《大学英语I》模拟题
I.Vocabulary and Structure:30%
Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C.and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence, then put the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1.Your experience in the war will become good ______ of a novel.A.stuffB.staffC.dialogueD.gesture
2.The victim was helpless because she couldn’t _____ her attacker in court.A.destroyB.overtakeC.identifyD.grab
3.The elevator often _____.A.break offB.break downC.smashes downD.goes on
4.Mr.White was generous and wouldn’t _____ your criticism___ you.A.apply….toB.single out….againstC.attach… toD.hold ….against
5.We_____ to decide who should clean up the bedroom.A.drew lotsB.conducted a pollC.had a betD.talked over
6.We get message s by radio, television, telephone and very other ___ of communications.A.approachesB.meansC.instrumentsD.measures
7.They had a ____ when their car crashed.A.escapeB.screenC.viewD.realm
8.They ___ the situation as favorable and took advantage of it.A.suspectedB.maintainedC.revealedD.viewed A.protectB.protestC.exposeD.separate A.I guessB.I wonderC.I’m sureD.I suspected
11.The company’A.develops intoB.comes toC.gets toD.turns out A.presumablyB.vividlyC.decentlyD.properly A.at any costB.in all waysC.after allD.of course A.hold onB.catch onC.hold tight ontoD.get hold of
15.The little girl wore a very thin coat.A sudden gust of cold wind made her ___.A.trembleB.shiverC.shakeD.chill
16.Unfortunately the plane crashed ___ it took off.A.now thatB.shortly whenC.the minuteD.not until
17.He decided the invitation ____ he had another appointment.A.for the reason ofB.because that
C.for the reason thatD.because of the reason that
18.The neighbors reported the event to the police;____ the police came to the spot.A.soon afterB.shortly afterC.right afterD.shortly afterwards.19.I’m terribly sorry.I didn’t mean ___ I said.A.anything thatB.all the thingsC.anything whichD.everything that
20.Spring festival is important to us Chinese _____Christmas is to Americans.A.in a wayB.the same as
C.in much the same wayD.in almost every aspect
21.____ a specific description of the attacker, we can track him down based on it.A.givenB.if you giveC.Given thatD.Giving
22.The athlete pictured himself _____ winning over all his rivals in the race.A.asB.byC.forD.with
23.Our nerve system reacts appropriately to __ we think or imagine to be true
A.whichB.whatC.thatD.how
24.The acid ran found in a number of large cities once again _____people ___ the urgent need to take care of our environment.A.reminds… toB.reminds ….ofC.tells…ofD.tells…for
25.If you don’t mind, I ____ listen to pop songs than to jazz.A.would ratherB.ratherC.would rather toD.rather to
26.It is responsibility of the commissioner of police to _____ law and order.A.remainB.keep fromC.maintainD.insist
27.In its Sea lab program, the United States has studied the possibility _____people ___ beneath the ocean.A.to have…to liveB.of have …liveC.to have…liveD.of having…live
28.___turn off the main road here ___ you will come to a small hill.A.if you…andB./….andC.you…./D./…/ A.interestedB.disinterestedC.separatedD.disconnected
30.If you associate with such people, I’A.are makingB.are gong to haveC.are avoidingD.are creating II.Cloze: 10%
Directions: The following passage is taken from one of the texts you have learned.Read the passage and fill in each of the numbered blanks with one suitable word.Write the word on the Answer Sheet
Of course daydreaming is no substitute __1__ hard work.If it’s athletic achievement you want, you also have to__2___ lots of practice in your sport.You have to work hard to develop skills.If it’s school success you’re __3__, you can’t neglect studying.Daydreaming alone can’t __4__ you ___5__ your heart’s desire.But ____6___ combination __7__ the more usual methods of
self-development, it might make a ____8___ ___9__.It could be the difference between becoming __10__ good at something and becoming a champion.III.Reading Comprehension: 30%
Passage
1Some people have it easy.When their kids ask them what they do at work, they can give a simple, direct answer.“I put out fires “ or “ I fix sick people “ or “ I teach primary school”.As a theoretical physicist, I never had this luck.Society has come to expect many things from physicists.It used to be that we only had to discover the basic laws of the world and supply the techniques that would power the next silicon Valley(硅谷).With these expectations we were fairly comfortable.They are the sorts of things we think we know how to do.What makes us uncomfortable---and what makes it hard for us to tell our kids what we’re up to---is that in this century we have become, though unwillingly, gurus on questions such as “ What is the nature of
Reality?”
We now deal with a whole new class of problems.We ask how the world began and what is the nature of the matter.The answers we are coming up with are just not easy to comprehend for the average person.So, when physicists get out of their cars in the morning, have a cup of coffee and sit down in front of their computers, they leave a familiar world and enter a place where things act in strange ways that are impossible for ordinary people to understand.1.According to the passage, in a way physicists are ___.A.intelligentB.comfortableC.strangeD.unlucky
2.Judging from the context, the word “ guru “ in the first paragraph most probably means a person_____
A.who acts as a teacher and answers big questions
B.who gives wrong answers to big questions.C.who does not like to answer big questions
D.who is eager to supply answers to big questions.3.Which of the following is true according to what the author says about physicists?____
A.physicists do not like their job
B.physicists live in two different worlds.C.Physicists are coming up new answers to old questions
D.Physicists do not have to tell people what they are doing
4.Which of the following statements is true?
