I would have...结构︰If„had＋过去分词„，主词＋would／should 等＋have＋过去分词
说明︰这是与过去事实相反的假设<句型>。if <子句>要用<过去完成式>，<主要子句>则要用过去式<助动词>（would，should，ought to，might，could）＋have＋过去<分词>。if <子句>中的 had可置于<主词>前面，而省略 If。
If I had seen him, I would have told him the truth.如果我当时看见他，我会告诉他实情。
I could have finished the task if I had had more time.如果当时我能有多一点时间，我就能完成这项任务。
If we had known of your departure, we would have seen you off at the airport.如果我们事先知道你要离开，我们会到机场送行。
I someone had been with him, he might not have been drowned.如果有人在他旁边，或许他就不会溺死。
I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses.若非我已经习惯了这样的回答，我可能不敢轻易相信。
Had he not apologize to her, she would not have forgiven him.她（那时）不会原谅他，若非他道了歉。
Had he not saved me, I might have been drowned.我可能溺死了，若非他救了我。
Had I proposed to you, would you have married me? 我要是当年向你求婚，你会答应嫁给我吗?
Had you not helped us, we should have canceled this transaction.假如没有你的帮助，这笔生意早就告吹了。If I had V-ed, I would...结构︰If„had＋过去分词„，主词＋would／should 等＋原形动词＋now／today 说明︰这是<时态>不一致时的假设<句型>，亦称混合假设条件句。即：if <子句>若与过去事实相反，用<过去完成式>表示；而<主要子句>若与现在事实相反，则用过去式<助动词>表示。此类<主要子句>句尾通常有表现在的<时间副词>，如 now，today 等。
If he had worked harder when young, he would be well off now.如果他年轻时多努力一点，现在就能过得舒服些。
If I had been rich ten years ago, I could buy that house today.如果十年前我有钱，今天我就能买下那栋房子了。
Had he told the truth, he wouldn’t be punished now.如果他当时肯说实话，现在就不会受罪了。
Had he followed the doctor’s advice, he might be alive now.13 / 103
当时他要是听了医生的建议，现在可能还活着。I wish...+ V-ed...结构︰I wish＋（that）＋主词＋动词过去式／过去完成式（had＋过去分词）„
说明︰I wish 之后以 that <子句>为<受词>时，该<子句>的<动词>一定要用<假设语气>：若<动词>用过去式，表示与现在事实相反的愿望；若用<过去完成式>，则表示与过去事实相反的愿望。“I wish＋that-<子句>”的<句型>也可用“I would rather＋that-<子句>”取代。而 I hope 之后以 that <子句>做<受词>时，该<子句>用一般<时态>。
I wish there were meadows and lambs.但愿有草地与小羊。
I wish I were as tall as you.但愿我像你一样高。
I wish he could tell us.但愿他能告诉我们。
I wish(=I would rather)he could come tomorrow.但愿他明天能来。
I wish you had not been caught in the rain yesterday.但愿昨天你们没有淋到雨。
I wish you had not told the truth.但愿你没有说实话。
I wish I had known you ten years ago.真希望十年前就已经认识你。If only + V-ed 结构︰If only＋过去式／过去完成式
说明︰此句型意为“要是„就好了。”用过去式，表示与现在事实相反；若用<过去完成式>，则表示与过去事实相反。
If only I had a rich father.要是我有个有钱的爸爸就好了。
If only he had been here.要是他当时在这儿就好了。
If only I had another chance.要是我再有一次机会就好了。...as if/as though...结构︰„as if／as though„现在式／过去式／过去完成式
说明︰此句型意为“彷佛„；好像„一样”。as if，as though 是<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>。<子句>中，可用现在式，以表示事实；也可用过去式或<过去完成式>，分别表示与现在或过去事实相反的<假设语气>。
He speaks like that as if he doesn’t want to attend the meeting.他那样说话，似乎不想参加会议。
He walks as if he is drunk.他走起路来好像他真的醉了。
He felt as if he almost wished to kill them.他感觉彷佛几乎要杀掉他们。
The baby opened the book as if he were able to read.这个婴儿打开书本彷佛他会念书。
The nurse attends on the patient as if he were her father.这护士照顾这位病人彷佛在照顾她爸爸似的。
He ran into the room as if he had seen something terrible.他跑进屋子，彷佛他看到什么可怕的东西。
She looks as if nothing had happened to her.她当时看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。It seems/looks as if...结构︰It seems／looks as if„
说明︰此句型意为“似乎„”。本句型中的 as if <子句>可用以表示事实，或<假设语气>。
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It looks as if it is going to rain.好像要下雨了。
It seems as if he knows everything.他似乎是个万事通。
It seems as if he knew everything, but in reality, he is as stupid as can be.他似乎是个万事通。其实他是再愚蠢不过了。
It looks as if she had just come back from outer space.她看起来彷佛刚从外层空间回来似的。
It seemed as if he had finished the work.他似乎已经完成了这个工作。
It seemed as if he would never finish the work.他似乎永远完成不了这个工作。If it were not for...结构︰if it were not for＋名词／子句，主词＋would／should 等＋原形动词„
说明︰此句型意为“若非（有）„”。此类句构专门用于表示与现在事实相反的<假设语气>。亦可用“but for＋<名词>”或“without＋<名词>”代替。were 可以提前，省略 if，如例句3。
If it were not for his presence, I would punish you.要不是他在场，我会处罚你的。
But for your advice, I should have failed.要不是你的忠告，我会失败的。
But for music(=Were it not for music), life would be dull.要不是音乐，人生会很无聊。
If it were not for oxygen and nitrogen in the air, no man could live on the earth.大气中如果没有氧和氮，人就无法生存于地球了。
Without air, all living things would die.若非空气，所有的生物都会死亡。
Without newspaper, we would get behind the times.要不是报纸，我们都赶不上时代了。
I should be lonely, were it not for the birds and the flowers.我会寂寞，若非有鸟也有花。
Were it not for his help, I could not finish the work.若非有他的帮助，我就不能完成这件工作。
Were it not for science, we could not live a comfortable live.若非科学，我们无法过着舒适的生活。If it had not been for...结构︰if it had not been for＋名词／子句，主词＋would／should 等＋原形动词„
说明︰此句型意为“若非（有）„”。此类句构专门用于表示与过去事实相反的<假设语气>。
If it had not been for his help, I should have failed.如果没有他的帮忙，我应该已经失败。
Had it not been for your timely help, our company would have been on the verge of bankruptcy.若非你及时伸出援助之手，本公司将会濒临破产的边缘。
If it had not been for these experiments, the improvement of the machine would have been impossible.要不是这些实验，这部机器也许就不可能改良了。
Had it not been for the kind guide, I might have got lost in the mountains.要不是这位好心的向导，我可能就在山中迷路了。
If it had not been that he was here, I would have punished you.要不是他在场，我当时就会处罚你。I demand/insist that...结构︰主词1＋意志动词（demand／insist 等）＋（that）＋主词2＋（should）＋原形动词
说明︰意志<动词>有四类：建议（suggest，recommend，propose，advise，urge 等），要求（desire，ask，15 / 103 demand，require，request，maintain，insist 等），命令（order，command 等），规定（rule，regulate，stipulate 等）。其后接 that-<子句>时，该<子句>里的<动词>要用原形或“should＋<动词>”。美式英语通常省略 should。
The committee moved that the meeting(should)be adjourned.委员提议休会。
His parents demanded that he(should)be back by ten.他的父母要求他十点以前回家。
The employees demand that their salaries be raised.员工们要求加薪。
They ruled that the law(should)not be imposed.他们规定不应加重法律。
His father ordered that he(should)keep a diary in English.他的父亲规定他要用英文写日记。
My mother encouraged me and insisted that I continue my education.我妈妈鼓励我，而且坚持我应该继续我的教育。
He insisted that I(should)apologize to her.他坚持我应该向她道歉。
Recently, many states have insisted that high schools teach students how to drive.最近，许多州坚持中学应该教学生如何开车。
His father insisted that they(should)move to the country.他爸爸坚持他们应该搬到乡下。It is proper...that...结构︰It is＋意志形容词（important 等）＋（that）＋主词＋（should）＋原形动词
说明︰意志<形容词>包括 important，necessary，imperative，essential，urgent，desirable，advisable，recommendable，proper 等。that-<子句>中只能用<助动词> should，不可用 must，而 should 往往予以省略。
It is necessary that he(should)sort out the information for my reference.他有必要整理些资料供我参考。
It is essential that he get up early.他有必要早起。
It is urgent that food and clothing(should)be sent to the sufferers.急需将食物和衣服送给灾民。
It is desirable that we(should)provide for the poor at Christmas.在圣诞节施舍穷人是可喜的事。
It is important that he be quiet.他该保持安静是有必要的。
It is important that he not do it.他不该做那事是有必要的。
It is requested that all members be present at the party.全体会员都被要求出席这次晚会。
It is proper that such a bad man be punished severely.这么坏的人受重罚是应该的。Imperative Sentence + Conj.+ Main Clause 结构︰祈使句＋连接词＋主句
说明︰<祈使句>表示须具备的条件，主句表示可能的结果。<祈使句>代替 if 子句进行评说，提出要求，订立协议，提供建议或威胁等。<祈使句>的用法比 if 子句表示的更为紧迫。
Provide the materials and we’ll do the job.提供材料，我们就做这活。
Stop shouting or you’ll wake up the neighbors.不要喊了，否则你会把邻居吵醒的。
Put that down or else I’ll smack you.把它放下，不然我就揍你。
Be there on time, otherwise you’ll create a bad impression.要准时来，否则你会给人一个坏的印象。
Fail to pay and they’ll cut off the electricity.你（如果）不付款，他们就要断电。
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Stop eating sweets, or you won’t get any dinner.你如果不停止吃糖，你就不要吃饭。Unless...结构︰Unless＋子句，主要子句
说明︰此句型意为“除非„”。unless 引导一个否定假设句，相当于 if...not...，有时可以互换使用。总体上看，unless 的语气强于 if...not...，而且有时较为常用，例如在最后通牒中。
Unless you change your mind(=If you don’t change you mind), I won’t be able to help you.除非你改变你的想法，否则我不能帮助你。
Unless the management improves their offer, there’ll be a strike.除非资方做出进一步的建议，否则将举行罢工。
I couldn’t have got to the meeting on time － unless I had caught an earlier train.我不可能及时赶到会场，除非我赶上了较找的一班火车。Provided/Providing(that)....结构︰Provided／provided（that）＋子句，S＋V...说明︰此句型意为“如果„”。Provided/Providing(that)引导假设条件句，其功能相当于 if。
Provided/Providing(that)you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow off.如果你到今晚把手头上的工作做完，你明天就可以休息。As/So long as...结构︰As/So long as ＋子句，S＋V...说明︰此句型意为“如果„，只要„”。As/So long as引导一个条件假设句，其功能相当于 if。
So(As)long as you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow leave.如果你到今晚把手头上的工作做完，你明天就可以休息。
As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe.如果你开车小心，你就会很安全。
You may eat anything, so long as you don’t eat too much.只要不吃得太多，你可以吃任何东西。
As long as live, I will help you.只要我活着，我都会帮助你。
As long as you don’t betray me, I’ll do whatever you ask me to(do).只要你不出卖我，要我做什么我都愿意。
We’ll ship the goods at an early time as long as there is a steamer.只要有船，我们就尽早装货。
You will never be good students so long as you goof around.如果你们成天游手好闲，就永远也成不了好学生。Suppose/Supposing(that)...结构︰Suppose/Supposing（that）＋子句，S＋V...说明︰此句型意为“如果„，假使„”。Suppose/Supposing(that)引导假设条件句，其功能相当于 if。
Suppose/Supposing(that)we miss the train, what shall we do? 如果我们误了火车，我们将怎么办？ What if/Say...结构︰What if/Say＋子句，S＋V...说明︰此句型意为“假设„”。What if 和 Say 用来引导一个假设条件句，其义相当于 Let us suppose（让
/ 103 我们假设）。
What if/Say he goes home before us and can’t get in? What will he do then?
假设他在我们之前赶到家而又进不去呢？那他怎么办呢？
What if/Say you were to run out of money? What would you do?
