英文英文求职信（精选8篇）
Dear Sir or Madam
I am writing this letter to recommend myself as a qualified candidate for the position advertised on the newspaper—part-time English reporter.
I am a student from Xinhua Middle School, aged 17.I think Im qualified for the job .First of all, as a student, Ive read a lot and have much knowledge in many fields. Im enthusiastic about English and do well not only in speaking but also in writing. Besides, Im easy to get along with an enjoy working together with others. Last but not least, I once worked as a reporter for my school broadcasting station. So Im sure I can do the job well if I get the position.
I would appreciate it if you could allow me an interview.Im looking forward to your reply. ??? Chinese is one of the worlds major language. It is spoken by the largest number of people in the world, more than 1 billion, most of whom live in China. there are about 50,000 characters in written Chinese, about 20,000 of which are? known to most people. There are 8 main varieties of Chinese, which are different from each other in pronunciation. Putonghua, closely similar to the language spoken Beijing, has been developed since the late 1950s.
自Brown&Levinson发表《礼貌使用中的一些普遍原则:礼貌现象》一文后, 礼貌现象逐渐成为普通语言学、社会语言学、人类学、心理语言学、语用学等学科的重要研究内容。在影响礼貌策略选择的语境中, Brown&Levinson认为, 说话人通过三个互相独立的变量来确定威胁面子的严重程度。这三种变量是社会距离, 即说话人和听话人之间的熟悉、亲密程度;相对权势, 听话人对于说话人所拥有的权势, 即说话人可以把自己的意志强加于听话人的程度;某一文化中对于强加程度的绝对程度的评价。说话人和听话人之间的社会距离越大, 说话人对于听话人所拥有的权势越大, 其言语行为本身强加于人的程度越大, 那么该言语行为威胁面子的程度就越大, 说话人就应该采取补偿性最强的策略。由此可见, 礼貌语言的运用与交际对象的关系疏密、地位高低等因素紧密相关。一般来说, 交际双方关系越密切, 地位、年龄、辈分越相当, 所需要的礼貌形式的程度就越低;双方关系越疏远、越陌生, 对方地位越高、辈分越尊、年龄越长, 则越需要客气。
在求职信这个语境中, 求职者和雇主双方的社会距离决定了求职信的语言要采取不同的表达形式来折射两者之间的社会和心理距离。选择不同的语言表达形式实际上是选择不同的礼貌原则, 即在言语交际中是指把礼貌信念及他人的信念表达提高到最大限度, 而把有损于他人的信念表达减到最小限度。这样遵循其文化背景下所形成的礼貌的语言表达规律, 才能达到其语义的预期效果。
二、语气
求职信的目的是向雇主推荐自己, 陈述句的功能就是提供信息。所以在求职信中表示陈述语气的陈述句使用频率极高, 主要以第一人称:“I”的形式进行个人信息的介绍。但当要求对方做某事时, 多以祈使句加“please”礼貌措辞这种方式来表达。比如, 一般求职者在结束语部分都要请求行动——面试。如“Please contact me, and let me know an appropriate time”“Please feel free to contact me at any time regarding this matter”。
另外, 动词的时、体形式也是表达礼貌的诸多手段之一。在不同语言中, 体的礼貌价值有所不同。英语中表示意愿的词 (如“hope”“want”) 用进行体, 表示说话人试探性地、礼貌地表达自己的愿望。现在进行体能够使表达“变得婉转、留有余地”。过去进行时“具有较浓的试探色彩, 显得更为礼貌”。另外, 进行时态和情态动词 (如“will”“shall”) 连用, 可以“淡化主观意志, 增加客观色彩”以表示礼貌。有些动词 (如“hope”“wander”“want”等) 用一般过去时和过去进行时态表示说话者的委婉与客气。同时, 现在进行时态也可以表示婉转口气。例如在求职信结尾部分, 几种形式表示婉转口气的程度逐渐减弱, 如“Iwas hoping/ you would consider me for this position”“Iam hoping/ you will consider me for this position”“Ihoped/ you would consider me for this position”“I hope/ you will consider me for this position”。
三、情态
情态用来表示说话人的意愿和判断以及说话人对某个命题或提议的态度、看法。根据系统功能语法, 情态可分为两类, 即情态化和意态化。情态化包括通常性阶和可能性阶;意态化包括倾向性阶和责任阶。情态可以通过情态词、情态状语、限定成分等来实现。
同时, 情态助动词可分为低、中、高量值 (见下表) 。
基于情态意义的程度差异, 求职者在表达人际意义时需要根据情态的量值来选择恰当的表达形式。
不同的情态意义和说话人的不同态度由不同量值的情态表达。情态量值越低, 话语越礼貌;情态量值越高, 话语越不礼貌。研究发现英文求职信中一般用中低情态值, 如在开头部分“Iwouldlike to apply for the job of a Costumer Consultant”, 在中间部分“I willuse my talents for the success and betterment of your organization”, 在结尾部分“I shallbe pleased to provide any information you may need, and hope I might be given the opportunity of an interview”“I can be contacted during the day at 1234567, or you may leave a message with my answering service at 1234567”。
