高中英语演讲稿范文带翻译

高中英语演讲稿范文带翻译（精选7篇）

高中英语演讲稿范文带翻译 篇1

【篇一】英语介绍信范文带翻译

20** Singapore Road，Oct.10，1999

Dear Mr.Lee，As I am leaving for New York immediately to pursue higher education，I shall be very grateful for a letter of introduction to your brother The-Sheng who，I u nderstand，is now studying at Columbia University.I like very much to make the acquaintance of him who，I understand，has sojourned in the United States for qu ite a number of years and knows that country very well.I am sure I shall benefi t immensely by his advice and guidance when I arrive at that American city，whic h is entirely strange to me.I plan to study at Columbia University during the f irst year of my stay in the United States and hope to approach your brother for detailed information regarding the entrance requirements of that institution if I can have the pleasure of meeting him.With kind regards，Yours sincerely，Y.Chow

译文

20**年新加坡的道路，20**年10月10日，亲爱的李先生，在我即将前往纽约接受高等教育的时候，我将非常感激一封介绍信给你的兄弟，我现在正在哥伦比亚大学学习。我非常喜欢与他相识，我了解，他已经在美国逗留了很多年，对这个国家非常了解。我相信，当我到达那个美国城市时，他的建议和指导会给我带来极大的好处。我计划在美国停留期间在哥伦比亚大学学习，希望能与你的兄弟联系，了解有关该机构入学要求的详细信息，如果我能有幸见到他的话。

此致敬礼，你的真诚，Y.Chow

【篇二】英语介绍信范文带翻译

Dear sir or madame，it is with great pleasure that i write to recommend courtney alexander to you.i have known courtney for the pst two years and have had the pleasure of having her in my united states history class during her junior.in the class she ws one of the most outstanding students.at the semester final she earned high grade of 91，which should be “a” according to our grading system.i also found her good at other studies.after classes，she had personal talks with me many times.she indicated a great interest in teching.during tht time i found her to be a bright，diligent，friendly youn woman.besides，courtney is not afraid of hard work，and is a team plyer.her ability to work with her clssmates is a special quality that will benefit her as she moves on to the next level.throughout the year，she worked cooperatively with those seated around her in reviewing notes，going over possible examination materials，and working through some of the more difficult concepts.through her contributions to my class，the promissing young girl helped not only herself，but also others around her who were not progressing and improving as quickly as she could.courtney alexander is undoubtedly a student with the potential for great success at the next level.in my opinion，courtney alexander was born a teacher，which can be further developed and she is sure to give all of you a big surprise in the years to come.so i enthusistically recommend her for admission to your university.if you have any questions or concerns in regards to courtney，plese feel free to contact me at **********.thank you for your time.sincerly，亲爱的先生/女士，我怀着极大的荣幸写这封信向你们推荐我的学生坎特雷 亚历山大。我认识坎特雷有两年了。在她读高中二年级时，能在我开设的美国历史课中成为我的学生真的是我难得的荣幸。在我的这个班上，她是最突出的学生之一。在学期末的考试中，她得到了91分的高分，按照我们的评分制度，应该定会为“a”级。除此以外，我还发现她在其它的学习中也有不俗的表现。她与我子课外有过多次的私下交谈。她曾表示出她对教育这个职业有极浓厚的兴趣。在与我相处的一年中，我发现她是一位聪明、勤奋、对人友善的女青年。而且，坎特雷并不害怕艰苦。她也是一位具有团队精神的人。她与她的同学相互合作的能力是她特殊的个人素质，这个素质使她在以后的学习期间获益不少。在这整整一年中，她一直都没有忽视与坐在她周围的那些人共同合作，复习笔记，复习考试可能要考察的资料，以及一齐攻克非常难已解决的难题。通过她对班上的贡献，这位很有前途的年轻姑娘不仅帮助了他自己，而且也帮助了她周围的那些本来没有她一样快的取得进步的同学。毫无疑问，坎特雷 亚历山大是一位很有潜力在以后的学习中取得巨大成功的好学生。就我个人看来，坎特雷 亚历山大是一位天生就适合做教师的人。她的这一能力很容易得到进一步开发。在以后的年月里，她一定会给大家带来惊喜的。所以，在此，我热情地把她推荐给你们学校录取。

如果你们有什么问题或者与坎特雷有关的事情，请随时通过如下电话与我联系。电话：***********。谢谢。

【篇三】英语介绍信范文带翻译

Dear Mr.Johnson，I take great pleasure in introducing Mary Brown one of my classmates and best friends to you.She is going to pursue her education as a postgraduate in your university after her graduation here.She and I had lived and studied together for four years.No friend deserves so much love and respect as she does.Now that we have finished our study here we had to part with each other.Will you please give her some guidance in regard to the entrance examination? Any information you can provide，as well as your introduction for him to meet the future tutor shall be appreciated very much.Yours truly，**