假设你的钱用完了呢？你将怎么办呢？ With luck...结构︰With luck，＋主要子句
说明︰With luck 为含蓄假设条件句（即不用 if 直接引导）。with luck 意为“如果幸运的话，如果运气好的话”。
With luck, we’ll be there by tomorrow.幸运的话，我们明天将到达那儿。（=If we are lucky）
With luck, she will get the job.如果幸运的话，她将得到那份工作。（=If she is lucky）Given time...结构︰Given time，＋主要子句
说明︰此为含蓄假设条件句（即不用 if 直接引导）。Given time 意为“（如果）给以时间的话”。Given time, they will probably agree.给以时间的话，他们可能会同意。（=If they are given time/If we give them time）
To hear him talk,...结构︰To hear him talk，＋主要子句
说明︰此句型意为“听某人谈话（的口气）„”。从形式上看，To hear him talk 似为不定式词组，但实则为含蓄条件句（即不用 if 直接引导）。To hear him talk 相当于 If you could hear him talk。
To hear him talk, you’d think he was Prime Minister.听他谈话（那口气），你会以为他是首相呢。
To hear you talk, I’d think you were Prime Minister.听你谈话（那口气），我还以为你是首相呢。Without..., S + V...结构︰Without „，＋主要子句
说明︰此句型意为“如果没有„”，是导致主要子句结果发生的必要条件。Without...为含蓄假设条件句，此用法在口语表达中最为常见。without 意为“（如果）没有„的话”。Without 既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾，放在句首有强调作用。此外，如果主要子句用否定式，则和 without 构成双重否定，表示特别强调 without 之后项为主要子句动作发生之必备条件。
Without your help, I couldn’t have done it.（如果）没有你的帮助，我是不会做成的。（=If you hadn’t helped me）
She can’t solve the problem without his help.如果）没有他的帮助，她不可能解决这道题。
We can’t live without air or water.（如果）没有空气或水，我们就无法生存。
Fish cannot live without water.（如果）没有水，鱼儿就无法生存。比较句型 as/so...as...结构︰as／so＋形容词或副词原级＋as„
/ 103 说明︰此句型意为“„和„一样„”。比较两件东西，并表示它们的程度一样。第一个 as 为<副词>，第二个 as 则为<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，修饰第一个 as。在 as„as 中可插入单数<可数名词>，即：“as＋<形容词>＋a／an＋<名词>＋as”。若是复数<名词>，可用“as many／few＋复数 <名词>＋as”；若是<不可数名词>，则用“as much／little＋<不可数名词>＋as”。“as＋原级（形、副）＋as＋原级（形、副）”这形式表示有关同一人（物）的两种不同的性质、状态是一样程度的，译作“既有„且还有„”。
He is as handsome as his brother(is).他和他哥哥一样英俊。
Judy goes to the movies as often as Sara does.朱迪像莎拉一样时常去看电影。
Old John goes to sleep as easily as a baby does.老约翰像婴儿一样容易入睡。
The girls are as busy with their work as bees.这些女孩子就跟蜜蜂一样忙着工作。
He is as nice a boy as Peter(is).他和彼得一样都是好男孩。
She has as many friends as Mary(does).她和玛丽一样有许多朋友。
He has as much money as John(does).他和约翰一样有很多钱。
He is as clever as(he is)handsome.他不但英俊而且聪明。
My teacher is as kind as(she is)intelligent.我的老师不但善良而且聪慧。as many/much...结构︰as many／much＋名词„
说明︰此句型意为“同数（量）的„；一样多”。本<词组>旨在用以代替句中前面已提到的相同数字，以避免该数字的重复。
He was tired enough to make ten errors in as many(=in ten)pages.他疲倦得十页中犯了十个错误。
Mike read five books in as many(=in five)months.麦克在五个月内看了五本书。
I didn’t expect that he should have committed three robberies in as many days.没想到（老实的）他居然在三天内犯了三次抢劫罪。as many/much as...结构︰as many／much as＋数字＋复数名词／不可数名词
说明︰此句型意为“多达„”。不要与“as many／much＋<名词>”（同数量的„）混淆。同理，此类<词组>还有：as long as＋数字＋<名词>（长达„），as wide as＋数字＋<名词>（宽达„），as high as＋数字＋<名词>（高达„），as early as＋数字＋<名词>（早在„），as late as＋数字＋<名词>（迟在„）等。
She has as many as seven sisters.她的姊妹有七人之多。
As many as 100 people were killed in the air crash.这次空难中多达一百人丧生。
I gave the beggar as much as 1,000 yen.我给了这乞丐整整一千元。
Building costs ran up to as much as NT$ 20 million.建筑费用涨到高达新台币两千万。
I have been learning English(for)as long as 15 years.我学英文已有十五年之久。
He came home as late as two in the morning.他迟至清晨两点才回家。
I saw your brother as late as last week.上个礼拜我还看到你哥哥。
The river is as wide as 100 meters.这条河宽达一百公尺。
I mailed the letter as early as Friday.我早在星期五就把信寄了。
/ 103 A is as much + N + as B is 结构︰主词＋be＋as＋much＋名词＋as＋（be）＋主词
说明︰此句型意为“„和„同样„”。“as much＋<名词>＋as＋（be）＋<主词>”的 be 通常省略或放句末。
Comets are just as much members of the sun’s family as(are)the other planets.彗星和其他的行星同样是太阳家族的成员。
To eat too much is as much a bad thing as to eat nothing.吃太多和什么都不吃同样是坏事。
He is as much a member of the orchestra as Tom.他和汤姆同样是管弦乐队的成员。not as/so + ADJ/ADV + as + N 结构︰not as／so＋形容词／副词＋as＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“不像„那样„”。as„as 可用于肯定句或<否定句>，而 so„as 仅可用于<否定句>构中。
It is not as(so)popular as other foods.它不像其他食物那样受欢迎。
He does not study as(so)hard as John.他不像约翰那样用功。
I am not as(so)careful as Tom.我不像汤姆那样细心。as far as...结构︰as far as＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“到„之远；到„的程度”。而“as far as＋<主词>＋<动词>”则表示“只要„，在„范围内的话„”。
Swallows from England go as far as South Africa.英国来的燕子飞到南非那样远的地方。
We walked as far as the railroad station.我们走到火车站那样远的地方。
We drove as far south as Kaohsiung.我们往南开车一直到高雄。He went as far as Yokohama to meet his friend from England.他远至横滨去迎接由英国来的朋友。
I swam as far as I could.我尽可能地游远。...just as...as...结构︰主词＋动词＋just as＋形容词／副词＋as＋（代）名词／动名词
说明︰此句型意为“„就像„一样„”。第一个 as 是“同样的；一样的”，第二个 as 是“像”之意。若<主词>之后不是 be <动词>，则 as 之后不用<形容词>，而要用<副词>。
Being a good pedestrian is just as important as being a good driver.做一个好的行人就像做一个好的司机一样重要。
Writing is just as important as reading.写作就像阅读一样重要。
He wrote just as carefully as Tom.他就像汤姆一样小心地写。...as...as one can 结构︰„as＋形容词／副词／名词＋as one can 说明︰此句型意为“尽可能„”。“as...as one can”相当于“as...as possible”。one 要随<主词>的人称而变化，而 can 要随<时态>变化。
/ 103
To speak English fluently, you had better read as many English articles as you can.要想把英文讲得很流利，你最好尽量多看英文文章。
Take as much exercise as you can.尽可能多做运动。
Be as careful as you can.尽可能小心。
Our teacher explained the lesson to us as clearly as he could.我们的老师尽可能清楚地为我们解释这一课。
She needed to soften her request to make it as polite and courteous as she could.她需要使请求语气柔婉，以便尽可能把它变成有礼貌与客气。
You should be as careful as you can in making friends.在交朋友方面，你应该尽可能小心。
We had better learn by heart as many sentence patterns as we can.我们最好尽可能多背句型。
I looked down the road as far as I could.我尽可能遥望这条路。
I will try to save as much as I can.我会设法尽可能多储蓄。
You should remain as quiet as you can.你应尽可能地保持沉默。...as...as...can be 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋as＋形容词＋as＋（形容词）＋can be 说明︰此句型意为“极„，不亚于任何人„”。此<句型>借重复同一个<形容词>而成为强调此<形容词>的说法。常用的此类<词组>有：as plain as plain can be（再明白不过了），as wise as wise can be（再聪明不过了），as white as white can be（白得不能再白了），as wrong as wrong can be（错得太离谱）等。
His failure is as plain as plain can be.他的失败是再明白不过了。
He is as handsome as(handsome)can be.他潇洒极了。
She is as kind as can be.她极为和颜悦色。
Mary is as hardworking as can be.玛丽在班上之用功不输任何人。
He may not be so clever as Peter, but he is as industrious as can be.他也许不如彼得聪明，但却用功极了。as...as ever 结构︰as＋形容词／副词＋as ever 说明︰此句型意为“与往常一样„”。
He seems to be as busy as ever.他似乎和往常一样忙碌。
He works as hard as ever.他和往常一样努力工作。
She was as beautiful as ever after so many years.过了那么多年，她美丽如故。...times as...as...结构︰倍数词＋as＋形容词／副词＋as„
说明︰此句型意为“是„的几倍”。“两倍”是 twice，而三倍以上的“倍”，通常用 times。
An ordinary subway train, approaching the station, can be twice as loud as the loudest jet.平常的地下火车接近车站时，发出的声音可能是最大声的喷射机的两倍。
This line is four times as long as that one.这条线是那条线的四倍长。
/ 103
I am twice as old as he.我的年纪是他的两倍。
She studies three times as hard as I.她用功的程度是我的三倍。
He earns twice as much as he used to.他比往常多赚二倍的钱。
She spent half as much money as you.她花掉的钱只有你花掉的一半。...times the/my N...结构︰„倍数词＋the（或所有格）＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“是„的几倍”。<倍数词>与<名词>之间一定有 the 或<所有格>。有时可改为“<倍数词>＋as＋<形容词>”。三倍以上的“倍”，通常用“times”。而“more than＋<倍数词>＋the（或<所有格>）＋<名词>”译为“是„的几倍还不止”。
It was over twice the distance of the earth from the sun.那是地球到太阳的距离的两倍多。
Line A is four times the length of line B.线条 A 是线条 B 的四倍长。
I have five times the number of Tom’s books.我有五倍于汤姆的书。
He has three times my money.他的钱是我的三倍。
He has more than three times my money.他的钱是我的三倍还不止。
The river is ten times the length of the Tamsui River.这条河的长度是淡水河的十倍。
Holland has two-thirds the inhabitants of the state of New York, which is four times the size of Holland.荷兰的居民是纽约州的三分之二，而纽约州却是荷兰的四倍大。more than...as...as 结构︰more than＋倍数词＋as＋形容词／副词＋as 说明︰此句型意为“是„的几倍还不止”。“两倍”是twice，而三倍以上的“倍”，通常用times。
He is more than three times as rich as I.(=He is three times richer than I.)他的财富是我的三倍还不止。
He studies more than three times as hard as I.他用功的程度是我的三倍还不止。
I am more than twice as old as he.我的年龄是他的两倍还不止。
He has collected more than three times as many stamps as I(have).他搜集的邮票是我的三倍还不止。...times...er than...结构︰倍数词＋形容词或副词比较级＋than„
说明︰此句型意为“比„大几倍”。“两倍”是twice，而三倍以上的“倍”，通常用times。
We now know that X-ray waves are 2,000 to 10,000 times shorter than light waves.我们现在知道Ｘ光波比光波短二千到一万倍。
This street is four times shorter than that one.这条街道比那条短四倍。
The mother elephant is one hundred times heavier than the baby elephant.这只母象比小象重一百倍。
It is ten times louder than another.它比另外一个的声音大十倍。
This street is three times wider than that one.这条街比那条街宽三倍。
I am twice older than he.我的年纪比他大两倍。not so adj.as adj.结构︰not so＋形容词／副词＋as＋形容词／副词
/ 103 说明︰此句型意为“与其说是„倒不如说是„”。相当于“<形容词>／<副词>＋rather than＋<形容词>／<副词>”。
She is not so beautiful as charming.(=She is charming rather than beautiful.)与其说她美倒不如说她迷人。
He is not so clever as diligent.与其说他聪明倒不如说他勤奋。
She is not so kind as simple.与其说她善良不如说她单纯。not so much + N as + N 结构︰not so much＋名词＋as＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“与其说是„倒不如说是„”。相当于“<名词>＋rather than＋<名词>”。
He is not so much a writer as a scholar.与其说他是作家倒不如说他是学者。
He is not so much a genius as a hard worker.他的努力胜于天份。
The Apollo program was not so much a scientific achievement as a technical accomplishment.阿波罗计划与其说是一项科学成果，不如说是一项技术成就。not so much...as...结构︰not so much＋介系词词组／不定词词组＋as＋介系词词组／不定词词组
说明︰此句型意为“与其说是„倒不如说是„”。相当于“<介系词词组>／<不定词词组>＋rather than＋ <介系词词组>/<不定词词组>”。
Happiness hinges not so much on wealth as on health.快乐与其说在于财富倒不如说在于健康。
One’s greatness lies not so much in his wealth as in his character.一个人的伟大与其说是由他的财富来判断，倒不如说是由他的品德来判断。
Success lies not so much as in luck as in hard work.与其说成功在于运气不如说是辛勤努力。
I lay down not so much to sleep as to think.我躺下来与其说是要睡觉，倒不如说是要思考。
It is not so helpful to give someone some bread as to teach him how to make a living.与其说给人面包很有帮助，倒不如说教导他如何谋生才重要。
Our success was attributed not so much to your help as to our cooperation.我们的成功与其归功于您的帮忙，不如归功于我们的合作。
The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning.学校教育的最大用处，与其说是教你事物，不如说是教你学习的方法。
The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.(=The oceans do not divide the world so much as unite it.)与其说是海洋分割这个世界，不如说是统一这个世界。not so much as...结构︰not so much as...说明︰此句型意为“甚至都不„”。相当于“not even...”。本<词组>使用时，要置于<助动词>之后，即： cannot so much as＋原形<动词>（甚至„都不能），do not so much as＋原形<动词>（甚至„都不），have not so much as＋过去<分词>（甚至„都没有）。
He cannot so much as write his own name.(=He cannot even write his own name.)
/ 103
他甚至连自己的名字都不会写。
He did not so much as thank me.他甚至都没谢我。
He is so stupid that he can’t so much as eat.他蠢得甚至连吃饭都不会。
When Mary walked in, she didn’t so much as take a glance at me, which angered me.玛丽进门时，连看我一眼都没有，真令人生气。the more..., the more...结构︰the＋比较级„，the＋比较级„
说明︰此句型意为“愈„，就愈„”。若句中的<主词>为一般<名词>，而非<代名词>（he，it，you，they）或<专有名词>（John，Mary），且后面的<动词>为 be <动词>时，该 be <动词>可省略。The more you soften a request, the more polite it becomes.你愈使请求柔婉，请求就愈变为客气。
The longer you stay here, the more you will like the place.你在这里待得愈久，你愈会喜欢这个地方。
The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.你愈小心，你犯错就会愈少。
The more I learn, the less I feel I know.学而后知不足。
The closer you stay to nature, the more you will appreciate her beauty.你愈接近大自然，就愈能了解它的美。
The more leisure he has, the less he stays at home.愈是有空，他愈不肯待在家里。
The better the boy(is), the more I like him.这男孩愈好我愈喜欢他。
The colder the weather(is), the more comfortable my life(will be).天气愈冷，我的生活就愈舒服。
The bigger the house(is), the more money it will cost.房子愈大愈值钱。
The more haste, the less speed.欲速则不达。
The more noble the more humble.结实愈丰者，其穗愈低。
More profit and less honor.舍名逐利。
The sooner the better.事不宜迟。
The more you have, the more you want.拥有愈多，欲望愈高。
The more you beat iron the harder it grows.铁不炼不成钢，玉不琢不成器。more and more...结构︰比较级＋and＋比较级 说明︰此句型意为“愈来愈„”。
The noise of traffic grows louder and louder.交通的噪音变得愈来愈大。
It is getting hotter and hotter.天气愈来愈热。
You should study harder and harder.你应该更用功念书。
The girl became more and more beautiful.这女孩变得愈来愈漂亮了。
With the rapid economical development, China’s position on the international stage is getting more and more important.随着经济迅速发展，中国在国际舞台上的地位变得愈来愈重要了。...more...than...24 / 103 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋more„than„
说明︰此句型意为“„是„而不是„”。在“„”的位置，可以用<名词>，<形容词>，或带有形容词性的<分词>。
You may also find that reading has become more fun than work!