另外, 说话者有时选择语气的隐喻形式而不是一致性的体现形式。导致说话者作出不同选择的因素可能涉及多方面, 其中包括说话者的角色、态度、会话双方的权力关系、亲密或熟悉程度等。情态的隐喻性表达也有助于实现礼貌的需求。强调明显主观和明显客观的表达都是隐喻性的。比如在向陌生人或比自己身份高的人表示意见时, 常使用隐喻性的明确主观来表示, 以示客气和敬重。
如在信的开头部分, 当求职者提出要求时, 根据受话者的身份以及交谈双方的关系, 可能会选择不同的表达方式。通常求职者倾向于使用情态中值的人际隐喻来体现礼貌原则:“I wantto apply for the position of a product architect”“I am interestedin the position of a product architect”。
上面例句中“interested”礼貌地表明了求职者的个人愿望, 这样不会因为“want”而给雇主施加压力从而危及雇主的面子。
再如在信的结尾处“I look forward tohearing from you soon”使用具有情态中值的“look forward to”来帮助求职者表达愿望, 这种表达也降低了雇主的义务, 从而与雇主建立了良好的关系。
四、结语
书信交流是间接的言语交际, 尽量使对方感受到尊重, 这样才能赢得对方的好感。所以在交际中要恪守礼貌原则, 就要注意语言手段的运用。从语气和情态的语用学意义来看, 在实际的言语交际过程中为了达到某种特殊的目的和效果, 要根据实际需要选择表达方式, 使形式和意义的关系更为多样化。用最直接的方式表达的话语是最欠缺礼貌的, 用最间接的方式表达的话语则是最讲礼貌的。也就是说, 语言手段越间接, 话语就显得越礼貌。
参考文献
[1]Penelope Brown&Steven Levinson, Politeness:Some Universals in Lan-guage Usage[M].Cambridge University Press, 1987.
[2]胡壮麟, 朱永生, 张德禄.系统功能语法概论[M].湖南:湖南教育出版社, 1989.
[3]李战子.话语的人际意义研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002.
[4]林传萍.英文求职信的人际功能分析[J].武汉商业服务学院学报, 2011, (8) .
本期。小编给大家带来一份超级实用的“新年大礼”——实用的英文简历制作攻略。它将助你一路过关斩将。迎来职业发展的全新春天!
大多数人在制作简历时，往往喜欢借鉴网络上的通用范本。造成许多人的简历雷同。然而，过度借鉴别人的简历就会埋没自身的优点，特别是在与同专业同学的竞争中。所以说，一份融入自己个性或创意的简历，能让你在众多竞争者当中给HR留下一个好的第一印象，从而为你的表现加分。
小细节让你出奇制胜
通常，求职者只会在简历上简单地写明所应聘职位，其实，若懂得利用这小小空间描述自己的职业目标，就更能表现你对该工作的热忱及憧憬，令招聘者对你格外留意。
避免四大“不合格”规避不佳印象。
个人简历除了要简短明了、整洁清晰、格式美观外，还要注意避免以下现象：
(1)简历内容过于简单：过于简单的简历，使应聘单位无法对求职者的资历和能力进行完整、充分的评价，从而影响面试机会的获得。
(2)条理不清：简历的布局不合理，前后结构层次混乱、逻辑重复。
(3)字迹不清楚，打印或复印不规范、质量差。
(4)工作意向不明确：求职者没有表明自己喜欢什么工作，也没有说明自己的爱好、兴趣及能力，以及对工作的要求、工资待遇等。
投其所需用BaIance Sheet展示自我
英文辞职信
在许多的外企单位，员工辞职时不仅要写一份中文辞职信，同时也要递交一份英文辞职信，那么英文辞职信怎么写呢?以下提供了几篇外企英文辞职信范文，仅供参考。英文辞职信
外企英文辞职信范文 Sample 1
Company Name or Letterhead
Address
City, State Zip
Date
Addressee
Address
City, State Zip
Dear
Effective October 1, I will assume the position of director of human resources for XXX, Inc., in Baton Rouge.Therefore, please accept my resignation as benefits and compensation coordinator of the Human Resources Department within AAA Associates, effective September 30.The decision was a difficult one for me BECause I have so enjoyed my working relationships here.The job description has given me GREat latitude in assisting other coordinators within the human resource area, and as a result, I’ve gained skills in several related fields.These cross-training opportunities have been invaluable, and in a much more formal, classroom setting, I’ve been able to take advantage of classes in management, interpersonal skills, writing, and oral presentations.All of this training has been a worthwhile effort for both AAA(company)and me.As I go to the new position, I’ll do so with the utmost respect for the management examples and philosophies learned here and with gratitude for the personal attention to my career growth.Thank you for the rewarding experience I’ve enjoyed during my seven-year association with the organization.Sincerely，外企英文辞职信范文 Sample 2
Dear Mr.Please accept my resignation as associate chemist at the GERT Institute.I plan to leave my job here on September 30, 19–, taking a few days of annual leave just prior to that effective date.As you know, my primary interest has been in the oil and gas industry.Therefore, I’ve accepted a position with Fury Refining, Inc., that should put me back in touch with my “first love.”