A.theoretical physicist only has to answer the basic questions about the world
B.theoretical physicist contributed to the new industry in Silicon Valley
C.theoretical physicist have disappointed the expectations of many people
D.theoretical physicist have found it hard to make friends with ordinary people
5.Which o f the following is true about the job of physicists?
A.It is getting more and more difficult
B.It is beyond the comprehension of ordinary people.C.a person with average intelligence can not do it
D.both a and b
Passage
2Advertising
In the United States, advertising itself is a big business.Millions and millions of dollars are spent on television, radio, and printed messages to prospective consumers.Advertising firms do “market research” for their clients, testing out various “pitches” in the quest for ones that are effective.From the viewpoint of American consumers, advertising functions to inform them about available products and services, as well as to encourage them to buy.From the viewpoint of visitors from abroad, though, advertising serves and additional function, and it affords countless insights into American values, tastes and standards.From American advertising, foreign visitors can gain some understanding of these and other aspects of American society: American ideas about physical attractiveness in males and females, American ideas concerning personal hygiene, the emphasis Americans place on sex, speed and technical sophistication, the amount of faith Americans have in arguments that include specific numbers, materialism in American society,male-female relationships, both pre-and post-material, the attention Americans pay to the words of celebrities, the characteristics of people who, in Americans’ eyes, are considered “authorities”, whose ideas and recommendations are persuasive, and the sorts of things Americans find humorous.By comparing advertising they see in the States to what they have seen at home, foreign visitors can gain understanding not just of American society, but of their own as well.Pricing
With few exceptions, Americans are accustomed to fixed prices on merchandise they buy and sell.The usual exceptions are houses, automobiles, and something major appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines.Another exception is a private sales.Americans are not accustomed to bargaining over prices, and in fact usually feel quite uncomfortable with the idea.Foreign visitors must realize that the price marked on an item does not include the sales tax that is added as part of the payment.(Sales tax rates vary from one jurisdiction to another.)
Americans do not believe, as people from many cultures do, that a commercial transaction includes particular attention to the human relationships involved.They look for the item they want, decide whether they can afford the price marked on it, and, if they want to buy it, find a clerk or salesperson to take the money or do the paperwork for a credit-card purchase.People who try to bargain for a lower price in a shop or store are likely to be considered either quite odd or startlingly aggressive.1.Which of the following functions does advertising in the U.S.serve?