你或许也会发现阅读已经变成是有趣的事，而不是工作。
It is more a made-up story than a real occurrence.那是杜撰的故事，而不是真实发生的事情。
I was more disappointed than discouraged.我是失望，而不是泄气。
He seems more like a military officer than a business executive.他似乎比较像一个军官，而不像一个商业行政主管。
He is more a sprinter than a swimmer.他是短跑健将，而不是游泳选手。
I am more frightened than hurt.我吓坏了而没有受伤。
Sue is more beautiful than Jane.苏比珍较美。
The computer is more expensive than the typewriter.这部计算机比这部打字机更贵。
People in the country are happier than people in the city.乡下的人们比城市的人们更快乐。N1 more...than N2 结构︰名词1＋比较级＋than＋名词2 说明︰此句型意为“比„更为„的„”。
People have to live on something more nourishing than hope.人们必须依赖比希望更滋养的东西来过活。
I have never seen a girl more beautiful than Mary.我从未见过比玛丽更为美丽的女孩子。
I want some persons more experienced than Tom.我要一些比汤姆更有经验的人。more N than + ADJ/V-ed 结构︰比较级＋名词＋than＋（be 动词）＋形容词／过去分词 说明︰此句型意为“比„来得更多的„”。be <动词>通常省略。
Some people give higher priced gifts than necessary for the situation.有些人给了比情况所必要来得更高价的礼物。
I did more work than required.我做了比所被要求的来得更多的工作。
We were given more money than necessary for the project.我们被给了比计划所要求来得更多的钱。It is better to V1 than V2 结构︰It is＋比较级＋to＋原形动词1„than＋（to）＋原形动词2„ 说明︰此句型意为“„比„更„”。than 之后的 to 可以省略。
It is better to laugh than(to)weep.笑比哭好。
It is more comfortable to lie on a lawn than(to)sit in the office.躺在草坪上比坐在办公室里舒服。
It is harder to teach than(to)study.教书比读书辛苦。make...more...of...结构︰主词＋make＋受词＋more＋形容词＋of„
/ 103 说明︰此句型意为“„使„更加„”。根据不同的情况，句子可以有不同<时态>。
Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight.黑暗会使他更加珍惜视力。
Their sudden attack made us more aware of the danger around us.他们突然的攻击使我们更加注意我们周围的危险。
Your encouragement made me more confident of my future.你的鼓励使我对我的未来更加有信心。all the more for...结构︰all the＋比较级＋for＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“即使„却更加„；因为„反而更加„”。for 为<介系词>，之后接<名词>为其<受词>。也可写成“all the＋比较级＋because-子句”。because 为<副词><连接词>，之后接<主词>＋<动词>，引导<副词子句>。
You will enjoy stories all the more for having understood the characters in them.你会因为已经了解小说中的角色，而更加喜欢小说。
I love her all the better for her poverty(=because she is poor).因为她穷，我反而更喜欢她。
I like the book all the more for its beautiful illustrations.我因为精美的插图而更加喜欢这本书。
He studied all the harder because he had failed(=for his failure).因为他失败了，他反而更用功念书了。
She is all the more beautiful for her shabby clothing(=because her clothing is shabby).即使她衣衫褴褛，却显得更美丽了。
I respect him all the more because he has faults.因为他有缺点，我反而更尊敬他。
I like Kyoto all the better for its many narrow streets.正因为小道多，我反而更喜欢京都。none the...er for...结构︰none the＋比较级＋for＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“即使„却一点也不„”。相当于“none the＋比较级＋because-子句”。for 为<介系词>，之后接<名词>为其<受词>；because 则为<副词><连接词>，之后接<主词>＋<动词>，引导<副词子句>。
His health is none the better for his exercise(=because he takes exercise).即使他运动，他的健康状况却一点也不好。
She is none the more beautiful because she wears a fancy dress.即使她身穿时髦洋装，却一点也不漂亮。
He is none the happier for his great wealth.即使他有钱，却一点也不快乐。He is none the wiser because he has read many books.他虽然读了不少书，可是并未因此而聪明些。none the less...for...结构︰none the less＋形容词／副词＋for＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“即使„却仍然”。相当于“none the less＋形容词／副词＋because-子句”。none the less 为<副词>，译成“仍然”，可修饰<动词>，<形容词>或<副词>；修饰<动词>时，置于该<动词>之后；修饰<形容词>时，置于该<形容词>之前；修饰<副词>时，置于该<副词>之前。
/ 103
I love him none the less because he is poor.即使他穷，我还是爱他。
She is none the less beautiful for her shabby clothing.即使她衣衫褴褛，却仍然美丽。
He studied none the less hard because he had failed.即使他失败了，却仍然用功念书。...no more...than...结构︰A＋动词＋no more＋B＋than＋C＋动词＋D 说明︰此句型意为“A 不是 B 正如 C 不是 D”。“no more...than”等于“not...any more than”。若 than之后的词类与前面的词类相同，可以省略；若不同，则不可省略。
A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.鲸鱼不是鱼正如马不是鱼一样。
A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.没有爱的家不是家，就如同没有灵魂的身体不是人一样。
He is no more able to speak English than I am(able to speak English).和我不会说英语一样，他也不会说英语。
He is no more considerate of others than his brother is.他不体谅别人，就跟他弟弟一样。
He can no more sing than I can dance.他不会唱歌正如我不会跳舞一样。
We can no more live without sleep than(we can)without water.我们没有睡眠不能活，正如我们没有水就不能活一样。
I am no more out of my mind than you are(out of your mind).你我两人都没有疯狂。
Tom was no more surprised than(he was)disappointed at this news.汤姆听见那消息既不惊讶也不失望。
He is no better(no more good)at English than I am.他的英文不好，就像我一样。...no less...than...结构︰A＋动词＋no less＋B＋than＋C＋动词＋D 说明︰此句型意为“A 是 B 和 C 是 D 一样”。“no less...than”等于“as...as”，no less 之后可置<副词>或 <形容词>修饰。
A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.鲸鱼和马一样都是哺乳动物。
He is no less clever than his elder brother.他和他的大哥一样聪明。
She is no less good at swimming than Mary.她和玛丽一样擅长游泳。
His parents are no less happy over his engagement than he is(happy over his engagement).他的双亲对他订婚的高兴并不亚于他自己。
He studies no less hard than John.他和约翰一样用功。
Associating with good friends is no less important to us than choosing good books.交益友与选择好书对我们同样重要。
A good shirt is no less expensive than a jacket.一件好衬衫的昂贵程度并不比一件夹克衫差。
Sports wears, no less than suits, are very much saleable.运动服和西服套一样，非常畅销。not more...than...结构︰not more„than„
/ 103 说明︰此句型意为“没有比„更多；最多只是和„一样”。等于“at best as...as”。
She is not more beautiful than Mary.她不比玛丽美丽－－顶多只是和玛丽一样美。
I was not more surprised than he(was).我不像他那样惊讶。
He is not more handsome than I.他不比我潇洒－－顶多跟我一样潇洒。not less...than 结构︰not less...than 说明︰此句型意为“没有比„更少；至少与„一样”。等于“at least as...as”。
She is not less beautiful than Mary.她至少和玛丽一样美丽。
He is not less interested in composing music than Jane.他至少跟珍一样对谱曲很感兴趣。
He is not less handsome than I.他至少跟我一样潇洒。no more than...结构︰no more than＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“仅仅„”。等于“only＋<名词>”，强调稀少。
It will take no more than five days to read the book.不到五天，我就会把这本书读完。
It is no more than ten minutes’ walk from the station.由车站走到这里只有十分钟的路程。
I had no more than 2 or 3 mistakes on my English assignment.我的英文作业中只有两三处错误。no less than...结构︰no less than＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“多达„；足足有„之多”。等于“as many／much as...”，强调多。
I received no less than ten thousand yen for my work.我的工资多达一万元。
The audience was no less than five thousand.听众有五千人之多。
That hotel probably costs no less than 20 dollars a night.那间旅馆的住宿费大约要20元一晚呢。
No less than ten students flunked the exam.整整有十位学生在这次考试中不及格。not more than...结构︰not more than＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“最多不超过„”。等于“at most＋<数词>＋<名词>”。
It is not more than ten minutes’ walk from the station.由车站走到这里最多十分钟的路程。
I’ll stay here not more than three days.我将待在这里最多不超过三天。
For safety’s sake, don’t drive more than 30 kilometers per hour in the city.为了安全起见，在市内开车时速不要超过三十公里。not less than...结构︰not less than＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“至少„”。等于“at least＋<数词>＋<名词>”。
The audience was not less than five thousand.听众至少也有五千人。
I’ll stay here not less than three days.我将待在这里至少三天。
Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than six
/ 103 days.虽然他们认为完成这任务只需三天，但我却认为至少需要六天。at best + N 结构︰at best＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“充其量„；只不过是„”。等于“nothing but...”。
Don’t expect much of him;he is at best a student.不要对他期望过高；他只不过是个学生。
She is at best a second-rate singer.她充其量是个二流歌手。
Don’t scold him too much;he is at best a child.不要太责骂他；他只不过是个孩子。much more /much less...结构︰much more／much less„
说明︰此句型意为“更不用说„”。“much more...”等于“let alone...”或“still more...”，只用于肯定句；“much less...”等于“still less...”，只用于<否定句>。
She can speak English, much more/let alone/still more write it.她会说英语，更不用说写英文了。
She cannot speak English, much less/still less write it.她不会说英语，更不用说写英文了。
You have a right to your property, much more to your ideas.你有处理自己财产的权利，更有支配自己思想的权利。
I enjoy singing, much more listening to music.我喜欢唱歌，更不用说听音乐了。
She cannot buy daily necessities, much less luxuries.她连生活必需品都不能买，更不用说奢侈品。
He can hardly run a mile, much less the marathon.他连一哩都跑不了，更不用说马拉松了。
That father can’t discipline himself, much less set a good example for his children to follow.那位父亲不能以身作则，更不用说做孩子的榜样了。...more than any other N 结构︰比较级＋than＋any other＋单数名词
说明︰此句型意为“比其他任何„都还„”。这是用<比较级>来表示<最高级>的同范围比较<句型>。也可用“<比较级>＋than＋all the other＋复数<名词>”来表示。
John is more diligent than any other student in his class.约翰比班上其他的同学用功。
John is more diligent than all the other students in his class.约翰比班上其他的同学用功。
Baseball is more popular than any other sport in Japan.在日本，棒球比其他任何运动都受人欢迎。
Autumn is better for reading than any other season.秋天比任何季节都适合读书。
Mt.Jade is higher than any other mountain in Taiwan.玉山要比台湾的任何山都高。...more than anyone else 结构︰比较级＋than＋anyone else／anything else 说明︰此句型意为“比其他任何„都还„”。这是用<比较级>来表示<最高级>的同范围比较<句型>。anyone else 指人；anything else 指物。
John is more diligent than anyone else in his class.约翰比班上其他的同学用功。
/ 103
Time is more precious than anything else in the world.时间比世上任何东西都宝贵。
Mary is more beautiful than anyone else in her company.玛丽在公司里比其他人都漂亮。
We pay less attention to time than to anything else.我们对时间的不重视超过其他任何事物。nothing is...er than...结构︰nothing（或 no＋名词）＋动词＋比较级＋than„
说明︰此句型意为“没有如此„者”。这是用<比较级>来表示<最高级>的<句型>。
Nothing is more valuable than time, but nothing is less valued.没有比时间更贵重的东西，但也没有比它更受轻视的东西。
No place is better than one’s home.没有任何地方比得上自己的家。
Nothing is more pleasant than staying home listening to music.没有一件事比待在家里听音乐更愉快的了。
Nothing gives him more pleasure than helping someone in trouble.没有一件事要比帮助陷入困境的人带给他更大的快乐。
There is nothing to which we pay less attention than time and air.我们对时间和空气的不重视超过其他任何事物。...nothing more than N 结构︰主词＋动词＋nothing more than＋名词
说明︰此句型意为“„只不过„”。“nothing more than”等于“nothing but”。
Others are dismissed as nothing more than entertainment.有些只不过是被当做娱乐而不予考虑。