Although I’m eager to accept the challenges in this new position, I reGREt leaving the institute.You and the organization as a whole have treated me very well over the past three years.I won’t forget the friendship and professional growth I’ve experienced as an employee here.Best wishes to all of you for years of expansion here.Sincerely，外企英文辞职信范文 Sample 3
Dear
After months of reviewing the outlook for the company in the wake of this economic downturn, I see no other alternative than to resign my position as chief financial officer with HHH(company).Needless to say, after 12 years of service, this decision was not an easy one.Please make my resignation
effective January 31, which is the end of my scheduled vacation.I will turn over all company books and settle my accounts prior to that date.I look back on the experience gained and the friends made with much regard.My association with HHH has been a valued part of my life.Good luck to you in the years to come.Sincerely，外企英文辞职信范文 Sample 4
Dear
I am offering my resignation as operations manager of the XXX plant, effective May 15.As of now, I’m not quite sure where I’ll be looking for employment and am toying with the idea of turning one of my life-long hobbies into a profit-making enterprise.Frankly, Vernon, I was deeply disappointed the vacancy of general
manager was filled by someone from outside the company.Through years of excellent performance appraisals, I was led to believe I was in line for that position.Under the circumstances, I think you’ll understand my decision to resign.I do appreciate the management training I’ve been given here;it has indeed prepared me well for almost any general business career I decide to pursue.My best wishes for the company’s continued growth.Sincerely，外企英文辞职信范文 Sample 5
Memorandum
TO:
FROM:
DATE:
SUBJECT: Resignation
dear leadership:
hello!i am sorry to waste your valuable time, but also look forgive me!thank you very much for taking the time giving me attention.i wasYJ institute of technology of the accounting profession a fresh graduates, i am honored to have the opportunity to you brought to my personal information to participate in social occasion, in order to find compatible with their expertise and interest in the work, better to play by the long, like the leadership to make a self-recommendation, now own situation a little introduction:
college for three years, i have already planted their own area of expertise of sweat and valuable youth harvest also extremely moved by the earnest parents like the friends of zhidianmijin expectations and division, i have a solid theoretical foundation for knowledge , a few years of learning career, i have to learn the content ranging from basic theories of accounting knowledge to hands-on experience so many aspects.during which i learned in school “basic accounting”,“statistical foundation”, “financial accounting”, “cost accounting”, “financial management”, “abacus and the point of footing the bill” and a series of professional courses!also understand and master a certain amount of expertise, one-bedroom to know only in school to learn to master the knowledge is not enough.true essence and thoroughly accounting should be difficult, accounting knowledge and ｕｐｄａｔｅd quickly, especially in recent years our country has been in and international standards, accounting changes, thus, i would keep the spirit of continuous learning, often the internet to download some new knowledge with the times.college for three years, i deeply feel the best students to work with, so i have benefited in the competition to the difficult challenge of growing up in frustration.i have a clear understanding of tao: the past does not mean that the future, it is really hard, i have a lot to learn, go to work, i will persevere with an open mind to learn, strict demands on themselves, steadily and surely doing their own work and training in practice and improve.i love your organization are engaged in the cause, eagerly look forward to your leadership, the building blocks for this glorious cause, i will try to pay me a copy of your company the power of sincerity, sincerely hopes that your organization can give me an opportunity to showcase the platform!
