大学英语综合训练心得体会(通用9篇)
学号:130******
姓名:****
1、我选这门课的原因
虽然自己已经通过了英语四级,但是最后还是选择了这个以学习英语为内容的课程,一方面是因为在如此多可供选择的选修课程中,比较有兴趣的课程在前面两学期基本上已经选择并学过了,而我自己本身也对英语的学习还是一直比较有兴趣的,刚好这个课程是专讲英语四级的,我觉得英语的学习无界限,学哪都是学习英语,不管怎样,选择学习这门选修课,如果投入了一定的努力,提高的还是自己的英语水平;另一方面,作为自己所在的本学院刚开设的公共选修课之一,肯定会有较多的本学院的人选择,上课会有很多熟悉的人,哈哈,想想还是觉得蛮好玩的呢。
2、课堂印象及回忆
记得老师在上课的第二节课就叫我们可以考虑买一下周思成著作的《大学英语四级真题及解析》,一方面作为自己备考四级的资料,另一方面也可作为老师上课配套资料,因为根据我自己的情况,我是没有购买的,但是这并不影响我们听课质量,老师很体谅我们,上课会将将要讲解的四级真题提前结合到PPT上,以使没有相关书本资料的同学也可以跟着老师的节奏去学习。
另外,从一开始就感觉老师上课方式与其他大部分的英语老师上课方式有很大不同,无论是在前面的听力练习部分还是后面的阅读理解部分,老师一直是几乎一字一句的分析,以自己的标准英语口语逐句念给我们听(不愧曾是外联处的老师,讲英语果然流利),一遇到觉得我们听不懂或比较重要的单词句子,就会在黑板上写下,还会偶尔不以查到为目的,而以提高教学质量为目的随机提问在座同学。因为选修课时较少,而要讲解的四级内容又相对来说较多,所以明显感到老师在能节省时间的地方就尽量加快教学节奏。每堂课程下来,我想大多数的听课同学都和我一样,对老师真正注重教学质量,以提高学生过级率为目的的负责态度;平易近人,体谅学生的和蔼印象等有着深刻的记忆印象。
3、我的思想感悟
起初对于物理学院开设英语选修课这件事,我是不明白的,毕竟英语是外国语学院的专项,后来明白了老师的职位身份以及学校、学院的四六级过级率情况,就明白了老师开设这门课的原因。
每每看到老师的辛苦备课及授课情况,感受到老师上课时无形之中传递给我们的强烈责任心,想起身边很多不注重学习的同学,又想起自己的不努力,总会觉得自己过去的时间真的是浪费了,然后暗暗决心以后还是更加注重学习比较好(当然英语是其中之一),当然自己也要持之以恒,不要说过就忘,我想,老师传授给我们的知识是宝贵的,但是我们自身得到的思想领悟才是更加可贵的,也只有我们以后更加努力学习,并下意识的像学弟学妹们强调英语及其他专业知识的学习重要性,才能算不辜负老师开设这门课的良苦用心!
关键词:初中英语,综合听力训练,听力教学
从语言学习理论来说, 人类的语言行为以感知觉器官功能划分, 可以分为“听”、“说”、“读”、“写”四种形式。其中, “听”位于四者之首, 是其他几种形式的基础。根据美国外语教学法专家里弗斯和坦珀利 (Rivers&Temperly, 1978:269-270) 的研究, 听、说、读、写在人类交际活动中所占的比例分别为45%、30%、16%和9%。由此可以看出, “听”在人类语言交际中占有非常重要的地位。
一、英语综合听力训练的含义及理论基础
在20世纪八十年代初, 美国语言学家克拉申建立了“第二语言习得理论”, 为第二语言学习及外语教学提供了一个新的概念。其中, “输入假说”为外语教学中的语言输入问题提供了相应的理论依据, 对英语听力教学具有重要的指导意义。克拉申 (Krashen, 1981:25) 认为, 促成语言习得的发生应具备两个基本的条件:一是为学习者提供所需要的、足够量的可理解性输入;二是学习者本身应具有内在的可加工语言输入的机制。从这个观点可以看出, 语言输入是语言习得的前提和首要条件。语言习得是通过接收大量的“可理解性输入”而产生的。因此, 在语言学习过程中, 语言输入在语言学习中起主导作用, 是促进语言习得发生的基础。
二、初中英语听力训练的现状
在初中阶段, 听力教学是英语教学的重点和难点。听力作为一项基础的交际技能, 它直接影响着学生语言知识的接受、语言技能的训练和交际能力的提高。另外, 从2009年起, 教育部门也从听力的重要性出发, 在江苏全省开始实行中考英语人机对话统考 (听力口语自动化考试) 。但长期以来, 大多数英语教师都没有对听力训练予以正确的认识和充分的重视。他们通常把教学的重点放在词汇、语法、句型等知识要点的传授上, 忽视了语言能力的培养。在听、说、读、写等基本技能中, 过多地强调了“读”和“写”, 而忽视了“听”对其他几项技能的重要作用。初中英语听力训练大多采用题海战术, 以做听力练习题代替听力训练。虽然所做的练习紧扣听力考试题型, 但方法太过单一, 最终只能造成费时低效的结果。
三、英语综合听力训练的实施途径
1.听力与语音教学相结合。加强语音训练是提高听力的基础。听力, 不仅要求“听”, 还要求听后能“理解”。听力理解第一步就是辨音。辨音包括辨别各种语音、语调和音质等。在英语连贯的发音过程中, 往往由于弱读、同化、连读、音素省略和爆破音的关系, 会发生音变, 从而使学生在听以英语为母语的人士讲话或录音时感到困难。在听力过程中, 常有学生对所听到的材料一知半解。
2.听力与阅读教学相结合。在听、说、读、写这四种交际能力中, “听”和“读”作为语言输入的方式, 更应该被紧密结合起来。
首先, 在扩大词汇量方面。在听力过程中, 如果学生词汇量太少, 对所听到的陌生的发音不能进行正确的辨别, 就不可能正确理解所听内容的正确含义。因此, 扩大词汇量是提高听力能力的一个重要环节。而要想扩大词汇量, 阅读无疑是最有效的方法之一。
其次, 在培养理解力和思维能力方面。阅读与听力虽然所涉及的语式不同, 但究其实质, 都是语言信息解码与意义再构建的过程, 都属于接受性和理解性的语言使用过程。在听力理解过程中, 听者运用听觉感知知识, 对语言材料进行“解码”并作出种种推断。而在阅读理解过程中, 读者使用种种认知手段, 依赖认知效应和背景知识, 在对书面语进行辨认的基础上作出判断和理解。基于此相似性, 教师在教学中对学生阅读能力的训练, 能不断地提高学生运用认知效应进行判断理解的能力, 从而对听力理解产生积极的促进作用。
