考研英语作文辅导之辞职信（推荐15篇）
You have been working in Morning Star Company for two years. However, you want to pursue your Master’s degree this September. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Johnson, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.
Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.
参考范文：
Dear Mr. Johnson,
I am sure it will come as no surprise that I wish to resign my position as a sales representative. I have enjoyed working with you and the staff in the Morning Star Company for these two years. Yon have given me plenty of help and encouragement.
However, our work with local community groups has inspired me to return for my Master’s degree in social work. I appreciate how valuable such a degree can be in my field of endeavor. I’d like to pursue my Master’s degree in autumn, and would appreciate it if you would accept my resignation before September 3.
I will be able to stay on through the summer and help you find a replacement for my position. Thank you for all the patience, wisdom, and experience that you shared with me. I will always remember my time with the Morning Star with great affection, and hope to work with you and the staff again in the future. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
一、模仿性的读写结合
模仿性的读写结合也叫仿写, 它主要指模仿文章的内容, 时态, 语法, 添写符合自己心意的内容。在阅读中一些应用短文的出现有利于学生的阅读和写作能力的提高, 利于学生语感的形成。让学生根据课文内容及时炼笔, 有意识的把作文教学渗透到阅读教学之中。例如:学生在学习了十年后的生活小短文后, 我让他们仿写文中的设想及时态。学生韩霞这样写到:In ten years, I think I will be an astronaut, I will fly rocket to the moon….I think I will be very luck in the future I hope it can come true.写的蛮好的。文章既符合她的身份又灵活运用了将来时。这样以来, 由易入难, 循序渐进的有意让学生写作既加深了对课文的理解, 又克服了怕写作文的心理。可谓是一举两得。
二、利用课文插图, 开展写作
现在版本的英语更注重学生实际应用能力的考查和培养。易于引发学生的写作冲动, 激发写作的灵感。有很多优美而又贴近学生生活的图片, 教师若能根据插图提出一连串的问题, 一步一步的引导学生认真的观察并能认真的思考。由图片联想相应的内容, 相应的词句以及相匹配的句型, 时态, 语法。通过认真深入的想, 把自己“积蓄”都摆出来。不仅练习了一篇作文, 而且也为他们今后认认真真去写作文创造了条件。打好了基础。
三、坚持写英文日记, 做到持之以恒
叶圣陶先生说过:“作文离不开生活, 生活充实到什么程度, 就会有什么样的文字”。教师若能让学生以日记的形式, 记录生活中最熟悉的人和事, 引导学生珍惜和感受生活的过程, 让他们情绪饱满的回忆过去参与过的游戏, 劳动, 辩论, 讲演, 文艺演出等活动。学生自然用汉语说的兴致勃勃, 用英语写起来就不难了。
四、开展形式多样的写作活动, 激发写作热情
要使学生坚持不懈自觉写作文, 最关键的一点是经常组织学生参加形式多样的写作活动, 让他们尝到成功的喜悦, 让他们满怀信心的去写作。如:开展50单词小短文, 100单词小短文等一系列的作文竞赛。举办班级习作园地, 把优秀的文段篇章张贴上墙, 开办班级英文写作小报, 鼓励学生向报刊投稿等。无论哪位学生, 哪怕只有一个词用的生动, 一个句子写的好, 或一个地方有创意, 都要给予适当的表扬和肯定的认可, 为文中的优点“喝彩”, 给予鼓励性的评价。让学生感到写作的乐趣和成功的喜悦。让成功的自豪感在每位学生中生根发芽。
五、主张写前列提刚, 写后及时评价
会列提纲是写作文的一项基本功, 也是一种好习惯。一旦养成, 写出的文章就不会漫无目的, 没有中心, 思路就不会纠缠不清, 选材就不会详略欠妥, 语句就不会颠三倒四。列提刚就是告诉他们先写什么, 后写什么, 如何条理清晰的表达自己的新声。文章写出后, 修改也很关键。常言说:作文是改出来的。许多优秀的作品还都是经过了反复的修改的。何况英语作文呢?修改自己对事物的认识, 提高自己的认真知水平, 修改文章的结构, 使条理更清晰, 修改字句力求语法、时态的正确无误。学生还能从修改中体会写作的方法, 提高写作能力。加上老师的真诚鼓励、肯定的评价, 还有老师为学生每一点进步的喝彩和鼓掌, 学生想不写好英语作文也很难。
以上是我教写英语作文中的几点感悟, 也许并不是高见, 但如真能持之以恒的去做, 一定会收到事半功倍的效果。有信心, 就试试吧!
摘要：写作是英语教学的重要组成部分, 是提高学生综合能力的重要手段, 也是英语教学的难点长期以来, 许多学生忽视了英语作文。一听到写英语作文就感到无话可说, 无内容可写。
领英网站的一项调查显示，只有不到1/3的职场人士对自己现在的职位非常满意。
Not every professional is lucky enough to find their dream job immediately (or ever). This is why quitting has become a social norm over the last five years. In fact, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the number of quits has steadily risen by 57.7 percent since September 2009.
