定语从句

定语从句篇1

定语从句的关系词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词 (who, whom, whose, that, which) 和关系副词 (when, where, why) , 关系代词和关系副词位于先行词及定语从句之间, 起连接作用, 同时也在定语从句中充当句子成分。

注意:1.what不能引导定语从句。

2.关系词与它在定语从句中所充当的句子成分有关。

关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词通常是指人或物的名词或代词, 在主句中充当主语、宾语等成分。关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略, 作宾语时可以省略。

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时, 从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。

1.用于指人的关系代词有who, whom和that。that和who可用作主语或宾语, whom只能用作宾语。如:

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

He is the man (whom/that/who) I saw yesterday.

2.用于指物的关系代词有which和that, 作主语和宾语均可。如:

Mary likes music which/that is quiet and gentle.

Where is the book which/that Sarah lent me yesterday?

(注:that既可指人, 也可指物)

3.whose用来指人或物, 只用作定语。指物时可以与of which互换。如:

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

Please pass me the book whose cover is green./Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.

补充说明:

1) 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰, 或被修饰的先行词为all, any, many, the one等不定代词时, 关系代词只能用that, 而不用which。如:

He was the first person that passed the exam.

Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?

2) 当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few等词修饰时, 关系代词只能用that, 而不用which。如:

This is the same bike that I lost.

3) 当关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时, 介词可放于先行词之前, 也可以放在谓语动词的后面, 但含有介词的短语动词不能被拆开, 其中的介词必须放在动词后面。另外, 关系代词that不能直接放在介词的后面。如:

This is the room in which he lives.

The child whom she is looking after isn’t her son.

关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词when, where, why可代替的先行词分别是表示时间、地点或原因的名词, 在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构, 因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。如:

I’ll never forget the days when (on which) I stay with you.

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

巩固练习:

() 1.Children like houses________are painted in different colors.

A.whichB.whoseC.whatD.where

() 2.Is this the river________I can swim?

A.whichB.in whichC.thatD.the one

() 3.This is the best hotel in the city________I know.

A.whereB.whichC.thatD.whose

() 4.Can you lend me the dictionary________the other day?

A.that you boughtB.you bought it

C.that you bought itD.which you bought it

() 5.Anyone________with what I said may put up your hands.

A.who agreeB.which agreeC.who agreesD.which agrees

() 6.My watch is not the only thing________is missing.

A.thatB.whatC.whichD.who

() 7.The man________coat is black is waiting at the gate.

A.who’sB.whoseC.thatD.of which

() 8.The girl________is reading under the tree________my sister.

A.which, isB.whom, wasC.who, isD.who, was

() 9.I love places________the people are really friendly.

A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when

() 10.Is this English book________I gave you?

A.thatB.whichC.whoD.the one

定语从句篇2

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别如下：

具体说来有四点不同：

限制性定语从句紧跟在先行词后面，不能用逗号把从句与先行词分隔开来；非限制性定语从句通常由逗号与句子其他成分隔开。如：

This is the New Bora which I bought last month. 这是我上个月买的那辆新宝来轿车。（限制性）

The New Bora， which I bought last month， is very nice. 这辆新宝来轿车很漂亮，是我上个月买的。（非限制性）

This summer I went to Shanghai Expo， where I spent 5 days and saw a lot of attractive things. 今年夏天，我去了上海世博会，在那儿待了五天，观览了很多魅力无穷的事物。（非限制性）

The expression “Oh， my Lady Gaga”， which is used to express one?蒺s surprise， is very popular among children these days. 用来表达惊讶的话语“Oh， my Lady Gaga”如今在孩子们中间很盛行。（非限制性）

限制性定语从句与先行词的关系非常密切，是先行词不可缺少的定语，它所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或物，如果删去，全句的意思就会变得不明确；而非限制性定语从句在意义上是先行词的一个附加修饰语，对先行词只起进一步补充说明的作用，若把它去掉，句子仍能成立，全句意思仍然清楚。请比较下面两组句子：

My son who is 18 years old is a college student.