3.听力与语法教学相结合。语法知识在听力理解中起着重要的作用, 掌握一定的语法知识对于正确有效地理解听力材料是很有必要的。当学习者进行听力实践时, 要对接收到的语音材料进行理解。如果学习者的语法知识比较薄弱, 仅仅记住听到的每个单词和短语, 不能确定句子成分, 不能把握整个句子的结构, 就会对听力理解造成障碍;相反, 如果学习者有扎实的语法知识, 就能运用已有的知识对接收到的语音材料的各个成分进行分析、判断和处理, 理解所听到的话语的含义。
4.听写与语法教学相结合。“听”作为输入方式, “写”作为输出方式, 两者之间存在着紧密的联系。将这两者在教学中合理安排, 既可以加强对学生的听力训练, 又可以提高学生的写作能力。通过反复连续的听力练习获得的信息, 可以有效地停留在学生的记忆中, 从而储存在他们的大脑中, 转变成其自身的写作素材, 包括词汇、句型、修辞、篇章结构、文体等。大量有用的素材可以使学生在写作时轻松地输出自己所需的信息。教师在教学中要将听力作为提高写作能力的手段, 使学生通过听力获取与写作相关的信息。在课堂上, 教师所采用的教学方法都要围绕“积累语言信息”这个中心, 达到“以听促写”的目的。
【关键词】英语听力 综合训练 有效途径
学生英语听力能力的培养是初中英语教学的重要目标之一,但从现实的教学反馈来看,很多学生英语听力能力普遍较弱,这在一定程度上影响了学生英语整体水平的提高。本文笔者从分析现实英语听力训练中存在的问题和误区入手,就如何有效进行英语综合听力训练进行尝试探索。
一、英语综合听力训练存在的误区
1.形式过于单一。在初中英语综合听力训练中,有不少教师对学生英语听力的培养形式较为单一。例如一到听力课,老师就只是简单的播放听力磁带,让学生根据听力磁带做听力题目,把英语听力能力的培养简化成做听力题,把听力题的正确率作为衡量学生英语听力水平的标准。
2.多而不精。很多教师要求学生多听听力,而不讲究听力技巧的培养、不注重听的效果,而这往往导致学生花了很多时间在听力方面,但收效却不大。
3.听、说、读、写、译分离。在学习语言时,必须调动身体的多个感官相互配合,不能只“听”而忽视其他能力的培养。
二、英语综合听力训练的有效途径
1.打好基础,多方面能力同时培养。在英语听力中,很多同学都会遇到这样的问题:能说出单词的读音甚至能把它写出来,可是不知道单词的意思。比如在听力过程中听到“I will come to visit you this weekend.”,学生能听到“周末将……你”,但是不知道“visit”为何意,一样不能理解句子意思。基于这样的情况很普遍,因此在做综合的英语听力训练的同时,教师还可以要求学生增加自己的词汇量,这样在听力训练的时候才能“听得懂”;并且还可以通过教授音标的方法让学生记住每个单词的准确发音以及字母之间的组合规则,让学生听到单词的时候“写得出”。“听得懂”、“写得出”才能使学生的听力水平不断提高。
2.创造良好的学习氛围。学习语言,一个良好的语言环境很重要。当今的语言教学理论认为,以理解内容为目的的语言输入是形成交际性听力的有效措施。因此,教师在听力训练时不仅要学生“听”,还要让学生“说”,鼓励学生用英语与同学和老师交流,教师在教学中运用英语与同学沟通,人为地创造出一个英语应用的环境,让学生从“哑巴英语”中走出来。让学生“开口”也是英语听力训练的其中一个目的。现在的很多学校都有英语角活动,让学生在与人面对面的交流中,感受英语语言环境的魅力,提高自身听力能力。
3.激发学生的兴趣。英语听力训练是很乏味的,这很容易使学生对听力训练产生厌恶感。在英语综合听力训练过程中,教师可以增加训练的趣味性和生动性,让学生由“老师、家长要我训练”变成“我自己要训练”。例如在听力训练过程中,如果是对话型的,就让学生先听清楚对话的主要内容,然后让学生分角色对对话的情景进行情景再现。在角色扮演的过程中,学生必然会用心理解、记忆听力内容,不仅能有效激发学生的兴趣,还锻炼了学生多方面的能力。
4.拓宽听力练习的渠道。除了课堂上教师与学生运用英语沟通之外,在课外,教师还要鼓励学生拓宽自己的听力练习渠道。现代社会科技飞速发展,互联网更是让人们虽相隔千里,依然能交换信息,互相交流。除了依靠听力磁带来训练自己的听力,学生还可以利用课余时间在互联网上学习,这样的渠道是多种多样的,例如利用社交网络交一个外国朋友,相互学习各自的母语;看美剧或者说是英语的动画片,尤其是一些简单的动画片,例如《狮子王》这样的动画片,其台词的表达简单实用,学习起来也很快。在利用电影训练听力时,刚开始很可能出现看不懂剧情的情况,这时学生可以自由调节影片的播放进度,必要时可以逐字逐句一边看字幕一边听,在休闲娱乐中不知不觉使自己英语听力能力得到提升。除了以上两点,还可以多收听、收看英语广播、电视节目,不仅能拓宽自己的知识面,又收到了与专门的听力训练一样的效果。
5.消除学生心理障碍,循序渐进。初中教学的一个重要目的就是要培养学生自主学习能力。在英语听力训练中,同样应该把培养学生自主学习能力的观念贯彻始终。基于英语听力训练的无趣,训练之后收效甚微对学生的打击,很多学生对英语听力综合训练常常是抱着焦虑、害怕、甚至厌恶的心理。这时教师不能一味强烈要求学生必须到达什么样的要求,毕竟任何事情都不能一蹴而就,欲速则不达,逼得太紧反而会适得其反。面对学生这样负面的情绪,教师在对学生进行听力训练时,应该由简到难,先消除学生的心理障碍,培养学生对英语听力训练的信心。对于学生在听力训练中出现的问题要积极的分析出现问题的原因,不能嘲笑或者辱骂学生。在教学中出现学生两极分化问题时,不能只注重能力强的学生的需要,而应该适当调节听力训练的进度,对能力较弱的学生应该特殊照顾而不是放弃。
总之,英语听力水平的提高是一个循序渐进的过程。所谓“教无定法,贵在得法”,作为一名英语教师在听力教学中,应注重通过多种途径,调动学生参与的主动性,促使他们能够积极主动地去听。如果学生在每次听力训练中都能获取新的知识和新的感受,听力训练将产生良好的效果。
参考文献:
[1]教育部.英语课程标准[S].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2002.
强化英语有效训练培养学生综合能力
英语是一门语言的艺术,要使学生掌握运用好一门外语,就必须持之以恒地对其进行有效的语言训练.为学生创设新的教学环境,通过有效训练丰富学生的`想象.加强语言的理解、传递和表达.