不是每个职场人士都足够幸运可以立即(或者在某天)找到梦想的工作。这就是为什么过去五年里，辞职成了一种社会风气。实际上，据美国劳工统计局报道，从2009年开始，辞职次数稳增了57.7%。
If you’ve been questioning your current role and feel it’s time to make a move, here are 10 reasons other people are quitting and why you should, too:
如果你一直以来总在质疑自己现在的职位，感觉是时候做出改变了，那么以下10条他人辞职的理由，也可以作为你应该辞职的考虑：
1. You desire more opportunities for career advancement.
你渴望更大的职场上升空间。
According to LinkedIn’s Exit Mobility Survey, one of the top three reasons employees leave their jobs is the desire for greater opportunities for advancement.
根据领英网关于辞职流动人士的调研，三大辞职理由之一就是渴望更大的职场上升空间。
2. You want an improved work/life balance.
你想要更好地平衡工作和生活。
Do you feel burned out from work or that there’s not enough time in the day to pursue your other passions? Research shows 80 percent of employees desire more flexible work options.
你会觉得工作后筋疲力尽或者一天中没有足够时间追求其他的爱好么?研究显示80%的员工渴望更灵活的工作选择。
3. You feel your skills are untapped.
你觉得自己的技能没有用武之地。
Have you realized you might be overqualified for your current position? According to a study by Lee Hecht Harrison, 62 percent of workers feel underutilized in their jobs.
你有没有觉得自己做现在的工作绰绰有余?根据李・希特・哈里森的一项研究，62%的工作人士感觉自己的技能没能在工作中被充分利用。
4. You want to learn and grow professionally.
你想要向着职业化的方向学习和成长。
Does it feel like you’ve hit a dead end in your current position? More learning opportunities is cited as one of the top five factors in seeking or considering a new job, according to LinkedIn.
你会觉得自己在现在的职位走到了死胡同么?更多的学习机会被引证为寻找或者考虑新工作的五大因素之一。
5. You desire better compensation and benefits.
你想要更好的薪酬福利。
Many professionals feel they aren’t getting paid their worth. In fact, better compensation and benefits is the second most important factor when people look for new jobs, according to LinkedIn.
许多职场人士觉得自己值得更好的待遇。实际上，据领英网显示，更好的薪资福利是人们找新工作的第二大重要因素。
Outline:
P1【写信目的辞职】P2【不合适.没挑战.低工资.要辞职】P3【谢机会.感 sorry】
Para1, S1, resign from my current position
Para2,S1,After several months of work, find it in-appro-priate, take the position,following reasons
S2,expected the job to, be both challenging and rewards, turn out to be the opposite
S3,salary, has proved to be a lot lower, you originally promised
S4, As a result, make up my mind, to quit, after much de-libera-tion
Para3,S1,having offered me, the golden oppor-tunity to work, with the outstanding staff here
S2,I am sorry, for any in-con-ven-ience caused.
Example:
Dear Mr. Jack,
Im writing the letter for the purpose of resigning from my current position.
After several months of work, I find it inappropriate for me to take the position [as an editor] for the following reasons. In the first place, I ever expected the job to be both challenging and rewards which has turned out to be the opposite. In the second, the salary has proved to be a lot lower than you originally promised and I have a large family to support. As a result, Ive made up my mind to quit the job after much deliberation.
Thanks a lot for having offered me the golden opportunity to work with the outstanding staff here. I sincerely hope you will approve of my resignation. I am genuinely sorry for any inconvenience caused.
Yours truly,
Li Ming
Key words:
Resignation 辞职，position 职位, inappropriate 不适合的; challenging 挑战的; offer 提供;
golden opportunity 绝佳机会. After much deliberation 深思熟虑
另外为了方便大家学习，提高复习的效率。小编为广大学子整理了考研技巧和考试大纲，更有历年真题提供测试等等。针对每一个科目进行深度的探讨和技巧挖掘。欢迎各位考研的同学进行了解和资讯。考研的痛苦是难免的,不要丧失信心,坚信苦尽甘来。预祝各位学子取得成功!
Letter of application
Dear Sir,I have learned that you need a librarian,I should like to apply for the position.To briefly introduce myself.First of all, I’m a sophomore and currently pursuing undergraduate studies, I’m twenty years old and I like singing and dancing in my spare time.Then, my health is excellent, I’m full of energy.On the other side, I used to work in the library and I do well in that the book shelf, the whole frame, all kinds of statistics, counting and recording work.So I believe that I can be fit for the position.I would be pleased if you could offer me an opportunity to interview me.If you agree with me, I’ll hard work and try to be a first-class librarian.Looking forward to your reply.Sincerely,Liu.