please believe me, believe your choice.尊敬的领导：您好！我很抱歉，浪费你宝贵的时间，而且也要看原谅我！非常感谢你抽出时间给我太多的注意。
谢谢我是技术，会计职业是应届毕业生，我院很荣幸有机会向你带给我的个人资料，参加社交场合，才能找到与他们的专业知识和工作的兴趣兼容，更好地发挥长，像领导作自我推荐，现在自己的处境一点介绍：
三年大学，我已经种植了他们的宝贵青春的汗水和收获也非常的喜欢指点迷津司的期望和朋友的父母搬到认真专业领域，我有一个坚实的理论基础知识，学习了几年职业生涯中，我要学习的内容从会计知识的基本理论，实践经验等诸多方面。在此期间，我在学校学“基础会计学”，“统计基础”，“财务会计”，“成本会计”，“金融管理”，“算盘和买单点”等专业课程系列！也了解和掌握一定的专业知识，一个卧
室只知道在校学习掌握的知识是不够的。真正的本质，彻底会计应是困难的，会计知识更新快，特别是近年来我国一直在与国际接轨，会计政策变更，因此，我会保持不断学习的精神，经常在互联网上下载一些新的知识与时并进。
大学三年，我深深感受到了最优秀的学生一起工作，所以我在向在挫折中成长的困难挑战的竞争中受益。我有一个陶清醒的认识：在过去不代表未来，真的很辛苦，我还有很多要学习，去工作，我将坚持以开放的心态去学习自己，严格要求，稳定，当然在实践中做自己的工作，培训和提高。我爱你的组织所从事的事业，热切期待着您的领导下，为这一光荣事业的基石，我将尽力付出我对你们公司的诚意强力拷贝，真诚希望您的组织可以给我一个机会展示平台！
I learned from the newspaper that your company needs an English secretary. Im really interested in this position so Im writing to apply for it.
Im18 years old and will graduate from Xinxing Foreign Languages School this July.Im an excellent student, among the top 5 in my class of 50 students. Im good at English, especially spoken English. I often use the computer and I type very fast. In my spare time, I read a lot. Poems are my favorite. I enjoy music very much too. Being an active young person, I like sports and outdoor activities. Besides, Im easy to get along with and I like to make friends.
I hope I may be grantedan interview,when I can explain my qualifications more fully. Im looking forward to your reply.
Sincerely Yours,
According to Hallidayan Systematic functional grammar (SFG) , the purpose of using language can be divided into three broad categories.They are called as three metafunctions of language using.This paper will use the interpersonal function as the theoretical framework to analyze the text.Many researchers apply this theory to various texts analysis, but only a few of them focus on song lyrics, which share the qualities of both spoken and written text.As Hey, Jude is a classical song in history and it was sung at the end of the opening ceremony of London Olympics.The target of this paper is the lyrics of this song.The purpose of the paper is to find out how interpersonal functions in this song are achieved through mood, modality and person system.
"Hey Jude"is a song of the English rock band The Beatles, written by one of the member Paul McCartney.He wrote this as"Hey Jules, "a song meant to comfort another member John Lennon's son Julian, as his parents were getting a divorce.Paul McCartney wanted to encourage him to face the reality bravely.But later, he changed the name Jules to Jude because it was more instinct.The first sentence of the song"Hey, Jude, don't make it bad"was a verbal sentence Paul said to the boy when he comforted him.The song was released in 1968, the single has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on professional lists of the all-time best songs.As it's a classical song, Paul McCartney closed the London Olympics opening ceremony leading the crowd in a mass sing-a-long of this song When everyone sung along with Paul, it showed that everyone was involved in the game, which is just one spirit of the Olympic Games.
2 Theoretical Framework
2.1 The concept of interpersonal metafunction
In 1960, Halliday presented us his theory of systemic-functional grammar, the theory covers both semantic and functional aspects.Semantics connects context and lexical grammar, so it is regarded as the core in this theory.Besides, there are three functional components in this semantic system:ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function.Linguists call them as the"three metafunctions"of language.These three metafunctions are closely related to the meanings expressed by the speakers in the texts.As a tool to communicate with other people, language is used to gain certain social roles and relationship with people This kind of function of language is known as interpersonal function, through which speakers express their own feelings and attitude towards something.Moreover, they also can influence the feelings and attitude of others.According to Eggins (Eggins, 200412) , interpersonal meaning are meaning about roule relationships with other people and people’s attitudes to each other.
2.2 Aspects of interpersonal function
At clause level, the interpersonal element is represented by mood and modality, which means the selection of a particular role by the speaker in the speech situation, and the expression of his judgements and predictions (Halliday, 1973:316) .In addition, the interpersonal function can also be realied through person system, both as prounoun and as possessive.In fact, there are several aspects in interpersonal function, this paper will only focus on three aspects—mood, modality and person prououn.This part will present these three aspects.
In line with Thompson, the subject and the finite constitude one component of a clause which is called the mood (Thompson, 2000:41) .Different mood of a clause can be demonstrated by different order of the subject and the finite.In general, most languages possess three or four speech function prototypes, they are statement, question, offer and command (Thompson, 2000:40) .These three or four speech functions are closely related to some particular grammatical structures.For instance, statements are delivered by declarative clauses;questions are delivered by interrogative clauses;commands are delivered by imperative clauses.Declarative clauses, interrogative clauses and imperative clauses are three main ways to realize the interpersonal metafunction in the mood system of the clauses.
