复旦大学英语试题（精选8篇）
D.Scrape 6.How about a glass of orange juice to________ your thirst.A.quash B.quell C.quench D.quieten 7.Because the children keep interrupting her whenever she reads a book, she is always ___________ her place.A.missing B.slipping C.bothering D.losing 8.She was putting on her watch when the _________ broke and it fell to the ground.A.belt B.string C.tie D.strap 9.I washed this dress and the color_________.A.flowed B.escaped C.ran D.removed 10.The recent economic crisis has brought about a _________ in world trade.A.sag B.tilt C.droop D.slump 11.Although we decorated the room only six months ago, the paint on the ceiling is already _________ because of the damp.A.crumbling B.flaking C.disintegrating D.splintering 12.The false banknotes fooled many people, but they did not _________ to close examination.A.put up B.keep up C.stand up D.look up 13.They were making enough noise at the party to wake the ___________.A.dead B.living C.lunatic D.crippled 14.If you would like to send a donation, you can ________a cheque to the organization Feed the Children.A.make up B.make for C.make out D.make off 15.The students visited the museum and spent several hours with the________, who was very helpful.A.curator B.bursar C.commissioner D.steward 16.The accused man was able to prove his innocence at the trial and was __________.A.absolved B.acquitted C.pardoned D.executed 17.Mary was extremely lucky: when her great-uncle died, she __________ a fortune.A.came by B.came over C.came into D.came through 18.The drunken couple did nothing to keep the flat clean and tidy and lived in the utmost __________.A.decay B.contamination C.squalor D.confinement 19.Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but _________ slightly in the afternoon.A.recovered B.recuperated C.retrieved D.regained 20.He tries to __________ himself with everyone by paying them compliments.A.please B.ingratiate C.placate
D.remunerate 21.I was afraid to open the door lest the beggar _________ me.A.followed B.were to follow C.follow D.would follow 22.By the end of the day the flood water which had covered most of the town had __________.A.reversed B.retired C.returned D.receded 23.Educational policies made _________ the hoof by successive secretaries of state are the main reason for low teacher morale.A.in B.on C.by D.along 24.It was obvious that he had been drinking far too much from the way he came_________ down the street.A.toddling B.hobbling C.loping D.staggering 25.He was a generous friend but as a businessman he __________ a hard bargain.A.dealt B.contracted C.drove D.faked 26.My friend‟s son, who is a soldier, was delighted when he was __________ only a few miles from home.A.placed B.stationed C.deported D.exorcized 27.In a coal-mining area, the land tends to __________causing damage to roads and buildings.A.subside B.diminish C.confiscate D.cede 28.As the cat lay asleep, dreaming, whiskers __________.A.twitched B.twisted C.jerked D.jogged 29.The total __________ from last month‟s charity dance were far more than expected.A.earnings B.acquisitions C.proceeds D.subsidies
30.The new manager had many difficulties to overcome but he __________them all in his stride.A.overlooked B.obtained C.tackled D.took
Part II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.(1)
Resale Price Maintenance is the name used when a retailer is compelled to sell at a price fixed by the manufacturer instead of choosing for himself how much to add on to the wholesale price he pays for his supplies.This practice is associated with the sale of “branded” goods, which now form a very considerable proportion of consumers‟ purchases, and it has led to a great deal of controversy.Generally such articles are packed and advertised by the manufacturers, who try to create a special „image‟ in the minds of possible purchasers—an image made up of the look of the article, its use, its price, and everything else which might lead purchasers to ask for that brand rather than any other.If a retailer is allowed to charge any price he likes he may find it worthwhile to sell one brand at „cut‟ prices even though this involves a loss, because he hopes to attract customers to the shop, where they may be persuaded to buy many other types of goods at higher prices.The manufacturer of the brand that has been „cut‟ fears that the retailer may be tempted to reduce the services on this article;but, even if he does not there is a danger that the customer becomes unsettled, and is unwilling to pay the „standard‟ price of the article because he feels that he is being „done‟.This may, and indeed often does, affect the reputation of the manufacturer and lose him his market in the long run.It is sometimes said also that the housewife—who is the principal buyer of most of these goods—prefers a fixed price because she knows where she is and is saved the bother of going from shop to shop in search of lower prices.If one shop cut all the prices of its branded goods she would undoubtedly have an advantage in shopping there.But this does not happen.A store usually lowers the price of one or two of its articles which act as a decoy and makes up its losses on others, and changes the cut-price articles from week to week so as to attract different groups of customers.And so the housewife may feel rather guilty if she does not spend time tracking down the cheaper goods.How far this is true is a matter of temperament and it is impossible to estimate what proportion of purchasers prefer a price that they can rely on wherever they choose to buy and what proportion enjoy the challenge involved in finding the store that offers them a bargain.Those who oppose Resale Price Maintenance on the other hand, point out that there are now a great many different channels of distribution—chain stores, department stores, co-operative stores, independent or unit shops, supermarkets, mail-order houses, and so on.It would be absurd to assume that all of them have exactly the same costs to meet in stocking and selling their goods, so why should they all sell at the same price? If they were allowed to choose for themselves, the more efficient retailers would sell at lower prices and consumers would benefit.As it is, the retail price must be sufficient to cover the costs of the less efficient avenues of distribution and this means the others make a bigger profit than necessary at the expense of the public.The supporters of the fixed price argue that this is only half the story.The efficient trader can still compete without lowering his prices.He can offer better service—long credit, or quick delivery or a pleasant shop decor or helpful assistants—and can do this without imperiling the long-term interests of the manufacturer.31.Manufactures oppose retailers cutting prices on their goods mainly because they think __________.A.retailers may eventually stop selling their products B.it may reduce customers‟ confidence in their products C.customers may feel uneasy when prices vary D.it may sometimes lead to poor service 32 Supporters of the fixed price hold that an efficient trader can still make money without lowering prices by __________.A.allowing customers time to pay B.hiring assistants for long hours and low wages C.advertising much more effectively D.establishing long-term relations with manufactures 33.By saying “He feels that he is being „done‟”, the author means that customer thinks__________.A.someone is despising him B.someone is maltreating him C.someone is blackmailing him D.someone is cheating him 34.“Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage? A.Good service other than price is important in attracting customers.B.An article without a brand name is not subject to Resale Price Maintenance.C.Manufactures attempt to influence possible purchasers by making their products easy to identify.D.Housewives prefer fixed prices because fixed prices are much less likely to fluctuate 35.The sentence “She knows where she is” in the third paragraph can be paraphrased as “__________”.A.She knows her place B.She knows her stuff C.She feels secure D.She feels intoxicated
(2)
He built a hut on a piece of rough land near a rock fall.In the wet season there was a plentiful stream, and over the years he encouraged the dry forest to surround him with a thick screen.The greener it became the easier it was to forget the outside.In time Melio(not without some terrible mistakes)learnt how to live in spite of the difficulties up on that mountain shelf.His only neighbors were a family group of Parakana Indians who, for reasons known only to themselves, took a liking to Melio.Their Chief never looked closely at Melio and said to himself that this white man was as mad as a snake which chews off its own tail.The parakanas taught Melio to catch fish with the help of a wild plant which made them senseless in the stream.It gave off a powerful drug when shaken violently through the water.They showed him how to bunt by laying traps and digging.In time Melio‟s piece of land became a regular farm.He had wild birds, fat long-legged ones and thin nearly featherless chickens, and his corn and salted fish was enough to keep him stocked up through the wet season.The Parakanas were always around him.He‟d never admit it but he could feel that the trees were like the bars of a prison;they were watching him.It was as if he was there by courtesy of the Chief.When they came to him, the Indians never entered his house, with its steeply sloping roof of dried grass and leaves.They had a delicate way of behaving.They showed themselves by standing in the shade of the trees at the clearing‟s edge.He was expected to cross the chicken strip towards them.Then they had a curious but charming habit of taking a pace back from him, just one odd step backwards into their green corridors.Melio never could persuade them to come any closer.The group guessed at Melio‟s hatred for his civilized brothers in the towns far away.They knew Melio would never invite any more white men up here.This pleased the Parakanas.It meant that traders looking for robber and jewels would never reach them.Their Melio would see to that.They were safe with this man and his hatred.36.It is known from the passage that Melio wanted the forest around him to become thick because the dense leaves __________.A.reminded him of his house in the town far away