一、中职英语教学现状呈现
1.英语基础薄弱,兴趣寡淡。中职生源是问题生、差生的“大杂烩”,很多学生基础薄弱,最基本的英语知识都没有掌握,学习习惯亟待养成。即便如此,学生的英语水平也是三六九等,学生大都对英语学习毫无兴趣,课堂学英语成了疲于应付。课堂不能激发学生的学习兴趣,教师忽略学生学习英语的习惯养成,久而久之,教师在课堂上口干舌燥,学生在下面“蠢蠢欲动”,思想早就飞到了太平洋。
2.教材编排欠妥,教学进度过于紧凑。随着国家对中职教育投入的不断加大,为了适应日新月异的中职发展,教育部组织专家对中职教材进行了适度的修订。新修订后的中职英语教材虽然在模块布局上有所创新,也突出了中职生的学习特点,但教材知识的难度仍未降低,和初三英语知识无异。学生从初中“逃荒”到了中职学校,满心憧憬逃离初中差生的艰苦治学,没想到进入中职学校后,却还要延续初中时代的“吃糠咽菜”,过治学路上“颠沛流离的生活”。进入中职后,不是新的开始,而是初中毕业生所谓“差生”感同深受的痛苦。学生学起来懵懵懂懂如坠云端,教师教起来似小牛拉大车,学生思想流放,教师气喘吁吁,最终学无成果、教无效果。中职学校是以培养“德艺双馨”实践型人才为目标的教育机构,在整个学校课程设置排挡中,中职英语课作为“学技”辅助课程,理所当然被归置到副科的“储物罐”中,中职英语课程的课时被压缩到最低限度,为英语教师合理安排教学进度设置了“道闸”,使教师在少之可怜的课时数内完成如此庞的教学任务变得“步履蹒跚”,严重影响了教学目标的完成。
3.中职英语教学模式单一、老化。在当前中职学校教学实践中,关起门来“灌可乐”现象仍然很普遍,“填鸭式”教学模式还有很大的市场,教师机械的说,学生机械的听,如同在听专家作报告,课堂气氛沉闷无声,师生之间缺乏灵性的互动,教学效果无从谈起。教师“一言堂”模式已经老到掉渣的地步,却还在试图牵引教学的列车滚滚向前,这无疑是在开倒车,走退步。这样的课堂只会培养教育迂腐的“傻子”和教学守旧的“疯子”,于国于民,毫无存在的必要。
面对这些教育的“枯草”,作为新时代的中职英语教师,必须右手紧握创新课改的“镰刀”,找准其根茎,一镰一镰将其割挫殆尽,让课堂教学的新生嫩芽破土而出,迎着喷薄而出的春阳茁长成长。
二、创新教改,为其补“钙”
1.调动学生的积极性。中职生群体多是由各初中学校的后进生组成,如何激发他们的上进心,使其拥有对学习持久的自信心,充分点愤他们的学习潜力,是课程改革的切入点。在进行课堂提问时,中职英语教师要有效把握学生整体实际,重视个体变化发展,对“一公里”后进生要科学引导,循循善诱,帮助他们突破学习“瓶颈”,让他们品尝成功的喜悦,促使他们对自身潜能进一步梳理,提高自我认可度,树立强烈的学习自信心,让学习的风暴变得日益猛烈,幻化成他们学习的强大动力。对“数公里”后进生,要耐心施教,科学渐进的为他们制定计划周全、步骤明确的学习计划,教会他们正确的学习方法,培养他们良好的学习习惯。在对“数公里”后进生施教时,还要注意他们成长路上的汗水付出,对他们取得的点滴进步要及时“捡拾”,及时肯定、及时表扬,要用多付“赞许良药”逐步过滤他们心灵上的尘埃,使他们的进取心大放异彩,在教师的百般呵护下,让他们尽快“脱困”。
2.在学生面前铺开“画纸”描绘情境。中职生大多表现欲强,喜欢直观、生动的教学模式。中职英语教师在课堂实践中,要千方百计将教材中刻板固化的内容“化蝶”,使其动起来,由此,情境教学在当前中职英语课堂中逐步引人耳目,事实证明,情境教学益处多多、效果显著。中职英语教师要善于根据教学目标,结合教材内容,设置学生参与性强、生动有趣的教学情境,鼓励学生走进“情境”,在教学内容的“红花绿叶”中去感受学习的快乐,增强学生的学习兴趣,提高学生对课堂的期待。
3.开拓丰富多彩的教学形式。俗话说“教无定法”。教学形式多种多样,但社会在进步,时代在变迁,任何“强力”的教学形式都不可能永葆生机和活力,作为中职英语教师应不拘泥于旧的教学形式,要不断解放思想,要始终保持与时具进的“弄潮”本色,及时根据变化了新情况、新问题,以“实践出真知”的教育科研精神,快马加鞭,不断开拓出更具时代特征更受学生欢迎的教学新形式。
中职英语教师在施教中如果始终能抓住课改的“龙头”,拿捏住学生兴趣的“七寸”,在深谙学生实际,耕读教材教法的基础上,大胆创新,勤于实践,就一定能充分发挥学生的主观能动性,提升教师的引导艺术性,促进中职英语课堂生趣盎然、教学相长。
摘要：中职生群体的构成多数为各个初中学校的“学困生”,英语作为一门主科,对于他们来说只是具有象征意义,带着对初中英语的“困惑”闯进了中职学校的大门,英语更换中职的新马甲后,继续如影随形。中职英语教师应及时调整教学策略,创新教学形式,多措并举,尽快使这些初中“遗老”摆脱英语的桎梏,引导他们踏上学英语的正途。
I am a student from Class 2 Senior 3. The moment I saw your poster for recruiting volunteers，I knew I should try my luck. I am always a strong advocate of environmental protection. Besides，my hometown is by Chaohu Lake，which not only provides abundant resouces but also is a popular tourist attraction.