Halliday regards modality as the area of meaning that lies between yes and no intermediate ground between positive and negative polarity (Halliday, 2000) .He also distinguishes two subcategories of modality, they are modalization and modulation.According to his explanation, modalization is the expression of the speaker's attitude towards what he or she is saying.It is the way that the speaker conveys a judgment about the likelihood, certainty or frequency of something (Eggins, 2004:172) .
There are mainly two ways of role-projecting:naming and the use of personal pronouns.Personal pronouns usually reveal interpersonal relationship between or among the individuals involved in interaction.Speakers or writers can choose different personal pronouns to indicate their attitudes and relationships to readers in their texts, presenting statements subjectively, interactively, or objectively (Zhang, 2006:112) .
3 Analysis
3.1 Mood system in the song
There are three types of mood in English:declarative, interrogative and imperative.From the analyzing result of the song Hey, jude, it indicates that the imperative mood makes up the major part and in a dominant position in the song lyrics.Declarative and interrogative are follwoing behind.It’s shown in the following table.
From the above table we can see that this song is composed of 26 clauses, among which imperative clauses take up 54%, declarative clauses take up 42%and interrogative clause only take up 4%.
3.1.1 Interpersonal meaning of declarative mood
Most of the clauses in the lyrics are declaratives, whoes unmarked function is to provide information.The proportions indicate that the song writer was trying his best to encourage listeners by describing his attitude rather than ask questions.He just gave information directly to inspire the boy, to help him go out from the shadow of the divorce of his parents.And all these information provided by the songwriter are very inspiring.
However, as one type of literary discourse, lyrics are not just information-giver.They also function as a whole to provide the audience with goods and serices.For example, they can provide the audience with something to appreciate:the language can portary a picture which can fulfill the emotional needs of the audience.Besides asking the audience to appreciate and empathize, they go further to influence the recipients’iedology and social values.For instance, "For well you know that it's a fool who plays it cool, by making his world a little colder".In this part the songwriter tells listeners that the one who wants to behave cool would make his world worse on the contrary.He is using his pen to perfectly explain that you don't need to carry all the terrible things on your shoulder, under such situation, what you need is courage and enthusiasm but not to behave indifferently.In general, the lyrics is a carrier of the audience’s emotion, and mora education.
3.1.2 Interpersonal meaning of imperative mood
As Roger and Kress refered to, imperative sentences are formed by various commands, then a sense of authority will directly come from the power of the speaker (Hodge&Kress1993) .As the function of imperative is not to discuss or consult but to demand people do something.By using a mass of imperatives in the song, the writer trys to influence listeners’behavior Besides, the use of imperatives can arouse the attention of the audience, because they create a sense of dialogue.For instance the clause"remember to let her into your heart", the writer uses the structure"remember to..."three times, he is expecting the boy to take the suggestion.By taking up a role of demand, the narrator assigns a corresponding role for audience.Though the narrator does not talk to the audience face to face, the audience's emotions are aroused.
3.1.3 Interpersonal meaning of interrogative mood
Only one interrogative is found in this song, that is"Don't you know that it's just you...?".This interrogative clause reflects that the writer want to enlighten the listener and inspire them in thinking about the question he asks.In this way, listeners are involved, however, the writer does not expect them to answer the question, but intends to attract their attention and to get them think about the question as the writer has already gave the answer.Listeners don’t need to answer"yes"or"no"to the question he asked as the question already has the answer.It is just used to give the listener much chance to think about whether it is true or not.The answer of this question is obviously"yes, it is myself", but the narrator also used a question form.Because the writer wants to let the boy know he is the best and he can do everthing by himself.
3.2 Modality system in the song
In the song, modalization is realized through modal operators.According to Halliday, modal operators can be used to express the validity of speaker's proposal (Halliday, 2000) .He classified modal operators into three classes:the low, median and high degrees of mood, all of them can be used to realize interpersonal meanings.Altogether, three modal operators are used in this lyric, “can”, “will”and“need”.All these three modal operators are postitive ones, can is of the low degree, will is of the median degree and need is of the high degree.
The writer make use of positive modal operators to show the boy his positive believes and attitude towards life.Besides, the writer uses more low positive modal operators than high positive ones, as the word“can”appeared 2 times but“will”and“need”just appeared for one time, which indicates that the writer wants to make his idea more acceptable in the interact process with the listener.Nevertheless, he still uses the positive high modal operator“need”to express his sronger emotion towards the boy's sorrow.