B.prevented the Parakanas from watching him C.helped him to forget the world he hated D.protected him from being intruded by the white men in the town 37.The Chief‟s comparison of Melio to a snake is intended to show that __________.A.he did not trust Melio B.it was unwise to go too close to Melio C.he believed Melio hated the Parakanas D.he thought Melio was out of his mind 38.Which of the following statements is NOT true? A.Melio stayed on his farm for a number of years.B.Melio felt like a prisoner because he couldn‟t escape being watched.C.Melio kept himself alive, during the rainy season by eating what he had in store.D.The Parakanas thought Melio lived there because he was looking for rubber and jewels.39.To Melio, the Parakana Indians seemed __________.A.odd but hateful B.strange but attractive C.unhealthy but friendly D.cowardly but sociable 40.It can be concluded from the passage that the place described by the author was __________.A.far removed from civilization B.impossible to cultivate C.the home of Melio‟s Indian relatives D.wet all the year round
(3)
When he was so far out that he could look back not only on the little bay but past the stretch of rock that was between it and the seashore, he floated on the warm surface and looked for his mother.There she was, a little yellow dot under an umbrella that looked like a piece of orange-skin.He swam back to shore, relieved at being sure she was there, but all at once very lonely.On the other side of the bay was a loose scattering of rocks.Above them, some boys were stripping off their clothes.They came running, their bodies bare, down to the rocks.Jerry swam towards them, and kept his distance a little way off.They were off that coast, all of them burned smooth dark brown, and speaking a language he did not understand.To be with them, of them, was a feeling that filled his whole body.He swam a little closer;they turned and watched him with narrowed, attentive dark eyes.Then one smiled and waved.It was enough.In a minute he had swum in and was on the rocks beside them, smiling with extreme nervousness.They shouted cheerful greetings at him, and then, as he preserved his nervous, puzzled smile, they understood that he was a foreigner who had wandered from his own part of the sands, and they promptly forgot him.But he was happy.He was with them.They began diving again and again from a high point into a well of blue sea between rough, pointed rocks.After they had dived and come up, they swam round, pulled themselves up, and waited their turn to dive again.They were big boys-men to Jerry.He dived, and they watched him, and when he swam round to take his place, they made way for him.He felt he was accepted and he dived again carefully proud of himself.Soon the biggest of the boys balanced himself, shot down into the water, and did not come up.The others stood about watching.Jerry, after waiting for the smooth brown head to appear, let out a cry of warning;they looked at him idly and turned their eyes back towards the water.After a long time, the boy came up on the other side of a big dark rock, letting the air escape suddenly from his lungs with much coughing and spitting, and giving a shout of satisfaction, immediately, the rest of them dived in.One moment the morning seemed full of boys as noisy as a crowd of monkeys;the next, the air and the surface of the water were empty.But through the heavy blue, dark shapes could be seen moving and searching.Jerry dived, shot past the school of underwater swimmers, saw a black wall of rock towering over him, touched it, and shop up at once to the surface, where the rock formed a low wall he could see across.There was no one in sight;under him, in the water, the shadowy shapes of the swimmers had disappeared.Then one and then another of the boys came up on the far side of the wall of rock, and he understood that they had swum through some gap or hole in it.He dived down again.He could see nothing through the stinging salt water but the solid rock.When he came up, the boys were all on the diving rock, preparing to attempt the trick again.And now, overcome with a sense of failure, he shouted up in English: “Look at me!Look!” and he began splashing and kicking in the water like a foolish dog.41.It can be concluded from the passage that __________.A.Jerry was not a good swimmer B.Jerry failed to gain acceptance by the other boys C.Jerry was on holiday abroad D.Jerry was not on good terms with his mother 42.The word “bare” in Paragraph 2 means__________.A.in disguise C.in the gutter B.in the limelight D.in the raw 43.At the beginning, Jerry was swimming__________.A.into the little bay B.too far out to see his mother C.near to the group of boys D.further out to see than the rock 44.What happened to the biggest boy? A.He had been trying to stay under water as long as possible.B.He had swum through a hole in the rock under the water.C.He had been trying to do the highest dive.D.He had played a trick on Jerry.45.Jerry splashed and kicked in the water because_________.A.he was pretending to be drowning B.he wanted to amuse all the other boys C.he hadn‟t been able to do what the other boys had done D.he wanted the other boys to listen to what he was saying
(4)
Peter Sellers wouldn‟t be allowed his career today.All those funny racial stereotypes—the caricatured frogs, wops, yids and goodness-gracious-me Pakis—are in clear breach of the codes of political correctness.His lewd disguises and overdone accents belong with black-and-white minstrel shows and clog-dancing—it‟s the comedy of yesteryear.Have you tried listening to The Goon Show lately? It is a reworking of The Gang Show, excruciatingly bad and dated, and full of explosions, gunfire and jokes about Hitler and the War.Nonetheless, Sellers continue to obsess people.He‟s already been the subject of biographies galore, including, back in 1994, a 1,200-page magnum opus by myself, which is now being turned into a biopic starring Geoffrey Rush.The appeal lies in the mythic dimensions of Sellers‟ story.He had everything and it wasn‟t enough.He was a comedian with a tragic inability to enjoy life.He was world-famous and desperately lonely.At the weight of his fame, as Inspector Clouseau, his eccentricity tipped over the edge into genuine insanity.He was a basket case.This is irresistible material.Sellers‟ subversive and immoderate behaviour puts him in a class of his own.Picture my disappointment with Ed Sikov‟s tome, therefore.Here‟s a thick book that tells us nothing new.For newcomers to Sellers, however, Mr.Strangelove is a perfect digest of the man‟s life and work, briskly told.Sellers was descended from a family of bare-knuckle East End prize-fighters, although his parents were music hall entertainers.His clinging whining mother, Peg, was a quick-change artiste and his father, Bill, was a ukulele player and soft-shoe-shuffle merchant.The young Peter was raised in the ghostly, twilight world of shabby theatres and end-of-the-pier revues: dog acts, acrobatic midgets, incompetent conjurors and gypsy violinists.To go from these origins and become as big as The Beatles, as he was in the Sixties, is an amazing feat.Sellers spent the Second World War in the Air Force, impersonating officers and playing the drums to entertain the troops.When he was demobbed he worked in holiday camps and began getting spots on radio, culminating in The Goon Show.He dubbed the voices of Churchill and Humphrey Bogart on film soundtracks, and it was while hanging about the studios that he was offered walk-on roles.His breakthrough came with the part of a teddy boy in The Ladykillers, a film that improves with each viewing.This led to the role of Fred Kite, the shaven-headed, belligerent shop steward in I‟m All Right, Jack which won him a British Academy Best Actor statuette.When Peter Ustinov dropped out of The Pink Panther on a Friday, Sellers flew to the set in Rome on Monday to replace him.The rest is history.Or notoriety.Sellers‟ descent into madness was swift.He got rid of his wife and children and chased after Britt Ekland, whom he pounced on in The Dorchester and married ten days later.He took drugs to enhance his potency, and this precipitated a heart attack.Having worked on Dr Strangelove during the day, each evening he locked himself in the bathroom and threatened to commit suicide.Bryan Forbes and Nanette Newman had to come over and talk to him trough the door.He then decided he wanted to marry Nanette.He also wanted to marry Sophia Loren, Princess Margaret and Liza Minnelli.His misbehavior and unprofessionalism cost film studios millions of dollars.Sets had to be repainted and costumes remade if they were purple or green-colors of which he was morbidly superstitious.He enjoyed messing about during filming and blowing his lines;he pulled guns on people.He walked off Casino Royale and was discovered in Britt Ekland‟s mother‟s house in Sweden.Meanwhile, Orson Welles and the rest of the cast were in full make-up and on full pay back at Pinewood, waiting for him to reappear.Sellers was happy only in the company of his gadgets, cameras and fast cars, which he‟d replace or abandon with manic frequency.At one of his weddings, the maids of honor were the bride‟s dogs.He was also selfish in the extreme: when his relationships broke up, he‟d send his henchmen round to retrieve his gifts.46.People are still obsessed with Peter Sellers because___________.A.he was a genius
B.he was as big as The Beatles
C.his life was full of drama and contradiction
D.he led a very austere life 47.By saying “He was a basket case”, the author means that Peter Sellers was___________.A.handicapped B.deranged C.impetuous D.callous 48.According to the passage, Peter Sellers took drugs to improve___________.A.his theatrical performance
B.his breathtaking performance
C.his walk-on roles on the stage