作 者:石洪新 作者单位:永清县职教中心,河北,廊坊,065600刊 名:考试周刊英文刊名:KAOSHI ZHOUKAN年,卷(期):“”(7)分类号:H3关键词:英语教学 有效训练 示范性 直观性 简笔划 创设性
命
题
[ 讨论稿 ]
2010-6-20
根据《全国大学生工程训练综合能力竞赛命题原则》,命题与高校工程训练教学内容相衔接,体现综合性工程能力。命题内容体现“创新设计能力、制造工艺能力、实际操作能力和工程管理能力”四个方面的要求,在分析和总结首届竞赛全国大学生工程训练综合能力竞赛命题经验的基础上,提出“第二届全国大学生工程训练综合能力竞赛命题”(讨论稿)。
本届竞赛分为“分省区预赛”和“全国决赛”二个阶段。竞赛命题也对应两个阶段分为两部分。预赛阶段只发布预赛命题,各参赛队在预赛阶段完成命题要求的设计任务和规定的加工制作,参与各省区预赛。经预赛选拔并按组委会公布的比例确定参加决赛的队伍。全国决赛时,各队需要携带预赛中的加工制作并提交设计报告。设计报告包括命题要求的机械设计、工艺方案设计、经济成本分析和工程管理方案设计。全国决赛的内容包括对指定零部件的现场加工制作、作品的装配调试、竞赛及现场答辩等
命题中的工程管理能力项要求综合考虑材料、加工、制造成本等各方面因素,提出合理的工程规划。设计能力项要求参赛学生对参赛作品的设计具有创新性和规范性。命题中的制造工艺能力项以考核综合运用加工制造工艺知识的能力为主。
第二届全国大学生工程训练综合技能竞赛的命题
(讨论稿)
本届比赛命题主题:
本届竞赛命题主题为“无碳小车”。
要求经过一定的前期准备后,在集中比赛现场完成一套符合本命题要求的可运行装置,并进行现场竞争性运行考核。每个参赛作品要提交相关的设计、工艺、成本分析和工程管理4项成绩考核作业。
命题:以重力势能驱动的具有方向控制功能的自行小车
1、功能设计要求
给定一重力势能,根据能量转换原理,设计一种可将该重力势能转换为机械能并可用来驱动小车行走的装置。该自行小车在前行时能够自动避开赛道上设置的障碍物(每间隔1米,放置一个直径20mm、高200mm的弹性障碍圆棒)。以小车前行距离的远近、以及避开障碍的多少来综合评定成绩。
给定重力势能为5焦耳(取g=10m/s2),竞赛时统一用质量为1Kg的重块(¢50×65 mm,普通碳钢)铅垂下降来获得,落差500±2mm,重块落下后,须被小车承载并同小车一起运动,不允许掉落。
要求小车前行过程中完成的所有动作所需的能量均由此能量转换获得,不可使用任何其他的能量形式。
小车要求采用三轮结构(1个转向轮,2个驱动轮),具体结构造型以及材料选用均由参赛者自主设计完成。要求满足:①小车上面要装载一件外形尺寸为¢60×20 mm的实心圆柱型钢制质量块作为载荷,其质量应不小于750克;在小车行走过程中,载荷不允许掉落。②转向轮最大外径应不小于¢30mm。
参赛者需要提交关于作品的设计说明书和工程管理方案、加工工艺方案及成本分析方案报告。
要求参赛者在自制的载荷质量块上自主设计并加工出反映本届竞赛主题的徽标。参赛队参赛时同时提交徽标设计说明(篇幅限制为A4纸一张,文字部分的字数不超过300字,内容包括创意、材料、制作说明),作为评分点之一。
2、本校制作:以参赛小组为单位,每组不多于3人。按照预赛阶段的要求,在各自 2 所在的学校内,自主设计并制作出全部零件。参赛时需提供在本校进行的加工制造及组装过程的视频录像,时间控制在约10分钟。
3、预赛内容:加载符合本命题规定的比赛载荷质量块,在硬质水平地面(例如光滑的水泥地面、水磨石地面或室内标准球赛地板等)的指定赛道上进行比赛,小车需按规定绕过各个障碍。行走绕过的障碍越多,得分越高。每个参赛队只能出一辆小车参加比赛,每车有二次机会,取二次成绩中最高分作为最终得分。
4、预赛成绩:以小车的结构设计特色、徽标设计、自动行走比赛时的前行距离、提交的报告以及现场问辨情况,根据加权公式计算得出最终比赛得分。
5、集中参赛:(预计选拔出60-80个决赛参赛队。)
1)第一竞赛环节:携带在本校制作完成并调试好的作品,在集中比赛现场,使用符合命题要求的重力势能,加载大赛组委会提供的重块,在硬质水平地面(光滑的水泥地面、水磨石地面或自流平树脂地面)的指定赛道上进行比赛,赛道宽度为2米,小车应在此宽度内行进。按成绩由高到低,取参赛队总数的50%(30-40个队)进入下一竞赛环节。2)第二竞赛环节:
a)进入此环节的参赛队,需取下小车原有的转向轮,重新制作小车的转向轮。转向轮的制作采用根据原设计图纸和竞赛组委会的指定要求,经计算机三维造型后,使用快速成型机制作、车床加工及钳工方法完成,最终完成小车转向轮的组装和调试,总加工时间为4小时左右。
b)使用符合命题要求的重力势能,加载大赛组委会提供的重块,在硬质水平地面的指定赛道上进行比赛。每个参赛队只能出一辆小车参加比赛,自动行走比赛时,每队有三次机会,取三次成绩中最高分作为此项最终得分。c)参赛队进入答辩环节,需准备关于本队参赛作品的工艺成本和管理对策相关知识的答辩。
6、总成绩评定:综合工程管理方案、设计方案、加工工艺方案、成本分析方案、小车徽标设计、转向轮加工成本及质量(1、是否符合图纸要求,2、现场加工质量)、小车前行距离及答辩成绩等得分,根据加权公式,计算最终得分。
图1: 无碳小车示意图
竞赛规则
根据《全国大学生工程训练综合能力竞赛章程》,为规范北京市首届大学生“无碳小车”工程训练综合能力竞赛各项工作,遵循“公平、公正、公开、科学、规范”的原则,特制订本规则。
一、参赛要求
1.赛前工作
⑴参赛队以抽签形式获得组号。
⑵各参赛队在报到时上交相关文件、徽标样件及毛坯料(毛坯料的形状、尺寸不限,表面无切削痕迹,如采用棒料,切断面除外),由工作人员与参赛队当面检查点清;所有外包装由参赛队自己准备,应注明学校名称,只允许各参赛队备用1块车轮毛坯料。
⑶参赛队负责准备本队需用的所有刀具、量具、工具及其他用具,种类、规格不限,比赛时带入现场。
⑷竞赛组委会提前一天开放加工、装配、比赛场地。
⑸在集中竞赛阶段的现场竞赛过程中,参赛学生可以使用各种图书资料和计算机,但不得与本参赛队之外的人员进行交流,也不可以与指导教师交流。
2.载荷和重块要求
小车的配重载荷为钢质圆柱体,直径≥60㎜,高≥20㎜,其质量应不小于400g,在小车行走过程中,载荷不允许掉落。动力载荷按要求(Φ50×65mm,质量≤1kg,材料为普通碳钢)准备,重块铅垂下降落差500±2mm,落下后须被小车承载并随小车一起运动,不允许掉落。
3.无碳小车要求
1)预赛小车:设计制作全部在本校完成,具体结构和控制方法不限,参加预赛; 2)决赛小车:将上交小车的前轮更换为现场自制轮参赛;
3)参赛小车应有方便测量的标记,始终保持与车身相对静止,以便测量小车竞赛行走距离;
4)参赛小车除从动力载荷的势能转换能量外,不允许采用任何其他能量。4.跑道要求
跑道由竞赛组委会提供,赛道为复合地板铺设的地面,宽为2000㎜,设有出发标准线和障碍物中心连线,距出发标准线每间隔1米放置一个直径20mm、高度200mm的弹性障碍圆棒,障碍物的中心连线与出发标准线垂直。
5.现场加工与装配要求
由一名学生领回毛坯料,在现场用车床完成一个转向轮,加工时间严格限制为1小时;如需备用毛坯料,需向工作人员说明情况,并在总成绩中扣5分;加工结束卸下车轮前须先报告工作人员,然后卸件交给工作人员作标记、保存。为确保安全起见,加工前安排5分钟心理和安全疏导,10分钟熟悉机床。
由一名学生领回车轮,由3名学生共同完成车轮的现场装配与调试。车轮所需其他标准件、外购件等由参赛学生带入现场,装配和调试时间为1小时,时间到立即停止。准备好的决赛小车上交,由工作人员作标记、封存保管。
加工、装配、比赛环节指导教师不得与学生交流,不得进入现场;参赛学生不得与本队之外的人员交流,有问题举手向工作人员示意。
6.现场决赛(预赛)要求
(1)决赛(预赛)前工作人员检查小车,不允许有其他蓄能装置;
(2)决赛(预赛)顺序按各参赛队抽签号从小到大进行,并在指定赛道上进行;(3)小车可在出发线上任意一点出发,小车的测量标记置于出发标准线后;(4)小车须按命题中的“S”路线行走,否则按弃权处理;
(5)小车载荷小于规定、重块质量或落差高度大于规定,按弃权处理;
(6)每个参赛队只能出一辆小车参加比赛。预赛时,每队有二次机会,由裁判根据避障数量和小车行走距离得分排名,前16名取得决赛资格。决赛时,每队有三次机会,取三次成绩中最好的成绩作为此项最终成绩,由裁判员测量小车行走距离并记录在档(小车标记与出发标准线的垂直距离),所用量具为卷尺和直角尺;
(7)参赛队进入赛道起,应在规定时间内完成比赛。7.徽标与竞赛方案评审