According to Thompson, the modal operator“can”expresses the speaker’s permission which can be regarded as the lowest level of pressure and let others to choose and decide whether to take the action or to believe the proposal or not (Thompson, 2000) .It helps to make the texts more negotiable and acceptable.According to Hallidy (2000:359) , there is another type of meaning for“can”:the ability.For example, the clause"then you can strart to make it better", the can here means the ability of the boy, the author insists that the boy is capable of making it well.By using the operator“will”, the song writer shows his confirmation and his confidence to make the listener believe what he says in the lyrics.
3.3 Person system in the song
From the table we can see clearly that the writer uses second-person pronouns and third-person pronouns most.The pronoun you is used 14 times, which occupies the highest proportion.It is because that you can be regarded as the most interactive form among personal pronouns, since it explicitly acknowledges the presence of the reader.The songwriter uses the name of the boy to arouse his attention at the beginning of the song, then, many you are used in the lyrics.Obviously, the pronoun you in this song refers to the boy Jude.As Li Zhanzhi (2002:154said, though you does not address the audience, the audience still can share this private conversation between the author and the person addressed.For instance, in the clause"then you can start to make it better", you is directed to the boy, creating the sense that the song writer is just talking to a friend, shortening the distance between them.Then, it would be easier for the boy to take the writer's words and become optimistic.Also, the audience of this song can treat this you as everyone of them.In this case, they stand in the writer's shoes and are in agreement with his opinion, such as the opinion that"the movement you need is on your shoulder".
4 Discussion
The present study investigates how interpersonal functions in this song are achieved through mood, modality and person system.In general, we found that imperative clauses are most frequently used in this song lyrics, followed by declarative and interrogative.The modality system states clearly that positive value modal operators are used more often.In person system, the use of the name Jude and person pronouns shortens the distance between the song writer and the listener.As has been noted, the function of this song is to encourage those who are going through hard times.By analyzing the three aspects of the interpersonal system, the song writer successfully achieved the purpose of writing the song.
As the analysis of song lyric discourse is still at its beginning stage, this paper is a tentative study to reveal the interpersonal meaning realized in one particular song.This paper is of some significance for future research in this field, and for the application of SFG to the analysis of lyrics.However, there are some limitations in this paper.The interpersonal function includes plenty of aspects.The present study is not able to cover all facets of interpersonal meaning.Resources such as tense, evaluation, and attitude are not covered in this study.Therefore, the analysis is only an eye to this topic.
Suggestions for future research would be to expand the analysis to more types of song lyrics or even to all types of song lyrics.Furthermore, even if the focus of a study is only on one kind of songs, theories used to analyze them can also be different.Theories from the textual aspect such as theme, rhyme, transitivity from the ideational perspective and coherence can also be used for further study on the features of English song lyrics.
5 Conclusion
To conclude, different mood types contribute to the realization of interpersonal meaning in this song.Declarative clauses provide some inspiring information for the audience.Imperatives and interrogatives create a sense of dialogue, arousing listeners'attention and evoking their thinking.Positive modal operators are used to encourage the audience to be optimistic.The use of the name of the boy helps to shorten the distance between the writer and the addressee.Also, the second person pronouns give the audience the idea that the narrator is talking to them.By using
Appendix
The text of the song:
Hey Jude
1 Hey Jude, don't make it bad
2 Take a sad song and make it better
3 Remember to let her into your heart
4 Then you can start to make it better
5 Hey Jude, don't be afraid
6 You were made to go out and get her
7 The minute you let her under your skin
8 Then you begin to make it better
9 And anytime you feel the pain, hey Jude, refrain
10 Don't carry the world upon your shoulders
11 For well you know that it's a fool who plays it cool
12 By making his world a little colder
13 Hey Jude, don't let me down
14 You have found her, now go and get her
15 Remember to let her into your heart
16 Then you can start to make it better
17 So let it out and let it in, hey Jude, begin
18 You're waiting for someone to perform with
19 And don't you know that it's just you
20 Hey Jude, you'll do
21 The movement you need is on your shoulder
22 Hey Jude, don't make it bad
23 Take a sad song and make it better
24 Remember to let her under your skin
25 Then you'll begin to make it
26 Better better better better better better, oh
27 Na na na na na, na na na, hey Jude.... (Cited from:http://music.baidu.com/song/274921?fm=altg5)
参考文献
[1] Eggins S.An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistic [M].2nd ed.New York:Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004.
[2] Halliday M A K.Explorations in the Functions of Language[M]. London:Edward Arnold, 1973.
[3] Thompson G.Introducing functional grammar[M].Beijing:For eign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
[4] Halliday M A K.An introduction to functional grammar[M].Bei jing:Foreign Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
[5] 张丽.论歌词中的语码转换[J].宜宾学院学报, 2006 (1) .