A.Advertising offers the consumers information about products and services and persuades them to buy.B.Advertising acquaints foreign visitors with American marketing strategy.C.Advertising tells people how to establish male-female relationships.D.Advertising tells people how to be attractive physically.2.Which of the following is true of American advertising?
A.It’s persuasive and humorous.B.It lays stress on technical development.C.The words of celebrities are usually quoted.D.It offers insights into American values, tastes and standards.3.Which of the following is true of American pricing?
A.Most products are not sold at fixed prices.B.Domestic appliances are not sold at fixed prices.C.Almost all the products are sold at fixed prices.D.Automobiles are sold at fixed prices.4.According to the passage, what the customers in the U.S.pay for a product or service is A.its fixed price.B.the price which is not fixed.C.the fixed price and the non-fixed priceD.the price and the sales tax
5.According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A.Americans pay attention to human relationships when shopping.B.Americans don’t pay attention to human relationships.C.Americans seldom bargain when shopping.D.Americans like to do some shopping with a credit-card.Passage
3Humans are social animals.They depend on groups for survival.An individual human being lost in a wilderness is capable of doing many things.But he or she will probably be thinking constantly about how much better it would be if there were other people around to talk to and to help.Because humans like to live and work in groups, they come form couples and families;villages and cities;work groups, teams, and other organizations.Language is the “cement” that holds these social groups together.Through language we can share ideas and experiences.The human mouth and throat are so constructed that we can utter a variety of sounds.Language is the device for matching certain combinations of sounds with the symbols for things, ideas, and emotions.Our brains think in symbols----words and sentences-----as well as in the images that we receive from our sense.Thus we can turn experiences into symbols and communicate to other people through the use of language.Any one individual, therefore, can learn much more from others than he or she can discover alone.Language enables people to pass ideas from group to group and from generation to generation.Language is part of culture.Culture, in this sense, means all those customs, skills, and attitudes that are part of behavior of a particular group.The way you live, what you think, and what you want in life are all affected by the culture of the group in which you are raised.Groups of people live in different ways.They may have different skills, organizations, and art forms.Their family life may be completely different from yours.Human beings are inventive animals.They can even decide to change their cultures in order to meet new situations.They can choose to live in many environments and in a wide variety of ways.Of all living things, only human beings can choose where and how they want to live and then modify the physical environment to help them realize these choices.Acquiring the wisdom to make wise choices is the enduring challenge of being human.1.An individual human being lost in a wildness____
A.longs for a life among other peopleB.can do many things