D.his performance sexually 49.The “galore” in paragraph 4 means ___________.A.numerous B.anecdotal
C.critical D.unauthorized 50.Peter Sellers can be described as__________.A.unpredictable but generous B.talented but unstable C.sane but selfish D.eccentric but reliable
Paper Two
Part Ⅲ Cloze(10%)Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage.Write your answer on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.One of the major differences between man and his closest living relative is, of course, that the chimpanzee has not developed the power of speech.Even the most intensive efforts to teach young chimps to talk have met with 51
no success.Verbal language represents a truly gigantic step forward in man‟s 52.Chimpanzees do have a wide range of calls, and these certainly serve to convey some types of information.When a chimp finds good food he utters loud barks;other chimps 53
the vicinity instantly become aware of the food source and hurry to join in.An attacked chimpanzee screams and this may alert his mother or a friend, either of 54
may hurry to his aid.A chimpanzee confronted with an alarming and potentially dangerous situation utters his spine-chilling wraaaa-again, other chimps may hurry to the spot to see what is happening.A male chimpanzee, about to enter a valley or charge toward a food source, utters his pant-hoots and other individuals realize that another member of the group is arriving and can identify 55
one.To our human 56
each chimpanzee is characterized more by his pant-hoots than by any other type of call.This is significant since the pant-hoot in particular is the call that serves to maintain contact, between the separated groups of the community.Yet the chimps 57
can certainly recognize individuals by other calls;for instance a mother knows the scream of her offspring.Probably a chimpanzee can recognize the calls of most of his acquaintances.While chimpanzee calls 58
serve to convey basic information about some situations and individuals, they cannot for the most part be compared 59
a spoken language.Man by means of words can communicate abstract ideas;he can benefit from the experiences of others 60
having to be present at the time;he can make intelligent cooperative plans.Part Ⅳ
Translation(20%)Directions: Put the following passage into English.人类是一个不断的自然的进化过程的产物，其中包括无数次的遗传转化：这一不可阻挡的过程自45亿年前地球形成以来一直未曾间断过。这一进化过程，受环境因素的影响，经过随机突变，形成了更具适应性的系统，从而保证了其连续性。在动物世界，这导致了更高级物种的进化，并在人类身上达到了极致，因为人类已经获得了创新思维的能力。我认为这标志着进化进入了一个非常重要的阶段，使一个物种首次有能力掌握了自身命运。
创新思维能力的获得大大加速了自然进化的进程。它导致了人类文明诸多方面的巨大进步，如在艺术、文学、医学、技术上，在属于人类智慧扩展前沿的科学上尤其如此。然而，正是科学的这些进步使人类获得了自我毁灭的能力，导致了消灭人类自身的工具的发展。
Part V Writing(15%)Directions: There is a picture below.Look at it carefully and write a composition of about 250 words based on what it conveys.参考答案及解析
Part I Vocabulary and Structure(15%)1.B 句意：虽然只是一个小买卖，但营业额却高的惊人。turn-over营业额。turn-up完全出人意料的结果。turn-about转向，倒转。turn-out聚集的人群，出席者，产量。2.C 句意：不幸的是，并不是所有的人都能得到自己应得的。desert（常用复数）应得的赏或罚。demand要求，需求，要求物。gain（常用复数）收益，利润；利益（的增加）；报酬，奖金。win（常用复数）赢得物，收益。3.A 句意：上个月我们有分歧的那份合同现在已通过了。go through（法律、方案等）被通过。go down被接受，受欢迎。go over（美国口语）大受欢迎，被接受。go around到处走动，传播。4.D 句意：结果证明维护两套房子是如此巨大的经济负担，他们不得不卖掉一套。upkeep（建筑物、设备等的）维护，维修费。upsurge急剧上升。upshot结果，结局。upturn情况好转。5.B 句意：在阁楼上搜寻一下，看能否找到什么东西到旧货市场上去卖。rummage翻找，搜寻。leash缚住，束缚。flutter摆动，烦扰。scrape刮，擦，削。jumble sale废旧杂货廉价拍卖。6.C 句意：来一杯橘子汁解渴。quench使缓和，满足。quash取消。quell用武力平息，镇压；使平静，安静。quieten安静，抚慰。7.D 句意：每当她看书的时候，孩子老是打扰她，所以她总是找不到自己读到哪个地方了。lose one’s place意为读书时“找不到读到哪儿”。8.D strap表带。belt腰带，带状物。string线，一串，字串。tie领带，鞋带，领结。9.C run褪色。flow流动，飘扬。escape逃跑，溜走。remove除去，迁移，开除。10.A sag（物价等的）下跌，经济萧条。tilt倾斜。droop（由于虚弱、疲乏或失去支持的）下垂，消沉。slump猛然落下，衰落。11.B flake使成片剥落。crumble破碎，崩溃，消失。disintegrate粉碎，分解，解体。splinter裂成碎片，分裂。12.C 句意：虽然假币愚弄了许多人，但是他们经不起仔细的检查。stand up to经得住。put up to告知，指点。keep up不低落，维持继续。look up to尊敬，敬仰。13.A wake the dead震耳欲聋。14.C make out开出（支票，账单等）。make up构成，编造，补偿，化妆。make for有助于。make off离开，逃走。15.A curator（博物馆、美术馆、图书馆的）馆长。bursar（大学、寺院等的）财务主管。commissioner委员，行政长官。steward乘务员，（饭店、俱乐部等的）管理人。16.B acquit宣判（某人）无罪，无罪释放，指因缺乏充分的证据或未构成犯罪事实而免于对某人起诉或指控。absolve赦免，指依据法律程序免除有罪者的责任或惩罚。pardon赦免，免于治罪。execute处以极刑。17.C come into继承，获得，尤指遗产。come by得到，获得。come over过来，抓住。come through经历，脱险。18.C squalor肮脏，邋遢。decay腐烂，腐朽，衰退。contamination污染，玷污。confinement限制，监禁。19.D regain上涨（VOA经济报导中用语）。recover恢复，复原，痊愈。recuperate恢复健康，挽回损失。retrieve（打猎）找回猎物。20.B ingratiate oneself with sb.讨好某人。placate抚慰，使和解。remunerate给予报酬，赔偿。21.C 在lest引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气should+动词原形，其中should可以省略。22.D recede退，后退。reverse颠倒，逆转，倒退。retire退休，撤退。return返回。23.B 句意：教育政策都是历届政府官员临时制定的，这是师德低下的主要原因。on the hoof即兴的，临时凑成的，毫无准备的。24.D 句意：他踉踉跄跄地沿着街道走来，很明显喝多了。stagger（因负重、虚弱、醉酒等）蹒跚，摇晃。hobble跛行，蹒跚。toddle（老人或小孩走路时）蹒跚。lope（人）迈着大步走。25.C 句意：作为朋友，他很慷慨；但作为商人，却很苛刻。drive a hard bargain（在某事上极力讨价还价），坚持苛刻的条件。26.B station驻扎，派驻。place放置，安置。deport驱逐，流放。exorcize驱逐，去除（坏念头等）。27.A 句意：在煤矿区，土地易于下陷，给道路和建筑带来损坏。subside下陷。diminish减少，变小。confiscate没收，征用。cede放弃（权利），割让，移交。28.A 句意：当猫卧着睡着了做着梦的时候，它的胡须在抽动。twitch抽动。twist扭曲，扭动。jerk颠簸，抽搐，猛推。jog颠簸着移动，慢跑。29.C 上个月慈善舞会的收入远远超过了我们的期待。proceeds（从事某种买卖、贸易等的）收入。acquisitions获得，所获之物。earnings工资，报酬。subsidy补助金，津贴。30.D 句意：虽然新上任的经理有很多困难要克服，但是他却轻易地应付了。take sth.in one’s stride轻而易举地解决某事，从容处理。tackle应付（难事等）。overlook忽略，监督。obtain获得，得到。Part II Reading Comprehension(40%)
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31.B 第二段倒数第二句The manufacturer of the brand that has been ‘cut’ fears that„because he feels that he is being ‘done’。制造商害怕零售商降低对减价商品提供的服务，即使这种情况不会发生，也存在另一风险：顾客将变的犹豫不决，不乐意为商品支付正常的价格，因为总感觉自己买贵了。文章并未提及选项A。选项C指出，当价格变化时，顾客可能感到不安。选项D指出，这有时候会导致劣质的服务，但这不是主要原因。32.A 根据文章最后一段最后一句可知，效率高的商人可以通过提供更好的服务，包括长期信用证„。
33.D 由文章第二段倒数第二句可知，因为零售商有时候会减价，所以顾客不愿意支付正常的价格，担心买贵或上当受骗。despise轻视，蔑视。maltreat虐待。blackmail向„敲诈，威胁。34.D 根据倒数第二段最后一句，这里指出无法确定有多少家庭主妇喜欢购买固定价格的商品，又有多少家庭主妇喜欢一家一家地寻找最低价格，所以选项D的说法片面。35.C know one’s place知道自己的地位。know one’s stuff精通自己的业务。intoxicated喝醉的，极其兴奋的。这里说的是，因为价格都是固定的，所以家庭主妇省去了一家一家比较价格的麻烦，这样购买某件商品时就不会有担心买贵的忧虑。
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36.C 从文章第一段第三句The greener it became the easier it was to forget the outside森林越茂密，他就越容易忘记外面的世界，可见答案为选项C。选项A正好与Melio的意图相反。选项D文章并未提及，只在结尾处提到Melio从不邀请白人去他那儿。37.B 文章第二段第二句提到the Chief never looked closely at Melio，所以答案为选项B。文中并未提及他不信任Melio，以及他认为Melio讨厌Parakanas，他以为Melio精神错乱。38.D 文章最后一段第四句提到traders looking for robber and jewels would never reach them，并没有提及Melio寻找rubber和jewels。选项A参见第二段的倒数第二句。选项B参见第三段的第二句。选项C参见第二段的倒数第一句。39.B 从文章第三段倒数第二句they had a curious but charming„，可知答案为选项B。文中并没有提到他们是可恨的、不健康的或是胆小的。40.A 文章第二段结尾提到Melio的土地成了一个农场，他还种植了玉米，所以选项B错误。另外文章并没有提及Melio的印度亲戚，那些人只是他的邻居。根据文章第二段结尾his corn and salted fish was enough to keep him stocked up through the wet season，我们可以看出这个地方不是终年潮湿。
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41.B 从后面跳水时那些男孩跟他搞恶作剧可以看出他们并没有接受他，所以答案为选项B。选项A，文章开始提到他游到了足够远的地方，可见他游泳并不差。文中并未提及Jerry在度假以及他与母亲之间的关系。42.D 第二段第二句some boys were stripping off their clothes一些男孩脱了衣服，说明他们是裸体的，所以答案为选项D，in the raw处于自然状态的，裸体的。in disguise伪装，乔装。in the gutter醉倒在水沟里，沉溺于淫秽生活中，名誉扫地。in the limelight处于显要地位。43.D 文章开头提到When he was so far out that he could look back not only on the little bay“当他游到足够远的地方，回头望时不仅看到了那小小的海湾，而不是他游向小海湾”，所以选项A错误。第一段同样提到he floated on the warm surface and looked for his mother.There she was„可见他还是可以看到他的母亲，只是很小很小而已，从而排除选项B。第二段开头提到On the other side of the bay„some boys were stripping off their clothes那群男孩在海湾的另一边，可以排除选项C。44.B 文章最后一段中间部分提到and he understood that they had swum through some gap or hole in it“他明白了他们是从一个沟或洞里游过去的”。45.B 通过文章内容可知，Jerry很想融入到那群小男孩之中，在被戏弄之后，最后一段结尾部分提到Jerry overcome with a sense of failure“他沉浸在失败的惶恐之中”，然后“他开始在水中连拍带踢，就像一条笨狗一样”，由此我们推断Jerry这样做是为了取悦于那群孩子，引起他们的注意，故B项为正确答案。
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46.C 文章第五段第一句The appeal lies in the mythic dimensions of Sellers’ story.魅力就在于Sellers的故事童话般的维度。选项B在第六段的结尾提到过，但这不是人们仍然着迷于Peter的原因。虽然文章后面提到他的生长环境，他的成就十分惊人，但并没有说这是今天人们仍然迷恋他的原因。文章倒数第三段一开始提到his misbehavior品行不端，所以可以排除选项D。47.B 文中该句前面提到his eccentricity tipped over the edge into genuine insanity他的古怪使他精神错乱了。deranged疯狂的，精神错乱的。handicapped残疾的。impetuous鲁莽的。callous无情的，坚硬的。48.D 文章倒数第四段提到He took drugs to enhance his potency，potency（男子的）性交能力。49.A 文中第四段提到人们仍然很为Sellers所着迷。他已经成了自传的题材，早在1994年，就已包括1200页的杰作。numerous为数众多的。anecdotal轶事的，趣闻的。critical决定性的，挑剔的。unauthorized未经授权的。50.B 文章最后一段结尾处提到，一段关系结束之后，他会派心腹去索要礼物，可以看出他并不慷慨，所以可以排除选项A。第五段结尾处提到他精神错乱genuine insanity，可以排除选项C。倒数第四段提到他抛妻弃子，追随其他女人，并且不止一个，可以看出他不是一个可靠的人，从而排除选项D。
Paper Two
Part Ⅲ Cloze(10%)51.almost 这里需要一个表示程度的副词。一些科学家曾成功地训练黑猩猩使用复杂的手势或辅助工具交流信息，但无论怎样训练，这些人类的远亲始终只能发出少数单词的音，可见并不是完全不成功。52.evolution 进化。语言在人类的进化过程中是一个巨大的进步。53.in in the vicinity在附近。当一只猩猩找到食物时，它会大叫，附近的其他猩猩马上就会意识到有食物而加入它。54.whom whom引导非限制性定语从句，这里指它的母亲或朋友，其中之一很快会去帮助它。55.which 当一个雄猩猩要进入一个峡谷或迈向某个食物来源时，它会发出一种声音，其它个体就会意识到群体的另一个成员也来了，并能辨别出是哪个成员。56.ears 这里提到的都是猩猩发出的声音，因而是针对人类的耳朵说的。57.themselves 猩猩它们自己当然可以通过其他呼声辨别出单个个体。58.do 这里do起了强调的作用，虽然猩猩的呼声的确可以传递基本的信息，绝大多数情况下它们都不能跟口语相提并论。59.to be compared to比作。60.without 前面提到人类可以用语言传递抽象的思想观念，可以在别人不在场的时候受益于他的经历。Part Ⅳ Translation(20%)Mankind is a product of constant and natural evolutionary processes including innumerable genetic transformations.This irresistible process has never stopped since the Earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago.Subjected to the influence of the environmental factors, this evolutionary process has become a more adaptable system through random mutations and consequently guarantees its continuity.In the animal world, this has brought about the evolution of the more advanced species and reached the acme in the human being because mankind has acquired the ability of originative thinking.I think this marks that evolution has stepped into a crucial phase in which a species is capable of mastering his own destiny for the first time.The acquisition of the ability of originative thinking has tremendously expedited the courses of natural evolution.It has given rise to the great progress in many aspects of human civilization such as art, literature, medicine and technology, in particular in the science of human wisdom widening front.However, it is exactly those progresses that make mankind acquire the ability of self-destruction, leading to the development of tools killing mankind.Part V Writing(15%)
Which is heavier, 59 points or 99 points?