竞赛组委会组织评审组,对徽标、方案进行评审,徽标的评审内容包括徽标设计、制作、创意;竞赛方案的撰写要求科学合理。徽标制作采用去除式加工。
8.视频要求
各参赛队需准备10分钟以内视频光盘。视频应能反映学生设计、制作与装配过程(全国赛事必须交,北京市赛事可不交)。
二、竞赛内容及评分标准
1.竞赛内容组成
本次竞赛包括:徽标的设计与制作、方案设计、现场加工与装配、现场竞赛、答辩5项内容。
2.评分标准(总分为100分)
1)徽标设计制作:由评委根据徽标设计、制作、创意评分,按从高到低排列名次,总分8分,起评分5分,各队得分按下列公式计算:
得分A83(本队名次1)
参赛队总数2)方案设计:由竞赛评审组对每个参赛队提交的方案进行评阅。总分22分,其中结构设计方案6分,工艺设计方案6分,成本分析方案5分,工程管理设计方案5分。总合每队的4个方案的得分,按从高到低排列名次,起评分12分,各队得分按下列公式计算:
得分B2212(本队名次1)
参赛队总数3)现场加工与装配:总分为15分,其中车削加工10分,钳工加工与装配5分;严重违反安全操作规程一次扣5分。
得分C =15-N×5 N——严重违反安全操作规程次数
4)现场竞赛:总分45分,其中避障30分,行走距离15分;小车行走距离起评分9分,由裁判根据避障数量和小车行走距离得分排名,各队得分按下列公式计算:
得分D =M×3 M——小车避障数量
得分E156(本队名次1)
参赛队总数绕障数量按下列两种情况计算:
(1)按顺序依次绕障,则按绕障的总数计算;
(2)不按顺序跨越式绕障:无论绕过多少,只能算为绕过1障。
5)答辩:每队的三位参赛选手,以抽签的方式,选择两道题,回答时三人可以商量,由评审组根据学生现场答辩情况,按得分从高到低排列名次,总分10分,起评分6分,各队得分按下列公式计算:
得分F104(本队名次1)
参赛队总数3.总成绩评定
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
本案共采集1 3例肩关节“内撞击综合征”患者, 全部为本市职业棒球选手, 场上位置:投手9人, 外场手3人, 内场手1人;均为男性;年龄在1 8~3 1岁之间;从事专业训练2~1 6年;病程1个月~2年。
1.2 症状和诊断
肩关节“内撞击综合征”大多没有明确的外伤史, 疼痛逐渐发生并日益加重。患者主诉投球时扬手晚期和加速早期肩关节后上方疼痛, 导致无法发力。体检时可在肩后窝深处触及压痛, 一般没有疼痛弧存在, 肩关节功能大致正常, 部分严重患者极度外展外旋时可因疼痛而稍有受限, J o b e再复位试验, 可较好的确定诊断。具体做法为:患者仰卧位, 患肩外展9 0°角, 极度外旋, 肩关节后上方出现疼痛, 此时将肱骨头推向前方则疼痛消失者为阳性。放射线检查对本征无明确诊断意义。由于本征多与肩关节其他损伤同时存在, 故在检查时应特别注意对合并症的检查, 这一点对治疗方案的制定有非常重要的意义。
1.3 治疗方法
1.3.1 针灸加脉冲电治疗。针刺以阿是穴为主,一般于肩峰后外角下2 c m处,向前上方斜刺至痛点,另于肩峰外侧缘中点下2 c m处,向内下方刺至疼痛敏感点,另外根据合并症情况可于肱骨大结节处和二头肌长头腱处各刺一针,分别加脉冲电,电流输出量以伤处出现可承受的疼痛为度,每次2 0 m in, 1次/d。其治疗机理为通过对神经和经络系统整体调节起到抗炎镇痛的作用。还可能与通过降低局部胞质钙离子浓度,阻断收缩蛋白的降解优势,加强收缩蛋白的合成、促进收缩结构的恢复有关。
1.3.2 对肩关节周围肌肉及肩带肌进行按摩,以达到放松肌肉,减缓肩关节压力,松解关节囊的挛缩等目的。
1.3.3 有急性炎症表现者可辅以微波、超声波等理疗,亦可局部进行可的松类药物封闭注射。
1.3.4 可根据损伤情况,停止或减少扬手晚期和发力早期疼痛激发动作的练习。
1.4 系统性康复训练
以上治疗虽可有效的解除患者的当前症状, 而旨在再塑正确的肩关节生物力学的康复训练对于此征的治疗有着更加重要的意义。具体的训练方案为:
1.4.1 肩关节稳定性练习
主要以练习肩袖的旋前旋后肌为主。 (1) 皮条休息位旋前练习:将皮条定端置于患侧肩关节外侧方, 患肩上臂紧贴躯干, 肘关节屈曲9 0°做上臂旋前拉力练习。 (2) 皮条外展位旋前练习:皮条定断置于患侧肩关节后方, 患肩外展9 0°, 肘关节屈曲9 0°, 做上臂的旋前拉力练习。 (3) 皮条休息位旋后练习:皮条定端置于健侧肩关节外侧方, 患肩上臂紧贴躯干, 屈肘9 0°, 做外旋拉力练习。本方法主要练习岗下肌。 (4) 皮条外展位旋后练习:皮条定端置于患侧肩关节前下方, 患肩外展9 0°肘关节屈曲9 0°做外旋拉力练习。本方法主要练习小圆肌。以上练习要点为, 皮条应保持较强张力, 回放动作要慢。
1.4.2 肩后紧缩释放练习
具体做法为:肩关节分别置于前屈4 5°、9 0°、1 5 0°, 同时屈肘9 0°, 由康复师用对侧手托其肘部, 同侧手握其腕部, 做被动旋前内收练习。
1.4.3 肩胛骨稳定性练习
(1) 用组合器械做“宽握颈后拉”“窄握胸前拉“练习。 (2) 坐姿哑铃划船练习。 (3) 直臂卧推练习。方法为俯卧位双手直臂撑地, 利用肩胛胸壁关节做肩胛骨的前后旋转运动。
2 结果
2.1 疗效观察
以治疗康复三个月为期限。症状完全消失, 可投入大运动量训练, 半年内不复发者为痊愈。可从事大运动量训练, 练后局部仍有不适感, 但不影响技术动作, 半年内无加重为良好。能完成技术动作, 但运动量不能过大, 半年内症状时轻时重为有效。局部症状明显, 不能完成技术动作者为无效。
2.2 疗效
1 3例患者场上位置及疗效, 见表1。
3 讨论
3.1 病因及损伤机制:关于肩关节“内撞击综合征”的损伤机制,目前正在广泛的研究和讨论中。大多数人认为,此征主要损伤机制为:由于过肩投掷项目的特殊技术动作要求和过多的重复使用,导致肩关节前方关节囊松弛,后方关节囊紧缩,从而造成肩关节的前方不稳和肱骨头向后上方的旋转,这种情况导致在投掷动作中,扬手后期和加速早期肱骨头的后滚机制被破坏,肱骨头向前下方的滑动增加,关节盂后缘与肱骨头之间产生阶梯,从而加重了肩袖肌内表面与其之间的撞击和摩擦,久之造成损伤。此外,肩胛骨作为肩袖肌的起点和动力从近段传到远端的连接,对盂肱关节的稳定性起着十分重要的作用。由于肩胛骨不稳所产生的“浮肩”现象可使盂肱关节稳定性下降,加重肩袖和后关节盂缘的撞击。
肩关节“内撞击综合征”可以出现肩袖内表面的炎症反应、磨损和部分撕裂后上关节盂缘的变性或撕裂以及肱骨头后上部的软骨损伤等不程度的病理变化。
3.2 以电针为主,按摩理疗等为辅的综合治疗,对本征的当前症状有着显著效果。以再塑肩关节正确的生物力学为目的的康复训练是从根本上解决本征的关键,与单纯接受治疗的病例相比不论在治愈率和复发率上均有明显优势。
3.3 治疗效果与运动员不同的技术动作要求有关。如内场球员多短传,传球以肘关节为主。外场球员多长传,传球以肩关节为主。而投手的技术动作对肩关节的要求更高。
3.4 治疗效果与合并症的有无及程度有关。
摘要:目的 探讨运动员肩关节“内撞击综合征”的损伤机制及发病规律, 总结用电针及系统康复训练的方法对此征进行治疗的临床效果。方法 在对此征的损伤机制、发病规律、诊断标准等进行深入讨论的基础上, 对1 3例患者用电针为主, 辅以按摩、理疗等治疗方法解决当前症状, 同时对患者进行系统康复训练以再塑肩关节正确生物力学的治疗方案。结果 1 3例患者经本方案治疗, 痊愈率5 3.8 5%, 总有效率9 2.3 1%, 效果满意。结论 电针等治疗手段对此征的当前症状疗效确切, 而系统的康复训练是从根本上改善此征的关键。同时认为此征的疗效及预后与运动员不同的技术动作要求有关, 与损伤程度有关, 与合并症的有无及程度有关。
关键词:内撞击,电针治疗,系统康复
参考文献
[1]曲绵域, 于长隆.实用运动医学[M].第4版.北京大学医学出版社, 2003.
[2]于长隆, 敖英芳.中华骨科学—运动创伤卷[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 2010.
【关键词】英语教学 听说读写 综合训练
英语教学是通过听、说、读、写的综合训练,全面培养学生的听、说、读、写能力,使学生获得英语基础知识和初步运用英语的交际能力。小学生入门阶段应以听说训练为主,培养正确的语音语调的听说能力,并在听说的基础的基础上逐步开展读和写的训练。为了实现这一教学目标,英语教师不但要从听、说、读、写等诸方面认真进行教法研究,还应该注重五种能力并重培养过程中的学法研究。下面我谈谈自己在教学中对听说读写能力整合教学的应运与实施。
一、努力创设“听”的语言环境