我18岁的那个儿子是个大学生。

My son， who is 18 years old， is a college student.

我儿子是大学生，今年18岁。

第一句中，限制性定语从句限制了先行词的意义，明确是18岁的那个儿子（而不是其他的，即有可能还有其他儿子）。第二句使用了非限制性定语从句，表明可能只有一个儿子，他今年18岁，起补充说明作用。再如：

The girl who stood in the corner just now is my younger sister. 刚才站在角落里的那个姑娘是我的妹妹。

Mary Smith，who is in the corner， wants to meet you. 玛丽·史密斯在那个角落里，她想见你。

第一个例句中的定语从句指明作为主语的“姑娘”不是任何一个，而是在角落的那个；如果去掉定语从句，表达的意思就不明确。第二个例句已经表明主语是谁，定语从句只不过是补充说明一点情况而已；若去掉从句，句子意思仍然完整。

限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词除名词或代词外，还可以是整个主句（此时，常用which或as引导从句）。如：

All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需要的只是一些油而已。（限制性）

Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf is one of the best cartoons， which is loved by both children and adults. 《喜羊羊与灰太狼》是最好的卡通片之一，深受儿童和成年人的喜爱。（非限制性）

As has been announced， there were 42 deaths in the airplane crash in Yichun. 正如所宣布的一样，在伊春空难中有42人遇难。（句中as是关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面整个主句的内容。）

在把限制性定语从句译成汉语时，通常在从句的末尾加“的”字，放在它所修饰名词的前边。而在把非限制性定语从句译成汉语时，一般译成一个单独的句子。限制性定语从句中通常先译从句后译先行词；而非限制性定语从句中则往往相反。如：

He is a man who/that never leaves today?蒺s work till tomorrow. 他是一个从不把今天的工作留到明天去做的人。（限制性）

This is my secretary Lucy，who never leaves today?蒺s work till tomorrow. 这是我的秘书露西，她从不把今天的工作留到明天去做。（非限制性）

We are living in an age when many things are done on computer. 我们生活在一个许多工作都由电脑来完成的时代。（限制性）

The 2010 Youth Olympic Games， which is hosted by Singapore is attended by 3，200 athletes between 14 and 18. 2010年青奥会有3200名14到18岁的年轻运动员参加，本届青奥会由新加坡承办。（非限制性）

After graduating from college， I took some time off to go travelling， which turned out to be a wise decision. 大学毕业后，我休假一段时间去旅游，结果证明是一个明智的决定。（非限制性）

1. 非限制性定语从句的先行词是短语或句子时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。如：

Peter drove too fast， which was very dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。

Yao Ming， who has come back， attracted a lot of attention. 姚明复出了，这吸引了很多关注。

He likes playing table tennis， which benefits him greatly. 他喜欢打乒乓球，这使他受益颇多。

Liquid water changes to vapor， which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

On Aug 7， 2010， a powerful mudslide hit Zhouqu County， Gansu Province， which led to a great loss. 2010年8月7日，甘肃舟曲县发生特大泥石流，导致巨大损失。

2. 当先行词为专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，要用非限制性定语从句修饰。如：

Mr. Smith， who is our boss， will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。

My house， which I bought last year， has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

The movie Aftershock， which is directed by Feng Xiaogang， moves a lot of audience. 电影《唐山大地震》由冯小刚执导，感动了无数的观众。

3. 关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

例1 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物，这使她非常高兴。

误：He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday， that pleased her a lot.

正：He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday， which pleased her a lot.

例2 他没通过这次考试，令我很失望。

误：He didn?蒺t pass the exam， that disappointed me.