译文

亲爱的约翰逊先生：

很高兴地向您介绍我的同学也是我的好朋友，xxx。她毕业后想继续到你们学校读研究生介绍信范文英语作文介绍信范文英语作文。我们在一起生活和学习了四年。没有一个比她更好的朋友，可是马上要毕业了，我们也不得不面对分离。

你可以给她提供一些有关入学考试的信息吗?你如果能给她提供一些信息，能帮她安排和导师见面的话，我将非常感谢。

您真挚的：

高中英语演讲稿范文带翻译 篇2

关键词：高中英语写作训练,书面表达,范文翻译,小组合作

过去, 老师对英语书面表达有所关注, 但指导方法不佳, 时间投入带来的并不是学生高质量的书面表达。相反, 就连基础比较好的学生要写一篇内容较充实、结构较完整、可读性较强的书面表达都存在一定困难。究竟是学生不敢爱书面表达, 还是书面表达爱不起。只要解决这一问题, 就能提高学生的英语书面表达能力。在新课程背景下, 现今的英语教师已都认识到英语书面表达在英语教学中的重要性。在日常英语教学中, 他们对书面表达教学越来越重视。英语书面表达的教学新法不断涌现。我结合日常书面表达教学实践和研究, 旨在探究书面表达教学的有效途径。

一、当前高中书面表达教学简析

1. 当前高中书面表达教学存在的问题

(1) 书面表达布置无的放矢

在日常英语教学过程中, 许多老师虽明白写作的重要性, 但在给学生布置书面表达任务时存在随意性和盲目性———往往拿到什么练习卷就布置什么书面表达, 缺乏系统性, 无的放矢, 事倍功半。

(2) 学生存在消极训练心理

听说读写译各项技能中, 写是高中学生最头疼的一项。所以, 一谈到书面表达, 学生总是表现出排斥和畏惧的心理, 但是为了完成老师布置的任务, 他们又不得不一次次消极地进行训练。反复训练的结果可想而知, 一些学生反而越写越糟。

(3) 书面表达批改后反馈不佳

书面表达批改任务繁重, 许多老师辛辛苦苦地将书面表达批改完, 可是分发下去, 学生只是简单地看看分数和评语, 对于错误不做任何修改就扔到一边。其实, 更多时候学生是不知道怎么修改, 更不用说知道自己到底哪些地方、哪些句子写得好。

(4) 错误“输入强化”

以上教学中存在的所有问题, 在一次次的作文训练中, 会形成错误的强化现象, 与Sharwood Smith提出的“输入强化理论” (1991) 相悖。

“输入强化理论” (Input Enhancement) 的核心是交际活动与改错活动的有机结合。Sharwood Smith指出, 通过“输入强化”, 学习者既可注意在交际过程中忽略的语言现象, 又可使交际过程中的错误输入得到纠正, 提高语言的准确性。然而, 在现实教学中, 许多学生不仅没有改正错误, 习得正确的表达法, 实现“输入强化”, 还使错误在一次又一次训练中强化, 最终出现负面的“输入强化”现象, 错误得到巩固。教师会抱怨学生老是犯同样的错误, 更别指望学生写出优美句子。

2. 当前高中书面表达常见有效的训练法

不同省份的英语书面表达字数要求在120至150个字不等, 似乎仅由十来个句子组成, 而要把这十来个句子写好, 却很有学问。冰冻三尺, 非一日之寒。日常的积累在英语书面表达训练方面有至关重要的作用。写作能力的培养不可能一蹴而就, 我们需要由浅入深、由易到难、由简到繁地进行训练。在英语教师的大家庭里, 所有成员为了学生, 都在积极探索高中书面表达训练的“秘籍”, 渴望我们的弟子能够在师傅这本“武功宝典”指引下练就一身绝世的英语书面表达功夫, 来日闯荡各种英语测试这一“江湖”。

首先, 教材是学生首先接触到的最主要的课程资源, 为学生提供了大量鲜活的语言。课文题材广泛, 体裁多样, 难易程度适中, 适合学生做缩写、仿写、改写、续写及写评论、读后感等练习。这些练习既能使学生巩固已学的课本知识, 加深学生对课文的理解, 又有助于提高学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力。

其次, 美文背诵、句型操练、翻译等方法得到了运用, 发挥了作用。运用这些方法培养出了一大批技艺超群的英语书面表达高手。

3. 范文翻译法出现的背景

根据课标要求, 学生在高中阶段要不断地提高听说读写四项基本技能。整合当前有效的训练方法, 我对书面表达的训练进行了可控制性设计, 目的是让学生在一定的教学目标的指引下进行有效训练。