在英语学习乃至人类交往活动中,听是最基本的形式,是理解和吸收口头信息的交际能力。在英语听、说、读、写中,听力是最难掌握的一项语言技能.教学中,教师要尽量帮助学生先听好,多听多练。教师要给学生营造浓厚的“英语环境”,努力给学生创造“听”的机会。要充分发挥小学生的听觉敏锐、辨音能力强的特点,集中精力训练听。语音练习是听力训练的专门练习,可以使学生发好音,读好单词、短语和句子,练好重音、语调,辨别清楚不同的发音或读音。教师在训练听的过程中,要给学生以具体的方法指导,介绍正确的听的方法或技巧,提出明确的要求。特别是听音时,要向学生强调不要一听见音就急于先开口模仿、跟读,一定要先听准、听清楚之后再开口模仿。要向学生讲明白如果开始音调没学好或不正确,会影响以后的开口交际,一旦错音成了习惯,以后耍纠正起来就很困难。因此,要求每个学生在听音时,都要仔细静听,辨清发音;注意观察,认真模仿;大胆练习,积极运用;互相学习,竞赛评比。听力训练好了会促进说读写等其它各项的发展。只要教师向学生讲明各项技能,特别是开头听的重要性,后发内因作用,调动积极性,学生会积极、主动参与训练。
在听力方面教师要做到:音调正确、清楚规范、语速适当。听是说的前提,学生学习英语,总是要先听,然后才能进一步学习说,因此教师在训练学生精心听之余也不要忽略了培养学生良好的说的习惯,我们应创设一些情景,选择小学生的学习及日常生活他们所熟悉的相关话题。这是培养学生大胆开口说英语的又一个有利条件。可以适当的布置一些口头作业,主要包括模仿录音、朗读、背诵和复述课文、根据课文内容回答问题、根据所给情景练习对话等形式。其中朗读和背诵尤其适合入门阶段的学生,是促使他们正确掌握英语字母、单词等发音并加以记忆的一种行之有效的必要手段。
二、强化“说”的训练
说是在听的基础上发展起来的,它们是口语交际中密切相关,形式却截然不同的行为过程。英语说的技能大致包括语音语调正确、词汇运用合理贴切、语句结构符合表达习惯、言语反应和应变能力敏捷及语言表达简练等因素。要做到人人大胆开口讲英语,不是一件容易的事。教师在教学中要特别关注那些存在怕说、缺乏自信心地学生。教师要帮助这些学生克服思想和心理障碍,要躲给予鼓励和表扬,肯定其进步,进行个别耐心辅导,以增强其说英语的自信心,激起其说英语的内心欲望。学生在讲英语时,教师最好别去打断,英允许学生暂时存在某些语言错误,待讲完后,教师再指出并纠正。教师要注意多留给学生一点思考时间,要求现象后说,想好再说。
三、培养“读”的准确能力
读对小学生来说主要是朗读。要求是正确拼读单词,响亮地。流利地朗读课文,语音语调等基本正确。学生朗读英语与差,很大程度上取决于教师的示范。因此,教师必须十分注重范读和领读。在教师范读或领读是,可以配以手势以示升调、降调、重读等。在集体朗读时,伴有拖音、节奏语速慢时。教师要及时纠正,培养良好的读的习惯。听说是口语,读写是书面语。阅读是语言学习的一个重要方面。形成有效的阅读技能,提高英语阅读理解能力、养成良好的英语阅读习惯对小学生的英语学习非常重要。在小学中年级依托教材开展有效的阅读教学,做到既能激发和保持学生的阅读兴趣,又能培养学生初步的阅读能力和通过插图、文字获取信息的能力,在阅读的基础之上,逐步的渗透写作的能力,学生能根据相应的话题表达自己的想法,并且用正确的句型来书写表达出来。这样写作能力才会有很大的提高。
四、注重“写”的技能及其培养
“写”是对“听、说、读”的巩固和提高。好的作文是学生写出来的,多写才能出好文章。英语教学中的写是指书写和写作。书写包括字母、单词、句子、标点符号的正确书写。写的技能包括语句通顺、语法规范、内容完整、详略得当。书写的好坏直接影响思想和情感的表达。用英语练写不但能巩固学生英语词汇、句型、习惯用法、语法的掌握程度,而且还能让学生在实践中逐步达到用词准确、句型恰当、语法正确的境界;在写的训练中,学生能提高文字表达能力和口头表达能力,进而活用语言,发展其创造能力。就写的方法而言,①最好是抓住课文这个语言材料不放,笔头、口头复述并举,缩写或改写。②提供语言点,让学生连句成文。③要注重对英文书信、日记、通 知、看图说话、故事、人物简介等分类进行系统训练,以了解和掌握相应的文体写作知识及技巧。因此,对英语写作能力的培养,教师要采取积极引导的方法,严格加强写作基本功的训练。
A.have a good taste of the pleasures of society
B.feel depressed about the pleasures of society
C.happy with the pleasures of society
D.sorry for having getting the pleasures of society
2、(见31题)Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A.We should pity these unhappy people
B.Such unhappy people are critical about everything
C.If they realize the harmfulness of their habits they may get rid of it
D.Such unhappy people are not content with themselves either
3、(见31题)“And scarcely that” in the third paragraph means
A.just like that.
B.Almost not like that.
C.more than that.
D.not at all like that.
4、(见31题)If such unhappy persons don#39;t change their bad behavior, the author suggest that
A.people avoid contact with them.
B.people criticize their misconduct.
C.people help them r***gnize its bad effects.
D.people show no respect and politeness to them.
5、 Drug Addiction It is possible to stop most drug addiction in the United States within a v ery short time. Simply make all drugs available and sell them at cost. Label e ach drug with a precise description of what effect ― good and bad ― he dru g will have on the taker. This will require heroic honesty. For the r***rd I have tried ― once ― almost every drug and like none , disproving the popular theory that taking a single smoke of opium will enslave t he mind. Nevertheless, many #39;drugs are bad for certain people to take and they should be told why in a sensible way. Along with advice and warning, it might be good for our citizens to recall that the United States was the creation men who believed that each man has the right to do what he wants with his own life as long as he does not interfere wit h his neighbour#39;s pursuit of happiness. Now one can hear the warning: If everyone is allowed to take drugs, everyo ne will, and the gross national product will decrease and we shall end up a race of fools. Alarming