It is nothing more than a made-up story.它只不过是杜撰的故事而已。
She wishes to be treated as nothing more than a common girl.她希望被对待得只不过像一般的女孩子。...er than ever 结构︰„＋比较级＋than ever 说明︰此句型意为“比以前更„”。than ever 等于 than ever before，意为“比以前任何时候„”。
There it was, ticking away, louder than ever.它就在那里，滴答地走着，比以前更大声。
You should be more careful than ever.你应该比以前更小心。
Does she spend more money than ever? 她比以前花更多的钱吗？ better...than...结构︰better＋„＋than＋被比对象
说明︰此句型意为“宁可„；最好还是„”。better 之后可接<形容词>，<副词>，<名词>，<动词>等。
Please try to attend the meeting.Better late than absent.请您尽量参加会议。迟来也比不来强。
Better to postpone the shipment than to cancel the contract.与其撤约还不如延期装运。
Better reduce the price than allow a discount.与其给折扣，不如减价。with no N is it...er than 结构︰...and with no＋名词1＋is it＋比较级＋than＋with＋名词2 说明︰此句型意为“„这种情形没有一种„比„更为„”。此种结构，由于有 no，所以用 is it的倒装句型。
/ 103
It is unreasonable to regard any language as the possession of a particular nation, and with no language is it more unreasonable than with English.把某一种语言视为某一特定的国家所拥有是不合理的，而这种情形没有一种语言比英语更为不合理。
It is bad to get ill, and with no disease is it worse than with cancer.生病是糟糕的，而这种情形没有一种疾病比癌症更为糟糕。
It is pleasant to chat with friends, and with no chat is it more pleasant than with close friends.和朋友聊天是愉快的，而这种情形没有比和知己的朋友聊天更为愉快。Who is the most...结构︰Who is the＋最高级„？
说明︰此句型意为“谁最„？”。此句型中若将 who 改为 which，即用来询问一组事物中最具某种特色的，如例句4。
Who is the oldest of them? 他们之中谁的年纪最大？
Who is the most beautiful in their family? 谁是他们家里最美丽的人？
Who is the youngest here? 这里谁是最年轻的？
Which is the most interesting subject for you? 哪个科目对你来说最有趣？ the...est...not...结构︰最高级＋„not„
说明︰<最高级>词类与 not 并用时，有“甚至„都不„”的意味。
The most foolish man knows his own name.再笨的人都知道自己的名字。
The loveliest flower cannot beat her beauty.再漂亮的花也比不上她的美丽。
The greatest scholar cannot solve this difficult problem.再伟大的学者也没有办法解答这个难题吧。
The richest man in the world cannot buy everything.即使是世上最富有的人，也无法买到一切。
There is not the smallest chance of his escape.他一点逃走的机会也没有。
Not even the thickest jacket was enough to keep out the cold.就连最厚的夹克也不足以御寒。
The strongest man(that)you can think of cannot tear the log apart with bare hands.就连你所能想到的最壮的人也不能光用手就将木头撕裂。the...est...that V-ed 结构︰the＋最高级„＋（that）＋完成式
说明︰此句型意为“最„”。that 是<关系代名词>；<完成式>中习惯使用<副词> ever 强调。
That’s the best book that I have ever read.那是我读过的最好的书。
That’s the nicest thing that has ever happened to me.那是我遇到的最美好的事。
He is the most diligent student that I have ever known.他是我所知道的最用功的学生。
That’s the worst performance(that)I have ever seen.那是我所看过的最糟的一次表演。of all the N, the...est 结构︰of＋the three／the four／all the＋复数名词，＋最高级子句
说明︰此句型意为“在„中，„最„”。但须注意：“of the two＋复数<名词>＋<比较级><子句>”，表示“两
/ 103 者中„较„”，如例句7。<最高级><子句>也可置于句首。
Of the three students, he is the best.三个学生中，他是最好的。
Jane is the best of all the students in her class.珍是班中最好的学生。
Jane is the best of the three(students).珍是三个学生中最好的一个。
Of all the high mountains, Mt.Jade is the highest.在所有高山当中，玉山为最高。
Of all the four seasons, summer is the hottest.在所有四季当中，夏天最热。
Of all the girls, she is the most beautiful.在所有这些女孩子当中，她最美。
Of the two girls, Mary is more beautiful.这两个女孩中，玛丽较漂亮。A is the...est among...结构︰主词＋be 动词＋最高级＋(名词)＋among„
说明︰此句型意为“„是„之中最„”。<最高级>后的<名词>通常省略。
The Chuo-shui River is the longest one among them.浊水溪是其中最长的一条。
Which river is the shortest among them? 哪一条河流是它们之中最短的？
Paris is the most beautiful among the cities.巴黎是这些城市中最美的。A is the...est N in...结构︰A＋be 动词＋the＋最高级＋名词＋in＋场所。说明︰此句型意为“A 是„里面最„”。the 不能漏掉。
Jane is the best student in her class.珍是她班上最好的学生。
Mr.Jones is the busiest man in the office.琼斯先生是办公室里最忙的人。
The baseball game on Tuesday is the most important game this year.星期二的棒球赛是今年最重要的棒球赛。A is the...est of N 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋the＋最高级＋of＋复数名词
说明︰此句型意为“„是最„的„”。本<句型>的意思等于“<主词>＋be <动词>＋the＋<最高级>＋单数<名词>”。
Robert Frost was the most American of American poets.罗伯‧佛洛斯特是最具美国风格的美国诗人。
He is the strictest of teachers in our school.他是我们学校最严格的老师。
It is the most popular of movies.这是最受欢迎的电影。
English is the most international of languages.英语是最国际化的语言。
It is the most difficult of examinations.那是最难的考试。
You must make the most of your opportunities.你必须尽量利用机会。A is the...est of all.结构︰主词＋be 动词＋the＋最高级＋of all 说明︰此句型意为“„是最为„”。“<最高级>＋of all”的<语气>比“<最高级>”强。
These frozen foods are the most convenient of all.这些冷冻食品是最为方便。
It is the most important of all.那是最为重要的。
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They are the most dependable of all.他们是最为可靠的。A is most...结构︰主词＋be 动词＋没有 the 的最高级„
说明︰在以下几种场合里的<最高级>之前没有 the：被用来代替“very＋原级”或“very”以加强 <语气>时前面没有 the；most 的含义是“多数”时前面没有 the；用作<最高级><副词>时前面没有 the；带有<所有格>的<最高级><形容词>之前没有 the。
I think he is a most learned man.我认为他是个很有学问的人。
A most beautiful girl came to see him yesterday.昨天有一个很漂亮的女孩来看他。
Such a most talented person as he shouldn’t be satisfied with what he is.像他这么有才华的人不应满足于现状。
A comet is at perihelion when it is closest(=very close)to the sun.彗星最接近太阳时，它就是在近日点。
A person is most disappointed when he is in despair.一个人在绝望时最失望。
He is calmest(=very calm)when he is all by himself.他一人独处时极为平静。
The sentence of six months imprisonment was most unjust.六个月监禁的判决极其不公。
Most people need six to eight hours of sleep every day.多数人每天需要六至八小时的睡眠。
Most learned men are modest.大部分有学问的人都很谦虚。
I like apples best of all fruits.所有水果中我最喜欢苹果。
Bill runs quickly, Jack runs more quickly than Bill, and Bob runs most quickly of all.比尔跑得快，杰克跑得比比尔快，鲍伯在三者中跑得最快。
Jane’s worst fault is her quick temper.珍最大的毛病是她的急性子。
She is my youngest sister.她是我最小的妹妹。A is the last to...结构︰主词＋be 动词＋the last＋（名词）＋to-不定词／子句
说明︰此句型意为“„是最不可能„”。the last 表示“最不可能„；绝不至于„”，它的后面有时有 <名词>。
I would be the last to attempt to answer the question.我是最不可能去尝试回答这个问题。
He is the last person(that)I want to see.他是我最不想要看到的人。
This is the last attempt(that)he would make.这是他最不可能做的尝试。
The author should be the last man to talk about his work.作者应该是最不喜欢谈论自己作品的人。superior/inferior to...结构︰superior／inferior to„
说明︰此句型意为“优于／劣于„”。这是不规则的<比较><句型>，其后跟 to 代替 than，其他还有“prefer„ to„（喜爱„甚于„）”，“senior to...（年长的）”，“junior to...（年少的）”等。
I prefer tea to coffee.茶与咖啡，我较喜欢茶。
I prefer chemistry to physics.我喜欢化学甚于物理。
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He is superior to his brother in mathematics.他的数学比他兄弟好。
A cheaper camera is not always inferior to a more expensive one.廉价照相机的质量并总不比昂贵的差。
This plastic is inferior in quality to glass.这塑料的质料比玻璃差。
He is senior to me by seven years.他比我年长七岁。
The president was so young that he was junior to some of his employees.总裁的年龄甚至是比他的一些雇员还小。含不定词句型 I am glad to...结构︰主词（人）＋be 动词＋情绪形容词（如 glad，sorry„）＋不定词„。
说明︰<不定词>放在情绪<形容词>如 glad，sorry，happy，sad，surprised，troubled等字之后修饰，这是<不定词>做<副词>的用法。
I am glad to see him.我很高兴看到他。
Sue was troubled to see trash everywhere.苏看到到处是垃圾很苦恼。
Sara was excited to see the rock band.莎拉看到摇滚乐团很兴奋。...too...to...结构︰主词＋动词＋too＋形容词／副词＋（for＋sb.）＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“太„而（使某人）不能„”。too 为<副词>，可修饰<副词>或<形容词>。too 后也可接含有<形容词>的单数<名词>，即“too＋<形容词>＋a＋单数<名词>＋to-<不定词>”，也可以是“too much＋<不可数名词>＋to„”或“too many＋复数<名词>＋to„”。该句型如提到“对某人来说”，则加入“for＋人”。该句型表示“否定”的意义，若加上<附加问句>，则须用否定，如例句8。
He walked too slowly to catch up with me.他走得太慢而不能跟上我。
It is too dark in this room for me to read a book.房间太暗，使我无法看书。
This problem is too difficult for them to settle.这对他们来说真是一个难解的问题。
The price is too low for customers to believe.价格低得令顾客难以相信。
He is too young a boy to do it.他还太小，无法做这事。
He has too much work on hand to go picnicking with us.他手头的工作太多了，不能跟我们去野餐。
He has too many things at his disposal to go home early.有太多事要他处理，使他不能早点回家。
The boy is too young to do it, isn’t he? 这男孩年纪太轻不能做这件事，不是吗？ I am too glad not to...结构︰主词＋动词＋too＋形容词／副词＋not＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“太„而必能„；非常„”。本<句型>具有双重否定作用，也可将否定词移到<动词>部分。
Our professor is too capable not to solve this difficult problem.我们教授非常有才干，必定能解决这一难题。
This customer is too honest not to deceive us.这位客户非常诚实，不会骗我们。
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I am too glad not to help the boy.我太乐意了而不能不帮助那男孩－－我非常乐意帮助那男孩。
It is never too late to learn.活到老，学到老。I am only too...to...结构︰主词＋动词＋only too＋形容词／副词＋to-不定词
说明︰此句型意为“非常„”。only 除去了 too 的否定意义，only too 相当于 very，very much 等。
I am only too glad to accept your kind invitation.我非常高兴地接受你的邀请。
He is only too willing to serve friends.他极愿为朋友效劳。
I am only too pleased to do business with you.我能和你做生意，太高兴了。ADJ/ADV + enough to...结构︰主词＋动词＋„形容词／副词＋enough＋（for sb.）＋to-不定词
说明︰此句型意为“足以„”。enough 可做<副词>或<形容词>用，在此做<副词>，可修饰<副词>或<形容词>，恒置于被修饰的<副词>或<形容词>之后。
We need several men strong enough to do the work.我们需要几个强壮得足以做这件工作的人。
They bought a house large enough for ten persons to live in.我们买了一栋房子，大得足以供十个人住。
He is competent enough to fill that position.他足以胜任那职位。
He ran fast enough to catch the thief.他跑得飞快，足以抓住那小偷。
Our teacher is old enough to retire.我们老师年纪已够得上退休了。
The assignment is few enough to be finished within half an hour.作业很少，足能在半小时内完成。...enough + N + to do...结构︰主词＋动词＋enough＋名词＋to-不定词
说明︰此句型意为“有足够的„可以做„”。该句型也可写作“主词＋动词＋名词＋enough＋to-不定词”。enough 在此做<形容词>，修饰<名词>，可置于该<名词>之前或之后。
He has enough money(=money enough)to buy a car.他有足够的钱买一辆汽车。
He hasn’t enough sense to realize his mistakes.他没有足够的辨别力去认识自己的错误。
It is a pity that he doesn’t have enough money to sponsor the project.遗憾的是他没有足够的钱来支持这项计划。
Will 2,000 dozens be enough for selling? 两千打够卖吗？...be good enough to...结构︰Would you be good enough＋to-不定词„？
说明︰此句型意为“请你„好吗？”。本<句型>的意思和“Would you be so kind as to...?”一样，<语气>较客气。
Would you be good enough to turn the radio down a bit?请你把收音机的声音关小一点好吗？
Would you be good enough to keep silent?