正：He didn?蒺t pass the exam， which disappointed me.

as和which引导的非限制性定语从句

1.由as， which引导的非限制性定语从句，as和which都能指代整句内容。如：

As we know， smoking is harmful to one?蒺s health. 正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。

A five?鄄year?鄄old boy can speak two foreign languages， which surprises all the people present. 一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。

2. as可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，常常有“正如……”的意思。这种定语从句既可置于主句之前，也可置于主句之后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后，相当于and this或and that。如：

As is known to all， water is an important kind of natural resource. 众所周知，水是一种重要的自然资源。

He died of cancer， as is expected. 正如所料，他死于癌症。

We moved the big stone away from the road， which took us an hour.=We moved the big stone away from the road， and that took us an hour. 我们把那块大石头从路上搬走了，这花去了我们一个小时的时间。

3. as引导限制性定语从句，先行词前常被such，the same，so修饰，即构成such ... as，the same ... as，so ... as结构。as在定语从句中充当的成分是主语、宾语或表语。如：

I have got into the same trouble as he （has）. 我陷入了和他遇到的一样的麻烦。

These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. 如人们所料，这些房子以如此低的价格出售。

即学即练

1. Please show me the book___________cover is red.

A. whoB. whom

C. whichD. whose

2. As a child， Jack studied in a village school，___________is named after his grandfather.

A. whichB. where

C. whatD. that

3. The settlement is home to nearly 1?郯000 people， many of___________left their village homes for a better life in the city.

A. whomB. which

C. themD. those

4. Children who are not active or___________diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.

A. whatB. whose

C. whichD. that

5. Whenever I met her，___________was fairly often， she greeted me with a sweet smile.

A. whoB. which

C. whenD. that

6. They?蒺ve won their last three matches ，

___________ I find a bit surprising actually.

A. thatB. when

C. whatD. which

7. My friend showed me round the town ，

was very kind of him.

A. whichB. that

C. whereD. it

8. Because of the financial crisis， days are gone___________local 5?鄄star hotels charged 6，000 yuan for one night.

A. ifB. when

C. whichD. since

9. Gun control is a subject___________Ameri?鄄cans have argued for a long time.

A. of whichB. with which

C. about whichD. into which

10. —What do you think of teaching， Bob？

—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job___________you are doing something serious but interesting.

A. whereB. which

定语从句讲解篇3

一、基本概念：

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which，as 关系副词有：when, where, why.二、关系词的用法：

（一）关系代词的用法：

1．作主语用who, which和that, 如： He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.2．作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：

The man(whom/who/that)we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book(which/that)I bought last week? 注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。

3．作定语用whose, 如：(a)He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b)It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如： They came to a house whose back wall had broken down..(= the back wall of which)He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(= whose name)4．作表语只用that，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place(that)it used to be.（二）关系副词的用法：

1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：

I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came, he did his best to help us.But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等。This is the hotel where they are staying.I forget the house where the Smiths lived.注：where有时也可以省略。如：

This is the place(where)we met yesterday.3． why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如： That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.注：why时常也可以省略。如： That is the real reason he did it.(三)使用关系副词应注意下列几点：

1．这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构： when = on(in, at, during„)+ which;where = in(at, on„)+ which;why = for which.如：

I was in Beijing on the day when(=on which)he arrived.The office where(=in which)he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason why(=for which)we did it.2．当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：

I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.3． when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如： This is the telegram which he refers to.Is there anything(that)I can do for you? 2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：

This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。

另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：

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I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother.= I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.3．两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较： All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.All the books there that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him.His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man.（只有一个）His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old.（不止一个）

4．有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。当整个主句（先行词）在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。

eg: He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would.He has left here, which greatly upsets me.注：

（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。They are hollow, which makes them very light.As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.（2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象„ „那样”。

（3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用或当非限制定语从句为否定时，则常用which，而不用as，如：

She stole her friend’s money, which was disgraceful.He tore up my photo, which upset me.Tom drinks a lot everyday,which his wife doesn’t like at all.5．在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如：

The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that : The way(in which)he spoke to us was suspicious.I don’t like the way(that)you laugh at her.四．关系词的选择

1．在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。

2．关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：

Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?