thought. Yet it seems most unlikely that any reasonably he althy?minded person will b***me a drug addict if he knows in advance what addic tion is going to be like. Is everyone reasonably sensible? No. Some people will always b***me drug addicts just as some people will always b***me drunken, and it is just too bad . Every man, however, has the power to kill himself if he chooses. But since m ost men don#39;t they won#39;t be the majority, either. Nevertheless, forbidding peop le things they like or think they might enjoy only makes them want those things all the more. This psychological insight is, for some mysterious reason, denied our governors.The author#39;s solution to the drug problem is。
A.to make all drugs extremely costly.
B.to put honest warnings on all drug labels.
C.to make the buying and selling of all drugs illegal.
D.to tell people the dangerous effects of drugs on health.
6、(同36题)Many people believe that
A.taking drugs once in a while will not be harmful.
B.a single smoke of opium will make you an addict to it.
C.the authorities are honest in dealing with the drug problem.
D. It is a heroic activity to destroy all the drugs available.
7、(同36题)According to the author, forbidding people to take drugs is
A.unacceptable to the majority of people.
B.not an effective way to stop drug addiction.
C.in the interest of the people and the governors.
D.in agreement with the basic rights of citizens.
8、(同36题)Which of the following is inferred from the passage?
A.Few people will take drugs if they are allowed to.
B.The United States will be easily defeated if its citizens are allowed to take drugs.
C.It is a general practice to forbid drugs in different countries.
D.A majority of people will b***me addictive to drugs if they are allowed to take them.
9、(同36题).Which of the following might best describe the author#39;s arguments in the passage?
A.Alarming.
B.Unusual.
C.Mysterious.
D.Traditional
10、第五篇Agricultural Pests。Agricultural pests are Integrated Pest Management is a plan that combines several different metho ds to destroy insects and rodents. These methods are specifically developed for individual areas and crops. The control methods include using the pests#39; natur al enemies, controlling the pests#39; breeding environment, and developing stronger varieties of seeds. Chemical poisons are used only when necessary. The IPM me thod accepts the fact that it is useless to try to destroy pests completely with chemical poisons. Its aim is to control pest populations so that crops can sti ll grow well. Cotton farmers in Texas have been using the IPM method. The farmers find the best combination of control methods for their needs. In this way, they can produce crops without using too many chemical poisons. In 1977, three quarters of Texas cotton fields received no pesticides at all. That year#39;s cotton crop w as better than average. The IPM methods showed the farmers a better way to cont rol the pests in their fields. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has been studying agricultur al pests and chemicals. It has found that 223 pests are resistant to, or not af fected by, pesticides. Rodents, including rats, are also gaining resistance to poisons. In 1965, another UN organization, the UN Food and Agricultural Organiz ation, listed 182 resistant types of pests. Three years later, there were 228 s pecies on the resistant list. The 1977 survey raised the number to 364 species . Because so many pests are b***ming resistant to chemical poisons, it is neces sary to find another method of control. By using Integrated Pest Management, fa rmers can still control and limit pests without depending on chemical poisons.