C.keeps talking all the timeD.both a and b
2.Language is the device for_____
A.uttering a variety of soundsB.using a set of symbols.C.receiving a group of imagesD.matching sounds with symbols
3.With language, we can do all the following but ____
A.produce good healthB.communicate to other people
C.pass ideas from group to groupD.turn experiences into symbols.4.In what sense are humans wise and different from other living things? ___
A.Humans have a living placeB.humans can make wise choices
C.Humans move from place to placeD.humans live in group
5.The best title for this passage might be____
A.language and cultureB.the history of human beings
C.humans are inventive animalsD.a variety of cultures help humans survive IV.Translate the following sentences into English.15%
1.路灯亮起来时,我看到一个男人摇摇晃晃向市政厅(city hall)方向走去。
2.一般的说,通过增加供给或减少需求可以降低物价。
3.就我所知,他们相互感情上疏远已有一些时间了。
4.在那些日子里,我能弄到什么就看什么,只要是英文写的5.如果你每晚开夜车工作,身体必然会受到影响。
V.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.15%
1.Mr.Smith was a wealthy industrialist, but he was not satisfied with life.2.About a fourth of the American rice crop is grown in California.3.He forgot the financial crisis and the importance of raising the level of production.4.Within a year, consumers had returned millions of aluminum cans and glass and plastic bottles.5.She dropped me off at the end of her route and told me which bus to look for.Key
I
1-5a c b d a6-10b c d a c
11-15b d a c b16-20c c d b c
21-25a a b b a26-30 c d b b a
II
1.for2.get3.after4.turn5.into
6.in7.with8.critical9.difference10.merely
III.Passage 1 1-5 D A B B D
Passage 2 1-5 A D C D C
Passage 3 1-5 D D A B A
IV
1.When the street lights went on, I saw a man walking unsteadily in the direction of the City
Hall.2.In general, prices can be brought down by increasing supply or decreasing demand.3.As far as I know, they have been emotionally detached from each other for some time.4.In those days, I would read everything I could get my hands on, as long as it was written in
English.5.I you stay up late working every night, your health will surely be affected.V.1.史密斯先生是位富有的工业家,但是他对生活并不满意。
2.大约四分之一的美国稻米种植在加利福尼亚。
3.他忘记的金融危机,忘记了提高产品的水平的重要性。
多年以来,Windows都为这种机制而引以为豪,其实在Windows下,有这样的一个原则,硬件例如CPU最好是一直工作的,这样才能得到更加充分的利用,而在Windows下,程序都是以进程形式获得在CPU这类的硬件中执行的机会,而作为轻量级的进程,执行资源的实际获得者线程的角度上看,就是要让线程不要停下来,需要让各个线程就它们正在执行的操作进行相互的通信,Microsoft在这个领域进行了数十年的研究和测试,终于开发了这种机制,叫做I/O完成端口(I/O completion port),通过这种机制,就可以让线程在读取设备或写入设备的时候不必挂起等待设备的响应,从而很大程度上提高了吞吐量,实现了计算机性能的巨大提升,如图1所示。
首先分析一下Windows的消息机制,只有了解了Windows的消息机制才能明白,什么是消息,Windows下利用上述的I/O机制,实现了线程与I/O之间的交互不必需要线程的挂起,但是消息产生到接收又是怎么解决的呢?Windows感知到有I/O的操作以后,会将该消息进行封装成为struct tagMSG(详细内容请查阅MSDN),这个结构体中将包含消息的类型,参数,时间,位置,和传递的对象。Windows将该消息投入到Windows消息队列,然后等待应用程序从队列中提取相对应的消息,在这里要明确几个问题,便是模拟I/O的层次问题和模拟的关键是什么?正如图1表达的,模拟可以在驱动级,系统级,或者用户级3个级别上进行,关键就在于模拟的何种消息、何时、何位置、发送给那些应用程序,这就成为了I/O模拟的关键所在。
2 用户级I/O模拟
正如图1所示,从消息队列到指定应用程序的这一段路径上的I/O模拟,便是用户级模拟,用户级模拟的特点是:
(1)通过Windows消息机制,并由系统发出,给指定的应用程序。
(2)指定的应用程序通过自己的窗口句柄等标识,从消息队列中获取消息。
这一部分的模拟需要用到Windows API,首先了解到在Windows下的应用程序,都会拥有一个自己的窗口句柄,这如同一个ID一样,指向了某一个窗口程序,就通过获取到指定应用程序的句柄,然后发送特定消息,这如何来实现呢,分享一段模拟代码:
这里就不再赘述一些细节了,但是需要注意的是,在FindWindowsEx中的第二参数,解决一些存在父子窗口的情况,通过对子窗口的句柄,有点类似线程ID了,就可以向指定线程发送消息,按键的消息需要延迟200毫秒,这是因为正常人的点击操作便是200毫秒,这样首先可以避免写入消息队列过快,造成溢出,也可以满足一些需要一定按键时长程序的特殊要求。这里的PostMessage函数有时可以用SendMessage函数替代,本身参数上没有区别,但是核心在于如果使用的是PostMessage那么发出消息后,模拟程序是不会理会该消息的处理的,但是使用SendMessage的话,应用程序就会一直等待该消息被正确处理的反馈,这样会一定程度上影响模拟程序的正常运行,因此建议使用PostMessage函数。其次Windows的消息叫做Windows_Message,这类消息共有1024(0x0400),所以可以设置高于1024的自定义消息。这样就可以模拟很多Windows下无法模拟的I/O消息,但是弊端就是要为自定义消息编写处理函数。
3 系统级I/O模拟
这一部分分析操作系统到消息队列这一段路径上的I/O模拟,这一段的模拟所具有的特点是:
(1)系统并不指定发送的对象,接受消息的进程为当前的活动进程。
(2)接收消息的程序可以发生改变,换句话说是可以存在进程间切换的。
首先分析一下正常情况下键盘消息的产生过程,这好比要完成对某一好友的问候,那么应当先选中一个好友,然后对他发送你好的消息,这一过程就是平时使用鼠标点击选中当前活动进程,或是用键盘切换选择活动进程的过程。这一部分的模拟通过Windows API也是可以实现的,下面我们分享一段模拟代码:
键盘消息的模拟,需要讨论的是虚键码MapVirtualKey函数,这个函数把逻辑上的‘U’键转换成计算机可以识别的二进制虚键码,可以不使用这个函数,但是效果就是模拟出的键盘消息不会被一些DirectX类游戏所接受,鼠标事件的模拟就要显得相对复杂了,因为不仅要产生事件消息,还要产生位置消息,这里的案例是对640*480窗口向全屏的鼠标坐标转换,有点类似窗口压缩的意思,需要解释的是对于一些DirectX类的射击游戏的鼠标模拟,这套方案并不是首选方案,其原因会在下面的驱动级模拟中详细给大家分析。
4 驱动级I/O模拟
这一部分要分析从驱动到操作系统和一种特殊的消息传递方式,在这之前,先要了解这样一个事实,在应用程序中有一类游戏应用程序叫做DirectX类游戏,比如冰封王座,CS,街霸,铁拳等,这类游戏的一个共同特征是:
(1)需要很高的即时操作要求,而且操作频繁。
(2)不使用Windows的消息机制,而是与驱动直接交互。
首先为了很好的人机交互感,这类游戏都会将操作精确到毫秒级,而且会产生大量的操作,这就要求对I/O缓存的一定使用要求,其次为了实现这类游戏的即时要求,这类游戏都会选择绕过Windows消息机制,因为通过Windows消息机制至少都有数百毫秒的延时,这难以满足游戏的需要,为此目的,这类游戏会选择直接与驱动进行交互,来接受I/O的操作。在这个层面的模拟就会显得比较复杂,而且Windows的API就不太好用了。
因此在这个层面的I/O模拟有两种设计方案,一种是需要重写某些I/O设备的驱动,这是比较麻烦的,还有一种方法是将消息写入某个特定的驱动然后产生相应的消息,下面着重分享一下第二种方法,写入驱动程序:
使用写入驱动的接口是WinI/O提供的,通过WinI/O就可以和驱动进行一定程度上的交互,分析一下这几段关键性代码:首先KBCWait4IBE()函数是用来检测驱动的缓存是否为空的,因为开始讨论到,如果模拟的消息过平凡地投递到驱动,那么消息就会出现一定程度上的溢出,这样的话,很多的操作就会出现丢失,这样是很不好的,所以每当要将内容写入到驱动的时候,都要检测一下是否驱动的缓存已经满了,这并不会造成严重的延迟,但是对一些组合操作来讲,丢失一个操作就有可能丢失了一批操作,所以在驱动级模拟I/O的操作关键就在于避免缓存溢出。此外,MY_KEY_DOWN&MY_KEY_UP是相类似的,将差异分析一下,首先,要产生的按键的ASCII码转换为虚键码,然后等待缓存,当可以写入的时候首先要发送一个命令消息0xD2,即为写入缓存,然后得到写入的权限后写入一个数据0xE2,告诉驱动要写入的是一个键盘消息,然后等待缓存,写入要写入消息的虚键码,于是消息被写入,但是这个时候键盘消息是按下消息,如何将其按起呢?使用0x80也就是标识当前某一按键被取消的标识位,当这一位被标识后,按键消息就变成了按键取消消息,从而从键盘上驱动模拟发出这一消息。
5 结语
详细介绍了在用户级、系统级和驱动级实现对I/O设备的模拟操作,分享了Windows API编程、WinIO驱动编程的案例。也详细地分析了Windows消息机制的优缺之处和如何利用和脱离Windows消息机制。
摘要:详细分析Windows的I/O机制,提出了分别在用户级、系统级、驱动级的I/O模拟操作,通过实际案例和源代码分享在I/O模拟上的得失,着重介绍鼠标与键盘的模拟。
关键词:I/O机制,I/O模拟
参考文献
(编者注:真题详见本期随刊赠卷;听力真题评析部分详见本期《2011年高考英语全国卷I听力题评析》一文。)
单项填空
总体而言,今年的单项填空题难度与去年持平,考点有所偏重,主要呈现以下特点:
1. 题目相对简单,核心考点必现。
今年的单项填空题考点分布科学,整体难度不高,众多考生反映对自己的答题情况较满意。总体上来说,除了第23题、第34题和第35题的选项设置了较强的干扰项之外,其他题目都比较简单,具体语法点分布详见下表(注:第22题同时包含了状语从句和倒装句考点,下表中进行了重复统计)。
纵观近十年高考英语全国卷I单项填空题,四大必考语法点为:时态和语态(13.8%)、非谓语动词(10.7%)、三大从句(15.7%)和交际用语(9.4%)。2011年延续了这一风格,时态和语态(第23题、第24题和第29题)、非谓语动词(第27题)、从句类(第31题定语从句和第22题状语从句)和交际用语(第21题和第35题)这四大语法点仍然是核心考点。
2. 考点重复明显,历年真题是宝库。
笔者对1950~2010年的高考英语真题进行研究发现,历年真题对于考生们来说就是宝贵的题库。经过对照,我们不难发现2011年高考英语全国卷I单项填空的各题几乎都能在历年真题中找到“身影”,限于篇幅,此处仅举两例。
例1:Tryshe might, Sue couldn't get the door open. (2011年全国卷I第22题)
A. if B. when
C. sinceD. as
例2:______, Carolina couldn't get the door open. (2005年广东卷第23题)
A. Try as she mightB. As she might try
C. She might as tryD. Might she as try
【分析】我们发现,例1的题干与例2的A选项大同小异,如果考生很熟悉全国各地的历年真题,稍加回忆就能轻松解答。这两题的正确答案分别为D和A。
例3:Only when he reached the tea-house it was the same place he'd been in last year.(2011年全国卷I第28题)
A. he realizedB. he did realize
C. realized heD. did he realize
例4:Only when I left my parents for Italy _______ how much I loved them. (2008年重庆卷第26题)
A. I realizedB. I had realized
C. had I realized D. did I realize
【分析】这两道题都是考查“only + when从句+主句”结构,在这一结构中,主句要部分倒装,因此这两道题的正确答案均为D。
3. 突现考点新宠,全面掌握语法。