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Do you know the boy(that)she was talking to? The pencil(which/that)he was writing with suddenly broke.3．在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：(1)当先行词是all, a lot,(a)little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如： All that can be done has been done.In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.(2)当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如：

We heard clearly every word that he said.(3)当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：

The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.(4)当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容

词最高级同时修饰时，如：

Is that the best that you can do? That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.(5)当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如： This is the very book that I want to find.(6)当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：

The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.(7)当主句是以which，who,what开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Which is the car that killed the boy? Who is the person that is making this lecture? 4.用which而不用that的情况：

①引导非限制性定语从句； ②代表整个主句的意思； ③介词+关系代词。e.g.He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。

This is the room in which my father lived last year.这是父亲去年居住过的房子。

5.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。

但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that：

(1)当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。如：

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Is there anyone who can answer this question? He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.注：在非正式文体中可以说：You’re the one that knows where to go.)(2)当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如： He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that„。如： He that promises too much means nothing.(3)当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如：

Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?(4)在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如：

A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.There’s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.I was the only person in my office who was invited.(5)两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如：

She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.6.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that:(1)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there? Which of us that knows anything does not know this?(2)当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如： He is the greatest man that has ever lived.(3)当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如： She is the only person that understands me.7.当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。

如：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。

This is the same instrument as I used yesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。

在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用： I have the same opinion as / that you have.这里要注意的是：

（1）使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如： Women received the same pay as men.Women received the same pay that men received.(2)在“the same„that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。

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that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如： This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.= This is the instrument I used yesterday.但在“the same„as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。

(3)当“the same„that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。

如：He lives in the same building that I live.= He lives in the same building as / that I live in.Shall we meet at the same place that we last met? = Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at? 8.当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如： A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.另需注意：

This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句）

This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.（结果状语从句）

9.as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：

as is known to all,as is said,as is reported, as is announced,as we all know,as I expect等。

定语从句教学反思篇4

班级：高一（16）班教师：朱丽娟

语法教学一直以来，主要以教师的讲解为主，通过教师的讲解，学生了解和掌握语法现象，进而通过演绎法和大量的机械训练，完成知识的传输。而随着新课改的深入推进，新课改思想和理念正逐步与教学实践结合起来。新课标要求教师在教学中鼓励学生通过体验、实践、讨论、合作和探究等方式，自主尝试，因而在课堂教学中，提倡任务型学习和合作探究的学习，在情景交际的运用中学，即“学中用，用中学”。

一、设计理念

这节课试图采用新课标提倡的“语言接触---语言体会---语言聚焦---语言运用”这一教学模式。定语从句作为高中阶段第一个接触的比较重要的语法点，是英语教学的重点，也是学生学习的难点，同时又是高考考查的热点。而新课标提倡对定语从句的考查不单纯考查其语法结构，而是把它融入到一定的语境中，考查考生的实际综合运用能力。在语法项目上新课标要求用适当的语法形式描述人、物及事件。因而在教学中，就要充分调动学生的积极性，让学生感知语法现象，体会其表达意义，学会总结语法规律，并能在情景中利用语法现象。此节课的具体构思如下： 1.教学目标

使学生对定语从句的功能和作用有清晰的认识；使学生掌握九个关系代词和关系副词的用法。使学生能够在真实的语境中正确使用定语从句描述人，物和事；促进学生自主分析，概括以及合作能力。使学生充分体验定语从句的强大功能，进而激发其使用此项语法工具的兴趣。

2.教学重点：让学生自主观察、分析、总结关系代/副词的选取规则。

3.教学难点：在具体的情景中学会简单运用所学的定语从句的知识描述人或事物。二．课堂操作

1.以猜谜的形式导入话题并回顾定语从句的基本概念 2.利用课前完成的代表性习题归纳关系代/副词的选取规则 1）学生课前自主完成历年高考中定语从句的代表性例题并以小组为单位核对、商讨、形成小范围的共识。