In terms of my character，I’m happy to tell you that I’m an outgoing and mitted person with a good team work spirit. I’ve learned a lot from participating in some volunteer programs in the past，such as cutting hair for empty nesters and collecting rubbish on the river at weekends. I am very confident that my involvement in this project will make it very different.
Looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely，
题目：
Write a letter to a company for position as a computer
engineer. Your letter should include:
1).Why do you choose the company.
2).Why do you think that you are capable for the position.
求职信
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to apply for a position as a computer engineer in your company. First of all, your company is the king in the area of software and is well-known for its development of software. It would be a great opportunity for me to start my career in the company.
What is more, my major is computer, and I have a strong interest in software.When I was still a freshman, I got Band Two certificate for computer, which was outstanding in my class. Besides, I have attended various computer contests and won top prizes several times, which greatly eiched my knowledge on computer. Finally, I had once worked part-timely in a company for two years, and I gained wide experience in software in these two years.
I would be pleased if you could offer me an opportunity to interview me. Looking forward to your reply.
Sincerely yours
一、创设故事情境, 激发学生学习英语的兴趣
英语是一门语言学科, 它要求学生每天多读课文、单词, 多听课文磁带, 模仿其语音、语调, 多开口讲英语, 在不断的积累、实践与操练中产生语感与兴趣。
在英语教学中运用故事情境, 轮流安排学生在课前的几分钟内讲一个自己感兴趣的英语小故事并提问。通过一段时间实践后, 学生的听说能力、临场发挥能力以及组织能力等有了明显的提高, 而学生角色的替换为他们的自主学习也增添了信心, 同时也活跃了课堂氛围。
二、创设对话情境, 指导学生学习新知识
教师根据对话内容创设真实或类似真实的语境, 让学生在交流中掌握知识, 提高技能。
1. 实物运用, 巧设情境
俗话说:“百闻不如一见。”根据不同的教学内容, 教师可事先准备一些相关物品带入课堂, 帮助教学。如教学“There be”句型、形容词的比较等都可用实物来演示教材内容。教师通过实物演示情境能使学生边学习边体会所学知识, 同时培养学生直接用英语思维的习惯。
2. 语言描述, 引入情境
充分利用教材中的语篇创设问题情境。教师可向学生提出富有启发性的问题, 制造悬念, 创设问题情境, 可以连珠炮式地提问, 或者设置“突如其来的提问”, 让学生就某个问题说说想法。突如其来的提问可能引起学生临场发挥的冲动, 使其获得成功感, 增强学习的兴趣与信心。例如:在讲解careless和careful时, 课前我先安排一个学生, 讲授时, 我指着教室里的一只灯管说:“There is something wrong with the light.It doesn’t work.Who can repair it?”这时那位学生站起来说:“Don’t worry.I can repair it.”说完, 他就走过来并假装去触摸灯管, 这时我显出一种极为紧张的表情并大声说:“Be careful!Don’t be careless!It’s dangerous!”我一边在黑板上用红色粉笔画出“触电”标志符号, 一边大声重复:“Be careful!Don’t be careless!It’s dangerous!”这时再问它们的含义, 学生便能异口同声地说出来。
3. 角色扮演、游戏, 体会情境
如在讲授有关Halloween内容时, 我有意安排一个小型的party, 让学生去查资料了解万圣节的具体情况, 然后准备物品, 如面具, 南瓜灯等。在读完课文之后, 请学生讨论中西方庆祝节日的异同。学生则从课文内容与现实的反差对比中自然发言, 使得师生、生生的交流过程顺畅而不显单调, 学生则在愉悦的气氛中把握了课文语言的精髓。这种方法使演的、看的学生全面进入角色, 使他们的注意力高度集中, 同时又激发了学生的兴趣, 在轻松欢快的气氛中学到了知识, 提高了口头表达的能力。
三、创设真实情境, 培养学生交流语言的能力
学习英语的最终目的是在真实的语言环境中进行交流。教学中我们可利用教材中的大量贴近生活实际的题材、词汇, 如问候、旅行、购物、打电话等设置情境对话。如:8B Travel, 让学生在操练课文的基础上, 结合日常生活的情况, 为学生准备一张旅行表。 (如图示)
学生之间两人一组进行对话操练, 在电话中邀请他人去旅行。
A:Hello.May I speak to Tom, please?
B:Hello?Speaking.
A:Hi, Tom.This is Peter.Which place would you like to travel this National Day?
B:Well, I’ve not got to decide.Have you got a Travel Guide?Which place can we travel this National Day?
A:Yes, I’ve got a Travel Guide.Well, there are quite a lot of interesting places.What about Singapore?I love it.
B:So do I.When will we travel?
A:Oct.1-5.
B:OK.How much does it cost?
A:￥1000.
B:OK.Let’s travel to Singapore.