A.rapidly being destroyed by chemical poisons
B.the results of Integrated Pest Management.
C.winning the battle against farmers.
D.b***ming accustomed to poisons.
11、(同41题)IPM is a plan that
A.uses the pest#39;s natural enemies
B.controls the pests#39; breeding environment
C.develops stronger varieties of seeds
D.does all of the above
12、(同41题)IPM is different from the older methods because
A.chemical poisons are rarely used
B.chemical poisons are used very often
C.pests are completely destroyed
D.farmers do not have to worry about pests.
13、(同41题)In 1968 the UN Food and Agricultural Organization found
A.182 resistant pests
B.223 resistant pests
C.228 resistant pests
D.364 resistant pests
14、Science Education for a New Age。Discoveries and Ap____。The very great advances in science just before and after the midpoint of t he twentieth century have caused education in the United States to realize that science teaching in the future must differ from science teaching in the past. D uring the past twenty years science has played an important part in shaping the character of our civilization. The welfare, stability, and security of our nati on are closely related to the discoveries of science and the applications of the se discoveries.
15、Needs for Good Science T____。Governors, lawyers and business leaders have to deal with scientists and e very educated person has his views influenced by science. Yet our science teach ing of nonscientists in school and college, has built up mistaken ideas, dislike s, and the common boast. “I never did understand science.” Even those students who arrive at college with plans to b***me scientists usually bring a mistaken picture of science; some have a collection of unorganized facts about science, a nd some regard the study of science as a game which involves getting the right a nswer.
16、K____and Enterprise。Science teaching must deal with the knowledge and methods of science; both are necessary. From science courses students should acquire a useful command o f science concepts and principles. Science is more than a collection of unrelat ed facts; to be meaningful and valuable, they must be arranged to show generaliz ed concepts. A student should learn something about the character of scientific knowledge, how it has been developed, and how it is used. He must see that kno wledge is subject to growth and change and that it is likely to shift in meaning and status with time.
17、Science and S____。Young people need to understand how our society depends upon scientific an d technological advancetnent and to realize that science is a basic part of mode rn living. The scientific process and the knowledge produced cannot be consider ed to be ends in themselves, except for the classical scientist. A student shou ld understand the relation of basic research to applied research, and the connec tion between technological developments and human affairs.
18、(同41题)In the future, probably
A.chemical pesticides will be used less
B.chemical pesticides will not be used at all
C.chemical pesticides will be used more
D.chemical pesticides will be produced
19、Balance in Ed 。If it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementary science to everyone on a mass basis or to find the gifted few and take them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simple. The public school system, however, ha s no such choice, for the two jobs must be carried on at the same time. Because we depend so heavily upon science and technology for our existence and progress , we must produce specialists in many fields. The public school must educate bo th producers and users of scientific services.
20、Environmental Impacts of Energy Production All primary energy sources that are ***nomic will be required if the world is to avoid energy starvation. The world#39;s needs for e(51)____have been met successively by wood, coal and oil. As these sources decline in importance o(52)____approach depletion, natural gas, nuclear power, solar and other ‘alternative’ energy sources are expected to m(53)____an increasing fraction of total demand. The production and use of energy can h(54)____a significant effect on the environment. The environmental consequences of the use of some energy sources could conceivably b***me so great t(55)____ they could limit growth in energy consumption. On the other hand, meeting energy needs for ***nomic development and s(56)____well being may require that some environmental impacts be accepted. Environmental impact assessments are being used increasingly I(57)____decision?making by national authorities r(58)____for selecting appropriate energy options or energy mixes. The impacts of energy production may be of short duration, long lasting, or irreversible. They may be of l(59)____or global concern, and may involve trans?boundary issues of international significance; they may affect different communities, p(60)_____groups and countries in different ways. They may be detrimental or beneficial. The nuclear industry has taken a leading role in addressing systematically both shortand long term issues.
21、
22、
23、
24、
25、
26、
27、
28、
29、
30、The country was facing difficulties financially and_____the situation was discouraging.
A.comprehensive
B.successive
C.overall
D.systematic
31、I can#39;t advise you what to do. You must use your own_____.
A.opinion
B.justice
C.ideal
D.judgement
32、Sometimes they ____their students#39; poor comprehension to a lack of intelligence.
A.owe
B.attribute
C.contribute
D.gratitude
33、Gold is a precious, yellow coloured____ used for making coins, ornaments and jewelry.
A.mental
B.metal
C.moral
D.mould
34、If you persist in doing that, none except yourself should______the consequences.
A.answer for
B.answer to
C.be responsible of
D.be responsible about
35、He saved his daughter from the fire______of his own life.
A.at expense
B.at a price
C.at the cost
D.at the loss
36、The misty weather in London the contact.
A.interfered with
B.interfered
C.insured with
D.insured
37、Many automobile accidents were_____careless driving.
A.attributed to
B.resulted in
C.contributed to
D.raised from
38、His answer was so confused that I could hardly make any______of it all.
A.explanation
B.meaning
C.sense
D.interpretation
39、Because I don#39;t take any sugar in my tea, I______to forget to offer it to other people.
A.like
B.come
C.tend
D.have
40、Revolutionary developments in both observational and theoretical astronomy (took place) in the 1960#39;s.
A.commenced
B.occurred
C.were disputed
D.were exchanged
41、In the legends of the American West, Paul Bunyan#39;s most (treasured) possession as Babe the Blue Us, whose horns were said to span a distance of 42 ax handles.
A.comical
B.valued
C.expensive
D.colorful
42、A supernova is a star that explodes and then slowly fades to less than its original (brightness).
A.size
B.weight
C.radiance
D.imortance
43、Over six million citizens of the United States collect benefits from( private) pension plans each year.
A.unauthorized
B.confidential
C.nontransferable
D.Nongovernmental
44、Since the 1950#39;s literary critics have attempted to answer the question: When did children#39;s literature first (emerge) as a distinct literary genre?
A.improve as
B.appear as
C.conform to
D.respond to
45、Granite crystals are large enough to be seen with the (naked) eye.
A.wary
B.candid
C.unaided
D.discerning
46、Having (enlisted) in the Marine Corps in August 1918, Opha May Jonnson was made a provisional sergeant a month later.
A.considered
B.joined
C.written to
D.risen in
47、The ( widespread) use of X-rays for diagnostic purposes poses the risk of overexposure to radiation.
A.medical
B.spacious
C.experimental
D. General
48、The geysers, one of the most unusual phenomena in nature, is beautiful to (behold).
A.view
B.relate
C.sketch
D.withhold
49、The lymphatic system includes a network of tiny capillaries that lie (adjacent )to the fine blood vessels.