2）各小组展示本组答案，对有分歧的例题要求各组说明理由并展开讨论。教师在学生讨论的过程中发现问题，有针对性地点拨提示。

3）以小组为单位，完成关系代词/副词选取规则的总结任务并填写表格。

3.在具体的情景中运用定语从句描述人或事物

1）假设学生在和来自国外的网友谈论校园生活，要求在对话中尽量使用定语从句描述学校、老师、同学。2）对话展示三．课后体会

1.教学设计比较符合学生的现有的经验和知识水平；在步骤安排上，环节之间跨度小，注意环节之间的相互铺垫、搭配，在知识和能力要求上，逐层提高，因而学生基本能够通过自己体验、观察分析句子结构，简单归纳定语从句的基本形式，基本达成了预定的教学目标。

2.课堂教学操作中，能够根据预定的教学设计，恰当引导学生自主体验、尝试自己观察定语从句，归纳定语从句规律，一定程度上锻炼了学生的思维，促使学生相互交流，共同学习提高。3.课堂教学中，力求让学生通过复现句子，分析结构，相互讨论，自主把握定语从句规则，学生较好地完成了任务，对下面的难点克服很有帮助。

定语从句的课件篇5

教材和学生分析：

本案例是从实际应用的角度学习语法知识，在现实的情境中应用语法知识。语法知识的学习尽可能从实际应用的角度入手，让学生在相对真实的日常生活和学习的情景中感到在语言的应用中需要语法知识，要确保交际的准确，就需要学习和掌握语法知识。

教学目标：

1.掌握定语从句的关系代词that, which, who, whose的用法。

2.培养在交际环境中应用定语从句的语言运用能力。

教学重难点：定语从句中交际环境中的应用能力。

教学过程：

step 1：示范

教师利用多媒体向学生展示本校优美的校园和丰富的校园生活。请学生描述所看到的情景和人物，教师同时向学生用含有定语从句的句子总结学生的表述，引出定语从句。

学生：this is our classroom. it is bright and big. or: this is our classroom. we study in the classroom every day.

教师：this is our classroom that is bright and big. or: this is our classroom where we study every day.

学生：this is our english teacher. he loves us all. or: this is our english teacher. his pronunciation is perfect.

教师：this is our english teacher who loves us all. or: this is our english teacher whose pronunciation is perfect.

设计意图：

课前用数码相机拍几张校园里的人和物的图片，上课时用多媒体展示给学生看，让学生有亲近感，拉近了师生距离，使学生产生表达的欲望。

学生的已有语言基础充许他们介绍所看到的图片，教师在学生描述的基础上，用合并两个简单句的方法，导入定语从句。

step 2：语言活动

game 1：一个比划一个猜

游戏规则：

1. 两个人配合，一个人面对屏幕、另一个人背对屏幕，面对屏幕的用英语解释屏幕上出现的某种事物，背对屏幕的那个人则要根据同伴的解释猜出它的名称。

2. 规定所猜的单词必须是教室范围以内的。

3. 全班分几个小组，老师在屏幕上展示一张物品或人物图片，然后由面对屏幕的同学用英语来进行解释，解释对了而且同伴答对了，加一分，如果使用定语从句进行解释，就再加一分。

some objects that are used in the game:

computer, dictionary, textbook, chair, money, door, eraser, television, pocket, chalk, window, pen, glasses, shoes, paper, knife, pencil, keys, clock, door, water, knife, wall, keyboard, floor

door: something you open before you enter a house or a room

water: something that you drink when you are thirsty

television: something which can broadcast news and other programs

…

其中有一些单词需要用介词加关系代词引导的定语从句来进行解释，如：

dictionary: a book in which we can find the meanings or the pronunciation of a new word

chair: a piece of furniture on which people sit

money: something with which we can buy things

computer: a machine with which we are playing the game

game 2：竞猜游戏(判断他/她是谁或它是什么)

1. 活动形式：6～8人小组活动

2. 情境设置：教师先对教室里的人、事或物进行口头描述。学生听后作出口头反应(说出是谁或是什么)。例如：

t: she is a girl who got three gold medals in the last sports meet.

s: wu yan.

t: right. now another one. it is a book that can tell you the meaning of new words when you study english.

s:a dictionary.