根据选择的会话材料, 由教师进行适当的组织和指导, 调动学生的主动性。在真实情境中帮助学生迅速掌握所学的句型和词汇, 达到学以致用的目的。
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一、直观简要陈述
英语语言的简洁、简明、简单及简要，都是为了使语言运用起来更加精确，以上也都是优秀写作的关键之处。本文将着重通过美国9·11事件中人们在危难关头用语集锦来论述如何明晰、准确又生动、形象地表达语言的感人之美。我们还可以通过例证赏析到时代风格和个人风格通过表达的内容和方式充分感受和品味到语言的美。这些都有助于达到人们之间的有效交往和正确理解。总之，简洁在报刊英语中运用更为突出。
直观表达看似简单，却能形象地描述事物，不转弯抹角，点中要害，说出实质性的东西。这些直观表达在特定的题旨情境下却能体现出说话的精彩纷呈。以下有四例直观表达的报道。
1.2001年《华尔街时报》9月12日第18版上，Daniel Henninger对世贸中心倒塌时的目击者进行采访报道的原文如下：I saw it all.Then I saw nothing. (First-person account of eyewitness to the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center Towers) 。
2.2001年《纽约时报》9月24日第82版上，Eric Roston是这么报道的：All His Office Mates Gone (Howard Lutnick of Cantor Fitgerald) (The Economy/A CED’s Story, Brief Article)。
3. 有一位妇女从窗口往外看，她口都合不上，后来终于说了出来：“It sounds really stupid, but at first we thought it was people throwing their computers or desks out of the windows, trying to save whatever work they had，”后来她明白了，这些从窗口里扔出来的是人“They were wearing suits.Their ties were flapping.”。
4.灾难发生后, 人们纷纷拥上街头, 大家聚在一块大声小声地说个不停。纽约本来就是个全世界各民族的大熔炉, 对这些妇女们是这么描述的:All different races.There were Asians, Indians, Hispanics.You name it.They were there.
以上引文中的词句用在别处可能淡而无味，但是用在上述特定的情境中，却能紧扣情境题旨。例如：目击者看到了双子塔楼受袭击的全过程，楼塌人亡，一切都不复存在，一个“all”，一个“nothing”形成鲜明对照，划破时空，文字朴素、坦率、准确，一个表层的说白若如一个深层的潜台词;一个“gone”字，道出了事实，这也是一个多么辛酸的字眼;对从世贸中心飞出来的人的描述此处也是简言白语，平铺直叙，不修辞藻，即使有选择措辞，也是准确有力;例句中有个词语“you name it”;一定要摸透它的含义，理解好这个短语。我们在语言实践中，在这上下文中可体会出它的含义就是“只要你说得出，他们就有”，或“要什么人就有什么人”或“街上的人种应有尽有”。我们可以设想上述报道中或在危难关头还运用婉语、曲言之类的高谈阔论，那么这些浓厚的生活气息就会荡然无存，悲伤的感情色彩也会轻描淡写，说不定一场悲剧在纸上却是一场闹剧。
平实叙来，不用华美辞藻或多彩的辞格在语言上更能表达出一种更难表达和更为感人的内心世界。这种直观表达和美学修辞虽各有侧重点，但它仍是不能替代的，它也是我们语言表达中的一个亮点。
1991年2月23日《美国报纸刊载》的文章中说道：“Yester-day，...was given one last chance, set forth in very explicit terms, to do what he should have done more than six months ago:withdraw from Kuwait without condition or further delay and comply fully with the resolutions passed by the United Nations Security Coun-cil.”
文中的措词简约自然，平实流畅，交代清楚，达意即止。这也决定了发表讲话的风格，以这种风格为前提，所以语言的表达方式就由此而定调。这正如常吃大鱼大肉的荤菜后，来点爽口的小菜和可口的家乡菜照样大受欢迎。
二、平行简明表达
平行的结构往往能产生对比的效果。平行的结构往往由语法的规则而形成。在特定的情境中有意识的同义词或词组、组成后能产生很有力的效果。
在行文中不管是同一词还是句式反复使用都会使人想到累赘、单调，但有意强调、突出、对比、递进、照应时，这些方法却是行之有效的最佳选择。
美国自由撰稿人(Dr.Keith Albow)谈及美国道德标准的沦丧是这么叠用(repetition)一词的：We are human and human beings are far from perfect.To be human implies that we will make mistakes.But it’s more than that we feel human.We now feel entitled.四次叠用human就是为了强调凡人难免出错，最后又提出“有权”犯错，前后对应的关系一下子豁然开朗，笔调也平添了几分辛辣，笔锋一下子也变得锋利。同时读者从结构的平行处可以体会出英语的语流，并能强调感受到所表达的语言爆发出来的节奏感，人们仿佛不但看懂了句子，而且听懂了句子。
下面我们从美国报刊对9·11事件的报道中来领悟一下英语的平行结构。
1. 在9月11日那天，William Blaich眼睛到处盯着找她儿子。一位消防队员在旁说道：“I was expecting the worst and hoping for the best.”“expecting”和“hoping for”两个同义的词表达出了寻找亲人的一种渴望的心情，也显出一种“等呀等”的心理。
2. Laura Lopez在9月11日前下定决心毕业后去新奥尔良(New Orleans)的Tulane University上大学。现在她却说：“Imagine going to school in a place like that.There were big trees, and it was so clean.”句中“There were...，and it was...”相并列表达了说话人在感情受震动时，就干脆重复最简单、最达意的两部分，这样充分表达了本人情愿到一个简朴并且干净的环境去生活，这种简朴的生活用简洁的平行表达就更简单不过了。
3. 飞机撞楼后，有一男士的头伸出窗外，竟不知怎么办，停顿好久后，才猛然想起要跑，他后来说：“I couldn’t believe it, I couldn’t understand it.”句中两个couldn’t表示在当时“不能这，也不能那”，即使再来几个动作，也会couldn’t，从而表达出在那种情况下“什么也不能了”。