[6] Hodge R, Kress G.Language as Ideology[M].2nd ed.London: Routledge, 1993.
背景经历
我们先来看看摘自2006年考研英语阅读文章的一个句子。
Stratford-on-Avon， as we all know， has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.
请问，你刚才在阅读过程中遇到下面这几个词组时是不是这样反应的。
Stratford-on-Avon：咦，这是什么鬼？不懂！（或许还会有读者把Stratford误读成了Stanford [斯坦福]。）
as we all know：嗯，这个我知道，是“众所周知”的意思。
has only one industry：这个简单，意思是“只有一个工业”。
William Shakespeare：这我知道，是指莎士比亚。
distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches：这一长串单词有点不确定啥意思了，开始有点小纠结了。
下面笔者来与大家分享一下自己读这个句子的心理过程。读到Stratford-on-Avon时，笔者想：“哦，这不就是莎士比亚的故乡嘛，我去过这个地方。”Stratford是英国中部的一个小镇，靠近埃文河（即Avon），因为是莎士比亚的出生地和埋葬地而著名（a town in central England on the River Avon； birthplace and burial place of William Shakespeare），下图的房子就是莎士比亚的故居。
因此，这个小镇每年吸引来自各地的游客，旅游业是该镇的一个支柱产业。这就是为什么下文说“has only one industry—William Shakespeare”，只有一个产业，那就是经营与莎士比亚相关的旅游业。因此，若把这里的industry理解成“工业”，就不对了。
因为有这一旅行经历，笔者看到Stratford-on-Avon这组文字符号时，就能够立即从脑海中提取以往的生活经历，准确地理解这个专有名词的含义，能够把Stratford-on-Avon与下文的William Shakespeare联系起来，并准确理解“has only one industry—William Shakespeare”这部分内容。
通过这个例子，我们看到，如果有与英文文章相关的背景经历，那么文章理解起来就轻松多了。也就是说，你的生活经历、人生阅历、相关的知识背景会帮助你理解文章所要表达的思想内容。
语言知识
以上笔者是凭借自己的背景经历从“信息内容”的方面来解读Stratford-on-Avon这个短语的。看到这里，也许有读者觉得这有点不公平，因为不是每个人都有这样的经历，都去过这个小镇。那么，现在笔者就换个视角来解读Stratford-on-Avon，从“语言知识”的角度来分析。具体来说，就是凭借对介词on的语义和用法的掌握，笔者也能准确地理解这个短语所要表达的内容。我们先来看下面这个图片。
这是一条海岸（coast）。当我们汉语里说“海岸边”时，既可以指靠近陆地的这一边，也可以指靠近海水的这一边。也就是说，汉语里的“海岸边”是有歧义的，分不清在陆地上还是在海水里。但是，英文可以明确区分：陆地这边的“海岸边”英文是on the coast，海水里的“海岸边”英文是off the coast。请比较。
1. a. He lived on the coast.
他住在海岸边。
b. The boat was anchored off the coast.
船停泊在海岸边。
这里b句中船与海岸的位置关系就是off the coast，如果需要具体说明离海岸多远，比如距离海岸两公里，就可以说成two kilometers off the coast。
上述表达方式同样适用于河流的岸边。据此，当笔者读到Stratford-on-Avon时就可以推断，这里的Avon是指一条河流，然后用on表示临近河流的陆地区域，即河畔。这个小镇的名字叫Stratford，音译成“斯特拉特福德”，而Stratford-on-Avon就可译成“埃文河畔的斯特拉特福德小镇”。这是从语言角度来对这个地名进行解析。由此可见，深厚的语言基本功是正确解读英语信息的关键。你即使没有相关的背景经历，只要有强大的语言功底，也能读出很多信息。
简单来说，语言知识主要包括两方面：词汇知识和语法知识。如果一个句子里的单词都认识，但还是不懂句子意思，这就是语法知识问题。在阅读文章中，读者会遇到大量的长难句，这些句子包含了生词以及复杂的句式结构，需要我们有强大的词汇和语法知识作为理解的保证。
词汇和语法还有一个差别，那就是笔者常说的：“对于生词，我们知道自己不知道；但对于语法，我们不知道自己不知道。”由于学习者没有相关的语法知识却不自知，这就容易导致误读英语句子意思的现象发生，而且误读的时候我们自己还浑然不觉。比如下面这组例句。
2. a. Stratford-on-Avon， as we all know， has only one industry.
nlc202309032046
b. Stratford-on-Avon as we all know it has only one industry.