3. 游戏规则：游戏分初赛和复赛;初赛后每组选出优秀选手3人参加复赛。为了使任务更加有趣，组员每猜中一次可得一分;教师将学生猜中的人或物写在黑板上，以防重复猜测;最后角逐出前三名，并予以奖励。

4. 操作步骤：

i. 教师布置任务，讲清游戏规则;

ii. 学生活动，教师当裁判并维持秩序;

iii. 角逐出复赛选手，复赛后予以奖励。

5. 注意事项：

学生熟悉了该游戏后，教师可以加大游戏的难度。教师可以联系学生的实际，拓宽要猜测的人、事或物的范围。教师事先准备一些图画、照片或卡片(上面有文字)，将学生分为两组：一组描述，另一组猜测。例如：

he is the first chinese who travelled in a spaceship.

the girl who played the heroine in titanic.

the city that will hold the 29th olympic games.

the first european who discovered america.

设计意图：

传统的语法教学常采用“定义-讲解-释疑-练习”的方式，很难给学生提供用所学的语法项目进行真实交际的机会。而通过游戏教学语法，让学生在完成一定的任务中，在自己已有知识基础上，通过同伴互助和教师的帮助，在实际运用语言的过程中掌握新知识，新课改强调让学生运用所掌握的语言知识去表达有意义的思想;而不是仅仅把教学的重点集中在语言本身的形式上(龚亚夫，罗少茜，2003)。根据对定语从句的功能(主要是用来描述、定义和补充说明)的理解，定语从句的教学不是为了让学生能在考试中选出某一道题的正确答案，而是让学生能运用定语从句描述或辨别他们所熟悉的。人、事或物，学会定义某个名词，或通过阅读定义准确理解和掌握词义。因此，教师在学生掌握定语从句的基本规则后，应尽可能给学生提供表达的机会，使他们能够用所学语法项目进行口头或笔头的交流，以促使其对该语法项目的理解、掌握与运用。语法教学的目的是要通过灵活的教学设计来突出语法的精髓，通过丰富的情景创设来活化语法，让语法教学生动起来，从而帮助学生在完成任务的过程中将孤立和零碎的语言知识转化为灵活运用语言的能力。

step 3：归纳

要求学生总结定语从句中关系代词that/which, who/whom/whose的用法，从而实现目标的达成。用多媒体展示如下的表格，要求学生填写红色部分。

设计意图：

定语从句难点探讨篇6

一、关系代词和关系副词的运用

很多学生在选择关系词时顾首不顾尾, 只看空格前面的词指人还是物, 表时间还是地点, 根本不考虑关系词在从句中的句子成分。例如:

1. (1) This is the place_____they once lived.

(2) This is the place_____they visited last week.

2. (1) Can you still remember the day_____he joined the army?

(2) Can you still remember the days_____we spent in Beijing?

3. (1) This is the school_____he studied at 20 years ago.

(2) This is the school_____he studied 20 years ago.

以上各组句子中的第一句和第二句看上去很相似, 可是句子中使用的引导词却不同。第一组句子里, 两个句子的先行词都是the place, 但是句 (1) 定语从句中live是不及物动词, 因此用关系副词where引导定语从句, 并在从句中作地点状语。而句 (2) 中定语从句visit是及物动词, 缺宾语, 因此须用关系代词that或which来引导从句。

同样, 第二组句子里, 关系词在从句中充当的句子成分各不相同, 句 (1) 中定语从句不缺主语和宾语, 需用关系副词when来引导, 并在从句里作时间状语。句 (2) 中该用that或which来引导, 并在定语从句中作及物动词spent的宾语。

同理可推知, 第三组句子中, 句 (1) 中用which引导定语从句并在从句中作介词at的宾语, 而句 (2) 中应填where引导从句, 并在从句中作地点状语。

由此可见, 在选择关系词时, 关键是看引导词在定语从句中所起的作用, 要正确分析定语从句中的句子成分:若从句中缺主语或宾语, 就用关系代词;若从句中不缺主语或宾语, 则要考虑用关系副词, 在从句中作状语。

二、标点符号对句子结构的影响

(1) I have bought two pens, _____writes well.