关键词：大学英语四、六级考试,翻译试题,改革
始于1987年的大学英语四、六级考试( CET) 至2014年已走过34个年头,历经多次改革和创新,是大学英语课程教学和课堂评估机制的一项重要的辅助手段。其目的是服务于大学英语课堂教学,为高校提供英语测试标准和促进课堂教学的机制。从最初的每年一千多万考生发展为当今世界上参考人数最多的单项考试,CET不仅成为高校重要的“度量衡”,更展示了其强大的生命力和社会价值。然而,多年的改革并非一帆风顺,也出现了诸如与现有的评估机制冲突、考试内容陈旧、考试方式过于传统、与社会需求脱节等问题,急需进一步的改革和创新。而自2012年以来CET的新一轮改革,特别是其中的翻译试题改革方案则对传统的大学英语教学提出了挑战,为大学英语课堂授课和英语运用能力评估提供了新的思路和视角。
一、与时代同行
大学英语四、六级( CET) 在过去的30多年里遵循“恢复—发展—改革”的指导原则,依据教育部指定的教学大纲,不断改革与创新,以适应时代的变化。
1985年的《大学英语教学大纲》规定,大学英语的教学目标是培养学生的阅读能力,使其具备一定的听和译能力,具有初步的口语和写作能力,通过英语学习巩固专业知识,提高自身水平。且在《大学英语教学大纲》中将大学英语课程以六个级别来划分,每级配以严格的评估标准,对学生加以测试。这个时期的CET强调强化考生的词汇和语法知识,增强其阅读能力,对听说技能要求不高,适应了20世纪80年代改革开放初期英语作为交流工具的需求,起到了积极的促进作用。
自1999年以来,CET经历了一段艰难的探索之路,出现了一些弊端和不足。片面地对于语法和词汇的强化导致了考生听说水平的停滞,出现了“哑巴英语”的现象; 各个高校将CET证书与学位证挂钩使得学生沦为了考试机器,不少考生高分低能,缺乏英语运用能力; 考生所学英语在毕业后无用武之地,更没有成为求职的利器。因此1999年的新版《大学英语教学大纲》中将大学英语教学目标调整为培养学生较高的阅读能力,同时要求考生具备一定的听说、写作和翻译水平。1999—2002新一轮的大学英语四、六级试卷中加大了听力考查力度,增加复合式听写题型,采用平均级点分成绩,加大作文难度,并规定CET4和CET6考试成绩在525分以上的为优秀,可以申请参加CET口语考试。此次改革虽然意识到了不足,加大了其他英语技能的测试,但仍未摆脱桎梏,语法和词汇依旧是考试的核心。
自2003年起,全国各高校纷纷依据教育部“教学质量和教学工程改革”的要求,开展了大学英语教学改革。此次改革重新修订了《大学英语教学大纲》,提出新的教学目标,增加课堂多媒体教学手段,改革CET考试内容。2006年试行并于2007年实行的新一轮大学英语四、六级考试,要求考生具备综合英语能力,对听说能力提出了较高的要求,力求使考生在今后的工作中具备一定的口头和书写能力。
以2005年6月CET测试为起点,试题总分改为710分,不再设及格线; 各部分成绩以报告单出现,取代了考试合格证书; 考生总体成绩在290 ~ 710分之间分布; 试题内容囊括听力、阅读、写作与综合( 包括完形填空、简短回答、改错、翻译) 。从题型上看,听力测试比例由20% 提升至35% ,包括短对话、长对话、短文和复合式听写四部分; 阅读比例由40% 降为35% ( 快速阅读占10% ,深入阅读占25% ) ; 综合测试占15% ; 写作为15% 。CET测试的重点调整为培养考生的综合英语能力,避免了CET成绩在高校学生评估和用人单位录用中权重过大的弊端,减少了考试的功利性,着重培养考生的语言交际能力。
尽管大学英语四、六级考试在不断地自我完善,但在知识大爆炸,经济和文化全球化的今天,教学评估机制和教学理念日新月异,出现了多样化和复杂化的趋势。CET不再是“一座孤岛”,而是架设起的英语教学和文化交流的桥梁。因此在2013年,CET再次进行了深入的改革。试卷中取消了快速阅读题目,改为更加能突出考生阅读能力的段落对比,同时保留了词汇阅读题; 听力部分复合式听写将部分听写句子改为听写词组; 写作题型增加了漫画式、评论分析式作文,以及英语应用文写作考查; 综合部分统一为120 ~ 150字的一段汉译英翻译考查。试卷的知识点更为细化,内容广泛,涉及科技、文化、民俗和经济各个方面,考查手段多样化,难度有所加大,从而提升了CET证书的含金量。
二、“中国化”进程
在最新的四、六级考试改革中,综合部分的改革尤为引人注目。新版四、六级测试去除了5个句子的翻译,以及完形填空等题型,改为有关中国文化、民俗、科技、经济等内容的段落翻译,体现出CET的文化转型和“中国化”进程。笔者就2006年1月至2013年12月的六级试题的综合部分进行了归纳总结,结果如下:
上表中CET6考查内容涉及到文化主题,如知识产权( 2008. 9试题) ; 环保主题( 2010. 6试题、2011. 12试题、2012. 12试题) ; 信息时代主题( 2009. 12试题、2010. 12试题) ; 科技信息主题( 2011. 6试题、2006. 12试题) ; 政治主题( 2009. 6试题、2007. 12试题) 以及社会焦点主题( 2013.6试题、2011. 6试题) 。综上所述,CET所涉及的内容包罗万象,力求贴近时代主题,要求考生不仅具备一定的语言基础知识,更要了解与英语相关的文化背景,从而更好地运用这一语言工具。
在CET6句子翻译部分的考查中,固定搭配考查占到了45% ,其余考查重点依次为虚拟语气、名词性从句、倒装句、强调句以及状语从句。因此不难看出,大学英语四、六级考试在2006年第二轮改革之后收效甚微,考试内容依旧围绕语法和词汇来展开,内容宽泛,虽力求与时俱进,却仍未摆脱传统的“考试论”,并没能从根本上解放自我,实现飞越。2013年来的段落翻译试题恰恰是CET自我救赎的新契机,体现与时代接轨,将英语学习真正与文化传播、交际功能结合起来。以2013年12月CET6考查的段落翻译为例,三套试题共测试了三个英译汉的段落: “丝绸之路”主题、中秋节主题以及中国园林主题。测试内容紧紧围绕中国民俗和文化展开,所测试的词汇也以专有名词为主,如“中国园林”“丝绸之路”“四大发明”等,兼以考查考生的语言组织能力和词汇运用能力,在CET的考试中加入了文化特色,测试范围摆脱了大学英语课本的限制,而鼓励考生进行大量的课外阅读,而此间显现出的CET“中国化”进程则是大学英语改革的一大亮点。
面对着诸多的教育难点和大学英语教学中的困惑,大学英语四、六级是否还具备可信性和实用性,是否还能够为各高校和用人单位提供可信的评估信息,成为当下大学英语等级测试的难点。而CET此次的文化转型,恰恰是大学英语教学的华丽转身,为今后的创新提供了新的思路。
“二次世界大战之后,科学技术突飞猛进,信息化的时代随之到来,交通工具、通信工具实现了现代化,整个地球已经连成一个整体,被人们看作‘地球村’,世界经济也已走向国际整体化。”随着中国加入世贸组织,各国间的经济贸易往来日益频繁,同时亦促进了文化等其他领域的交流。英语作为一门国际通用语言,越发显现出不可替代的地位。而新时代的发展需要的是既精通专业知识,又能熟练运用外语的综合型人才,这恰是许多高校未能达到的目标。作为向社会输送合格人才的基地,许多高校开设的大学英语只注重学生的考试技能强化,CET的通过率仍是衡量高校教学水平的标准,从而无法满足时代的需求。CET段落翻译的改革,在保持了对词汇和语法考查的基础上,增加对考生阅读能力、分析能力、翻译技巧的测试,同时汉译英的测试题型也是对考生汉语水平的考查,对于考生文化内涵和爱国精神的要求,具有积极的现实意义。改革后CET不仅为大学英语课堂教学提供了新的标尺,同时进一步确保了合格的考生不仅是语言运用者,还可以成为文化交流的使者。
2013年3月17日,第十二届全国人民代表大会第一次会议在北京人民大会堂举行闭幕会。中华人民共和国主席习近平发表重要讲话,提出“中国梦”的口号,即实现中华民族的伟大复兴,其本质内涵是实现国家富强、民族复兴、人民幸福。天下兴亡,匹夫有责。这一艰巨使命需要整个中华民族共同承担,艰苦奋斗,不懈努力。大学英语四、六级考试改革应时而生,翻译试题的变化令广大考生意识到时代的重担,历史使命感和民族归属感,既达到了外语训练的目的,又强有力地保障了“中国梦”的实现。中国作为大国,既是经济巨人,又是文化泰坦。“闭关自守的状况早已打破,各国人民的命运在许多方面休戚与共,世界正以错综复杂的又是整体的面貌呈现在人们眼前。进入了‘全球化’的时代,文化的发展来到了多元共存的时代”,从民族文化走向世界文化,已是大势所趋。民族文化“指在某个民族土壤上产生的具有自己独特的历史传统和民族特色的”文化。如何消除各国间、各民族间的分歧,在保留自我特色的情况下,实现文化融合与交流,成为了当今世界面临的难题。面对着现存的西方文化霸权,发展中国家要想发出自己的声音,只有扬长避短,以平等的态度和真诚的对话来展开交流,求同存异,和而不同,在比较中重新认识自己,了解他人,展示自我价值,借鉴他人的优秀成果。2012年莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖对于广大中国人来说是莫大的荣誉和自豪,而此中对外的相关作品翻译和宣传起到了极大的推动作用。通过文化交流,才能增强各国间的理解和信任,从根本上消除矛盾与分歧,实现真正的平等对话,世界和平。CET的翻译改革发人深省,教育不仅是传授知识,更是培育人才,通过对于文化因素的强调,考生在掌握英语语言时,也了解了中国五千年灿烂的文化,从中汲取宝贵的知识和人生价值观,增强了民族自豪感和爱国主义情怀,不再作为简单的工具机器,而是成为“有德之人”“文雅之士”,使其能够更好地将中国优秀的文化推广到世界,让世界了解中国,实现共同的繁荣与昌盛。
不可置否,当下的社会出现了一些道德危机、信任危机和社会矛盾问题,追根溯源是民族感和传统美德观缺失造成的。大学生的就业难、无归属感、教育困惑、人与人之间的冷漠、对于西方文化的狂热( 如“洋节日热”) ,都是由于大学教育中缺乏必要的文化传承。而适当地在CET等测试中加入民族文化元素,有助于考生了解国家、民族和自我,深刻反思,辨别是非,从而提高大学生的道德水平,增强民族凝聚力。
三、改革路径
山穷水尽疑无路,柳暗花明又一村。2013年的大学英语四、六级考试的确为大学英语改革带来了一阵春风,但在矛盾重重的教育学中,如何使CET保持可信度,避免被时代所摒弃; 如何将文化与大学英语紧密结合起来; 如何为大学教育注入新的活力; 如何尽快地改变现有的教学模式,解决相关的教学问题,依旧是困扰教育者的棘手难题。