4.2001年10月1日《新闻周刊》上Rached Newman报道说：“我们现在需要做的是：pray for the dead and fight like hell for the living.”“Newman lives in New York City.”“pray for”和“fight for”二个平行的词组形成句式叠用，造成语气凝重，反映出在心情沉痛时要有力地战斗，这样来唤起力量，力求新生。
5.2001年10月15日《金融报》上一位幸存者自述道：在9月11日上午8点45分时他正站在世贸中心塔一楼第78层的电梯处，他刚从上面9层楼处开完会。“Suddenly I heard an explo-sion, turned to my left, and saw a wall of debris and smoke heading for me.My first thought was that a bomb had gone off.”他找到一紧急出口处让慌张的职工马上随他出去, 他说道:“Maybe that was why I had to be there that day.I am no hero, a hero would have made sure everyone followed, but maybe some were saved because I was there.”事后他在发给他朋友的E-mail中这么说道:“Time was our enemy.You could smell smoke.Was there a fire?Must be.Focus on moving, don’t look back, ignore the pain.New fresh air.Encounter serious traffic.Why are we stopped?Have to keep moving, smoky smell, bad feeling.One or two start to yell, a brief panic, calm restored.Stopped again, sweating.Lady handing out wet paper towels.Getting warmer.Come on, get going, legs hurting.Where are we?25thfloor.Everybody to the right, injured coming down, emergency personnel coming up, the real heroes.”
以上的叙述结构平行，逻辑排列，看出人们在紧要关头，虽然内心恐慌，但仍然镇定自若(当然也有不少惊慌失措的人)，井然有序地从曾为世纪标志的大楼中艰难逃出来的生死场面。简洁的语言表达使一连串的动作有节奏地敲打着生命的音符。
现在美国人及全世界乘坐飞机的人都在心里祈祷：“Take me up and bring me back!”在特定环境下的简洁平行结构的用语就这样发出了幽默的心声。
总之，在语言运用中简洁为贵。记住：删除没用的东西，除掉多余的东西(Prune that deadwood and zap these redundancies.)。
三、联想形象发挥
通过逻辑思维，运用各类修辞手段，借助意象，唤起联想;使事物进行形象化的比较，使事物生动、形象地展示在人们眼前，这种情感化的表现突出了事物的特性并富有表现力和概括力地刻画出事物的本质。例如：下句中提到了“刀刃”，那么人们就会联想到风险：
High costs, weak earnings keep America’s second-largest bank holding company, the Chase Manhattan Bank, on knife’s edge.(Jack Egan&Eva Promice)高昂的开支，微薄的赢利使美国第二家最大的银行控股公司———大通曼哈顿银行———处于十分焦急的状态。
Knife edge原意为“刀刃”，转意为“摇摆不定的处境”，这使人联想起中国的成语“如履薄冰”，战战兢兢的局势跃然纸上。下面再来回味一下人们对美国9·11事件的报道。
1. 双塔楼倒后，有些楼房露面了，有一位妇女看到这副惨景后伤心地说：“You could see pieces of building standing up.They really looked like gravestones.It was like the grave site of the World Trade Center.”句中采用明喻手法，以两种具有共同特征的事物进行对比，本体pieces of building，喻体为gravestones，比喻词是like，这样鲜明的形象、简要的措词，生动地表明了二者的相类关系。它们的相似点就是联想的依据，楼房和墓碑都是竖在那儿;它们的相异点都是两个范畴，楼房住人，墓碑是个标志，这种比喻新鲜，有表现力，联想丰富，双子塔楼倒后，它们以前遮住的楼房出现了，这些重现的楼房倒成了双塔楼新建的墓碑，它标志着世贸中心这一墓地。我们可以看出明喻中在相似点的基础上产生的相异性越大，其意象联想就越丰富，其艺术价值就越大，艺术的感染性就越强。
2.2001年10月15日《金融报》上，转摘了一位幸存者的自序，这位爱德华先生是位58岁的商人，他竟从第78楼来到了一楼，他刚从塔内出来，死亡马上就降临到了仍在塔内的人们，他前面出来的人都是从不可能活下来的环境中幸存下来的人。他曾站在生与死的地狱之门槛上。他深有感触地说“amelting pot of the extraordinary”。
此句话中的喻体是pot，它原意是“锅，壶，罐”，转义为“杂乱的一堆”或“搅和在一起”。句中只见喻体，本体并未直接出现，因为意不在言中，留给读者一些想象的余地，这样抽象的事物具体化了，理论性的概念也形象化了，这也体现了隐喻修辞上的含蓄之美。
3. 在塔楼倒塌时Livni说：“It seemed like it was all over.”当他抬头看时，他只说了一句：“holy shit”，事后他说：“Lookingout the windows, you could not see a thing.”“It was darker than night.”比黑夜还黑的夜晚, 伸手不见五指, 漆黑一团。这样人们感到的是阴森可怕, 昔日的辉煌一下子像灯光一样熄灭了。
4. 有一职员在别人告诉他飞机撞到世贸大厦时，他仍上了办公室，上楼后伸出头看，然后转身他一口气冲到楼梯口狂奔直下了18层楼，边跑边听到有人叫“It’s collapsing.”他一直对自己说：“Don’t be surprised if you die.”2001年《华尔街日报》9月12日第18版上，Mary O’Grady的采访报道如下：Awakening to a nightmare.还有一位工程师在第45楼办公室。他工作勤奋，在灾难前他常常被人表扬性地描绘成“who would never leave his post in an emergency”确实他永远也走不出大楼了。灾难发生后，一位男士说出了心里话：“I was thinking a lot about God.I am not religious, but you had idiots in the street screaming that This is the moment.You better be at peace with Jesus.”他开始思考：“What if I lose my life today and I have no comfort?”