今年全国卷I的单项填空题出现了创新点,即倒装句成为考点新宠,一共考了两道题(第22题和第28题),这种现象实属罕见,可谓全国卷I单项填空题十年以来头一遭。在过去的十年中,全国卷I单项填空一共只考查了三道有关倒装句的题(2003年1道、2004年1道、2009年1道)。再者,今年的时态题和语态题难度较大,比如第29题考查了过去完成进行时,而这种时态在过去十年中出现的频率非常低。这些都暗示了一种趋势:考生不能仅仅重视所谓的高频考点和重点考点,而应全面掌握大纲中要求的所有知识点,练好扎实的基本功,方能以不变应万变。
(吴俊姬)
完形填空
和去年一样,今年完形填空题的文章仍然是记叙文,但叙事方式不同于往年的。文章总词数为229个,符合考试大纲200~250词的范围。在空格间隔设置方面,文章最大设空间距为19个词,最小设空距为5个词,平均设空距为8.89个词,符合“最小间距不少于3个词,平均间距不超过11个词”的要求,设空间距合理。就难度而言,属于中等偏上,但考生普遍反映很难。这主要是由于文章采用插叙的叙事方式,令考生很不适应,思路不容易清晰。另外,本篇文章首段首句设空,这似乎违反了“完形填空文章原则上首段首句不设空”的原则,不过由于空格设置在后半句,而且下文三次出现关于自然科学的提示词汇(science 2次,scientific 1次),所以基本上对考生解题不会造成太大影响。文章讲述了一位女士20年前上科学课的经历,题材还是考生较熟悉的,考生如果能融入文中场景的话,解题难度应该会小一些。选项设置上,还是以实词为主,其考点分布如下表:
从上表可以看出,完形填空的词汇考查还是以实词为主、虚词为辅,动词和名词为重。出乎意料的是副词、介词和连词这几类考点今年都没有出现,语法题也降到只有两道题。考生应把握这一趋势,进一步加强对实词的掌握和辨析。
完形填空的题目设置之间都具有紧密的内部联系,考生做题时一定要把握文章逻辑,步步为营。下面摘选一个片段进行分析。
The professor 37 the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar filled with dried beans (豆), and invited the students to 38 how many beans the jar contained. After 39 shouts of wildly wrong guesses the professor smiled a thin, dry smile, announced the40 answer, and went on saying, "You have just 41 an important lesson about science. That is: Never 42 your own senses."
37. A. searched forB. looked at
C. got throughD. marched into
38. A. countB. guess
C. reportD. watch
39. A. warningB. giving
C. turning awayD. listening to
40. A. readyB. possible C. correctD. difficult
41. A. learnedB. prepared
C. taughtD. taken
42. A. loseB. trust
C. sharpenD. show
【分析】这段话描述的是教授的一系列动作,其内部逻辑便是动作发生的先后顺序,考生应把握这个逻辑顺序进行推敲。很显然,教授首先是走进(marched into)演讲厅(第37题选D),接着把一个装满干豆的罐子放在桌子上,让学生猜测(guess)罐子里有多少豆子(第38题选B,这从第39空后面的wrong guesses可以得到提示,明显遵循词汇复现原则)。在听了(listening to)学生一阵狂呼乱喊的错误猜测之后(第39题选D),教授干笑一声宣布了正确(correct)答案(第40题选C),接着说:“你们刚刚学了(learned)有关科学的很重要的一课(第41题选A, learn a lesson是固定搭配,表示‘吸取教训’,跟后面的句子呼应),那就是永远不要相信(trust)你自己的感觉(第42题选B)”。
完形填空文章行文严谨,逻辑结构清晰,考生解题时一定要有大局观念,仔细掌握篇章结构和段落之间的衔接,联系上下文。同时,在备考过程中,考生应记忆和积累单词和固定搭配,这样才能整体上提高英语综合能力,轻松应对完形填空。
(吴俊姬)
阅读理解
今年阅读理解部分总体难度比较稳定,接下来笔者将逐篇对该部分题型进行分析。
A篇为记叙文,扫读文章标题及四个问题即可大体猜测文章谈论的内容是送奶工给幼年时期的“我”留下的深刻回忆。四道题目全部考查细节推断,而且定位的句子全部在段落的开头或结尾,非常容易定位。第56题可根据“coin changer”定位至原文第一段的最后两句话,注意“I couldn't take my eyes off the coin changer”,说明送奶工给“我”钱是为了“to satisfy his curiosity (满足其好奇心)”,正确答案为C。第57题考查C和D选项的辨析,C是“被当成了家庭成员”,D是“得到了家人的充分信任”,两者在文中都提到了,但根据“more than convenience”和“a close relationship”可知D更为全面,所以正确答案为D。第58、59两题的答案分别定位在最后两段前两句,难点可能都在对词组的理解上。第58题正确答案为B,“drive out of the market (赶出市场)”对应原文“making it difficult to compete”;第59题正确答案为A,“good old days (过去的美好时光)”对应原文“childhood memories”。
【总结】A篇延续了高考记叙文的考查方法,和谐、有爱,重细节、巧推断。
B篇介绍了广告的发展史,文章难度较第一篇有所上升。但文后的考题非常容易,前三题为细节题,考生直接在文章中找到对应的出处即可。特别是第61题,考查了全国卷I从2006年以来就不曾再考的“猜代词”,考生要小心其中的陷阱,不要盲目代入选项去读,而应理解选项的意思,代入文中看是否符合语境,正确答案为A。第63题是典型的title题,解题关键在于抓住第一段的开头。另外,从选项也可以看出,B、C、D的内容在文中都有提到,但都只是某一个方面,而A选项涵盖了三个选项的内容,更为全面,故为正确答案。
【总结】B篇为典型的人文社科文章,讲述广告的历史,抓主题句、找关键词,轻松搞定。
C篇文章也是社科文,内容围绕“高个子的外出就餐及住宿的要求”展开,题目都是细节题,考生若顺藤摸瓜,相信不难找到正确答案。第64题答案可定位至原文第二段首句,正确答案为C。第65题考查人物观点,而且设置了巨大无比的“坑”,此人前面的话语陈列了各种数据,但答案其实就在段尾最后一句“Seven-foot would work fine”,正确答案为B。第66题可定位至第五段最后一句“... to make tall customers go elsewhere”,也就是说“顾客可能会变少”,正确答案为A。第67题定位至最后一段:“6'6'' beds are now put in as standard ...”,故正确答案为B。
【总结】同样的人文社科文章,同样的细节题,精准定位,其实不难。
D篇文章的大致内容为美国人为应对物价上涨,在自家后院“自产自销”。第68题考查特定环境下的单词意思,resident意为“居民”,前文是“chicken house”,鸡窝的居民当然是chickens啦,故正确答案为A。第69题考查win-win situation,即“双赢局面”,参考段落结尾处主妇说的物价上升、顺便减肥,正好对应B选项的“spend less and lose weight”,故正确答案为B。第70题考查段落首句,为何gardening在美国如此流行?源于经济衰落、物价上涨,正确答案为D。最后一道是title题,文中主要讲的是gardening,而且是为了应对物价上涨,而不是为了培养兴趣爱好,故正确答案为B。