面对教育部根据时代发展所做的考试调整,各高校首先必须要坚定信念,解放思想,打破传统教育观念,与时俱进。传统的课堂教学模式缺乏对学生的人文关怀,并未做到因材施教,忽略了各高校间的差距,只强调学生的学业成绩,而未能给予足够的素质教育,难以培养全面发展的人才。许多高校的大学英语课程设置不合理,违背了语言教学规律,英语选修课流于形式,片面地强调功利性。CET的新题型要求在大学英语课堂教学中,教师需利用现代化的教育技术和手段,采用对话和场景再现等教学法来激发学生的学习兴趣,开展多种课堂竞赛,并作为一种固定的测试机制,将文化知识潜移默化地贯穿在课堂授课中。对于教授内容,应从一味强调语法和词汇转为积极向学生讲解与课文相关的文化背景知识,并将中、西方文化加以对比,使得文化知识成为学期测试的常规题目。
其次,各高校还应顺应改革趋势,调整大学英语教学计划,重新分配课时。如适当减少读写课程时数,增加1—2节以文化为主题的讨论学习课,减少课堂讲授环节,增加课堂自我阅读与讨论,增强学生的自我了解和学习中国文化、科技等知识的意识,使其成为心怀天下的有志青年。教师作为大学英语改革的主导者,应积极提升自身的水平,构建自我文化理念,以身作则,成为知识和文化的使者,学生的心灵导师。在教学中应不断探索新型的教学手段,彻底打破以往得过且过的思想,增强自我的危机意识、时代感,勇于创新,引导学生对英语改革有正确的认识。
在教材内容选取上,课本应具备时代性和针对性,从社会各方面来选用课本素材,特别倾向于具有鲜明文化特点的课文。对于低年级学生,教材应注重基础知识的传授,在教学中辅以相应的中国文化的英文介绍,从专有词汇入手来提高学生的英语水平和文化意识; 对于二、三年级的学生,除正常培养其英语综合能力外,还需强化其翻译和写作技巧训练,讲授一些浅显易懂的翻译方法和策略,每周进行笔头翻译训练,从技术层面解决CET翻译试题的难点。
【摘 要】完型填空测试项目以语篇为单位,旨在考查考生对英语基础单词、短语和基本语法的综合运用等语言知识能力,以及联想、推理和语感等非语言知识能力的运用。本文分析了大学英语四级考试中完型填空题型的命题要求,提出了完型填空的答题步骤和方法以及其训练方法。【关键词】完型填空 答题步骤 训练方法完型填空是一项综合性的语言测试手段,其目的是测试应试者的英语基础语法知识,语篇水平上的理解水准,利用语言线索推测语义及正确运用习语或词汇的能力。要求考生在有限的时间内,结合自己的语法、词汇和其他语言知识,尽可能透彻地理解文章含义,弄清楚文章各部分、各层次之间的逻辑关系,并根据文章提供的多种信息,通过总结归纳、推理判断和分析,完成试题所要求的填空项目,使短文思想完整、文理通顺、结构严谨、主体明确。所以,考生在关注新四级新题型的同时,也不能忽视完型填空这项最基本的测试考生综合运用语言能力的题型。一、命题要求选题内容与阅读理解相似,主要涉及人物传记、科普知識、日常生活等,其内容和范围一般能被学生接受,体裁多为说明文和议论文,其次为记叙文。短文的难度略低于阅读理解部分的材料。2.测试重点(l)词汇知识:完型填空所涉及的词汇题主要考查实词,兼顾虚词。(2)语法结构知识:这一部分主要考查词序、主谓一致、动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词、不定代词的用法和比较级的使用等。(3)阅读理解能力:完型填空是根据对文章的理解,依据一定的语言语篇知识将句子中所缺部分补全,使句子正确,使文章通顺连贯, (4)篇章知识:完型填空要求将短文复原为意义和结构上完整的一个语篇,也就是使之成为衔接合理、符合逻辑、语义连贯的一个语言单位。二、完型填空答题步骤和方法 1.速读全文,理解大意抓住主旨快速浏览全文,注意篇首句、段首句和全文的结尾句,以此来把握全文的主旨和大意。做完型填空题时不要一开始就把注意力集中在选择题上,而应该迅速阅读一遍短文,抓住文中的关键词,了解文章的大意、结构、以及各部分的逻辑关系。虽然空白使文章不够完整,但不会影响考生对文章主旨的了解。如果考生不了解文章内容,就难以根据上下对于首句应该给予足够的重视,因为往往它就是中心句或是引导句,它的时态往往决定了全文的时态。2.通篇考虑,初选答案重新阅读短文,进行选择填空。理解短文大意后,开始以句子为单位仔细进行阅读,结合所给的选项,逐个填空。注意语法、词义、惯用语、逻辑搭配和上下文联系。这时要考虑一下测试重点:词义及词形的辨析;句子之间的指代、列举、因果、比较、对比、让步、补充、递进等逻辑关系;一些句子结构识别及固定搭配;动词的各种时态,语态,非谓语动词的用法等等;介副词习惯用法。3.精读全文,注意细节,选出答案(1)注意前后联系。考题中的多处空格破坏了句子、文章信息的完整性,但出题人充分考虑到了空格出现的语境,连接代词、连接副词以及一些固定的短语、句子、分句、句子不同部分构成了紧密的递进、因果、并列、条件等内在逻辑关系。要根据语境理顺前后关系,选择出正确的答案。(2)要熟悉语法结构和词与词的搭配。从语法的角度来看,各种从句的构成,强调结构,倒装结构,虚拟语气,独立结构,以及结构词(代词、冠词、介词、连词)在表示结构关系时的具体运用。从词的搭配来看,包括动词与宾语的搭配,名词与介词的搭配,不及物动词与介词的搭配。(3)应遵循先易后难的原则。对有把握的选项可一锤定音,而对一时没把握的空格不妨暂且搁置一下。先接着往下读,然后再回过头来补填,一味地抓住难题不放,会影响考生做题速度和考生情绪。(4)运用背景知识和社会常识进行解题。解答完型填空题时,有时文章中提供的信息还不够,这就需要考生有丰富的背景知识和社会常识,这样才能把符合常识的一些知识信息结合起来考虑,最后选出符合常识的最佳答案。4.最后通读,查缺补漏最后再通读短文很必要,这一环节基本上是扫描式阅读。考生从旁观者的角度审视文章,从整体的角度检查文章是否前后连贯一致。可以依据文章的主题思想,结合上下文检查所选答案在逻辑和语法结构上是否完整和正确,语义上是否贴切,在整篇文章中是否合拍。倘若发现语法正确、语义欠妥,或语义正确,结构不妥的现象,则应依据上下文内容重新作出选择。可以在这个阶段根据对整个语篇的理解完成没有填的空,并且在更加透彻理解的基础上,验证所做答案,及时纠正错误。三、完型填空的训练方法1.扩大词汇量,掌握词汇用法词汇是州门语言最基本的建筑材料,词汇量的大小直接影响到对于文章的理解。考生要尝试和借鉴不同的词汇记忆方法,找到适合自己的方法,从而掌握四级词汇。学习英语词汇不仅仅是记住它的词义、拼写和语音,而且要掌握住词汇的具体用法。2.扩大知识面,提高阅读能力完型填空的内容涵盖面广,包括多种题材和体裁,如社会、科普知识、人物传记、日常生活等题材和叙述文、说明文、议论文等,考生在平时就应该多读书,多思考,所涉猎的范围要广一些。考生在这些方面的知识了解得越多,越有助于文章的理解。考生在平时阅读时要注意提高阅读速度,训练阅读技巧,增强阅读能力。3.巩固语法知识完型填空这种测试对于语法的内容较多,包括时态、语态、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、从句等方面的问题。新四级虽然摒弃了原来四选一的选择题考语法这种考察手段,换之以灵活的结合上下文在翻译、完型、选词填空、快速阅读中来考察。所以考生仍要熟练地掌握语法知识,这样才能有助于把握句子结构和语言的准确性。4.长期积累努力练习完型填空是对学生综合能力的考查,指望通过几天的努力就会取得效果,这是不切实际的。它需要长期的语言基础知识的积累和培养语言能力,并且要做大量的相关练习。只有这样,才能提高做完型填空的准确率。5.注重历年试题四级考试改革并不是对以往的全盘否定,而是在继承中使之得以发展,所以历年真题仍是最好的练习材料,当然要按照新题型的要求来做。在做历年真题一定要认真,最好要在规定的时间内完成试卷,不要动不动就翻看答案。要善于思考,发现带有规律性的东西。题目是做不完的,要学会触类旁通提高效率。参考文献: [1]蒋静泓.完形填空的解题技巧.全国优秀英语学术论文集,1995, [2]袁铮.完形填空在英语测试和教学中的作用.上海师范大学学报, [3]潘晓燕.2加7年淘金式巧攻4级考试突击训练。
Scientists identified 20 of the one meter-long snakes during two trips to the Caribbean islands. The second trip was made in October last year.
One of the creatures made a dramatic appearance by moving on to the head of the team leader as he slept.
The snake has been named silver boa because it is metallic colored and the first specimen found was climbing a silver palm tree.
The team was led by Dr. Graham Reynolds, from Harvard University, the scientist confirmed the snake was a previously unknown species after conducting a genetic analysis of tissue samples.
Commenting on the find, snake expert Robert Henderson from the Museum of Natural History, said: “Worldwide new species of frogs are being discovered and described quite regularity. New species of snakes, however, are much rarer.
Q5. What is the news report mainly about?
Q6. What do we learn about the scientific team leader?