二、范文翻译法简介

1. 范文的选择

在收集了近十年各省高考书面表达题目及其范文之后, 写出相应的中文版本范文, 按记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文进行分类。针对文体的不同, 将高中英语写作常见的近百个句型分别用在4种文体的35篇范文中进行训练。当然, 选择的范文话题根据课标要求的话题进行整合。

2. 范文翻译实例介绍

某英语报社拟成立“微笑俱乐部”, 现对外征募会员。要求申请者提交一篇题为“I want to Smile”的英语短文。请你以申请者的身份, 根据提示用英语写一篇短文 (2009年福建高考) 。 (1) 根据思路图适当展开, 使行文连贯; (2) 词数:120左右。

中文范文:

我要微笑

微笑优点很多, 既可以愉悦自己又可以愉悦他人。如果对生活微笑, 生活也会对我们微笑。不论何时何地, 我们要对所有人微笑。

首先, 对父母微笑, 因为他们生我并含辛茹苦把我养大。他们几乎为我安排好了一切。在他们的帮助下, 我取得了巨大的进步。我想微笑地对他们说声“谢谢!”。然后, 我要对自己微笑, 因为只有通过这种方式我才能够笑走麻烦, 过更好的生活。

总之, 让我们笑迎每一天。明天又是崭新的一天。

(1) 翻译前

翻译之前, 我先介绍范文翻译当中会用到的句型供学生使用, 目的在于让学生在翻译中强化句型, 方便今后写作时信手拈来。如下:

句型1:not only...but also...

句型2:only+状语+倒装。

句型3:if等从属连词引导句子的省略。

句型4:would like to do sth.

句型5:without/with+宾语作为条件的句子。

但是并不是简单将句型告之学生。对于每个句型的使用, 利用课堂时间进行事先操练, 提高使用的准确率。

(2) 翻译时

在上交作业之前, 要求小组成员之间用蓝色笔先互改。主要是修改句型、标点和单词拼写的错误。要求批改者签名。互改完后进行二次修改, 然后组长收起上交等待老师批改。

(3) 教师批改

为了解决教师包办而效率低的问题, 对于翻译进行“双改”制。一改老师将学生错误的地方用各种规范的作文批改符号标出。评分并写好评语分给学生进行二改。学生二改要找到互改的那位学生一同修改。之后, 老师利用课后时间进行二改。 (根据不同的学生, 有的进行面批, 有的用录音的方式减少对学生的干扰。) 第二次修改后, 老师与小组成员一起讨论, 进一步修改, 最终形成小组翻译成果。

(4) 成果展示

选出5篇优秀的翻译作品张贴到学习园地。

(5) 后翻译阶段

翻译结束后, 要求小组将成果收集汇总形成“专著”。在积累中成长, 在共同提高中体验学习的快乐。

3. 范文翻译法的辅助提高措施

单一的翻译可能会让学生烦, 特别是基础不好的学生。所以范文翻译还可以采用单句成段法、借用缩写、仿写、改写、续写及写评论、读后感、同声传译法等变换操练。

4. 范文翻译的优缺点

范文翻译法, 能够扎实基础, 稳步提高学生的书面表达能力, 效率高。但是, 由于工作量大、课时要求高, 要求授课教师做好充分的规划并充分调动学生的积极性。

四、结语

范文翻译法还处于研究探索阶段, 但从教学实践的效果来看, 是相当有效的。怎样使该方法成熟并推广, 还有待进一步研究。所谓有心人天不负, 相信在不断深入的过程中能够不断完善该方法。所谓条条大路通罗马, 对于书面表达的教学也没有定法, 关键是一种方法运用好了, 可以让多人受益。

参考文献

[1]Sharwood Smith, M.“Speaking to many minds:On the relevance of different types of language information for the L2 learner”.Second Language Research, 1991, 7 (2) :118-132.

[2]教育部.普通高中英语课程标准 (试验) [M].人民教育出版社, 2003.

[3]孙尧芳.浙江省东阳市中天高级中学.高中英语书面表达教学中存在的问题及对策.学英语, 2008.04.29 (44) .

[4]夏建清.输入强化理论与英语书面表达打草稿.考试周刊, 2008 (8) .