A.both of whichB.neither of which

C.neither of them D.both of them

(2) I have bought two pens._____writes well.

A.Both of whichB.Neither of which

C.Neither of them D.Both of them

句 (1) 中横线前面用了逗号, 逗号后面部分是一个定语从句, 用来修饰前面的名词two pens, 而且定语从句中缺少主语。但是还要注意从句中主谓一致的问题。句 (1) 中定语从句的谓语动词是第三人称单数形式writes, A项就不符合要求, 所以正确答案是B。而句 (2) 则把题干中的逗号改为了句号, 说明前后是两个完整的句子, 后面这个句子中缺少主语, 所以空格中应填入能作主语的代词或名词, 所以答案应是C。因此平日教学中应引导学生答题时细心, 要注意标点符号, 观察句子结构, 要牢记英语中逗号不能起连接两个句子的作用, 只有连词、关系代词、关系副词才能连接并列句或引导从句。两个句子之间是逗号时, 要考虑可能是非限制性定语从句, 要么就需要连词and或but或or之类的词。

三、有the无the有区别

(1) Is this the school_____you visited last week?

A.that B.in which C.the one D.where

(2) Is this school_____you visited last week?

A.that B.in which C.the one D.where

解答这类题目时还原一定要准确。答题分两步走:首先使用还原法, 把它恢复为正常语序;再观察设空的前前后后, 看冠词the修饰谁, 看主句是否完整, 从句里缺少什么句子成分。很明显, 句 (1) 可以转变为:This is the school_____you visited last week.该句中This is the school是主句, the school是先行词, 其后是定语从句, 从句中缺少及物动词visited的宾语, 因此答案应该是A。而句 (2) 转变时容易出错, 有人把它转化为:This is school_____you visited last week.这样一来他们还是选A。殊不知This is school这种说法不合英语表达习惯, school是可数名词, 其前应该有修饰语, 如a school或the/this/that/my/Tom’s等。所以句 (2) 转化为陈述句应该是:This school is_____you visited last week.the one作先行词, 定语从句中that/which在从句中作宾语可省略, 故答案应为C。因此答这类题时既要看从句结构, 还要看主句是否完整, 有无先行词。

四、whose用法不清楚

(1) His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone_____ family was poor.

A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose

(2) Look out!Don’t get too close to the house _____roof is under repair.

A.that B.which C.of which D.whose

以上两题正确答案均为D。对于第一题, 很多学生明白关系词在从句中充当定语, 修饰名词family, 意即“任何人的家庭”。然而第二题就没那么有把握了, 受到定式思维的影响, 他们以为whose只能指代与人相关的情况, 却不知whose也可修饰某物, 作其定语, 如例 (2) 中其意即“房子的屋顶”。因此教学中应该特别注意whose用法, 要正确引导学生反复操练“whose+名词”转换为“介词+关系代词 (whom/which) ”。例如上面的题 (2) 还可以变为:

Look out!Don’t get too close to the house the roof of which is under repair.

Look out!Don’t get too close to the house of which the roof is under repair.

五、定语从句和同位语从句的区分

引导定语从句的关系词在从句中一定充当了句子成分, 如that在从句中充当主语或宾语, 作主语时不可省略。而同位语从句中的that则可以看成为一个等于号, 它在从句中不担当任何句子成分, 也不能省略。例如:

(1) The news that our team won the match was encouraging.

(2) The news (that/which) we heard on the radio was encouraging.

句 (1) 中画线部分里our team won the match是一个完整的句子, 不缺少主语或宾语, that只起引导从句的作用, 在从句中不担当任何句子成分, 也不能省略, 所以that引导的就是同位语从句, 对前面的名词the news进行补充说明。句 (2) 中we heard on the radio这个从句成分残缺, 缺少宾语, 所以that/which引导的是定语从句, 关系代词一方面起引导定语从句的作用, 另一方面在从句中担当宾语, 可以省略。

六、小结

定语从句考点聚焦篇7

[焦点一] 考查关系代词who

[要点简述] 当指人的先行词是定语从句的逻辑主语或是从句动作的执行者时，关系代词要用who。

[中考试题]

1. The real great man is the man ______ makes every man feel great.

A. whereB. who C. whichD. when (2006年云南省课改试验区)

2. — Do you know the lady ______ is interviewing our headmaster?

— Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV.

A. whichB. who C. whomD. whose(2004年辽宁省)

3. The girl with some flowers in her hand is my sister.（改为含有定语从句的复合句）

→The girl______ ______ some flowers in her hand is my sister.（2006年兰州市）

Keys: 1～2：BＢ3： who has

[焦点二] 考查关系代词whom的用法

[要点简述] 当指人的先行词是定语从句的逻辑宾语时，关系代词用whom，有时可以省略。

[中考试题]

The young lady ______ we met yesterday is our new maths teacher.

A. what B. whose C. whom D. which （2005年天津市） Key:C

[焦点三] 考查关系代词 that的用法

[要点简述] 关系代词that在定语从句中可以指人或物，通常用作主语、宾语、表语等。that指人时，可代替who / whom；指物时，相当于which。但以下情况只能用that，不能用 which：1.先行词为all，much，something，everything等不定代词时；（如：There’s nothing that can be said about it.关于这件事可能无话可说。） 2.当先行词被any，few，little，no，some等修饰时；（如：There is little work that is fit for you. 几乎没有适合你的工作。） 3.当先行词为数词或被last，next等修饰时；（如：Look at those flowers. You can see the two that you gave me. 看那些花，你能看见你给我的那两种。） 4.当先行词被the very，the only，the just修饰时；（如：The only thing that I need now is money. 我现在唯一需要的是钱。） 5.当先行词既指人又指物时；（如：We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited.我们访问过的老师和学校给我们留下了很深的印象。） 6.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时；（This is the most important task that should be finished soon.这是必须很快完成的最重要的任务。） 7.主句是以who，which引导的疑问句时；（Who is the woman that was talking to my mother? 和我妈妈谈话的那个妇女是谁？）8.先行词在主句或从句中作表语时用that，不用which。（如：It’s a book that will help you a lot. 这是一本对你很有帮助的书。）

[中考试题]

1. — Who is the man ______ was walking to our English teacher?

— Oh! It’s Mr.Baker, our new maths teacher.

A. he B. that C. whom D. which （2004年广东省）

2. That’s the only thing ______ can’t be forgotten in my life.

A. that B. which C. who D. / (2003年甘肃省)

3. With the money ______ he had saved, he went on with his studies.（2004年常州市）

A. what B. that C. who D. where

4. There are lots of things ______ I need to do before I leave tonight.（2006年漳州市）

A. that B. who C. whyD. what

Keys: 1～4：BABA

[焦点四] 考查关系代词which的用法

[要点简述] 关系代词which在定语从句中通常用作主语、宾语或定语。以下情况只能用which，不用that：1.引导词后面有介词时；（如：This is the room in which he works. 这是他的工作间。）2.先行词本身是that时；（如：The watch is that which tells the time. 表是报时用的。）3.非限制性定语从句中先行词是物时；（如：He has a computer, which was bought by his father yesterday.他有一台电脑，是他爸爸昨天买的。）4.引导词在被动句中用作主语时。（如：I like the toys which are colored. 我喜欢那些涂了不同颜色的玩具。）

[中考试题]

1. — Can you introduce the town to me?

— OK. This is the town in ______ I was born.

A. thatB. who C. which(2005年哈尔滨市)

2. The town ______ we visited a few years ago is much larger than before.

A. it B. who C. which （2005年四川省）

3. I’m looking at the photograph ______ you sent me with your letter.

A. who B. when C. which D. it （2004年浙江省）

Keys: 1 ～ 3：CCC

[焦点五] 考查关系代词whose的用法

[要点简述] 关系代词在定语从句中作定语指人并表示所属关系时，用whose。

[中考试题]