四级和六级的试卷构成相同，由写作、听力理解、阅读理解和翻译四个部分组成，分值比例为：写作15%，听力35%，阅读35%，翻译15%。考试时间为130分钟。四级和六级的试卷结构、测试内容、测试题型、分值比例和考试时间如下表所示：
试卷结构
测试内容
测试题型
分值比例
考试时间
写作
写作
短文写作
15%
30分钟
听力理解
听力对话
短对话
多项选择
8%
30分钟
长对话
多项选择
7%
听力短文
短文理解
多项选择
10%
短文听写
单词及词组听写
10%
阅读理解
词汇理解
选词填空
5%
40分钟
长篇阅读
匹配
10%
仔细阅读
多项选择
20%
翻译
汉译英
段落翻译
15%
30分钟
总计
100%
130分钟
2、题型描述
1)写作
写作部分测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间30分钟。写作测试选用考生所熟悉的题材，要求考生根据所提供的信息及提示(如：提纲、情景、图片或图表等)写出一篇短文，四级120-180词，六级150-200词。
2) 听力理解
听力理解部分测试学生获取口头信息的能力。录音材料用标准的英式或美式英语朗读，语速四级约每分钟130词，六级约每分钟150词。听力部分分值比例为35%，其中对话占15%，短文占20%。考试时间30分钟。
对话部分包括短对话和长对话，采用多项选择题的形式进行考核。短对话有8段，每段提一个问题;长对话有2段，每段提3-4个问题;对话部分共15题。每段对话均朗读一遍，每个问题后留有13-15秒的答题时间。
短文部分包括短文理解及单词和词组听写。短文理解有3篇，采用多项选择题的形式进行考核。四级每篇长度为220-250词，六级为240-270词。每篇短文朗读一遍，提3-4个问题，每个问题后留有13-15秒的答题时间，共10题。单词及词组听写采用1篇短文，四级的长度为220-250词，六级为240-270词。要求考生在听懂短文的基础上用所听到的原文填写空缺的单词或词组，共10题。短文播放三遍。
3)阅读理解
阅读理解部分包括1篇长篇阅读和3篇仔细阅读，测试学生在不同层面上的阅读理解能力，包括理解篇章或段落的主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推测判断以及根据上下文推测词义等能力。该部分所占分值比例为35%，其中长篇阅读占10%，仔细阅读占25%。考试时间40分钟。
长篇阅读部分采用1篇较长篇幅的文章，总长度四级约1000词，六级约1200词。阅读速度四级约每分钟100词;六级约每分钟120词。篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落可能不对应任何一题。
仔细阅读部分要求考生阅读3篇短文。2篇为多项选择题型的短文理解测试，每篇长度四级为300-350词，六级为400-450词;1篇为选词填空，篇章长度四级为200-250词，六级为250-300词。短文理解每篇后有若干个问题，要求考生根据对文章的理解，从每题的四个选项中选择最佳答案。选词填空要求考生阅读一篇删去若干词汇的短文，然后从所给的选项中选择正确的词汇填空，使短文复原。
4)翻译
翻译部分测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间30分钟。翻译题型为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字，六级长度为180-200个汉字。
3、分数解释
大学英语四、六级考试是标准相关-常模参照的标准化考试。标准相关体现在：1)试卷各部分的设计和命题参照大学英语的教学要求规定的技能和标准;2)写作和翻译部分的阅卷依据评分标准。常模参照体现在考后各部分的原始分转换成报道分时，分别参照各部分的常模。因此，考试既是标准相关又具有常模参照的性质。
大学英语四、六级考试不设及格线。经过等值处理后的原始总分参照总分常模转换成常模正态分，均值为500、标准差为70，报道总分在220分至710分之间。在将原始分转换成报道分时，各部分采用不同的分数量表，从而使各部分报道分的简单相加之和等于报道总分。
采用常模参照旨在保证考试分数解释的稳定性。考生的任何一次四、六级考试成绩均可在四级或六级常模中找到其百分位位置，即考生成绩在相应级别的常模群体中所处的相对位置。考试委员会网站上(www.cet.edu.cn)已公布了总分和各部分的百分位对照表，以供考试成绩使用者了解考生的相对能力水平(点击查看>>>大学英语四、六级考试分数解释)。
4、成绩报道
成绩报道分为总分和单项分。单项分包括：1)听力，2)阅读，3)翻译和写作。每次考试后，考试委员会向总分在220分及以上的考生发放成绩报告单，报告其总分和各部分的单项分。考试委员会同时向参加考试的各个院校提供该校考生的成绩(总分和各部分单项分)和有关该校的各种统计数据。
5、评分标准
1)作文评分标准
本题满分为15分，成绩分为六个档次：13-15分、10-12分、7-9分、4-6分、1-3分和0分。各档次的评分标准见下表：
档次
评分标准
13-15分
切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。
10-12分
切题。表达思想清楚，文字较连贯，但有少量语言错误。
7-9分
基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯;语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。
4-6分
基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。
1-3分
条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。
0分
未作答，或只有几个孤立的词，或作文与主题毫不相关。
2) 翻译评分标准
本题满分为15分，成绩分为六个档次：13-15分、10-12分、7-9分、4-6分、1-3分和0分。各档次的评分标准见下表：
档次
评分标准
13-15分
译文准确表达了原文的意思。用词贴切，行文流畅，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。
10-12分
译文基本上表达了原文的意思。文字通顺、连贯，无重大语言错误。
7-9分
译文勉强表达了原文的意思。用词欠准确，语言错误相当多，其中有些是严重语言错误。
4-6分
译文仅表达了一小部分原文的意思。用词不准确，有相当多的严重语言错误。
1-3分
译文支离破碎。除个别词语或句子，绝大部分文字没有表达原文意思。
0分
section a
directions：in this section,you will hear 10 short conversations. at the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said. both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. after each question there will be a pause. during the pause,you must read the four choices marked a),b),c)and d),and decide which is the best answer. then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.
example:
you will read: a) at the office. b) in the waiting room.
c) at the airport. d) in a restaurant.
from the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they had to finish in the evening. this conversation is most likely to have taken place at the office. therefore,a)“at the office” is the best answer. you should choose a) on the answer sheet and mark it with a single line through the centre.
sample answer ［a］［b］［c］［d］
1. a) the fourth floor. b) the fifth floor. c) the sixth floor. d) the seventh floor.
2. a) john bought a cheap computer. b) john bought morris a computer.
c) morris bought a computer from john. d) morris bought a new computer.
3. a) recognize jane first. b) tell the woman why.
c) go on a diet. d) feel at ease.
4. a) the white one. b) the brick one.
c) the prettier one. d) the better one.
5. a) the summer this year is terribly hot. b) last summer was even hotter.
c) hot weather helps lose weight. d) light was stronger this morning.
6. a) no one on the bus was injured.
b) everyone on the bus was injured.
c) only one student on the bus was injured.
d) more than one student on the bus was injured.
7. a) drawing some money. b) opening a deposit account.
c) saving much money. d) putting money in the bank.
8. a) they have too little patience. b) they are not strict with students.
c) they are very hard on students. d) they are more hardworking than before.
9. a) the woman is very worried. b) the man doesn’t like thinking.
c) the man has done something wrong. d) the woman can do nothing for the man.
10. a) because the waist was a bit too tight.
b) because there wasn’t any of her size.
c) because she didn’t look good in the dress.
d) because the style was not what she liked.
section b compound dictation
注意：听力理解的b节（section b）为复合式听写（compound dictation），题目在试卷二上。
现在请取出试卷二。
a supermarket club card is a new way for people to save money on items they buy. people used to cut out coupons (赠券)to(s1) save money. now they use a card that looks like a(s2)credit card when they pay for items. only people with cards can get the(s3)lower price.
to get a card, people must give out their name, address, and other(s4)personal information. everything club card-users buy is (s5)stored on a computer in a file with their name on it. in the coupon days, no one kept (s6)track of the things people bought. now, computers allow huge(s7)amounts of information to be saved.
in order to save money with the cards, people could lose privacy. so far, the information, or data, is private. but that could change. there are many companies who might be interested in knowing what people buy. for instance, (s8)an insurance company might want to know if their clients buy healthy food, or if people buy a lot of medicine from the store.
a california senator, debra bowen, wants to make sure there are laws to protect data kept on computers. she says,“(s9)the laws that govern privacy really haven’t caught up with technology. ”
stores that use club cards have promised to keep the information private. (s10)some people are afraid the stores might change their minds if companies offered enough money. some people say the information is worth as much as treasure.
part ⅱ reading comprehension(35 minutes)
directions: there are 4 passages in this part. each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. for each of them there are four choices marked a),b),c)and d). you should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.
passage one
questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.
the predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists. after all, there is no natural reason why 2,500 people should accidentally shoot themselves each year or why 7,000 should drown or 55,000 die in their cars. no one establishes a quota for each type of death. it just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year.
a few years ago a canadian psychologist named gerald wilde became interested in this phenomenon. he noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in that time. wilde developed an intriguing theory called “risk homeostasis”. according to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. when something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert the original level of danger. if, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers. other studies have shown that where an intersection is made safer, the accident rate invariably falls there but rises to a compensating level elsewhere along the same stretch of road. it appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger.
in all events, it is becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the factors influencing our lifespan are far more subtle and complex than had been previously thought. it now appears that if you wish to live a long life, it isn’t simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions … eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care. you must also have the right attitude. scientists at the duke university medical center made a 15-year study of 500 persons personalities and found, somewhat to their surprise, that people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition. looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span.
11. what social scientists have long felt puzzled about is why .
a) the mortality rate can not be predicted
b) the death toll remained stable year after year
c) a quota for each type of death has not come into being
d) people lost their lives every year for this or that reason
12. in his research, gerald wilde finds that technological advances and increases in safety standards .
a) have helped solve the problem of so high death rate
b) have oddly accounted for mortality rates in the past century
c) have reduced mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths
d) have achieved no effect in bringing down the number of deaths
13. according to the theory of “risk homeostasis”, some traffic accidents result from .
a) our innate desire for risk
b) our fast and reckless driving
c) our ignorance of seat belt benefits
d) our instinctive interest in speeding
14. by saying “…statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers” (para. 2),the author means .
a) wearing seat belts does not have any benefits from the statistic point of view
b) deaths from wearing seat belts are the same as those from not wearing them
c) deaths from other reasons counterbalance the benefits of wearing seat belts
d) wearing seat belts does not necessarily reduce deaths from traffic accidents
15. which of the following may contribute to a longer life span?
a) showing adequate trust instead of suspicion of others
b) eating the food low in fat and driving with great care
c) cultivating an optimistic personality and never losing heart
d) looking on the bright side and developing a balanced level of risk
passage two
questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
in california the regulators, the utilities and the governor all want the federal energy regulatory commission to cap spot (现货的) market prices. the californians claim it will rein in outrageous prices. federal regulators have refused. the battle is on.
governor gray davis says,“i’m not happy with the federal regulatory commission at all. they’re living in an ivory tower. if their bills were going up like the people in san diego, they would know that this is a real problem in the real world.”
as part of deregulation, price caps were removed to allow for a free market. timing is everything; natural gas prices had already skyrocketed. demand was high from california’s booming economy. no new power plants had been built here in ten years, and power producers had the right to hike prices along with demand. and hike them they did.
loretta lynch of the public utilities commission says,” this commission and all of california was beating down the door of federal regulators to say‘help us impose reasonable price caps to help to keep our market stable.”
federal regulators did ask for longer-term contracts between power producers and the utilities to stabilize prices. the federal commission, unavailable for comment on this story, released a recent statement defending its position not to re-regulate.
federal energy regulatory commission dec. 15,: “the commissions intention is to enable the markets to catch up to current supply and demand problems and not to reintroduce command and control regulation that has helped to produce the current crisis.”
some energy experts believe that, without temporary price caps, the crisis will continue.
severin borenstein of the u.c. energy institute says,“some federal regulators have a blind commitment to making the market work and i think part of the problem is they really dont understand whats going on.”
gary ackerman of the western power trading forum says,“he’s dead wrong about that. the federal regulators understand far better than any individual state that, though it might be painful and it certainly is painful in california, price caps don’t work. they never work.”
16. the battle between californians and federal regulators is about .
a) control over the price of power
b) necessity of removing price caps
c) hiking the energy prices in california
d) a regulation concerning power supply
17. governor gray davis was dissatisfied with the federal regulatory commission because .
a) they did not know what the real problem was
b) they were living an easy life in an ivory tower
c) they could not experience the life in san diego
d) they turned a blind eye to the situation in california
18. the federal commission uncapped the energy price with the intention to .
a) help california’s economy booming steadily
b) prevent power price from going up any further
c) enable the market to deal with supply and demand problems
d) have contracts signed between power producers and the utilities
19. to help keep prices from going higher, people and groups in california .
a) imposed reasonable price caps
b) beat down the door of federal regulators
c) urged the federal authorities to take action
d) struggled against federal policy to hike prices
20. energy experts against price caps believe that .
a) the present situation in california will continue unless there is price control
b) the current crisis is partly attributed to previous command and control policy
c) price caps can temporarily solve energy problems an individual state meets with
d) they do understand what is going on in california and will take proper measures
passage three
questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
another cultural aspect of nonverbal communication is one that you might not think about: space. every person perceives himself to have a sort of invisible shield surrounding his physical body. when someone comes too close, he feels uncomfortable. when he bumps onto someone, he feels obligated to apologize. but the size of a person’s “comfort zone” depends on his cultural ethnic origin. for example, in casual conversation, many americans stand about four feet apart. in other words, they like to keep each other “at arms length”,people in latin or arab cultures, in contrast, stand very close to each other, and touch each other often. if someone from one of those cultures stands too close to an american while in conversation, the american may feel uncomfortable and back away.
when americans are talking, they expect others to respond to what they are saying. to americans, polite conversationalists empathize by displaying expressions of excitement or disgust, shock or sadness. people with a “poker face”, whose emotions are hidden by a deadpan expression, are looked upon with suspicion. americans also indicate their attentiveness in a conversation by raising their eyebrows, nodding, smiling politely and maintaining good eye contact. whereas some cultures view direct eye contact as impolite or threatening, americans see it as a sign of genuineness and honesty. if a person doesn’t look you in the eye, american might say, you should question his motives—or assume that he doesn’t like you. yet with all the concern for eye contact, americans still consider staring—especially at strangers—to be rude.