乐观英语演讲稿带翻译 篇3

保持乐观的重要性

尊敬的评委、女士们、先生们：

下午好！今天我想谈一谈保持乐观的重要性。我们注意到，当在生活中遇到困难时，我们中的有些人选择逃避它们。但令人遗憾的是，这样的态度对你没有任何好处，因为如果你连面对它们的勇气都没有的话，你怎么去征服它们呢？因此，乐观起来吧，女士们、先生们，因为它会带给你信心，帮助你渡过难关。正如温斯顿?丘吉尔所说，“乐观者在每次灾难中都看到机遇；悲观者在每次机遇中都看到灾难”。

女士们，先生们，困难是存在的，但如果你保持乐观，你就会意识到永远有希望在等着你，它会把你领向最终的成功。不管是历史上还是现实中，这样的乐观者总是不胜枚举。你看，托马斯?爱迪生是乐观的，如果不是的话，他心中那希望的明灯就不能照亮整个世界；阿尔弗雷德?诺贝尔是乐观的，如果不是的话，那炸药和享有很高声望的诺贝尔奖就不会诞生。

玫瑰花可能很美，也可能不美，这，仅仅取决于你的态度；而成功也如此，人生也如此。困难和阻碍的确存在，但是如果你很乐观的话，那它们就仅仅是我们通向胜利之冠的漫长道路上的小插曲；与其说它们是障碍，不如说它们是桥梁！此刻，我想以伟大的英国诗人雪莱的一句诗来作为我的结尾：“冬天来了，春天还会远吗?”谢谢！篇二：英语演讲稿(带翻译)_励志·哲理

we are the world ,we are the future someone said “we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite”.i don’t know who wrote these words, but i’ve always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want it to be.we are young.“how to spend the youth?” it is a meaningful question.to answer it, first i have to ask “what do you understand by the word youth?” youth is not a time of life, it’s a state of mind.it’s not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips or supple knees.it’s the matter of the will.it’s the freshness of the deep spring of life.a poet said “to see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour.let’s show our right palms.we can see three lines that show how our love.career and life is.i have a short line of life.what about yours? i wondered whether we could see our future in this way.well, let’s make a fist.where is our future? where is our love, career, and life?.yeah, it is in our hands.it is held in ourselves.we all want the future to be better than the past.but the future can go better itself.don’t cry because it is over, smile because it happened.from the past, we’ve learnt that the life is tough, but we are tougher.we’ve learnt that we can’t choose how we feel, but we can choose what about it.failure doesn’t mean you don’t have it, it does mean you should do it in a different way.failure doesn’t mean you should give up, it does mean you must try harder.as what i said at the beginning, “we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite”.the past has gone.nothing we do will change it.but the future is in front of us.believe that what we give to the world, the world will give to us.and from today on, let’s be the owners of ourselves, and speak out “we are the world, we are the future.”

世界是我们的，未来是我们的

一些人说“我们正在读一本无穷的书中的第一章的第一节。”我不知道谁写了这些话，但是我一直很喜欢它，因为它提醒了我，我们能够创造我们想要的未来。

我们是年轻的。“怎样度过青春？”这是个有意义的问题。为了去回答它，我首先要问“从?青春?这个词中你能理解到什么？” 青春不是人生的一个时期，而是精神的一种状态。青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的意志。青春是生命的深泉在涌流.一位诗人说“从一粒沙看世界，从一朵花看天堂，把无限放在你的手掌，永恒在一刹那里收藏”。让我们伸出右手，我们可以看到手掌中的展示我们的爱，事业和生活的三条线。我在生活方面这条线很短，那你们的呢？我想知道我们是否可以用这种办法去看我们的未来。好的，让我们一起握拳。我们的未来在哪儿？我们的爱、事业和生活在哪儿？告诉我！是的，它们就在我们的手中。它们被我们自己掌握着。

我们所有人都希望未来能比过去更美好，但是未来能自己变得更好。不要因为结束而哭泣，微笑吧，为你的曾经拥有。从过去来看，生活是艰苦的，但我们是更坚强。我们知道我们不能选择感觉，但是我们能选择和它相关的东西。失败并不意味着你不拥有成功，它只意味着你应该用另一种方式去做这件事。失败并不意味着你应该放弃，只意味着你应该更加努力。

英语演讲稿带翻译3分钟 篇4

Today however when we again face the ”beauty of our home“ we can also say? Blue sky how life used to be a brilliant landscape now trapped in the gray the clean air become very close to a desire to dream. Faced with an increasingly serious air pollution looking at the sky you say? Know of a small village called Demonstration of field do? The place was surrounded by the Castle Peak Green River Flows a beautiful place ah! However the villagers are aware of the environment no one important they are deforestation land reclamation deforestation forest gradually disappeared the stream gradually dry well water gradually withered. Today this no longer see the mountains and never see green water and the village people use very little water wash your face then keep feet and finally carefully pour the water in a vat .... .. keep pouring in ah ....... This is a natural right to their punishment which is the earth for their ambitions ah!

Students is only one earth. Earth is our lovely ”home"! Let us join hands for our home planet to create a better tomorrow.