请你保持安静好吗？
Would you be good enough to move a bit to the right? 请你往右边移一点好吗？...how(+ N)+ to do...结构︰„how／what／when／where／which／whose（＋名词）＋to-不定词„
/ 103 说明︰此句型意为“应该如何做／何时做／何地做／做哪些事„”。what，whom，which 为疑问<名词>，做其后 <不定词词组>中<动词>的<受词>，否则就做<介系词>的<受词>。how，where，when，why均为<疑问副词>。<不定词词组>中的<动词>若为<及物动词>，则后面要有<受词>；若为<不及物动词>，则不需要<受词>。
How do I know what to do and what not to do? 我怎么知道什么该做，什么不该做？
He showed me how to use the tape recorder.他教我如何使用这台卡式录音机。
What to do is one question, and how to do it is quite another.应该做什么和应该怎样做是完全不同的两个问题。
The trouble is when to start the business.麻烦在于应该什么时候开始这项工作。
We haven’t decided where to go for lunch.我们还没有决定去哪里午餐。
I don’t know which advise to follow.不晓得该听谁的劝告。
I learned what expressions to use in public.我懂得在公共场所中应使用什么措辞。
How to begin is more difficult than where to stop.如何着手远比在何处结束来得困难。
You should know what to cook to eat.你应该知道该煮什么来吃。
The problem is when to get the money we need.问题是什么时候能得到我们所需要的钱。
There are so many fancy cars on display here that I don’t know which to buy.有这么多的豪华汽车在此展出，我不知要买哪一辆才好。...only to do...结构︰„only／merely／simply／just＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“竟然„；却„”。表示与先前的努力相反的结果，一般用在句尾。
He studied hard only to fail in the exam.他这么用功，结果竟然考场失利。
He rushed all the way to the station only to miss the train.他一路冲往车站，结果还是错过了火车。
He tried a second time only to fail again.他再试一次，竟然还是失败。
He tried to increase his income by gambling only to plunge more deeply into the mire.他企图藉赌博增加收入，却陷入了更深的困境。
I went out, merely to get caught in a shower.我跑出去，结果徒然碰到一场骤雨。...have only to do...结构︰have only＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“只需„就够了”。相当于“All one has to do...”或“What one has to do...”。
You have only to sit there and watch what I am doing.你只要坐在这里，看着我做就行了。
Don’t worry;you have only to sing a song to please her.不用担心，你只需唱首歌让她高兴就行了。
You have only to go.你只要去即可。
You have only to ask and he’ll tell you.你只要问他，他就会告诉你。...never to do...结构︰„never＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“不会再有„的结果”。
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He went on a journey when he was 18 years old, never to come back.他十八岁时出外旅行，一直没有回来。
He went off to the war never to return alive.他去参加战争，没能活着回来。
She left her husband, never to come back.她离开了她丈夫，再也没回来。make/have sb.do sth.结构︰主词＋make／have／bid／let＋受词（人）＋不定词原形
说明︰此句型意为“要／嘱咐／叫„”。<使役动词>中，make、have、bid、let 等字加了<受词>之后，要接原形<动词>做<受词补语>，与使用<分词>相比，<不定词>原形重点在事实。变成<被动语态>时，该<受词补语>要变成<不定词词组>。但是 have 当<使役动词>时，无<被动语态>。
I made him do it.我叫他做这事。
I let him do it.我让他做这事。
They had/made the girl clean the floor.他们叫这个女孩打扫地板。
The mother bade the child behave himself.妈妈叮咛孩子要守规矩。
He was bidden to finish the work on schedule.我要他按时完成工作。
My father will probably have Tom paint the house green.我爸爸很可能叫汤姆把房子漆成绿色。
He had me help him with his homework.他叫我帮忙他做家庭作业。...want/like to do...结构︰主词＋一般及物动词＋不定词（to＋V）„。
说明︰常以<不定词>作为<受词>的<及物动词>有：like（喜欢），want（想要），try（设法），love（喜爱），hate（讨厌），forget（忘记），begin（开始），start（开始），need（必须）。
Some students hate to study English.有些学生不喜欢研读英语。
You need to study in a quiet place.你必须在一个安定的地方读书。
He likes to go to the movie.他喜欢去看电影。
She wants to help Mary.她想要帮助玛丽。...want/ask sb.to do...结构︰主词＋want／ask／tell 等＋受词＋to-不定词
说明︰<不定词>放在<受词>的后面，用于补充说明<受词>的动作，叫做“<受词补语>”；当<不定词>要表达“不要做某事”的意思时，则须采用<不定词>的<否定式>，即直接在<不定词>前加 not。常用的此类<动词>有 want，get，compel，expect，ask，would like，advise，urge，wish，tell，allow，permit，trouble，help，teach 等。
I told him not to goof around.我叫他不要游手好闲。
The teacher urged his students to prepare for the exam.老师劝他的学生准备考试。
They forced me to do things against my will.他们强迫我做违背我心意的事。
Do you want me to go there instead of you? 要不要我代你到那儿去？
I got him to do it.我叫他做这事。
Their help enabled me to finish the work with ease.他们帮助我，使我能够顺利地完成工作。
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A sense of humor enabled him to get along well with others.幽默感使他能与人相处愉快。
The heavy workload forced me to cancel the camping trip.繁重的工作量迫使我取消去露营。
The father allowed(=permitted)his son to travel abroad alone.父亲答应让他的儿子单独出国旅行。
We troubled him to turn on the light.我们麻烦他打开电灯。
We needed someone to fix the tape recorder.我们需要有人来修理录音机。I heard him sing.结构︰主词＋hear／see／feel＋受词＋原形不定词
说明︰此句型意为“听／看／感觉„”。英文中表示“看”，“听”，“感觉”的三类<动词>，加了<受词>之后，须接原形<动词>做<受词补语>，用以表示已发生，而且是主动意味的事实。我们称此类<动词>为知觉<动词>，常用的有 see，watch，notice，look at，hear，listen to，feel 等。变成<被动语态>时，<受词补语>要变成<不定词词组>，如例句4。这些词后也可接现在<分词>，强调“动作进行”，而接原形<动词>，则强调“整个事实”。
Did you notice anyone come in? 你注意到有人进来过吗？
As far as I remember, I have never seen him smile.在我记忆中，我从未见他笑过。
She once heard him whisper to another girl.她曾听到他对另外一个女孩说悄悄话。
He was heard to sing.我听到他唱歌。
I felt my heart beat violently.我感觉到自己的心跳得很厉害。
She liked to listen to children talk.她喜欢听孩子们谈话。
We heard him playing with his puppy.我们听到了他在玩着他的小狗。
Rick often watched the boats returning to port in the late afternoon.瑞克常常看到小船在傍晚正回到港口。be going to...结构︰主词＋be going＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“将做„”。“be going＋to-<不定词>”用作表示未来的<助动词>，表示最近之未来将做的行为或未来的意图。这种<句型>经常用于会话体，表示包含讲话者的主观或感情的情形。
He is going to marry Jane in May.他打算五月和珍结婚。
I am going to stay up late to finish my paper.为了完成报告我打算熬夜不睡。
I’m afraid he is going to lose the match.我恐怕他会输掉比赛。
The train was just going to start when we arrived.我们到达时，火车马上就要开了。
My father was a sailor and I’m going to be one, too.我父亲（以前）是水手，我也打算当水手。be about to...结构︰主词＋be about＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“将做„”。表示极近的未来之行为，故为了表示几乎等于现在的未来而不和未来之 <副词>一起使用，如：不能说“I am about to go next week.”。
He was surely about to change his mind.他一定会改变主意。
She was about to walk out of the door when the telephone rang.电话铃响时她正要出门。
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Something unusual was about to happen.某种不寻常的事正要发生。...be to...结构︰主词＋be＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“预定要„”。“be＋to＋<不定词>”含有事先的安排或命令，表示“必须„；应该„；打算„”。
A was to be placed onto A’, and B onto B’....seem/appear to...结构︰主词＋seem／appear＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“似乎是„，好像„”。to-<不定词>的内容是表示状态的词。seem 有时要加入“或许”（probably）的意思翻译起来才适当；appear近于“乍看之下好像是„”的意思。
Taiwan seems to contain no petroleum.台湾恐怕没有蕴藏石油吧！
The thread seems to match the cloth.这线和这布似乎很相称。
He appears to be very tired.他似乎很累。
These stars appear to move around the North Star.这些星星似乎环绕着北极星转。
They appear to be able to handle the problem.他们似乎可以处理这个问题。
John seems to love music very much.约翰似乎很喜欢音乐。To..., Main Clause 结构︰不定词词组，主要子句
说明︰此类<不定词词组>通常放在句首，表示目的，修饰<主要子句>。常用的有 to tell the truth（老实说），to do someone justice（替某人说句公道话），to be brief（简言之），to begin with（首先），to sum up（总之），to make matters worse（更糟的是），so to speak（可以这么说），needless to say（不用说），to say nothing of sth。（更不用说）等。
To make sure that he was at home, I called him up in advance.为了确定他在家，我事先打电话给他。
To tell the truth, I don’t agree to your plan.老实讲，我不同意你的计划。
To do her justice, she is not as bad as you described.说句公道话，她并没有你说的那样坏。
To sum up, only when strict punishment can be imposed on the lawless, can social stability be maintained.总之，唯有当严刑峻罚加之于违法之徒时，才能维持社会安定。
Mary is, so to speak, a hardworking student.玛丽可说是个用功的学生。
I can’t speak English, to say nothing of Chinese.我不会说英语，更别提中文了。
Needless to say, learning without thinking is useless.不用说，学而不思则罔。...pretend to...结构︰主词＋pretend＋to-不定词／that-子句
说明︰此句型意为“假装„”。pretend 后面用 to-不定词或 that 子句。
He was pretending to climb a mountain.他假装在爬山。
She pretended not to go.她假装不去。
He pretended to be a good man.他假装是好人。
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Let’s pretend(that)we are pirates.让我们玩假装海盗的游戏吧！...stop to...结构︰主词＋stop＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“停下来„”。若“stop＋Ving”是“停止„”。
They just don’t stop to think.他们就是不停下来想一想。
They stopped to look into the window.他们停下来看看橱窗。
I have stopped smoking for half a year.我已经半年不抽烟了。...be meant to...结构︰主词＋be meant＋to-不定词
说明︰此句型意为“„是有意要„；„是命中注定要„”。“be meant to V”有时变成“be meant for N”。
Some TV programs are meant to be watched today and forgotten tomorrow.有些电视节目的用意是要今天观赏，明天忘掉。
He believes he is meant to be a great man.他相信他命中要成为伟人。
This dictionary is meant for you.这本字典是要给你的。be + ADJ + to...结构︰主词＋be＋形容词＋to-不定词
说明︰<主词>实际上是 to-<不定词>的<受词>，经过转变而移到句首。
It was even more pleasing to look at in the morning light.它在早晨的光线下看起来更悦目。
The rising sun is especially beautiful to look at from this angle.旭日从这个角度看起来特别美。
I think she is easy to please.我想她是很容易讨好的。...be likely to...结构︰主词＋be likely＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“„可能„”。likely 表示具有充分根据的预测。有时<句型>可变为“It is likely that...”。
One’s first impression is likely to be that everyone is in a rush.一个人的第一个印象是，每个人都是匆忙的。
He is likely to arrive at any time.他可能随时会到。
His health is likely to get worse.他的健康可能会恶化。make an/no attempt to...结构︰主词＋make an／no attempt＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“„打算要／没有打算要„”；“„试图要／没有试图要„”。
His smile deepened, but he made no attempt to answer.他的微笑加深了，但他没有打算要回答。
I made no attempt to make friends with her.我没有打算要和她做朋友。
Will they make any attempt?
他们会再做另一次的尝试吗？ happen/chance to...结构︰主词＋happen／chance＋to-不定词„ 说明︰此句型意为“„碰巧„”。
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A friend of his happened to be sitting in a railroad-coach next to a young man who was obviously depressed.他的一个朋友碰巧在火车车厢里坐在一个无精打采的年轻人的身边。
We happened to meet at the station.我们碰巧在火车站相遇。
He happened to be sleeping.他碰巧在睡觉。
I chanced to be thinking of the same thing.我碰巧想到同样的事。...is said to...结构︰主词＋is said＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“据说„（现在）是„”。而“is said to have been...”是“据说„（以前）是„”。
His music is said to be “good”or “great”.他的音乐据说是“好”或“了不起”。
He is said to have been the richest man in Taiwan.据说他以前是台湾最有钱的人。
They are said to build a hospital here.据说他们要在这里盖一家医院。...be bound to...结构︰主词＋be bound＋to-不定词
说明︰此句型意为“一定„”。“be bound to V”是“be sure to V（一定）”之意，而“be bound for”是“前往”之意。
Something is bound to happen one way or another to end the conflict or solve the problem.事情一定以某种方式发生以结束冲突或解决难题。
He is bound to come tonight.他今天晚上一定会来。
If so, your points of view are bound to conflict with his.如果这样的话，你的观点一定会和他的起冲突。...do all one can to...结构︰主词＋do all one can to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“尽一切可能来„”。注意 do 和 can 的<时态>要保持一致。
Daddy did all he could to fill my needs and desires.爸爸尽一切可能来满足我的需求和欲望。
You should do all you can to persuade him.你应该尽一切可能来说服他。
We have done all we could to catch up with them.我们已经尽了一切可能来赶上他们。have sth.to do with...结构︰...have something／nothing to do with...说明︰此句型意为“„与„有／无关系”。这是包含不定式的习惯用法。随着“有关系”的程度，something 可改为 little，much，a great deal 等。have nothing to do with表示否定；have anything to do with 用于<疑问句>中。
Her diligence must have something to do with his success.她的勤勉和她的成功一定有某些关系。
The traffic accident had nothing to do with him.这交通事故和他一点关系也没有。
His wife had much to do with his bankruptcy.他的破产和他的妻子很有关系。have no other N except to 结构︰主词＋have no other＋名词＋except／than＋to-不定词
/ 103 说明︰此句型意为“除了要„没有其他的„”。except 可以换成 than。
The speaker has no other purpose except to make people laugh.这位演说者除了想搞笑之外，没有别的目的。
We have no other choice than to agree with them.我们除了同意他们之外，没有别的选择。
I have no other wish except to pass the examination.我除了要通过考试之外，没有别的心愿。...in order/so as to...结构︰in order／so as＋to-不定词„
说明︰此句型意为“为了„；想做„就得„”。这是表目的的不定词句型，意思更为明确。
He must work very hard in order to support his large family.他必须拼命工作以养活他的大家庭。
Listen carefully so as to follow the teacher.要仔细听才能听懂老师讲的课。
You must watch your step so as not to fall down.你必须留心脚下才不会跌下去。...be used to...结构︰主词(物)+ be used to-不定词
说明︰此句型意为“被用来„”。主词通常是无生命的东西。而“物＋be used as＋<名词>”译为“被用来当做„”。
The book is used to teach us how to write.这本书教我们如何写作。
The knife can be used to cut meat.刀能用来切肉。
It is said that the plant can be used to treat hepatitis.据说那种植物可用来治肝炎。
The book is used as a reference book.这本书被用来做参考书。含分词之句型 I am + V-ing...结构︰主词＋am（are，is）＋现在分词„
说明︰此句型意为“<主词>（人，物）正在„”。<现在进行式>用于表示现在“正在进行”的动作或“暂时性”的动作，常和 now，still，at this time 等<副词>（<词组>）连用。而<简单现在式>用于表示现在的“事实，习惯或状态”，常和 every day，usually，always 等<副词>(<词组>)连用。
Bill is singing.比尔正在唱歌。
Linda is cooking.琳达在烹饪。
My father is sleeping.我父亲在睡觉。
Mother cooks dinner every evening.妈妈每天晚上做晚饭。
She is cooking in the kitchen now.她现在正在厨房里做饭。
Father walks to his office every morning.爸爸每天早上走路去上班。
He is walking to his office now.他现在正在走路去上班。
Mary sings in her room every afternoon.玛丽每天下午在她房间里唱歌。
She is singing in her room now.她现在正在她房间里唱歌。an interesting movie
/ 103 结构︰主词＋动词＋a／an＋（very）＋现在分词＋名词（物）„。
说明︰“情绪<动词>”如 interest，excite，satisfy，bore，confuse，trouble 等，要修饰事物，常用现在<分词>；现在<分词>含有“主动”或动作“正在进行”的意味。
That is an interesting movie.那是一部令人有趣的电影。
That is an exciting game.那是一场令人兴奋的比赛。
That is a satisfying book.那是一本令人满意的书。Have you + V-ed...? 结构︰Have／Has＋主词＋过去分词＋„？
说明︰将<助动词> have（has）提到句首，即构成<现在完成式>的疑问式。
Have you had your lunch?
你已吃过午饭吗？
Has she ever written a letter to Mark?
她曾经写信给马克吗？
Have you found the pen you lost yesterday?