A.independent of
B.obscured by
C.near
D.within
50、第一篇 Food and Health The food we eat seems to have profound e ffects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making many food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research h as shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illness are related to diet an d forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of t he colon. Different cultures are more prone to contract certain illness because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illne ss is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researches realized that nitrate s and nitrites, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additiv es caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives (有致癌作用的添加剂) remain in our food, and it b***mes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging lakes of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives wh ich we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and pou ltry and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows . Some times similar drugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purpos es but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the anima ls in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA. Has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the pract ices continues.How has science done a disservice to mankind?
A.Because of science, disease caused by contaminated food has been virtually eradicated.
B.It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food.
C. As a result of scientific intervention, some potentially harmful substances have been added to our food.
D.The scientists have preserved the color of meats, but not of vegetables.
51、(同21题)What are nitrates used for?
A.They preserve flavor in packaged foods.
B.They preserve the color of meats.
C.They are the objects of research.
D.They cause the animals to b***me fatter.
52、(同21题)What does FDA mean?
A. Food Direct Additives.
B. Final Difficult Analysis.
C. Food and Drug Administration.
D. Federal Dairy Additives.
53、(同21题)The word “carcinogenic” means most nearly the same as
A.trouble?making.
B.color?retaining.
C. Money?making.
D.cancer?causing.
54、(同21题)Which of the following statements is not true?
A.Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons.
B. Some of the additives in our food are added to the food its elf and some are given to the living animals.
C.Researchers have known about the potential hazards of food additives for over thirty?five years. C.Researchers have known about the potential hazards of food additives for over thirty?five years. C.Researchers have known about the potential hazards of food additives for over thirty?five years. C.Researchers have known about the potential hazards of food additives for over thirty?five years. C.Researchers have known about the potential hazards of food additives for over thirty?five years. C.Researchers have known about the potential hazards of food additives for over thirty?five years. C.Researchers have known about the potential hazards of food additives for over thirty?five years.
D.Food may cause forty percent of cancer in the world.
55、第二篇Jeans In 1849 two men discovered gold in California. Men from the rest of the U nited States and other countries hurried there to look for gold too. These mine rs needed good strong clothes. A young man from Germany named Levi Strauss arrived in California in 1850 . He went there to sell things to the miners. He saw that the miners needed st rong pants so he began to make them. He used cloth that people make tents from . He put rivets (铆钉) on the pockets to make them strong becau se the men put r ocks in their pockets. These pants were very strong and lasted a long time. Th e pants became very popular immediately. Later Mr Strauss started making jeans from cotton cloth from Nimes, France . “De Nimes”means “from Nimes”. People called this cloth denim. Denim was po pular in the fifteenth century. Christopher Columbus used denim for the sails o f his ships. Sailors in Genoa Italy wore denim pants. The word “jeans”comes f rom the word “Genoa”. Mr Strauss made the first jeans in the United States, bu t the idea and the kind of cloth came from Europe. The names came from France an d Italy Jeans were always blue until recently. People used indigo (蓝靛 ) dye (染) them. Indigo is the oldest dye in the world. Most jeans have blue threads goi ng across and white threads going up and down. These two colors make denim look different from other kinds of cloth. Today Levi Strauss and Company makes jeans in large factories. Other comp anies all over the world also make jeans. Usually one worker makes just one par t of the pair of pants. Someone makes the front of the leg, and someone else ma kes the back. Another person puts in the zipper.The word denim comes from the name of a city in。
A.France
B.India
C.Italy
D.Germany
56、(同26题)Everyone thinks jeans are
A.French
B.American
C.Italian
D.German
57、(同26题)Levi Strauss went to California to
A.sell things to miners
B.look for gold
C.make jeans
D.be a sailor
58、(同26题)Rivets
A.make good sails
B.make tents strong
C.Come from Genoa
D.Make the pockets of jeans strong
59、(同26题)Cloth is made form thousands of
A.tents
B.sails.
C.factories
D.threads.
60、第三篇Two Types of People There are two types of people in the world. Although they have equal degr ees of health and wealth and the other comforts of life, one b***mes happy, the other b***mes miserable. This arises from the different ways in which they cons ider thing, persons, and events, and the resulting effects upon their minds. The people who are to be happy fix their attention on the conveniences of things, the pleasant parts of conversation, the well prepared dishes, the goodne ss of the wines, and the fine weather. They enjoy all the cheerful things. Those who are to be unhappy think and speak only of the contrary things. Therefore they are continually discontented . By their remarks, they sour the pleasures of society, offend many people and make themselves disagreeable everywhere. If this turn of mind were founded in n ature, such unhappy to criticize and be disgusted is perhaps taken up originall y by imitation. It grows into a habit, unknown to its possessors. The habit ma y be strong , but it may be cured when those who have it are convinced of its ba d effects on their interests and tastes. I hope this little warning may be of se rvice to them, and help them change this habit. Although in fact it is chiefly an act of the imagination, it has serious c onsequences in life, since it brings on deep sorrow and bad luck. Those people o f fend many others, nobody loves them, and no one treats them with more than the m ost common politeness and respect, and scarcely that. This frequently puts them in bad temper and draws them into arguments. If they aim at obtaining some adv antage in rank or fortune, nobody to favour their hopes. If they bring on thems elves public disapproval, no one will defend or excuse them. These people should change this bad habit. If they do not, it will be good for others to avoid any contact with them.People who are to be unhappy
A.Always consider things differently from others
B.Are usually influenced by the results of certain things
C.Can discover the unpleasant part of certain things
D.Usually have a fault?finding habit
答案:
1 B
2 A
3 B
4 A
5 A
6 B
7 C
8 B
9 B
10 D
11 D
12 A
13 B
14 Applications
15 Teaching
16 Knowledge
17 Sociefy
18 C
19 Education
20 energy
21 or
22 meet
23 have
24 that
25 social
26 in
27 responsible
28 local
29 population
30 C
31 D
32 B
33 B
34 A
35 C
36 A
37 A
38 C
39 C
40 B
41 B
42 C
43 D
44 B
45 C
46 B
47 D
48 A
49 C
50 C
51 B
52 C
53 D
54 A
55 A
56 B
57 A
58 D
59 D
60 D
★ 全国英语等级考试(PETS)四级简介
★ 北京:全国英语等级考试网上报名注意事项
★ 全国职称计算机考试经验结论
★ 全国公共英语等级考试报考暴增8倍
★ 考生必看:全国英语等级考试冲刺阶段备考点睛
★ 9月计算机一级考试MSOffice强化训练题
★ 职称英语学习经验职称英语考试复习指导:完形填空题
★ 全国计算机等级考试一级上机WORD题
★ 6月英语四级考试完形填空题考前指导
【大学英语综合训练心得体会】推荐阅读:
英语语法综合训练09-30
清华大学本科生综合论文训练教学管理办法10-28
大学英语听力障碍及训练策略09-17
词汇训练500题大学英语四级11-03
大学生英语演讲比赛训练方案12-24
大学英语综合技能实践11-12
大学英语综合教程2课文翻译02-05
新标准大学英语综合教程2翻译02-04
山东大学威海分校综合英语精品课程12-30
全新版大学英语综合教程1、2句子翻译11-16