我们每个人都有一个家庭也爱他们的家但是你知道我们有一个共同的房子吗?——这是我们的星球!地球是我们共同的“家”是一个非常美丽的家然后是蓝天和白云红花的树鸟儿争用多漂亮啊但是我们没有想到怎样保护地球?20xx年10月15日宇航员杨利伟和家庭电话兴奋地说“我——看看我们美丽的家”这听起来从太空中有多少中国人了外国人对的数量。

然而今天当我们再次面对我们的家“美”我们还能说什么?蓝天生活曾经是一位才华横溢的景观现在被困在灰色中清洁空气变得非常接近梦想的渴望。面对日益严重的空气污染看着天空你说什么?知道的一个小村庄叫示范领域做什么?被青山环绕的地方绿色的河流一个美丽的地方啊!但是村民们意识到环境中没有一个人重要的是他们砍伐森林开垦森林砍伐森林逐渐消失逐渐流干了井水逐渐枯萎。今天这不再看到山和从未见过绿色的水和村里的人用很少的水洗你的脸然后把脚最后小心翼翼地把水倒在一个增值税……不断涌入啊……他们的惩罚是一种自然权利这是地球的野心啊!

挑战与责任英语演讲稿带翻译 篇5

挑战,在我们的生活中每时每刻都要面临着挑战,挑战现在,挑战未来,更主要的是挑战自己。下面为大家分享了挑战与责任英语演讲稿，欢迎借鉴!

“Opportunities” and “challenge” is the objective of our work environment and condition, “responsibility” is a subjective position and attitude of our work. Modernization development in level and stage of today, today, the precondition of human activity, often also is the consequences of human activity, yesterday and today the consequences of human activity, will become tomorrow the premise of human activity. From this Angle as you can see, how to treat their shoulders the responsibility of our generation, largely determines our offspring have no opportunities available, also the challenge of whether afford came down on them. City of the ninth party congress explicitly proposed “must pay more attention to improve the quality of development, pay more attention to optimize the development way, pay more attention to the development of rich connotation, pay more attention to enhance development power”, I think so because of “opportunities” and “challenge” and “responsibilities” such a deep understanding of the relationship.

On the one hand, in a rare opportunity and severe challenge under the background of the glorious mission for colleagues to know themselves and major responsibility, on the other hand to put the glorious mission and responsibility itself as a special challenges and special opportunities.

“机遇”和“挑战”是我们工作的客观环境和前提

条件，“责任”则是我们工作的主观定位和工作态度。现代化事业发展到了今天这样的水平和阶段，今天的人类活动的前提往往也就是昨天的人类活动的后果，而今天的人类活动的后果则会成为明天的人类活动的前提。从这个角度出发可以看到，我们这一代人如何对待自己肩上的责任，很大程度上将决定我们的.后代还有没有可供利用的机遇，还是否承受得起降临在他们头上的挑战。市第九次党代会明确提出“必须更加注重提高发展质量，更加注重优化发展途径，更加注重丰富发展内涵，更加注重增强发展动力”，我想也是出于对“机遇”、“挑战”与“责任”之间关系的这样一种深刻认识。

高中英语演讲稿范文带翻译 篇6

My name’s Li Hong. I also have a dream. I dream of becoming a great scientist. From now on I have to study hard to achieve my dream. I must learn as much as I can. When I meet any difficulty I won’t give it up I must get it over .

I’m sure it’s very important to dream. Some dreams are more realistic others are not. No matter what our dreams are we should hold on to them they can just come true one day.

每个人都有自己的梦想。作为年轻的学生，我们有很多种梦想。这些梦想是我们的中国梦。梦想可以很大，也可以很小。事实上，一个大梦想是由许多小梦想组成的。

我叫李红。我也有一个梦想。我梦想成为一名伟大的科学家。从现在起我必须努力学习以实现我的梦想。我必须尽可能多地学习。当我遇到任何困难时，我都不会放弃，我必须克服它。

包容性资本主义大会演讲稿带翻译 篇7

Economic Inclusion and Financial Integrity—an Address to the Conference on Inclusive Capitalism

经济包容与金融稳健——在“包容性资本主义大会”上的讲话

Christine Lagarde, Managing Director, International Monetary Fund

国际货币基金组织总裁克里斯蒂娜·拉加德

London, May 27,

伦敦，5月27日

Good morning. What a great privilege to be here among such illustrious guests to discuss such an important topic.

上午好。很荣幸能够在这里与各位尊贵的来宾讨论这一重要的问题。

Let me thank Lady Lynn de Rothschild and the Inclusive Capitalism Initiative for convening today’s event. I would also like to recognize the great civic leaders here today—His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales; President Clinton, and Fiona Woolf, Lord Mayor of the City of London.