【总结】经济、田园双双登场,整体、细节不容忽视。
E篇是典型的应用文,包含四则广告,但难度不高。第72题可以算作送分题,考生只需了解FM和radio station属于同一范畴即可选出正确答案A。第73题通过题干关键词Enterprise Shopping Center定位至原文第二则广告,对比三个选项一一进行排除,得到正确答案D。第75题继续送分,根据题干关键词Palmlace Limited定位至最后一则广告,考生看到teaching和training的时候不要冲动地选择D,因为D强调的是music programme,但广告原文其实是招聘一名有电脑编程能力的人,即 one having good computer knowledge,正确答案为C。第74题难度较大,需要考生阅读整篇文章的内容,应放在最后解决。根据题干关键词recent school graduates定位至第三则广告末句:“This position is equally suitable for a school leaver ...”,而This指代前文的Accountants Assistant,正确答案为C。
【总结】应用文,除了细节还是细节。
虽然很多考生在考试结束后在微博上感慨一片,但仔细分析题目,我们发现其实2011年高考英语全国卷I阅读理解部分的难度并未上升,考点与近十年的考点设置基本一致,单词难度也差不多持平,只是要求考生更加细致。希望同学们在平时的练习中不仅要注重解题速度和效率,也要细致有加,提高准确率。
(黄宇)
短文改错
总体而言,今年的改错题难度平稳,材料内容贴近考生的实际生活,谈论的都是跟考生的学习和生活有关的话题,改错点一般来说都是考生在写作中经常犯的错误,其考点分布见下表:
纵观2001~2010年高考英语全国卷I短文改错的考点分布,详见下表:
从左侧两个表格中我们可以看出,2011年全国卷I短文改错考点分布与之前十年的考点分布保持高度一致。历年改错高频考点有时态和语态、名词单复数、代词指代、逻辑连词与固定搭配等等,尤其与动词相关的考点更是重中之重。这就要求考生在备考时精心研究历年真题,熟悉高频考点极其固定的考查套路,比如以下四条。
1. 看到名词考虑单复数。考生在解答改错题时一定要瞻前顾后,如第76题中One of my unforgettable memory考查的就是名词的单复数问题,one of意为“……之一”,表范围,所以它后面所接的名词应用复数,memory应改为memories。
2. 看到代词考虑其指代内容。一看到代词,考生就应考虑其指人还是指物,指代的是单数还是复数,只要确定其指代的内容就可以判定代词使用是否正确以及如何改正。如第83题,文中说“Nang is a specially (应改为special) kind of cake in Xinjiang. I like them very much.”很明显后面这句话中的代词them指代的是前面提到的“Nang”这种食物,且前文使用的是单数形式:“Nang is a ...”故代词也应使用单数,应将them改为it。
3. 看到连词考虑逻辑关系。短文改错中,and、but和or这三个连词是连词的核心考点,如第84题,“I study at different colleges or we can only see each other during the summer vacation.” 很明显,or连接的两个句子之间的逻辑关系是顺接关系,应将or改为and。
4. 看到动词考虑时态和语态、主谓一致、非谓语等等。今年的改错文章讲述的是作者难以忘怀的校园生活记忆,是对过去事情的描述,因此文章的主体时态应该是一般过去时。把握了这个大前提之后,解答第78题就轻而易举了:“I hold my lunch-box in my hand when I was going to school.”When引导的时间状语从句后面是一般过去时,而主句部分却是一般现在时,应把hold改为held。
(吴俊姬)
书面表达
和前几年相比,今年书面表达部分的命题思路及总体难度变化不大,考查形式仍为应用文(书信),是提纲类作文,体现了高考命题的延续性和稳定性。通过分析不难发现,今年的写作题目具有三大特点:
1. 目的性。题中所给信息明确了考生的写作目的,即遇到困难后向学校辅导中心求助并书面预约,考查了考生选择文体及运用语言的能力。具体而言,当向某一机构、组织或个人寻求帮助并预约时,应用正式文体,语言应较委婉,以体现自己对对方的尊重。
2. 限定性。该题目在明确了考生的写作目的之后,又进一步限定了考生的表达思路以及写作范围。与往年写作试题类似,今年的题目首先给出了写作的背景情况,即“你是李华,正在一所英国学校学习暑期课程,遇到一些困难,希望得到学校辅导中心的帮助”。这一部分的信息决定了考生在写作的开头部分需要对这一情况进行简要介绍。而题目给出的四个要点则进一步限定了考生的写作范围。很明显,这四点信息即为整篇作文的要点。根据笔者参加高考阅卷的经验来看,若考生在写作时漏掉题目中的某一要点信息将会直接导致扣分,因此,考生在写作时务必全面覆盖所有的要点。
3. 开放性。虽然试题明确了考生的写作目的,同时在一定程度上限定了写作内容,但是该试题仍然具有一定的开放性,给考生留出了自由发挥的空间,如求助内容以及约定时间等,考生可在这两个要点上进行自由发挥。求助内容可以是学生在学习生活中可能会遇到的一些问题,如语言障碍、与学校师生的沟通交流障碍、生活中的困难(如奖学金或助学金申请)等、文化差异(如不了解当地的生活习惯)等等。约定时间则更加灵活,可以选择周末或自己的课外时间,也可以征询对方的意见。
总的来说,对于书信形式的英语作文,考生并不陌生,因此本次作文难度不算大。而且试题中已经给出了开头和结尾,考生不必担心书信格式的问题,可以直接按照材料提示的有关内容进入主题,恰当运用短语、句型以及衔接用语,清楚、连贯地完成题目的任务要求,就能拿到比较高的分数。以下范文供大家参考:
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am Li Hua, a Chinese student taking summer courses in your university. (要点1:本人简介) I'm writing to ask for help. I came here last month and found my courses interesting. Now I have some difficulties with note-taking and have no idea of how to use the library. (要点2:求助内容) I was told the Learning Centre provides help for students and I'm anxious to get help from you. I have no class on Tuesday mornings. (要点3:约定时间) I am wondering whether that time is convenient for you. Please contact me. My email address is lihua@1236.com and my phone number is 12345678. (要点4:联系方式)