这里的a句摘自文章开头的句子，而b句则是对a句稍作修改得到的，具体来说，是在a句的as we all know后面加了it。这一修改使得两个句子的意思完全不同（注：在本栏目笔者曾经讨论过as we know与as we know it的区别，此处不再赘述，可参见本刊2012年9月号或是本栏目的结集图书《英语语法新思维——语法难点妙解》）。这显然就不再是词汇问题，而是句法问题，是英文的思维逻辑问题。
语篇逻辑
强大的词汇和语法知识能够保证我们精准地理解单句的意思，但是对于阅读英文文章来说，我们还要关注整个文章的语篇逻辑。具体来说，我们的注意力不能仅仅停留在单句层面，而是要把单句放在具体语境中去理解它话里话外的意思。也就是说，一个单句不仅有自己的字面意思，还有在特定语境中的言外之意。比如，汉语一句“外面下雨了”，我们可以根据语境解读出无数的言外之意来（比如可以是“赶紧收衣服啊”“给你妈送把伞去”等等）。对于英文，同样如此，我们需要在上下文语境中理解句子的言外之意，要搞清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系，分清论点与论据，区分文章作者的观点和作者转述别人的观点，理清作者的论证方式以及文章脉络的起承转合等等。总之，要把握文章的逻辑结构，也就是笔者标题中所说的语篇逻辑。
站在这个角度来读英文文章，我们就不能做一个被动的信息接受者，而是要主动地与作者对话、交流，对作者的文章内容要进行预测、判断、评价、总结等。现在我们再回头看本文开头的句子。
Stratford-on-Avon， as we all know， has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.
单看这句话，它的大意是：“众所周知，埃文河畔的斯特拉特福德小镇只有一个产业，那就是经营莎士比亚。但是，这个产业现有两个泾渭分明且日益敌对的派别。”从语篇角度来看，我们不能仅满足于理解这个句子本身的意思，而是要积极思考和预测。比如，看完这句话，我们至少可以向作者提出下面两个问题：
1. What are the two branches？ （这两派都是谁？）
2. Why are they becoming increasingly hostile to each other？ （这两派之间为什么越来越敌对？）
带着这两个疑问，我们继续往下读。
①Stratford-on-Avon， as we all know， has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. ②There is the Royal Shakespeare Company （RSC）， which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. ③And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come， not to see the plays， but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage， Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.
我们看到，这一段的第②句和第③句立即回答了这敌对的双方：一方是皇家莎士比亚公司（RSC），它在埃文河畔的莎士比亚纪念剧院上演经典的莎翁剧目；另一方则是基本上靠游客来谋生的当地居民。游客们来到镇上，不是为看戏，而是为了参观安妮·海瑟薇（莎士比亚的妻子）的小屋、莎士比亚出生地以及其他景点。
至此，作者只是回答了笔者的第一个问题，但还未回答笔者的第二个问题。带着这个疑问，我们继续看文章的第二段。
①The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. ②They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors， them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness.③It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare， who earns their living， was himself an actor （with a beard） and did his share of noise-making. （那些可敬的小镇居民认为该剧院没有给他们增添一丁点儿收入。他们坦言不喜欢皇家莎士比亚公司的演员，这些演员留长发、蓄胡子、穿凉鞋、很吵闹。当你想到为他们提供生计的莎士比亚本人就是个留着胡须也爱吵闹的演员时，这真是个可笑的讽刺。）
第一段只是说了存在两派并且两派之间的关系是敌对的。第二段进一步说明了两派敌对的原因：通过第二段的句①、句②，我们明白了双方为什么互相敌视，原来当地居民认为剧院没有给当地收入做出贡献，同时他们也不喜欢剧院的演员们。这里的句①、句②是作者在转述别人的观点和情感态度。句③是作者通过deliciously ironic （可笑的讽刺）在发表评论，并暗含了自己的情感态度：极具讽刺的是，他们赖以生存的莎士比亚当年做演员的时候也是留着胡须并且终日吵闹不堪的。言外之意是，要是莎士比亚在世，难道你们也会如此讨厌他吗？作者对当地居民的嘲讽不言而喻。而对于剧院，作者上文用了superb productions （极好的演出）表达了赞扬。因此，对于敌对双方，作者是比较偏袒剧院这一方的。
综上所述，读懂文章需要我们具备三方面的条件：①相关的背景经历，②深厚的语言知识（词汇和语法），③把握语篇逻辑的能力。其中，深厚的语言知识是基础和关键，句间的逻辑关系和篇章的逻辑结构也很重要，而具有相关的背景知识则会更加有助于我们理解文章的思想内容。作为语言学习者，我们需要在语言知识方面下功夫，而把握语篇逻辑属于阅读技能的层面，需要我们在阅读实践中去训练，才能慢慢提高。
张满胜老师“英语语法新思维”系列图书再添四本新作：《句子成分超精解》《定语从句超精解》《名词从句超精解》和《语法难点妙解》。