我感谢林恩·罗斯柴尔德夫人和“包容性资本主义倡议”举办今天的活动。我还想向今天在座的伟大的公民领袖——查尔斯王子殿下、克林顿总统，以及伦敦市长菲奥娜·伍尔夫——致以敬意。

We are all here to discuss “inclusive capitalism”—which must be Lynn’s idea! But what does it mean? As I struggled with the answer to that, I turned to etymology and to histo

ry.

我们今天在这里讨论“包容性资本主义”——这肯定是林恩的主意!但这是什么意思呢? 为了回答这一问题，我求助于词源和历史。

Capitalism originates from the Latin “caput”, cattle heads, and refers to possessions. Capital is used in the 12th century and designates the use of funds. The term “capitalism” is only used for the first time in 1854 by an Englishman, the novelist William Thackeray—and he simply meant private ownership of money.

资本主义来自拉丁文“Caput”，即牲口的头，指拥有的财产。12 世纪使用“资本(Capital)”一词，指资金的使用。“资本主义(Capitalism)”一词在 1854 年才被英国小说家威廉·萨克雷第一次使用，仅指钱财的私人拥有。

The consecration of capitalism comes during the 19th century. With the industrial revolution came Karl Marx who focused on the appropriation of the means of production—and who predicted that capitalism, in its excesses, carried the seeds of its own destruction, the accumulation of capital in the hands of a few, mostly focused on the accumulation of profits, leading to major conflicts, and cyclical crises.

资本主义一词在 19世纪被神化。随着工业革命的推进，卡尔·马克思关注生产工具的占有，他预言，在经济过剩状态下，资本主义播下了自身毁灭的种子，造成了资本在少数人手中积累(主要是利润的累积)，从而导致重大冲突和周期性危机。

So is “inclusive capitalism” an oxymoron? Or is it the response to Marx’s dire prediction that will lead to capitalism’s survival and regeneration—to make it truly the engine for shared prosperity?

所以，“包容性资本主义”的提法是不是矛盾的?或者，作为对马克思可怕预言的应对之策，它是否能使资本主义生存下去并获得新生——使它真正成为人类共享繁荣的引擎?

If so, what would the attributes of inclusive capitalism be? Trust, opportunity, rewards for all within a market economy—allowing everyone’s talents to flourish. Certainly, that is the vision.

如果是这样，包容性资本主义应该具备哪些特征呢?在市场经济中，所有人都获得信任、机会和回报——使每个人的才能得到充分发挥。当然，这只是美好的愿景。

Most recently, however, capitalism has been characterized by “excess”—in risk-taking, leverage, opacity, complexity, and compensation. It led to massive destruction of value. It has also been associated with high unemployment, rising social tensions, and growing political disillusion – all of this happening in the wake of the Great Recession.

然而，近年来资本主义的特征是“过度”——体现在冒险、杠杆、不透明、复杂、薪酬等各个方面。这导致价值观遭到巨大破坏，同时，也导致了高失业、不断加剧的社会紧张局势以及人们对政治的日益失望——这些都是在“大衰退”之后发生的。

One of the main casualties has been trust—in leaders, in institutions, in the free-market system itself. The most recent poll conducted by the Edelman Trust Barometer, for example, showed that less than a fifth of those surveyed believed that governments or business leaders would tell the truth on an important issue.

受到最严重损害的一个方面是信任——对领导者的信任，对机构的信任，对自由市场体系本身的信任。例如，在爱德曼公司开展的一项最新调查中，不到五分之一的受访者相信政府或企业领导者在重要问题上会说实话。

This is a wakeup call. Trust is the lifeblood of the modern business economy. Yet, in a world that is more networked than ever, trust is harder to earn and easier to lose. Or as the Belgians say, “la confiance part à cheval et revient à pied” (“confidence leaves on a horse and comes back on foot”).

这向我们发出了警钟。信任是现代商业经济的命脉。但在比以往任何时候都更加网络化的世界中，更难赢得信任，更易失去信任。或者，正如比利时的一句格言：“在马上失去信心，但是得徒步找回信心。”

So the big question is: how can we restore and sustain trust?

所以，一个重要问题是：我们能够恢复和维持信任吗?

First and foremost, by making sure that growth is more inclusive and that the rules of the game lead to a level playing field—favoring the many, not just the few; prizing broad participation over narrow patronage.

首先是确保经济增长更具包容性，游戏规则保证公平的竞争环境——有利于很多人，而不是少数人;鼓励广泛的参与，而不是狭窄的惠顾。

By making capitalism more inclusive, we make capitalism more effective, and possibly more sustainable. But if inclusive capitalism is not an oxymoron, it is not intuitive either, and it is more of a constant quest than a definitive destination.