以上脱口而出的话、评论的语言、紧要关头的用词都在情景交融、心灵震动时爆发出来。人们创造了这些简单的联想，从而体现了内心思维的丰富，有了超想象力的表达。这些适当的从口中迸出的字使我们语言的表达手段更具有艺术价值，描绘更具有感染力。
我们虽强调语言的简洁———简要乃语言智慧之魂，但美学的修辞仍是文字写作中的重头戏，在人文修辞学的范围内我们可以体会到随景应情、想象联想、意蕴优美、新鲜活跃等有艺术性表达的效果。美学修辞的运用并不排斥平白、流畅、朴素之美的交际修辞，它们两者相互渗透、相互交融，我们可通过语言感受到两者鲜明对照的风格，又体会到两者融为一体的和谐。
摘要：人们在语言交流中常试图讨论问题、发表看法、保护自己、驳倒他人, 而在关键时刻、危难关头、在特定的语言环境下人们更多的是抒情达意、渲染气氛等。而在此情景下的语言有其独特性——言以简洁为贵:“Brevity is the soul of English.” (简要乃英语之魂) 。美国9·11事件引起了世人的关注, 事发后铺天盖地的报刊评论纷纷跃然纸上。本文收集了部分人们在紧急时刻危难关头的用语, 同时也研究了美国报纸杂志的评论。由此, 我们可领略语言文字的风采, 品味人们在危难关头的语言运用, 同时也体会英语修辞在表达中产生的艺术感染性, 以及简洁表达在内容和形式上所具有的音乐节奏感和情感表现力。
关键词：简要,紧急时刻,用语
参考文献
[1]Daniel Henninger.Wall Street Daily, Sep.12, 2001.
[2]Rached Newman:Newsweek, Oct.1, 2001.
[3]The Rhetoric of Zeno’s Paradoxes.Philosophy and Rhetoric1988, VOL21, (2) :145-152.
[4]Devet, Bonnie Dene.Figures of Speech:Functions and Applications.University of SouthCarolina, 1986.
[5]John I.Saeed.Semantics, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
[6]Eric Roston.Wall Street Daily, Sep.24, 2001.
[7]Edword.Finance, Oct.15, 2001.
写辞职信也要小心(Letter of Resignation)
Writing a letter of resignation might be an unpleasant task, but there“s really not that much to it.In its simplest form, you just date your letter of resignation, say when and what you”re resigning, sign it, hand it over, and that“s it.Five minutes, and you”re done.Unless you possess the judgment of an attorney and style of a professional writer, don“t write much more in your letter of resignation if you wish to use your soon-to-be ex-employer as a reference.There”s really no need to explain your reasons for resigning anyway.For one thing, it“s really nobody”s business but your own.For another, however honorable your reasons may be, it“s very hard to strike just the right tone in writing.For example, if you write in your letter of resignation that you”ve found a more challenging career opportunity, it implies that you“re bored with your current job.If you write that you”re having family or health problems, you“ve just documented that you might be a risky hire.Your words may haunt you down the road, when a potential employer contacts your former employers as references.Your words might also be used as evidence against you, should you sue your former employer for a wrongdoing.For example, if you write that it”s been a pleasurable experience working there, then later sue your employer, you might have a hard time proving harm.In other words, try not to leave anything up to the interpretation(or misinterpretation)of the reader when writing your letter of resignation.
你想应聘这份工作及你的应聘条件进一步询问有关这份假期工作的详细信息
*词数100-120
HOLIDAY JOBS!
Need to improve your English
Want to spend some time abroad
Short of cash
Why not come and work for us at
Home Farm!
You‘ll be picking fruit and generally helping out with all the usual farm work. We‘ll pay you by the hour so the harder you work, the more you‘ll earn! We‘ll provide a place to sleep and all your meals.
Interested Why not drop us a line (and a photo). We‘ll be happy to answer any queries.