Look forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
(白青苗)
作者简介:
吴俊姬,南宁新东方学校中学部教研负责人,2010年新东方集团优秀教师,曾赴香港大学、香港中文大学、香港科技大学和香港理工大学访问交流,有多年考试类英语执教经验。
黄宇,南宁新东方学校优能中学部主管,金融学硕士,有多年考试类课程执教经验,授课风趣幽默,让学生谈笑间收获知识、提高分数。
1、在《宪法》中完善国家职能的规定,将“反革命的活动”改为“危害国家安全的犯罪活动”是在()。
A.1988年的宪法修正案B.1993年的宪法修正案
C.1999年的宪法修正案D.2004年的宪法修正案
2、下列有关我国各级人大代表的表述,正确的是()。
A.各级人大代表均由直接选举产生
B.各级人大代表采取的是常任制和专任制
C.按照每一代表所代表的城乡人口数相同的原则进行名额分配
D.各级人大代表都享有司法豁免权
3、某选区选举地方人民代表,代表名额两名,第一次投票结果,候选人按得票多少排序为甲、乙、丙、丁,其中仅甲获得过半数选票。对此情况的下列处理意见哪一项符合法律规定?()
A.宣布甲乙当选
B.宣布甲当选,同时以乙为候选人另行选举
C.宣布甲当选,同时以乙丙为候选人另行选举
D.宣布无人当选,以甲乙丙为候选人另行选举
4、我国宪法的监督权属于()。
A.全国人民代表大会B.全国人民代表大会常务委员会
C.全国人大及其常委会D.最高人民法院
5、在行政诉讼中,对被诉具体行政行为承担举证责任的是()。
A.原告B.被告C.谁主张谁举证D.人民法院
【参考答案及解析】
1、【答案】C。解析:1999年《宪法》修正案第17条,“《宪法》第28条:国家维护社会秩序,镇压叛国和其他反革命的活动,制裁危害社会治安、破坏社会主义经济和其他犯罪的活动,惩办和改造犯罪分子。”修改为:“国家维护社会秩序,镇压叛国和其他危害国家安全的犯罪活动,制裁危害社会治安、破坏社会主义经济和其他犯罪的活动,惩办和改造犯罪分子。”故本题答案为C。
2、【答案】C。解析:我国《选举法》规定,我国人民代表大会一共自上而下分为全国、省级、市级、县级、乡级五级人大,其中县级以上各级人大设常委会,乡级人大不设常委会。
故B选项错误。乡、县两级人大采取直接选举,而市级以上人大采取间接选举方式,故A选项错误。《中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会代表法》第32条规定,县级以上的各级人民代表大会代表,非经本级人民代表大会主席团许可,在本级人民代表大会闭会期间,非经本级人民代表大会常务委员会许可,不受逮捕或者刑事审判。如果因为是现行犯被拘留,执行拘留的机关应当立即向该级人民代表大会主席团或者人民代表大会常务委员会报告。所以,乡级人大代表不享有司法豁免权,选项D错误。2010年,全国人大修改选举法,规定城乡同票同权。故C选项正确。
3、【答案】C。解析:根据《全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法》第43条第1款的规定,代表候选人获得参加投票的选民过半数的选票时,始得当选。该条第4款规定:“获得过半数选票的当选代表的人数少于应选代表的名额时,不足的名额另行选举。另行选举时,根据在第一次投票时得票多少的顺序,按照本法第三十条规定的差额比例,确定候选人名单。如果只选一人,候选人应为二人。”所以应当宣布得票过半数的甲当选,同时将第一次得票仅次于甲的乙、丙列为候选人另行选举。因此,本题选择C。
4、【答案】C。解析:《宪法》第62条规定:“全国人民代表大会行使下列职权:„„
(二)监督宪法的实施;„„”第67条规定:“全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使下列职权:
(一)解释宪法,监督宪法的实施;„„”故本题答案选C。
《大学英语I》范围与题型
范围:新视野大学英语听说教程与读写教程 Unit1——Unit4 题型:
Part I.Listening Comprehension(20pionts)
内容都来自于《新视野大学英语听说教程》1——4单元
Part II.Reading Comprehension(2’x15=30points)
前两篇课外,最后一篇来自《新视野大学英语快速阅读 1 》 Part III.Vocabulary and Structure(0.5’x20=10points)
绝大部分来自《新视野大学英语读写教程》,少数来自外院发的《大学英语等级考试词汇试题库》(11月27日收到外院教务科短信通知: 2012级本专科期末考试,语法与词汇选择题必须从《大学英语等级考试词汇试题库》中出至少两道题。)
Part IV.Cloze(0.5’x20=10points)
来自《新视野大学英语读写教程》。
Part V.Translation(2’x7=14points)
中英互译。有Section A 课文中的优美句子,也有课后练习Translation里的句子。四题英译中,三题中译英。
Part VI.Writing(16points)
I believe I can fly,I believe I can touch the sky.Look!The bule sky!How betiful the sky is!Oh小学作文 ,I just a little bird ,a small bird.I don t think I can fly in the sky.And,Who can give me pride(勇气).I am fear tumble(跌倒).Although(虽然) I can t fly now.And, I belive I can fly in the sky! I think you will help me!
关键词:生活情境;学习兴趣;多媒体
在英语教学过程中,我们要摒弃传统被动的教学模式,要采用恰当的教学方法,充分发挥学生的主动性,以促使学生真正成为课堂的主人。
一、创设生活情境,激发学习兴趣
英语作为一门实践性较强的学科,创设熟悉的生活情境不仅能够培养学生的应用意识,也有助于学生学习兴趣的产生。因此,我们要结合教材内容,创设有效的生活情境,使学生在自主交流学习中找到说“I like”的理由。
例如,在教学what’s the weather like today?时,为了提高学生的学习效率,也为了调动学生的学习积极性,在本节课的授课时,我给学生创设了下面的情境。如A:What’s the weather like today?B:It’s sunny today.然后,让学生借助本节课的重点词汇、句型进行自由对话练习,进而在锻炼学生表达能力的同时,也让学生树立起应用意识,最终让学生在互相交流中找到学习的乐趣。
二、借助多媒体教学,激发学习欲望
多媒体在英语教学中的应用不仅能够打破传统课堂的沉闷,而且其集视频、图片、动画、声音等为一体的独特优势不仅能够调动学生的学习欲望,也对课堂效率的提高起着非常重要的作用。因此,教师要充分利用多媒体教学的优势,为学生说“I like”打下坚实的基础。
例如,在教学I like country music时,在导入环节,我首先借助多媒体给学生播放了美国著名的“Will the Circle Be Unbroken”,轻松的旋律可以提高学生的课堂参与度,同时也为高效率课堂的实现打下坚实的基础。
总之,作为新时期的英语教师要采用恰当的教学方法,充分发挥英语教材的价值,以确保学生能够自主地对英语学习说“I like”。
参考文献:
王洪静.论如何在初中英语教学中激发学生的学习积极性[J].现代阅读:教育版,2012(9).