通过使资本主义更加包容，我们就能使资本主义更加有效，并且可能更可持续。但如果包容性资本主义不是一种矛盾的提法，它也同样不是一种凭直觉的。它是不断的探索和追求，而不是必然的结果。

I will talk about two dimensions of this quest—more inclusion in economic growth, and more integrity in the financial system.

我来谈谈这一探索追求过程中的两个方面——让经济增长更加包容，让金融体系更加稳健。

Inclusion in economic growth

经济增长的包容性

Let me begin with economic inclusion. One of the leading economic stories of our time is rising income inequality, and the dark shadow it casts across the global economy.

我首先来谈谈经济包容。当今时代的最重要的经济问题之一就是收入不平等的日益加剧及其对全球经济的不利影响。

The facts are familiar. Since 1980, the richest 1 percent increased their share of income in 24 out of 26 countries for which we have data.

事实是我们所熟悉的。1980年以来，在我们掌握数据的 26个国家中，有 24个国家，其最富有的1%的人的收入份额继续增大。

In the US, the share of income taken home by the top one percent more than doubled since the 1980s, returning to where it was on the eve of the Great Depression. In the UK, France, and Germany, the share of private capital in national income is now back to levels last seen almost a century ago.

在美国，最富有的1%的人的实得收入份额自上世纪 80年代以来上升了一倍多，回到了“大萧条”前夕的水平。在英国、法国和德国，私人资本在国民收入中所占份额现在也回到了近一个世纪前的水平。

The 85 richest people in the world, who could fit into a single London double-decker, control as much wealth as the poorest half of the global population– that is 3.5 billion people.

全球最富有的85个人，虽然只能塞满一辆伦敦双层巴士，但他们控制的财富却相当于全球穷困的一半人口(35亿人)的所有身家。

With facts like these, it is no wonder that rising inequality has risen to the top of the agenda—not only among groups normally focused on social justice, but also increasingly among politicians, central bankers, and business leaders.

因此，毫不奇怪，不平等加剧问题已成为首要议题——不仅是通常关注社会公平问题的各种团体关注这一问题，而且政治家、中央银行和商界领的也越来越重视这一问题。

Many would argue, however, that we should ultimately care about equality of opportunity, not equality of outcome. The problem is that opportunities are not equal. Money will always buy better-quality education and health care, for example. But due to current levels of inequality, too many people in too many countries have only the most basic access to these services, if at all. The evidence also shows that social mobility is more stunted in less equal societies.

然而，很多人会说，我们最终应关注机会的平等，而不是收入的平等。问题是，机会不是平等的。例如，金钱总是能买来更高质量的教育和医疗保健。但鉴于当前的不平等水平，在太多的国家，有太多的人即使能获得服务，也只能获得一些最基本的服务。有关证据还显示，在平等程度较低的社会里，社会阶层流动性受到较大阻碍。

Fundamentally, excessive inequality makes capitalism less inclusive. It hinders people from participating fully and developing their potential.

从根本上说，过度不平等降低了资本主义的包容性。它阻碍人们充分参与，阻碍他们实现自己的潜能。

Disparity also brings division. The principles of solidarity and reciprocity that bind societies together are more likely to erode in excessively unequal societies. History also teaches us that democracy begins to fray at the edges once political battles separate the haves against the have-nots.

差距也带来了分化。在极度不平等的社会中，将社会凝聚在一起的团结和互惠原则更有可能被侵蚀。历史告诉我们，一旦政治斗争将有产者与无产者对立起来，民主就开始受到损害。

A greater concentration of wealth could—if unchecked—even undermine the principles of meritocracy and democracy. It could undermine the principle of equal rights proclaimed in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

更大程度的财富集中——如果不加以控制——甚至会损害精英治理和民主制度的原则。它可能损害1948年《世界人权宣言》所宣称的平等权利。

Pope Francis recently put this in stark terms when he called increasing inequality “the root of social evil”.

教皇弗朗西斯最近用了一个旗帜鲜明的术语——他把不平等加剧称作“社会罪恶的根源”。

It is therefore not surprising that IMF research—which looked at 173 countries over the last 50 years—found that more unequal countries tend to have lower and less durable economic growth.

因此，毫不奇怪，我们最近的研究(通过观察173个国家过去50年的变化)发现，在不平等程度更高的社会，经济增长更慢、更不持续。

So much for the diagnosis—what can be done about it? We have done some recent work on this as well. We focused on the fiscal policy dimension—which is part of the IMF’s core business. We found that, in general, fiscal policies have a good record of reducing social disparities—for example, transfers and income taxes have been able to reduce inequality by about a third, on average, among the advanced economies.