21. what the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about .
a) classification of nonverbal communication
b) the reasons why people should think about space
c) the relationship between communication and space
d) some other cultural aspects of nonverbal communication
22. how far people keep to each other while talking is closely associated with their .
a) origin b) culture c) custom d) nationality
23. when an italian talks to an arabian on informal occasions,.
a) he stands about four feet away
b) “comfort zone” does not exist
c) keeping close enough is preferred
d) communication barriers may emerge
24. a “poker face” (line 3,para. 2) refers to a face which is .
a) attentive b) emotional c) suspicious d) expressionless
25. in a conversation between friends, americans regard it as sincere and truthful to .
a) maintain direct eye contact
b) hide emotions with a deadpan expression
c) display excitement or disgust, shock or sadness
d) raise their eyebrows,nod and smile politely
passage four
questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
we all know that dna has the ability to identify individuals but, because it is inherited, there are also regions of the dna strand which can relate an individual to his or her family (immediate and extended), tribal group and even an entire population. molecular genealogy (宗谱学) can use this unique identification provided by the genetic markers to link people together into family trees. pedigrees (家谱) based on such genetic markers can mean a breakthrough for family trees where information is incomplete or missing due to adoption, illegitimacy or lack of records. there are many communities and populations which have lost precious records due to tragic events such as the fire in the irish courts during civil war in 1921 or american slaves for whom many records were never kept in the first place.
the main objective of the molecular genealogy research group is to build a database containing over 100,000 dna samples from individuals all over the world. these individuals will have provided a pedigree chart of at least four generations and a small blood sample. once the database has enough samples to represent the world genetic make-up, it will eventually help in solving many issues regarding genealogies that could not be done by relying only on traditional written records. theoretically, any individual will someday be able to trace his or her family origins through this database.
in the meantime, as the database is being created, molecular genealogy can already verify possible or suspected relationships between individuals. “for example, if two men sharing the same last name believe that they are related, but no written record proves this relationship, we can verify this possibility by collecting a sample of dna from both and looking for common markers (in this case we can look primarily at the y chromosome (染色体)),” explains ugo a. perego, a member of the byu molecular genealogy research team.
26. people in a large area may possess the same dna thread because .
a) dna is characteristic of a region
b) they are beyond doubt of common ancestry
c) dna strand has the ability to identify individuals
d) their unique identification can be provided via dna
27. the possible research of family trees is based on the fact that .
a) genetics has achieved a breakthrough
b) genetic information contained in dna can be revealed now
c) each individual carries a unique record of who he is and how he is related to others
d) we can use dna to prove how distant an individual is to a family, a group or a population
28. the molecular genealogy research group is building a database for the purpose of .
a) offering assistance in working out genealogy-related problems
b) solving many issues without relying on traditional written records
c) providing a pedigree chart of at least four generations in the world
d) confirming the assumption that all individuals are of the same origin
29. if two men suspected for some reason they have a common ancestor, .
a) we can decide according to their family tree
b) we can find the truth from their genetic markers
c) we can compare the differences in their y chromosome
d) we can look for written records to prove their relationship
30. which of the following cannot be inferred from the passage?
a) we are a walking,living,breathing record of our ancestors
b) many american slaves did not know who their ancestors were.
c) an adopted child generally lacks enough information to prove his identity.
d) molecular genealogy can be used to prove a relationship between individuals.
part ⅲvocabulary(20 minutes)
directions: there are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. for each sentence there are four choices marked a),b),c)and d). choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.
31. wto is regarded by some countries as an access to foreign markets rather than as a for opening up the home market.
a) commerce b) committee c) commitment d) commission
32. we should recognize that every company and every person is part of a long of customers and suppliers.
a) pool b) line c) stream d) chain
33. today the small town is better against flood than it was 20 years ago.
a) protected b) prevented c) preserved d) prepared
34. did you mean i should keep the receipt? im afraid i have .
a) run it over b) torn it up c) taken it apart d) shaken it off
35. unlike photocopies of books, the digital copies are virtually in quality to the original.
a) similar b) identical c) resembling d) alike
36. the price of fresh vegetables according to the weather.
a) fluctuates b) increases c) soars d) maintains
37. your proposal looks good ,but i am not convinced it can be put into effect.
a) on paper b) at sight c) under cover d) in bulk
38. the government that refuses to meet the needs of its people must bear the .
a) results b) outcomes c) effects d) consequences
39. the elderly people in this country are entitled to a special heating allowance from the government when they pass the age of sixty.
a) claim b) declare c) inquire d) apply
40. the snow has been steadily for hours and the ground is completely covered.
a) showering b) dropping c) descending d) falling
41. the hostess went to great to make the child comfortable and feel at home.
a) efforts b) lengths c) heights d) details
42. you said the post office is on this block, can you be a bit more ?
a) particular b) specific c) abstract d) especial
43. his composition was so confusing that i could hardly make any of it whatsoever.
a) meaning b) message c) information d) sense
44. i am afraid that you have to alter your views in light of the tragic news that has just arrived.
a) optimistic b) distressing c) indifferent d) pessimistic
45. as the saying goes, reading without reflecting is like eating without .
a) chewing b) tasting c) digesting d) releasing
46. all of us did quite a good job but the teacher only him out for praise.
a) yelled b) singled c) selected d) pulled
47. without a sure supply of water, farming in that area remains at the of the weather.
a) disposal b) risk c) cost d) mercy
48. industrial communities should be close enough to crowded centers but enough to reduce potential dangers.
a) advanced b) reliable c) distant d) sophisticated
49. she had a guilty about not telling the police what had actually happened.
a) consciousness b) conscience c) consequence d) confusion
50. there is a beautiful of pine forest near my country house.
a) extension b) length c) spell d) stretch
51. we’ve all our time and effort in this plan, and we don’t want it to fail.
a) invested b) exhausted c) devoted d) assigned
52. the workers demands were，they only asked for a small raise in their wages.
a) general b) moderate c) partial d) numerous
53. you should know to spend all your money on those impractical fancy goods.
a) other than b) rather than c) more than d) better than
54. everybody seemed to have known about his scandal, only his wife was kept in the .
a) dark b) ignorance c) shade d) shadow
55. all students in the class a loud laugh when the professor told them a joke.
a) let up b) let down c) let off d) let out
56. it can be safely that there is no living beings on that planet.
a) resumed b) assessed c) assumed d) assured
57. there are certain when you have to interrupt people who are in the middle of doing something.
a) chances b) situations c) occasions d) opportunities
58. mother into the room and kissed her sleeping baby.
a) crept b) staggered c) rushed d) marched
59. the building started with a steel which was later filled in with bricks and concrete.
a) institution b) terminal c) sightseeing d) framework
60. this book does not have an structure. some parts are even contradictory .
a) integrated b) informed c) intensive d) inward
part ⅳcloze(15 minutes)
directions: there are 20 blanks in the following passage. for each blank there are four choices marked a),b),c)and d)on the right side of the paper. you should choose the one that best fits into the passage. then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.
a food bank is the center of food collection and distribution in a community. this food usually 61 from grocery stores or manufacturers that have thousands of pounds of food to give 62 . food banks operate intricate and advanced warehousing operations, 63 food is collected, 64 and re-distributed to the community. traditionally, a food bank does not distribute food 65 to those in 66 . 67 ,food banks serve an 68 network of organizations in their 69 communities. these organizations serve one part of the 70 and know the needs of the people there. 71 ,working together, the food bank and the community organization can serve a greater 72 of people in the most efficient way.
many food banks provide 73 services. they 74 from after school feeding programs, 75 kids cafe,to community agriculture projects.
in the aftermath (其后的一段时期) of welfare reform, food banks throughout the country are raising private 76 to operate innovative programs and to 77 those who are hungry. every food bank strives to be a hunger advocate,producing 78 studies and tracking statistics, while lending their hands-on expertise to get legislation passed and ensuring that the 79 of domestic hunger is not lost in the shadow of an “ 80 boom”.
61. a) results b) collects c) comes d) gathers
62. a) away b) out c) over d) off
63. a) which b) where c) what d) how
64. a) accepted b) offered c) processed d) sorted
65. a) instantly b) directly c) voluntarily d) readily
66. a) need b) haste c) debt d) order
67. a) however b) otherwise c) instead d) certainly
68. a) abnormal b) optional c) imaginary d) extensive
69. a) individual b) respective c) special d) widespread
70. a) organization b) bank c) operation d) community
71. a) therefore b) nevertheless c) still d) conversely
72. a) amount b) deal c) number d) quantity
73. a) regular b) other c) daily d) depositing
74. a) change b) alter c) differ d) range
75. a) including b) providing c) managing d) distributing
76. a) demands b) properties c) funds d) plans
77. a) shelter b) feed c) clothe d) finance
78. a) poverty b) welfare c) hunger d) food
79. a) issue b) policy c) reform d) project
80. a) economical b) economics c) economy d) economic
part ⅴwriting(30 minutes)
directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter applying for a bank loan. you should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in chinese.