你找到昨天丢失的钢笔了吗？ a troubled student 结构︰主词＋动词＋a／an＋（very）＋过去分词＋名词（人）„。
说明︰“情绪<动词>”如 interest，excite，satisfy，bore，confuse，trouble 等，要修饰人，常用过去<分词>；过去<分词>含有“被动”或动作“已经完成”的意味。
He is a troubled student.他是一位感到苦恼的学生。
He is an interested person.他是一位表现兴趣的人。
He is a bored student.他是一位感到厌烦的学生。I have written a letter.结构︰主词＋have（has）＋过去分词＋„。
说明︰<现在完成式>用于表示“过去某时”发生的事情，“直到现在”才完成，或“继续到现在”，或其结果“影响到现在”，它的肯定式由“have（has）＋过去<分词>”构成，其中 have或 has 是<助动词>，当<主词>是第三人称单数（he，she，it„）时，用 has，其余人称用 have。
I have written a letter.我已经写了一封信。
Mary has studied English for three years.玛丽研读英语已有三年。
He has liked dogs since he was a child.自从他是小孩时，他就喜欢狗。...is...ed by...结构︰主词＋be 动词＋过去分词＋by＋受词„。
说明︰将主动句改为被动句时，先将主动句的<主词>变成被动句的<受词>，再将主动句的<及物动词>改成“be＋过去分词”，且须注意 be <动词>的时式要与主动句的<及物动词>时式相同，最后将主动句的<主词>变成被动句 by 的<受词>。
The news is widely spread by them.这一消息被他们广为传播。
Vegetables are needed every day by us.蔬菜每天被我们所需要。
This letter was typed by Alice this morning.这封信在今早被艾丽斯用打字机打过了。will be V-ed by...43 / 103 结构︰主词＋will be＋过去分词＋by＋受词„。
说明︰将现在式被动句的 be <动词>（am，is，are）改为 will be，是构成未来式被动句的一种方法。
That book will be brought by Mary tomorrow.那本书明天将被玛丽带来。
That car will be washed this afternoon.那部汽车今天下午将会被洗。
The building will be opened next month.那栋大楼下个月将营业。be going to be V-ed by 结构︰主词＋be going to＋be＋过去分词＋by＋受词„。
说明︰在现在式被动句的 be <动词>（am，is，are）后加 going to be，是构成未来式被动句的另一种方法。
These clothes are going to be washed by her.这些衣服将由她来洗。
A birthday cake is going to be brought to the table by the cook.一只生日蛋糕将被厨师放到桌子上。
Music is going to be taught by Miss Lin.音乐课将由林小姐来教。can(not)be V-ed by...结构︰主词＋can（not）be ＋过去分词＋by＋受词„。
说明︰将主动句中的<助动词>（can，must„）照抄，后面加上 be＋过去<分词>，即构成含有<助动词>的被动句。
That lesson can not be understood by many students.那一课无法为许多学生所理解。
The question can not be answered by many people.这一问题无法被许多人回答。
His poor handwriting can not be read by himself.他糟糕的笔迹无法被他本人所辨认。...V + V-ing...结构︰主词＋动词＋补语（现在分词）
说明︰英文中，若两个<动词>在一起而无<连接词>加以连接，所表示的动作又是同时发生的，则第二个<动词>要变成现在<分词>；若第二个<动词>是be<动词>时，应变成现在<分词> being，但 being通常予以省略。
We sat listening to the sound of the waves.我们坐着倾听海浪的声音。
The dog lay dozing in front of the door.小狗躺在门前打盹儿。
She stood there(being)motionless.她站在那儿，一动也不动。
He quickly ran home, looking as if there was something wrong with him.他快步跑回家，看上去好像有什么事不对劲。
I stand looking over the lake.我站着展望湖面。
Some leaves went flying into my room.几片叶子飞着进入我的房间。...V-ing／V-ed + N...结构︰„现在分词／过去分词＋名词（或名词＋现在分词／过去分词）
说明︰这是<分词>做<名词>之修饰语的用法，该<分词>修饰其前或后紧临之<名词>；<名词>之前有其他单字或<词组>跟随时，<分词>通常放在<名词>后面。
The shouting boy did not hear his mother call him.大声叫嚷的孩子听不到妈妈的叫唤。
The girl standing in the front row is my niece.站在前排的少女是我的侄女。
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There were no printed books in those days.当时没有印刷的书籍。
This is a play written by an American author.这是美国作家写的剧本。
The prisoners closely guarded escaped from the prison last night.被严密监视的这些囚犯昨夜越狱了。
I looked painfully at the vase broken into pieces.我痛苦地看着这个破得粉碎的花瓶。
It is difficult to shoot a flying bird, especially a small bird flying high up in the sky.要射中飞行中的小鸟，尤其是高空飞行的小鸟，非常困难。
Soon we came to a crowded street, a very wide street crowded with allsorts of vehicles.我们很快就来到一条很宽、很吵杂，各种车辆来往行驶的大马路上。feel/make...V-ing/V-ed 结构︰keep／make／hear 等＋受词＋现在分词／过去分词
说明︰<动词> keep，find 或<使役动词> make，let，get 等，以及<感官动词> hear，see，watch，feel 等后的<受词补语>若强调正在进行的概念，且有主动意味时，以现在<分词>表示；若有被动意味时，则以“being＋过去<分词>”表示，均译成“正在„”。若要强调被动且已发生的概念，则用过去<分词>做<补语>，译成“被„”。
At last I succeeded in getting my car moving slowly.最后，我终于成功地让我的车子慢慢移动。
We saw him watering the lawn around the house.我们看见他在为屋子四周的草坪浇水。
Have you heard the opera sung in French?
你听过用法语唱的这场歌剧吗？
I felt something crawling up my arm.我感觉到有什么东西爬上我的手臂。
I saw him being punished by the teacher.我看到他正被老师处罚。
I saw the boy carried away to the hospital.我看到那个男孩被抬去医院。
I found the work being done in a rush.我发现这件作品正仓促地被完成。...get(s)V-ed/ADJ 结构︰主词（某人）＋get（s）＋过去分词（或形容词）„。
说明︰此句型意为“某人变成„”。get＋<形容词>（过去<分词>）的常见用例有：get old（年纪大），get hungry（肚子饿），get angry（生气），get sick（生病），get fat（发胖），get tired（疲倦），get lost（迷路），get confused（困惑），get hurt（受伤），get excited（兴奋），get ready（准备好）。
John got lost.约翰迷路了。
Mary gets tired of wearing red dresses.玛丽厌倦穿红色衣服。
The question is so hard, and we’re getting confused.这问题太难，我们感到困惑。...have/get sth.done 结构︰主词＋have／get／make＋受词＋过去分词
说明︰此句型意为“把„（办完）”。make 之后的<受词>习惯上是“人”而非“物”；但 have 和 get 后的<受词>在此 <句型>中是“物”，有“叫别人代劳”的意味，即做事的人并非<主词>，而是别人。
Be sure to get the work finished before six o’clock.务必在六点之前把工作完成。
Are you going to get the house painted green? 你打算要把房子漆成绿色吗？
I want to get/have these shoes mended.我想把这些鞋子修补一下。
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He has been unable to raise enough money to have the big clock repaired.他一直无法筹募到足够的钱来把这个大钟修理好。
I’ll have it sent right away.我会立刻把它（拍送）出去。
Have it charged to my credit card.把它记在我的信用卡的账号里。
I cannot make myself understood in English.我无法用英文使自己被人了解。（我无法用英文把我的意思讲清楚。）
I had my tooth extracted.(=I had the dentist extract my tooth.)我把牙拔了。（我是叫医生拔的。）Sth.is being + V-ed...结构︰主词＋is being＋过去分词„
说明︰此句型意为“„正在被„”。是<进行式>的<被动语态>。
Money is being used in place of something more direct.金钱正在被更直接地用来取代某种东西。
The machine is being experimentally used.这些机器正在被实验地使用着。
The problems are being discussed.这些问题正在被讨论着。...go + V-ing...结构︰go＋现在分词
说明︰此句型意为“从事„”。go 之后的现在<分词>通常是运动类的<动词>，如：fishing（钓鱼），boating（划船），skating（溜冰），skiing（滑雪），hunting（打猎），mountain climbing（爬山），shopping（购物）等。
Sometimes Mr.Black went swimming with the children.有时布拉克先生和这些小孩去游泳。
We went fishing yesterday and I caught three fish.我们昨天去钓鱼，而我钓了三条。
I find it interesting and healthy to go mountain climbing.我觉得爬山有趣又有益健康。
The American housewife probably goes shopping only once or twice a week.美国家庭主妇可能一星期只购物一、二次。
You may go grass skiing, bicycle riding, or shopping on the weekend.周末你可以去滑草，骑脚踏车，或购物。the + V-ing/V-ed/ADJ 结构︰the＋现在分词／过去分词／形容词
说明︰<形容词>，包括可做<形容词>的<分词>，前面加<冠词> the，可当复数<名词>用，表示“全体”的意思，其后的<动词>用复数形。常用的有：the wounded（所有受伤的人），the handicapped（所有残障者），the rich（有钱人），the dead（所有已死的人），the dying（所有垂死的人），the unknown（所有未知之事）等。
The rich are not necessarily happy.有钱人未必快乐。
The oppressed were free after the coup.被压迫的人民，在政变之后获得自由。
The dying were rushed to the hospital.垂死的人被急速送往医院。
During the depression, millions of the unemployed wandered around in the streets.经济萧条时期，有好几百万的失业者在街头游荡。
/ 103 V-ing/V-ed..., Main Clause 结构︰现在分词／过去分词„，主要子句
说明︰这是含<分词>句构的<句型>，是以<分词词组>代替<副词子句>。<主要子句>中的<主词>应和<分词词组>中的动作接受者一致。若<动词>为 be 或 have been，变成现在<分词> being 或 having been后，可以省略。<否定句>若变成<分词词组>时，<否定副词> not 或 never 应置于<分词>之前。
Holding the watch up, she listened.把表拿起来，她注意听。
Standing in the dark, I can not see anything.站在黑夜里，我什么也看不见。
Sitting under the tree, I was hit by a stone on the head.我坐在树下，被一块石头击中了头。
(Being)a lover of nature, he often goes mountain climbing.因为热爱大自然，他常常去爬山。
Angry with his wife, Tom kicked the dog.因为和太太生气，汤姆踢狗。
Rich and generous, he contributed two million dollars to the Red Cross.因为有钱又慷慨，他捐了两百万圆给红十字会。
(Having been)Knocked down by a car, he spent a week in the hospital.被车子撞倒后，他在医院里度过了一星期。
Seriously damaged, the bridge is no longer in use.因受到严重损坏，这座桥不再使用了。
Caught in a rain, he was wet all over.淋到了一场雨，他全身都湿了。
Bitten by a dog, the little boy did not dare to play with dogs again.被狗咬过，这个小男孩不敢再和狗玩。
Written in English, the book is difficult for me to understand.用英文写的这本书对我来说很难理解。
Not(being)fond of learning, he ran away from home.由于不喜欢读书，他就离家出走了。
Never having been to Switzerland before, he longs for a trip there.因为从来没去过瑞士，他期待一趟瑞士之旅。When + V-ing...结构︰when／while／once／if／unless／though＋现在分词
说明︰当when，while，once，if，unless，though 等<副词><连接词>引导<副词子句>时，若其<主词>与<主要子句>相同，可保留该<副词><连接词>，其余部分则化简为<分词词组>。
He says “Please” when making a request.请求时，他说：“请”。
When waiting for a bus, he takes his turn.等公共汽车时，他按顺序排队。
He stopped to talk to me when seeing me.看到我的时候，他停下来和我说话。
If falling ill, I’ll stay home taking a good rest.如果生病，我会待在家里好好休息。
Once arriving there, I’ll keep contact with you.一到那里，我会跟你连络。
Unless(being)rich, I am not going to buy a house.除非有钱，要不然我是不会买房子的。
Though knowing the truth, he remained silent.虽然他知道实情，却保持沉默。N + V-ing/V-ed 结构︰名词＋现在分词／过去分词，„
说明︰这是含独立<分词>结构的<句型>，即因<主词>不同而将<分词>意义上的<主词>置于<分词>之前。若 <动词>为 be 或 have been，变成现在<分词> being 或 having been 后，可以省略。若<分词>意义上的 47 / 103 <主词>是 we，you，one 等表世上之一般人的情形时，即使和<主要子句>之<主词>不同，也可省略，变成惯用的句子，常用的有：frankly speaking（坦白说），judging from（由„观之），talking about／of（谈谈„），generally speaking（一般而言），roughly speaking（大体言之）等。
They were trembling, their mouths watering at the thought of the beer.他们颤抖着，一想到啤酒，口水就流出来。
He was sitting next to Mrs.Smith, his eyes resting on her daughter.他坐在史密斯太太的旁边，他的视线落在她女儿的身上。
The earthquake took place, the windows broken into pieces.地震发生了，户破得粉碎。
“There it is,” he whispered, his eyes(being)bright with sudden tears.“就在那里。”他低声地说，他的眼睛闪亮着突然而来的眼泪。
He said in a low voice, both his hands(being)on his back.他低声地说，他的双手放在背后。
He argued, his voice trembling with anger.他争论着，他的声音由于生气而颤抖。
Generally speaking, women live longer than men.一般而言，女性寿命较男性长。
Frankly speaking, he is not so bad as you might think.坦白讲，他没有你想象中的坏。with + N + V-ing/V-ed 结构︰with＋名词＋现在分词／过去分词
说明︰这是表“附带状况（并行行为）”的<副词词组>，常用来描述情景。有时使用<形容词>、<副词>、<介系词>代替<分词>。
She sang to the music with her hand waving gently.她跟着音乐唱歌，手斯文地挥动着。
He came running here with one hand holding a knife.他手上握着刀向这里跑来。
He came running here with a knife held in one hand.他一手握着刀向这里跑来。
With our work done, we felt much at ease.工作做完后，我们觉得好轻松。
She looked at him with the color gone from her face.她凝视着他，脸上毫无血色。
He was dozing with a book open in his hands.他在打盹，手上的书打开着。
My father sometimes goes out for a stroll with a stick in his hand.父亲有时候带着手杖出去散步。
What a lonely world it would be with you away!妳要是不在，这世界不知将有多寂寞！V-ing...+ be + N...结构︰现在分词„＋be 动词＋名词
说明︰此句型的<名词>是句子的<主词>，所以 be <动词>要和<名词>一致。
Coexisting with such love in the American family are cultural values of self-reliance and independence.和美国家庭的这种爱同时并存的是自强及独立的文化价值观。
Growing along the river are tall palm trees.沿着这条河生长的是高大的棕梠树。
Lying north of the church is a girls’ senior high school.位于这座教堂以北的是一所女子高中。含动名词之句型 Thinking correctly is...结构︰动名词＋副词（或名词）＋单数动词＋„。
/ 103 说明︰此句型意为“做某事是„的”。<动名词>在文法上具有<动词>与<名词>的双重性质，故<动名词>可以像<名词>一样充当<主词>；又因<动名词>当<主词>时，用于指“某一件事”，属于第三人称单数，故取单数<动词>。
Thinking correctly is important.思考正确是重要的。
Living in the big city is convenient.住在大城市是方便的。
Reading good books makes us happy.阅读好书使得我们快乐。...without + N/V-ing...结构︰主词＋动词＋„without＋名词／动名词„。
说明︰此句型意为“<主词>没有（不用）„”。without 当“没有；不用；假如没有；当„不”解，是<介系词>，后面接<名词>（<代名词>）或<动名词>，用法相当于“and...not”或“if（when）„not＋<动词>”。
I can’t start a fire without matches.我没有火柴不能点火。
We won’t go without you joining it.你没有参加的话我们就不去了。
You can’t see the movie without the ticket.你没有票，不能看电影。
He went to school without breakfast.(=He went to school and did not eat breakfast.)