这就是对问题的诊断——那么应该采取什么行动呢?我们最近在这方面也做了一些工作。我们侧重于财政政策方面——这是基金组织的核心工作之一。我们发现，一般而言，财政政策能够有效地缩小社会差距——例如，在先进经济体，转移和所得税平均而言能使不平等程度下降约三分之一。

But it is a complex issue and policy choices need to be made carefully. Fiscal discipline is often the first victim on the political battlefield, and we obviously want to choose measures that do the most good and the least harm.

但是，这是一个复杂的问题，需要谨慎地做出政策选择。财政纪律往往是政治斗争的第一受害者。我们显然希望采用益处最大、害处最小的措施。

Some potentially beneficial options can include making income tax systems more progressive without being excessive; making greater use of property taxes; expanding access to education and health; and relying more on active labor market programs and in-work social benefits.

一些可能更为有益的选择包括：在不过度的情况下，提高所得税的累进程度;更多采用财产税;扩大对教育和医疗的获得渠道;更多依赖积极的劳动力市场计划和在职社会福利。

But we must recognize that reducing inequality is not easy. Redistributive policies always produce winners and losers. Yet if we want capitalism to do its job—enabling as many people as possible to participate and benefit from the economy—then it needs to be more inclusive. That means addressing extreme income disparity.

但我们必须认识到，减轻不平等并不容易。再分配政策总是有利于一些人而不利于另一些人。然而，我们如果希望资本主义发挥应有的作用——使尽可能多的人参与到经济生活中来，从中受益——那么就需要提高其包容性。这意味着，要解决收入差距极度严重的问题。

Integrity in the financial system

金融体系的健全性

Let me now turn to the second dimension of inclusive capitalism that I have chosen to address—integrity in the financial system.

现在来谈一谈包容性资本主义的第二个方面——金融体系的稳健。

In this age of diminished trust, it is the financial sector that takes last place in opinion surveys. This might not be surprising in light of some of the behavior that triggered the global financial crisis. But it is nevertheless disturbing. As many have pointed out, the very word credit derives from the Latin word for trust.

在这个信任度下降的时代，金融部门在观点调查中的得分最低。考虑到触发了全球金融机构的一些行为，这也许并不令人奇怪。但这仍令人烦恼。正如许多人已经指出的，“信用”一词恰恰来自拉丁文的“信任”。

We are all familiar with the factors behind the crisis—a financial sector that nearly collapsedbecause of excess. A sector that, like Icarus, in its hubris flew too close to the sun, and then fell back to earth—taking the global economy down with it.

我们都了解危机背后的一些因素——金融部门由于发展过度，几乎坍塌。就像伊卡罗斯傲慢地飞向太阳，然后落回到地球——带着全球经济一起下落。

We can trace the problems to the evolution of the financial sector before the crisis. Financial actors were allowed to take excessive risks, leading to a situation whereby the profits on the upside went to the industry—and the losses on the downside were picked up by the public.

我们可以将问题追溯到危机之前金融部门的演变。我们让金融部门冒了太多风险，导致了这样一种状况——经济上行时期的.利润被金融行业纳入腰包，而经济下滑时期的损失由公众来承担。

Some of the greatest problems, still outstanding today, lay with the so-called too-big-to-fail firms. In the decade prior to the crisis, the balance sheets of the world’s largest banks increased by two to four-fold. With rising size came rising risk—in the form of lower capital, less stable funding, greater complexity, and more trading.

最严重的一些问题来自所谓的“太大而不能倒”的问题，其至今尚未解决。在危机之前的十年里，世界最大银行的资产负债表扩张了两到四倍。在规模扩大的同时，风险也在上升——体现在资本减少、融资稳定性下降、复杂度上升、交易量增大。

This kind of capitalism was more extractive than inclusive. The size and complexity of the megabanks meant that, in some ways, they could hold policymakers to ransom. The implicit subsidy they derived from being too-big-too-fail came from their ability to borrow more cheaply than smaller banks—magnifying risk and undercutting competition.

这种资本主义在更大程度上是选择性的，而不是包容性的。大型银行的规模和复杂性意味着，政策制定者可能会被它们“绑架”。这些银行因“太大而不能倒”而获得隐性补贴，这是因为它们能够以比小银行更低的成本借款，而这会加剧风险、损害竞争。

Completing the financial reform agenda

完成金融部门议程

Thankfully, the crisis has prompted a major course correction—with the understanding that the true role of the financial sector is to serve, not to rule, the economy. Its real job is to benefit people, especially by financing investment and thus helping with the creation of jobs and growth.

幸好，危机促成了重大的方向调整——这是其于这样一种认识，即金融部门的职能是服务于实体经济，而不是支配实体经济。它的真正作用是为投资提供资金，从而促进创造就业和经济增长，以此造福于人民。