Mr and Mrs Bull, Cold Comfort Farm, Sussex, Great Britain SU3 8TZ
Dear Mr. And Mrs. Bull,
I saw your advertisement on the Internet and
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Wang Ling
Possible Version:
Dear Mr. and Mrs. Bull,
I saw your advertisement on the Internet and am very interested in working on your farm.
I‘m a student and need more practice with my English. I was hoping to come to Great Britain but didn‘t want to ask my parents for money. Working for you would be an ideal solution.
I‘m 18 years old and very fit. Although I‘ve never worked on a farm before I have helped on a building site and am used to working hard. I‘m very fond of animals and would be happy to help with the cows and sheep if needed.
Could you please let me know how long you would want me for, how many hours a day, and what the minimum wages per hour would be I would like to know if there will be other students there too and where I will be sleeping.
I enclose a photo as requested. My last employer will be happy to write me a reference, if you so wish.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely,
Wang Ling
一、常见的学生听力理解障碍
1.语音、语速障碍。语音障碍包括语音、语调及各种朗读技巧方面的障碍,如单词重音、语句重音、音的省略和同化、连读以及不完全爆破等等;语音基础的优劣直接影响学生听力水平的高低。语速障碍是指学生理解速度或记录速度跟不上听力材料的录音速度,从而影响学生对英语知识的理解,而最终导致学生出现“哑巴”式英语。
2.听力习惯障碍。听的主要目的是弄懂所听材料的基本内容和思想。在听的过程中关键是尽力理解全文的主要内容,初中生学习英语的时间还不长,部分学生听力理解过程中存在方法和习惯上的不良行为,试图把每个词、每个句子都听懂,遇到一时不理解的单词或句子时,就停下来思索,无疑就跟不上语速了,有的学生不能用英语思维理解听力材料,而是借助于母语,中间经历了一个心译过程。还有部分学生在听力过程中不会抓住关键词,不会迅速做记录,从而难以把握住全文的主要信息。
3.文化背景知识障碍。语言是文化的一种表现方式,学习英语必须具备一定的英美国家的历史和文化,了解和熟悉英美国家人们的一些生活习惯、文化背景、风土人情及生活方式。不少学生由于缺乏这方面的知识。听力理解时便会产生一定的障碍。如两篇难度相当的听力材料,一篇介绍我国的中秋节,另一篇介绍西方的万圣节,前者听起来就比较容易理解,因为中秋节是我国传统节日,学生非常熟悉,有助于理解;而后者,听起来较难,理解起来就更难,因为学生对万圣节情况知之甚少。
4.心理因素及外部环境障碍。听力理解过程是一个较为复杂的心理活动过程。心理学知识告诉我们,当人的情绪处于紧张状态时,容易产生恐惧心理。有些听力水平较差的学生,对听力缺乏信心,总觉得听力很难,没有足够的时间去思考;久而久之,这种畏难情绪无形中设置了信息输入的屏障,降低了信息加工的有效性,从而影响听力材料的理解;还有些同学一旦遇到不理解的单词或句子就烦躁不安,也会对听力材料的理解产生障碍;另外,外部环境的影响,如室内外噪声、放音设备的质量、声音的大小、录音的清晰度等,都有可能成为影响学生听力理解的干扰因素。
二、加强听力训练的方法
1.造氛围,扩大听的渠道。现代语言教学理论认为,充分的、以理解内容为目的的语言输入是形成交际性听力,乃至决定整个语言学习成功的关键。传统教学中,听的活动一般局限在以句型、对话为中心的教学活动中,着重于语言形式的听辨和记忆,信息的输入量明显不足。而平时做的听力技巧专项训练,多是测试性题目,目的性太强,做得多了,很容易引起学生的疲倦、排斥,甚至反感,从而使学生失去对听力的兴趣。
2.设情景,激发听的欲望。初中英语听力的培养应做到视听结合,积极培养利用情景获取信息的能力。这里的视听结合是指利用实物、图片、简笔画,教师的动作、表情、投影等直观手段来创设语言情境,模拟场景。通过这样,才有利于提高学生对听力材料内容的理解和强化刺激,加深记忆。而不是边看文字材料边听,因为这种视听结合会助长听觉对书面文字的依赖,也不符合听的真实性。
3.授方法,提高听力水平听力。(1)识别技能,即识别语音、词汇、语法、语义等知识的技能。使学生能辨别出听力材料中多数单词的词义,组合成的词组意义,同单词在此处的具体义项,能听懂对话里一些明显的连读、典型句型等。(2)预测能力,即对将要听到材料的语句成分的预料和内容情节的期盼和估计,以及根据上下文对熟悉或者没听清的内容部分进行猜测,也就是根据所听材料进行推理、判断,得出结论的能力。比如,教完Shopping这个单元后,做听力练习,可先让学生预测一下,会有哪些方面的内容或问题,学生很容易想到会有Time,Who,How much,How about等方面的问题,如果听的过程中没听清买了什么,可鼓励学生根据下文的有关句子“How about this blue one?”“How muchis the blouse?”……推理判断出买了一件蓝衬衫。预测能力的培养,对刚接触英语的初中生特别重要。
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