他没吃早饭就去上学了。I like + V-ing...结构︰主词＋及物动词＋动名词（当受词）＋„。
说明︰此句型意为“某人„做某事”。下列的<及物动词>后面，常接<动名词>当<受词>：like，love，hate，begin，start，try，enjoy，mind，practise。
I like doing my homework.我喜欢做我的家庭作业。
He loves listening to music.他喜欢听音乐。
The boys hate doing homework on Sundays.男孩们讨厌在星期日做家庭作业。cannot help + V-ing...结构︰主词＋cannot help＋动名词
说明︰此句型意为“不得„，不禁„”。这里的 help 作“抗拒”或“避免”解，此时一定要用<动名词作受词>，相当于“<主词>＋cannot but／cannot help but＋原形<动词>”。
He cannot help loving Mary because of her beauty.因为玛丽长得美，他不禁爱上她。
Whenever I hear the story, I cannot help crying.每次我听这故事，就忍不住要哭。
After learning of his sufferings, I couldn’t help sympathizing with him.得知他痛苦的遭遇后，我忍不住同情他。
I cannot help laughing.我忍不住笑出来。
I cannot help being poor.我是穷，可是没有办法呀！
I cannot help wondering about that girl.我不免对那个女孩感到惊奇。
I cannot help worrying to hear that there is no steamer this week.我听到本周没有船的消息，禁不住担忧起来。There is no + V-ing...49 / 103 结构︰There is no＋动名词„
说明︰此句型意为“做„是不可能的”。等于“It is impossible to＋原形<动词>”或“No one can＋原形<动词>”。
There is no accounting for tastes.人各有所好。
There was no telling what the next assignment would be.不晓得下一个任务将是什么。
There is no reasoning with such a stubborn man as Peter.跟彼得这种固执的人讲理简直是不可能的事。
There is no denying that Taiwan is a beautiful island.台湾是座美丽的岛屿，这是不可否认的。
There is no describing the beauty of the scene.谁都无法形容这景色的美丽。
There is no typing up this letter within five minutes.不可能在五分钟内打完这封信。feel like + V-ing...结构︰feel like＋动名词
说明︰此句型意为“想要„”。like 是<介系词>，故之后要接<名词>或<动名词>。当接<动名词>时，解释为“想要做„”，相当于“would like to＋原形<动词>”；接<名词>时，解释为“感觉像„”。
I don’t feel like studying tonight.我今晚不想念书。
I feel like going to Europe for a visit next summer vacation.我好想明年暑假去一趟欧洲。
Do you feel like going to a movie?
你想看电影吗？
I feel like a newborn baby.我感觉像是个新生的婴儿。...come near + V-ing...结构︰主词＋come near＋动名词
说明︰此句型意为“几乎去做„”。near 后跟<动名词>。
It came near being the prettiest bow he had ever seen.那几乎是他所见过最漂亮的一只果盆。
I came near hitting him.我几乎揍他。
They came near being drowned.他们几乎被水淹死。
My son came near being run over by a truck.我的儿子差点被大卡车辗过。...worth + V-ing...结构︰worth＋动名词
说明︰此句型意为“值得„”。worth 是<介系词>，使用时要用<名词>或<动名词>做<受词>，形成<介系词词组>，当 <形容词>用。worth 之后接<动名词>时，<主词>必须为该<动名词>之<受词>，否则<动名词>之后须另加<介系词>，使<主词>做其<受词>。这种<句型>不可用虚<主词> it 做<主词>。
London is a city worth visiting.伦敦是值得参观的城市。
He who does his duty is worth praising.凡是忠于职守的人都值得赞扬。
A book worth reading once is worth reading time and time again.值得一看的书值得一看再看。
The work is worth doing.这个工作值得去做。
He is worth doing the work for.值得为他去做这份工作。be worthy of + V-ing 结构︰be worthy of＋动名词
1.Although/Though…,(yet/still)…虽然„„但是„„
2.This garden is twice larger than that one.This garden is three times as large as that one
This gargen is three times the size of that one.这座花园比那座花园大两倍。
3.A is different from BA不同于B
The fact is different from what she said.事实与她所说的不一样。
4.There+ be+ difference(s)+between A and B(在„„之间)有„„差异）
There are many differences between the two languages.这两种语言之间有许多差异。
5.It doesn’t matter + wh-clause做„„并不重要，无关紧要，没个么不同
It doesn’t matter whether he will come or not.他来不来无关紧要
6.Not all/both/every…=all/both/every …not并不是所有的„„
Not everyone likes this film.=Everyone doesn’t like this film并不是人人都喜欢这部电影。否定转移I don’t think you are right.我认为他不正确.adj./adv.(比较级)+ and +adj./adv.(比较级)，越来越„„
People are getting more and more excited.人们越发兴奋起来as…as…/not so …as 和„„(不)一样
John plays football as well as, if not better than, David.约翰足球如果没有大卫好看话也和他踢得一样好。
10.be about to do sth.… when …正要做„„，恰好
I was about to go out, when the telephone rang.我正要出去时，正在这时电话铃响了。
11.with + 宾语+非谓语动词
She sat there, with her arms folded.她双手交叉，静静地坐在那里。
12.with +宾语+介词短语
They left with their daughter at home.把女儿留在家，他们走了。
13.with + 宾语+形容词/副词
Don’t sleep with the door and windows open.不要开着门准备睡觉。
14.be of + 抽象名词= be +抽象名词的形容词
该句型中常见的抽象名词+ value, importance, use, interest, significance,且在抽象名词前面可以加little, some, any, no, great等副词。如：
This invention is of great value to mankind.这项发明对人类很有价值。
15.祈使句+and/or+含有一般将来时的陈述句
Start early, or you will miss the early bus.=If you don’t start early, you will miss the early bus.早点出发，要不然你就赶不上早班车。
16.Do/Would you mind + one/one’s + v.-ing…?用来请求允许，或请求别人做某事。
Do you mind shutting the door?请你关上门好吗？
Would you mind me/ my taking your dictionary?我拿你的字典你介意吗？
17.feel/find/think it+形容词/名词+to do
I find it difficult to work with him.我发现和他地块工作很困难。
18.feel like + doing sth/would like to do.意欲做某事
I feel like going to a museum.我想去博物馆。
19.have+宾语+过去分词，表示使某人做某事；受到某种影响；蒙受。这个结构中的宾语与补语有逻辑上的被动关系。
You’d better have that bad tooth pulled out.你最好把坏牙拔掉。
20.have some trouble/difficulty(in)dong sth.在„„有困难
Do you have any difficulty(in)translating this sentence into English?你把这句了翻译成英语有困难吗？
21.Hardly+ had+主语+p.p.+ when +主语+过去时/No sooner + had + 主语+p.p.+ than +主语+ 过去时一„就„
No sooner had I taken a quick breakfast than I ran out of my home to the school.我一吃完早餐就冲出家门向学校跑去。
Hardly had the thief seen the policeman when he ran away.小偷一看见警察就逃开了。
22.How+ adj./adv.+主语+谓语和What +n.+主语+谓语！
How clever a boy he is!=What a clever boy he is!他是一个多么聪明的男孩啊！
23.It’s one’s turn to do sth.轮到„干„
It’s your turn to be on duty today.今天轮到你值日了。
24.It is said/reported… that…据说……
It is said that China is going to send up a spaceship.据说中国打算发射宇宙飞船。
25.It is +adj.+of sb.to do sth.用来表示对某人做某事的评价，侧重评价“人”；句型中的形容词描述人的性质征，且与介词of后的名词有逻辑上的主系表关系。这类形容词有：kind, nice, good, right, wrong, stupid, silly, wise, clever, polite, bad, brave等。该句型可以改写为“sb.is + adj.+ to do sth.”。
It’s right of you to do so.你这样做是对的。
You are wrong to say so.你这样说就不对了。
26.It is +adj.+ for sb.to do sth.也用来表示对某人做某事的评价，但侧重于评价“事”；句型中的形容词描述是整个for sb.to do sth.。
I think it is impossible for you to come.我认为你不可能来。
27.It’s time for sth.„„是„„的时候了
It’s time for class.是上课的时候了。
28.It’s time(for sb.)to do… 是„的时候了
It’s time for you to go home.是你回家的时候了。
29.It’s(high/about)time + that clause是„„的时候了
It’s time that we went home.是我们回家的时候。（从句中谓语动词用过去式形式）
30.It is the first(second, third…)that + 主语+ have + done
---Do you know our town at all?---你知道我们镇吗？
---No, this is the first time that I have been here.---不，这是我第一次来这里。
31.It is +时间+ since…自从„„以来多久
It is ten years since he left here.他在这里工作10年了。
32.It is +被强调成分+ that / who…强调句式
I feel it is your husband who is to blame for the spoiled child.我觉得孩子被娇惯了，要受责备的是你丈夫 It was not until the game was over that they left.直到比赛马结束，他们才离去。
33.It looks as if…好像„„
It looks as if it is going to rain.天好像要下雨。
34.It seems +(to sb.)+(that)…（在某人看来）好像，似乎
It seems that he is lying.好像他在撒谎。
35.It seems + as if(as though)看样子似乎是„„
It seems as if he has been at the seem of the crime.看样子他好像到过犯罪现场。
36.It takes sb.some time to do sth.花„时间做„„
It took him two hours to do his homework.他花了两个小时做家庭作业。
37.cost sb.sth.(使)花费（金钱、时间、劳动等）；值（多少钱）；（使）付出（代价）。其主语通常为事物。The invention cost him a lot of time.这项发明花了他大量时间。
38.pay(sb.)money to do sth./for sth.花/付钱；给„„报酬
I paid ten yuan for the dictionary.我花了十元钱习这本字典。
39.spend…(in)doing sth.花„„做„„
They spent much time(in)reviewing English.他们花了很多时间复习英语。
40.spend…on…在„„上花费（钱、时间）
He doesn’t spend much time on his homework.他没花多少时间做家庭作业。
41.It is will(won’t)be +时间+ before clause…„„多少时间以后才„„
It will be two days before he comes back.他要两天以后才回来。
42.not…until直到„„才„„
They didn’t leave until the game was over.直到比赛结束，他们才离开。
43.Neither/Nor+助动词+主语，用于否定句中，表示另一个人也不怎样。
---Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?---你知道吉姆跟他弟弟争吵了吗？
---I don’t know, nor do I care.---我不知道，我也不在意。
44.So +助动词+主语，用于肯定句中，表示另一个人也怎么样。
If he goes there, so will I.如果他去，我也去。
45.So it is with sb.表示“另一个人也一样”，既可用于肯定句中，也可用于否定句中，用来陈述两种或两种以上复杂情况。
Mary is clever but she doesn’t work hard.So it is with Tom.玛丽很聪明但学习不努力，汤姆也是这样。
46.prefer sth.(to sth.)更喜欢„„/宁愿要„„而不愿做„„
He prefers basketball to football.他比较喜欢篮球而不喜欢足球。
47.prefer to do sth.(rather than sth.)更喜欢/宁愿做„„而不愿做„„
Many people prefer to send e-mails rather than write letters to their friends.许多人宁愿发电子邮件，而不愿打电话给他们的朋友。
48.Prefer doing sth.(to doing)宁愿干什么„„而不愿做„„
She prefers singing and dancing.她比较喜欢唱歌、跳舞。
49.would rather…than…= would… rather than…宁愿这样做„„而不愿那样做„„
I would go to school by bike rather than by bus.我宁愿骑自行车而不愿坐公共汽车去上学。
The soldiers would rather die than give in.战士们宁死也不投降。
50.would rather +从句，宁愿某人做„„，从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气
I would rather you didn’t tell a lie.我宁愿你没有说谎。
51.so that…以便，为了，使能够
He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.他起床早以便赶上头班车。
52.so + adj./adv.+ that…如此„„以致„„，that引导的是结果状语从句
Tom is so young that he can’t join the army.汤姆太小不能参军。
53.such + a/an + adj.n.(单数)+that…如此„„以至于„„
He s such an honest boy that he never tells a lie.他很诚实，从来不说谎。
54.such +(adj.)+ n.(可数名词复数或不可数名词)+that…如此„„以至于„„
He made such rapid progress that the teacher praised him.他取得了的进步，老师表扬了他。
55.S（主语）+be + 数词+(长、宽、高的)形容词（long, wide, high）„„多长、宽、高
Our class room is 12 metres long.我们的教室有12米长。
56.S（主语）+be+数词+in +（长、宽、高的）名（length, width, height）多长、宽、高
The meeting hall is 10 metres in width.这个会议厅有10米宽。
57.（长、宽、高的）名词+ of + sth.+ be +数词„„多长、宽、高
What is the height of the mountain?这座山有多高？
58.suggest + that clause(should + do)建议做„„
who do you suggest(should)be sent to work there?你认为应派谁去那儿工作？
59.It is suggested that + 主语（should）+ 动词原形有人建议„„
It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off.有人建议推迟会议。
60.tell…from…把„„与„„区分开
I can’t tell Tom from his twin brother.我分不清汤姆和他的双胞胎哥哥。
61.There/ Here is … for sb.有„„给某人
Here is a letter for you.这里有封你的信。
62.The +比较级（从句），the + 比较级（主句），越„„越„„；愈„„就愈„„
The busier she is, the happier she feels.她越是忙，越是感受到快乐。
63.There is no need(for sb.)to do…没有必要
We have plenty of time.There is no need to hurry.我们有足够的时间，没有必要这么着急。
64.There is some/no doubt of/about/ as to + n./ wh-clause（没）有疑问
There is some doubt(as to, about, of)whether he will come on time.说不准他是否会按时来。
There is no doubt that he will succeed.毫无疑问，他会成功的。
65.There is something/ nothing wrong with…„„有（没有）故障
There is nothing wrong with my bike.我的自行车没有故障。
66.the same…as/that… 与„„相同
This is the same pen as I bought yesterday.这与我昨天买的钢笔相同。（不指同一支钢笔）
This is the same pen that I bought yesterday.这是我昨天买的那支笔。（指同一支钢笔）
67.too… to…= not…enough to…太„„而不能„„
The child is too young to go to school.=The child is not old enough to go to school.68.can’t(can never)… too/ enough…怎么„„也不过分
You can’t be careful enough.你无论怎么细心也不过分。
69.Would you please…?表地问对方是否愿意做某事的客气说法。
Would you please lend me a bike?请你借给我一辆自行车好吗/
70.Why don’t you+ 动词原形„？是一个表示忠告和建议的句型，其省略结构为：Why not +动词原形„„？ Why don’t you go out for a walk?=Why not go out for a walk?为何不去散散步呢？
类似提建议的句型还有：
(1)What/How about(doing)sth.?