1． 你的基本情况
2． 你申请贷款的原因、数额及用途
大学英语教学是高等教育的一个有机组成部分, 大学英语课程是大学生的一门必修的基础课程。大学英语实行分级教学不仅体现了《大学英语课程教学要求》“分类指导, 因材施教”的原则, 对于整体提高大学英语教学质量也起到了积极促进作用。因此, 大学英语试题建设显得尤为重要。试题是题库建设的最基本元素, 它的优劣直接影响大学英语试题题库的质量。所以, 建立起对大学英语试题的科学完整的评价体系十分必要。
二、理论研究
客观、准确地评价大学英语试题, 科学的对其进行分析。其关键点在于要有科学的理论依据。在教育心理测量领域中, 应用比较多的有经典测验理论和项目反应理论。经典测验理论 (简称CTT) 是最早的也是最实用的测验理论。也称为真分数理论, 即被试的真分数是观测分数 (或说测量实得分数) 的数学期望值。真分数模型是以弱假设为基础的, 即这些假设很容易验证并易被大多数测验数据资料所满足。经典测验理论的假设内涵主要是以真实分数模式为理论架构, 依据弱势假设, 使用简单, 可操作性强, 应用较广。基于经典测验理论统计分析得到的各项指标, 依赖于特定的被试样本, 所求得的参数会受到不同样本组能力水平的影响。经典测验理论无法建立考生得分与测验题目参数之间的函数关系, 即考生能力的估计会由于测验的改变而改变。
项目反应理论 (简称IRT) 是建立在潜在特质理论的基础上的。其主要观点是:在认知测验中, 潜在特质指所要测的内在能力。定量地估计个体在每一种特质上的位置是心理测量的任务。反之, 也可用所估计到的特质的量去预测和解释个体在相应情境中将会产生的行为反应。
项目反应理论的最大特点是它找到了一条题目特征曲线 (简称ICC) 并且以多种数学表达式 (即数学模型) 来描述它和逼近它。不同的数学模型对曲线有不同程度的逼近, 也含有个数不同的参数。题目特征曲线的数学模型一般都包含两方面的参数: (1) 对测验题目的特征进行刻画的题目参数; (2) 对考生的特征进行刻画的潜在特质或称能力参数。
根据这些参数值, 我们可以对题目质量作出评价, 可按需要选取高质量的题目。又可以预言考生个体在任一测验题目上的反应, 从而估计出考生个体的各种潜在特质的量数, 即考生完成测验题目时所具有的能力或特质。从理论上说, 有效地解决了经典测验理论中无法建立考生得分与测验题目参数之间的函数关系问题。
项目反应理论的优势表现在:题目难易度的估计不因样本不同而不同。项目反应理论的题目参数估计是独立于考生样本组的。考生能力的估计不因测验的改变而改变。项目反应理论在提供题目参数的同时, 提供了每一个考生在完成题目时的能力参数。测量误差的估计因考生程度不同而不同。为多种形式测验的实施提供了更为完美的理论和方法。在题目分析和估计学生能力的同时, 可以得到题目信息函数和测验信息函数两个统计量。所以, 本文尝试用项目反应理论来对大学英语分级测试试题进行分析研究, 探讨每个具体英语分级试题 (项目) 能否客观准确地反应出学生的真实能力水平。进而发现命制英语分级试题的规律和标准, 为更好地开展大学英语分级教学提供切实可行的方法。
三、实验研究
本研究选取的实验对象来源于某大学2010级的大学英语分级测试试题。研究人员运用BILOG-W分析软件对试题进行项目反应分析。此分析内容包括试题的难度、区分度、项目以及能力参数的估计, 对试题的难度进行标定, 分为难中易三个等级。参与实际测试的是2010级2534名学生参加的大学英语分级考试。我们从中随机抽取样本容量为200的被试者数据并通过项目反应理论中的BILOG-MG V3.0软件对作答结果的分析来对分级考试中试题进行分析和分类。BILOG软件运用期望后验法 (EAP) 和贝叶斯 (Bayes) 估计法进行考生的能力估计。试题总容量为86, 均采用0、1计分法。其中合格数为75, 10道试题通过分析被列为不合格试题, 75道试题的平均难度为6.16。本文对试题分为难、中、易三个程度。难度值区间为 (0, 10) , 从试题难度平均值来看难题较多, 适合作为分级考试的试题。同时试题的平均区分度为0.5112, 能够较好的区分被试者的能力水平。所有项目都在相应的能力区域产生一定的信息量。
四、结论
以上研究结果表明只有经过科学、客观的分析和筛选的试题才能真正反映出学生的能力特征和能力差异, 才能为下一步建立大学英语分级测试题库奠定坚实的基础, 进而促进大学英语教学, 使学生能力得到全面发展。
摘要：本文以项目反应理论为依据, 运用BILOG-MGV3.0分析软件对大学英语分级测试的试题 (项目) 进行了分析研究, 通过标刻难度、区分度、能力参数等各项目参数, 为科学建立大学英语分级测试题库提供数据, 奠定基础。
关键词：大学英语,分级测试,项目反应理论,试题分析
参考文献
[1]何立新.英语语言测试理论与应用[M].北京:中国社会出版社, 2005.12
[2]教育部高等教育司.大学英语课程教学要求[M].外语教学与研究出版社, 2007:1
[3]于向英.教育测量与统计[M].郑州:郑州大学出版社, 2004.1
[4]张权.语言测试中的项目分析与等值技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2004:2
关键词： 大学数学 试题库 建设过程 注意问题
按照大学数学素质教育的特点，数学教师既需要培养学生数学思维，又需要提高学生学以致用的能力，让学生可以利用大学数学知识解决生活中的实际问题。传统测试受到任课教师主观性的影响比较大，公平性和公正性无法准确把握，而试题库的建设可以使试题规范化与标准化，有效解决命题主观性的问题。因此，探究大学数学试题库的建设，对保障大学数学教学质量及考试的公平公正性有着重要的意义。
1.大学数学试题库建设的必要性
1.1出卷难度较大
考试出卷需要很多优秀教师付出繁重的体力与智力劳动，依据其丰富的教学经验，在组织试卷意图和贯彻大纲要求等方面进行反复推敲，才能完成出卷工作。大学数学试题库的建设可以实现出卷的标准化，有效减轻教师在出卷时的工作量。
1.2保证考试公平性
传统试卷考试中，试题难度、题量和类型的随意性比较强，试卷的保密性较差，容易受到任课教师主观性的影响，无法保证考试的公平性。试题库的难度和区分度有着严格的标准，不会受到任课教师主观性的影响，可以准确考核学生的实际数学水平，保证考试的公平性与有效性。
1.3教考分离的要求
试题库建设是现代教育发展的必然结果。作为教考分离的根本要求，试题库建设体现了课程建设与教学改革的方向，实现了从人工命题向计算机随机命题的转变，为考试方法与考试手段注入了旺盛的生命力，推动了教育的现代化发展。
2.大学数学试题库建设需要遵循的原则
2.1明确性原则
在进行大学数学试题库建设前需要明确试题库的主要用途、使用对象及其性质，确保试题库建设内容的针对性和有效性，真正发挥其在大学数学考核中的作用与价值。
2.2集体性原则
在大学数学试题库建设中需要采取集体命题的方式，改变传统教学中任课教师授课、命题和阅卷集于一身的教学模式，聘请有关专家或者由教研室进行集体命题，通过集思广益的途径克服命题时的主观性、片面性与随意性，提高试题的质量。
2.3动态性原则
大学数学试题库建设需要遵循动态性原则，有权限教师可以按照实际需求对试题进行增加、删减和修改，并灵活调整试题的选取范围，掌控好试题的分值、难度、题量与题型，满足考试目的的要求。
2.4科学性原则
在大学数学试题库建设中，试题内容不能出现学术性的错误;表述需要有逻辑性和严谨性，不会出现歧义情况;试题间不能存在相互矛盾或者提示，降低试题间的关联性;试题需要层次分明，偏、难、繁、杂的试题不能入库，保证试题库的整体质量。
3.大学数学试题库的建设过程
3.1归纳各章节的知识点
大学数学作为重要的基础课程，其知识结构系统而稳定。在进行大学数学试题库建设时，需要对各章节的知识点进行总结归纳，将其充分体现在试题中，确保试题库的适应性，拓宽试题库的应用范围，而不只是将其局限在期末考试方面。
3.2试题筛选确定
在进行大学数学试题库的建设时，所有参与大学数学教学的教师需要按照统一教材、教学内容、课程标准、辅导及参考材料和学生情况等，选择全面完善的知识点进行集体编写，并按照试题库评价指标分析各个题目，统计出试题的满分比例、难度和区分度等，确保试题库的数量适中，取样的范围广，覆盖面比较大，主观题和客观题的比例相对适宜。
3.3试题的试测
在筛选确定试题后需要进行试题的试测工作。试测需要有代表性，保证参加试测工作的样本可以代表试题库使用对象的总体，样本需要采取科学抽样的方法获取，人数保持适中。同时，试测工作需要保密进行，试测后需要对试题进行统计分析，对不合格试题进行删除。
3.4试题入库及完善
在试题的试测结束后，紧接着专家与教研室需要确定试题的题型、题量与分值，再结合教学知识点的分布与试题难易度等，从中整理出15～20套试题为待选内容，经过专家或者教研室的集体讨论与审查，对待选内容进行进一步的修改与完善，最终确定试题库的内容，并定期或者不定期对试题进行增加、删减和修改，从而保证大学数学试题库建设的科学性与有效性。
4.大学数学试题库建设需要注意的问题
由于每个学校生源不同，基础条件、办学特色和教学水平存在差异，为了充分发挥试题库的作用，学校需要从实际出发，建设与学校教学水平相一致的试题库，提高试题库的建设质量。因此，在大学数学试题库的建设过程中，学校需要注意如下问题：
4.1注重对以往试卷的分析
在开始大学数学试题库建设前，徐晓需要对不同层次学生以往考试试卷的信息进行深入全面的分析，准确了解学生的数学基础能力和整体水平，如学生对各知识点难易程度的认知、各类型题的题量及比例和试卷完成时间等，并以此作为制定考试大纲和建设试题库的参考因素。
4.2做好充分试测及评估
对待选的试题，学校需要按照学生数学水平的不同层次进行多次试测，并分析试卷试测的结果，依据多次试测的信息反馈，对待选试题进行细致的筛选，准确评估入库试题的类型、难易度和完成时间等。同时，在试测结束后，学校需要组织学生围绕试题内容进行座谈，了解学生对试题的认识，如题型的全面性、题量的适宜性和试题的难度等，结合学生对试测的评价和见解，定期或者不定期对其试题库进行完善，保证大学数学试题库的有效性。
4.3确定合适的满分比例及难度
满分比例计算公式为P=n/N，n为试测中满分人数，N为参加试测人数。为了保证大学数学试题库中试题的难度适宜，试题主要选择满分比例在10%～90%，这样试题库可以满足不同层次学生的实际需求。同时，为了保证大学数学试题库中客观题与主观题的比例，试题库需要选择合适的难度。客观题难度的计算公式为T=1—P，P为满分比例，主观题难度的计算公式为T’=1—X/M，X为平均分，M为最高分。对大学数学试题库而言，入库试题难度一般为0.3～0.7，平均难度为0.5左右，如果试题难度超出这个范围，则需要控制其数量，不能使试题库的难度过高或过低。
4.4控制好试题库的区分度
将所有考生成绩从高到低进行排列，以前27%为高分组，其得分总和为S;后27%为低分组，其得分总和为S。区分度计算公式为q=2（S—S）/（S+S），控制区分度在0.15～0.25。这样可以帮助教师准确把握学生的整体水平。
5.结语
大学数学试题库建设可以帮助教师考核学生的学习效果，了解学生的数学整体水平，让教师在教学中改进与完善教学方法和教学手段，提高课堂教学的质量与效率，促进学生的全面发展。
参考文献：
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基金项目：河北省高等教育教学改革研究与实践项目，编号：2015GJJG129
河北科技师范学院教学研究项目，编号：JYZB201406，JYYB201404
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