(2)You’d better do sth
(3)I suggest that you(should)do…
(4)I advise you to do…
(5)I advise that you(should)do…
(6)Have you considered doing sth.…?
(7)Have you thought of doing sth.…?
(8)I wonder if you’d like to do…?
(9)Shall we…?
(10)Let’s do sth, shall we?
一、重视操练,追求质量
句型作为句子的模式,主要是为学生们提供模仿学习的模板,在进行句型教学的过程中,教师应该以训练为主,为学生们牢固树立一种操练意识。通过反复的练习,让学生们熟悉基本的英语句式,最终达到熟练、正确、规范地运用语句表达思想。这里提倡的操练并不是简单枯燥的词语替换练习,而是要高效的、高质量的练习,必须是有层次的、由简到繁的练习。
如在“The seasons of the year”这一课的学习过程中,教师可以充分利用春夏秋冬四季中不同的插图来展开教学,通过对话性质的机械操练转向更有意义的操练方式。
学生一:I like summer very much,but I don’t like winter at all,what about you?
学生二:I like spring very much,but I don’t like summer at all.
学生一:What about you?
学生三:I like…
在学生们能够熟练地运用这一句型之后,教师应该把握时机让学生们说出他们最喜欢的季节,以及喜欢这个季节的原因,再把这种毫无信息差距以及缺乏交际功能的操练过渡到真实的、与生活相联系的语言运用上来,培养学生们的全面语言运用能力。
二、突出听说,熟练牢记
句型教学的目的是让学生们学会运用,而要想达到熟练地运用就必须让学生们经过大量的模仿练习才能够真正帮助学生们掌握句子的结构,最终达到脱口而出、正确规范的效果,为学生们熟练运用句型进行思想交流打好基础。
初中英语毕竟是英语学习最初级的阶段,听说能力的培养和语音语调的训练都是十分关键的内容,提高学生们的口语表达、促进学生们形成预感对于学生来说是十分必要的。教师在教学的过程中可以设置一些角色朗读的环节,让学生们在朗读中熟悉句型。如在“there be”句型的教学过程中,教师可以为学生们指定方向,让学生们运用“there be”句型进行交流,提问“where is our desks”“who are they”“what have you seen”等,让学生们自由回答,在交流互动中练习运用“there be”句型。同时教师要结合课文的内容进行句型教学,从“There is a map of Chinaon the wall”这句话来引导学生们进入到这种“存在句型”的学习,全面提升学生们对于课文的熟悉和掌握程度,然后通过一些基础的教学引申到更为广阔的、实用性的教学过程中,让学生们在不同的情境之中感受句型的魅力,更加熟练地运用到实际生活当中去。
三、联系课文,灵活运用
初中英语的句型教学主要还是服务于课文教学的,在句型教学的过程中,教师应该结合要教的句型在课文当中的语境来进行教学,提高句型在学生们头脑当中的“存活程度”。
如在特殊语句的教学过程中,教师可以结合课文的原文来进行教学,结合课文内“Just for Fun”环节中“What’s this in English”讲述这句话中“What”的作用和含义,让学生们模仿运用,加深学生们对于这个用词的掌握。再讲解“What color is it?”中“What”的用法和含义,让学生们结合课文的内容思考这一句型的不同变换,并模仿着课文的内容进行练习,最后辅助学生们通过小组合作的方式来进行练习,互相提问并回答,他们在这个过程中自然掌握了特殊疑问词的用法和特殊疑问句的特点。
四、情感主线,贯通复习
语言的学习是会自然联系到情感的,设定出一条立意新颖、提纲挈领的情感主线能够赋予一堂英文课程很强烈的艺术美感,而且能够帮助学生们更好地理解整个文章。如在牛津英语第四册M3 Unit1 Colours and Places这一单元的复习过程中,教师可以基于教材的内容,以人生之美和感受自然为情感的主线,围绕着“一天内的变化———季节的交替———红绿领巾的替换——头发颜色的变更”来串接起这一系列的教学环节:
When the sky turns to black,we know that one day is gone,colors tell us time.When the green leaves turn into yellow,we know thatone season is gone,color tells us season……
通过这种方式,在完成了复习目标的同时,也能够帮助学生们学会更加有立意和创新性的美感,充分发挥出学生们的想象力,让学生们感受到了英语在生活中的存在以及一种语言的美感,带领学生们通过一种更加充满美感的眼光去观察周围的生活,在课堂上弥漫出一种唯美而朴实的情感氛围。在这种情感的牵引下,学生们能够将学习的方式内化成一种习惯,体现出了教师对于学生们全面发展、综合提升的兼顾性。
关键词：句型；语法；英语；简化
英语的用法说到底主要是动词的用法。英语中的动词含义特别丰富，变化最多，搭配能力最强。众所周知，要想学好英语必须下功夫而无捷径可走，但学习方法的得当与否却会使学习效果迥然不同。前人的无数经验已经证明，在浩如烟海的英语词汇中把1500个最常用的动词学深、学透、学活，是学会用英语会话、造句和作文的关键。正因为如此，荷恩比先生在他的《牛津高阶英语词典》中，花大力气引入了英语动词句型分类法，这再一次证明了英语基本句型的重要性。英语中有五种基本句型（Basic Sentence Pattern），这五种句型与动词种类密切相联，所以也叫做动词句型（Verb Pattern）。这五种句型是：
句型（一）：S VCs
Unity is power.
句型（二）：S V
History advances.
句型（三）：S V O
People make history.
句型（四）：SVOiOd
He sent her a telegram.
句型（五）：SVOCo
We call her Marry.（陆锦林，1990：472）
一、句型：S V Cs
该句型中的动词是连系动词，最常用的连系动词是be。能担任主语补语Cs的有名词短语（包括名词、代词、数词等）、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语、非限定动词短语以及分句等。例如：Thats a good idea.The pleasure is mine.You are impossible.He was down in two subjects.This book is beyond me.The proof of pudding is in the eating.The cup is cracked.The film is boring.This is just what I need.
除be外，还有一些较常用的连系动词。这些连系动词可以分为两类。一类和be类似，表示主语所处的一种状态，其中包括：seem，appear，remain，stay，keep，continue，feel，look，sound，taste，smell，ring，lie，rest stand，hold，prove等。例如：He tried hard to appear calm.Doesnt that seem weird to you？ We remained friends.It was hard to stay awake.The weather will continue fine.Im feeling a little better today.The future is looking good.Istanbul sounds really exciting.The soup tastes/smells nice.The mistake rests uncorrected.Twenty years on，his advice still holds good.The recent revelations may prove embarrassing to the President.
二、句型：SV
该句型中的动词是不及物动词，所以既没有宾语也没有补语。不过该句型可有状语。大多数不及物动词的状语可有可无。如：He went（south）.但是，live和lie后一定要接状语：He lives downstairs.You lie on your back/side/front.
这种句型有时后接由名词短语担任的状语。通常出现在表示位置移动的动词后面，如：advance，come，drive，fall，go，rise，run，travel walk等，此外还有cost，measure，weigh等。如：Computer technology has come a long way since the 1970s.The river has risen several meters.He weighs 60 kilograms.They travelled 200 miles on the first day.Tickets cost ten dollars each.语法学家将上述这类句子看成SVO型，即将名词短语看成是宾语而不是状语，尤其在动词travel，cost等后面。从语义上看，该句型中主语与谓语的关系一般是主语是谓语动作的执行者。如：Then a difficult problem arose.但有些句子形式上是主动的，意义上是被动的。如：She photographs well.
该句型有一变异形式，即，A（状语）+ V + S（NP）。如：Here comes the bus.当主语是代词时词序为：A + S（Pron.）+V。如：There you go again.
三、句型：SVO
该句型的动词是单及物动词。动词谓语的状语通常可有可无。如：He hit the ball（hard）.但是，动词put，place，stand，lay，set后的状语是必不可少的。He puts the coffee on the table.She stood the ladder against the wall.He laid his hand on my shoulder.He set the pot on the fire.
该句型中的宾语可以由名词短语、非限定动词或分句担任。从语义上看，宾语与动词谓语的关系可分为以下几种：1.宾语表示受事。如：John has broken his leg.They have beaten back the enemy.2.宾语表示地点。如：He walked the street，swinging a cane.3.宾语表示结果。如：He wrote a novel every year.从例句中可以看出，宾语都是谓语动词的动作所产生的结果，没有谓语动词的动作，就不可能有宾语中表示的事物。4.同源宾语（Cognate Object）。在一定程度上可以将同源宾语看做是表示结果的宾语的一种。因为同源宾语也是谓语动词所产生的某种结果，所不同的是这种结果往往用与谓语动词同源的名词表达。例如：He dreamt a sweet dream.She is singing a love song.He laughed a hearty laugh.He died a heroic death.
四、句型：SVOiOd
在该句型中，间接宾语通常是表示人的代词或名词，但有时也可用表示物的代词或名词。间接宾语一般表示谓语动词动作的对象，即动作对谁或什么东西做的。间接宾语一般可以省略，这并不影响其他成分之间的语义关系。因此，如果只出现一个宾语，这个宾语一般是直接宾语。但是有几个双及物动词可以保留间接宾语而省略直接宾语。在这种情况下，唯一出现的宾语就是间接宾语。这主要发生在动词allow，ask，forgive，grant，pay，promise，send，show，teach，telephone，tell，write等后面。例如：Bob is teaching the older children.You can pay me instead.（夸克，1989：997）
该句型中间接宾语在语义上相当于一个介词短语。最常用的介词是to或for。在accord，allow，assign，cause，deny，give，grant，hand，lend，offer，pay，play，promise，read，recommend，refuse，send，serve，show，take，teach，telephone，tell throw，wish，write等后面用to。例如：The children proudly showed me their presents.→The children proudly showed their presents to me.在bring，buy，call，choose，do，find，fix，get keep，leave，make，order，save，spare等后面用for。例如：Will you do me a favor？ →Will you do a favor for me？ 此外，ask后面用of。例如：You have no right to ask me anything.→You have no right to ask anything of me.介词短语结构尤其用在间接宾语较长的句子中。如：We should reserve some food for the other members of the party.
五、句型：SVOCo
该句型中的动词是复杂动词。宾语补语可以由下面几种短语担任：
1.名词短语。后接名词短语作宾语补语的动词有：name，call nominate，christen，baptize，label elect，make，crown，consider，know，regard；find，declare，leave，pronounce，proclaim，vote等。例如：They elected him President.
2.形容词短语。后接形容词短语作宾语补语的动词有：have，find，want hold，wish，get，keep，leave，make，open，like，render，turn，wish，consider，regard，think，set，let paint，believe等。例如：Make sure you have the car ready by tomorrow.
3.非限定动词。可分为以下三种情况：
A.后接不定式作宾语补语的常见动词有：advise，allow，ask，beg，challenge，command，compel，dare，direct，enable，encourage，expect forbid，force，get，have，hear，help，instruct，intend，invite，let，like，make，notice，order，permit，persuade，prefer，recommend，remind，request，require，see，teach，tell，train，trouble，urge，want，watch，wish等。如：That man wants a woman to look after him.We ask him to come again.动词le，t make，see，hear，let等后用不带的不定式。动词consider，think，prove，find，declare，know，acknowledge，believe，feel discover，judge，report suppose等后可接不定式to be。动词believe，consider，think，prove，find，declare后的to be可省略：I believe her（to be）right.This evidence proved him（to be）innocent.
B.后接-ing分词作宾语补语的常见动词有：catch，discover，feel get have，hear，keep，listen to，notice，observe，see，set，smell，start，stop，want，watch等。如：I felt my cheeks burning.His Words set me thinking.
C.后接-ed分词作宾语补语的常见动词有：have，feel，get，hear，keep，make，see，like，find，prefer，want等。如：He made his influence felt.
4.介词短语。动词find，regard，judge等后可接介词短语作宾补。如：I judge them both beyond repair.
5.分句。宾语补语也可由分句担任。如：It is reform that has made our country what is today.
以上分析了英语的五种基本句型SVCs，SV，SVO，SVOiOd，SVOCo的特征及其用法。若能掌握好这些基本句型，英语中的再复杂的句子也可简化。复杂句和并列句可分解成简单句。此外，我们可以把许多词看成一个词，把许多不同东西看作同类东西，从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把I know that he does not like to live in this country.中的十个斜体词和I know John.中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西，因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。这样，不管多复杂的句子都可用这五种基本句型简化，而简化是语法的目的（张道真，1998：32）。
参考文献：
[1]陆锦林，《高级现代英语语法》[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社，1990。
[2]伦道夫·夸克，《朗文当代高级英语词典》[M].北京：商务印书馆，2002。
[3]伦道夫·夸克，《英语语法大全》[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社，1989。
[4]张道真，《英语语法大全》[M].北京；外语教学与研究出版社，1998。
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