新视野英语读写教程（精选6篇）
Vocabulary
III: 1.rewarding 2.communicate 3.access 4.embarrassing 5.positive 6.commitment 7.virtual 8.benefits 9.minimum 10.opportunity IV: 1.up 2.into 3.from 4.with 5.to 6.up 7.of 8.in 9 for 10.with V.GBEIH KMOFC Sentence Structure
VI:
1.Universities in the east are better equipped, while those in the west are relatively poor.2.Allan Clarke kept talking the price up, while Wilkinson kept knocking it down.3.The husband spent all his money drinking, while his wife saved all hers for the money.4.Some guests spoke pleasantly and behaved politely, while others were insulting and impolite.5.Outwardly Sara was friendly towards all those concerned, while inwardly she was angry.VII:
1.Not only did Mr.Smith learn the Chinese language, but he also bridge the gap between his culture and ours.2.Not only did we learn the technology through the online course, but we also learned to communicate with friends in English.3.Not only did we all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.4.Not only do the workers want a pay increase, but they also want reduce working hours.5.Not only is the house expensive, but it is also too far away from my company.Translation VIII:
1.Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply.2.She is excited by the idea of online learning while he considers it meaningless and useless.3.Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot.4.Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need.5.He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children.She feels, however, that this is too much for her.6.Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.IX:
1.我永远都不会忘记那位老师，是他告诉我学外语是有趣的、有价值的。如果没有他，我的英语说得不会像现在这么好。
2.没有任何其他语言能像英语那样让你感受到多姿多彩的世界文化。有了过硬的英语只是，你就可以体验奇妙的文化之旅。
3.写作不仅仅要写老师不知的话题，而且要写自己感兴趣的东西，例如，给朋友写电子邮件。
4.远程教学课程是授课者与学生通过计算机技术进行交流的课程。
5.英语不但是世界上最有用的语言，也是世界上最易学、易用的语言之一。
6.远程教学课程在时间安排上给予学生更多的自由，但与其课程相比，这些课程要求学生有更强的自律能力。Cloze: X: BABBC CBAAB AABAB Text Structure Analysis XI:
The topic of the paragraph: My learning experience in junior middle school.The cause: I had a kind and patient teacher who often praised all of the students.The effect: I eagerly answered all the questions I could, never worrying much about making mistakes, I was at the top of my class for two years.Structure Writing
XII: I am proud to say that I succeed in learning a foreign language.It was a real challenge and, needless to say, it look a lot of practice.I carried a small dictionary with me everywhere I went as well as notebook in which I listed new words I came across.I also managed my time carefully so that I met the standards of the course and finished assignments on time.After years of persistence, I reaped the benefits of all my hard work.Section B
Reading Skills I: CBDAB Comprehension of the text II: CABCD BCD Vocabulary
III: 1.community 2.effective 3.unique 4.committed 5.reinforce 6.perspective 7.explicit 8.challenge 9.hindered 10.arose IV: 1.for 2.with 3.on 4.on 5.on 6.of 7.in 8.up 9.of 10.In Keys to Exercises of Unit 2 of Book1 of NHCE
Section A
Vocabulary
III: 1.appeals 2.identity 3.concern 4.disgusting 5.upset 6.influence 7.offensive 8.burst 9.stuff 10.thorough IV: 1.off/down 2.off 3.as 4.on 5.for 6.on/upon 7.to 8.over 9 in 10.of V.HFDKB CLION Sentence Structure VI:
1.Kate saw her brother Bill as she was getting off the school bus.2.As she was standing up from her seat, mother dropped the glass to the ground.3.A policeman fired at a thief as the thief was bolting out of the house.4.As she ran to catch the school bus, Sandy thought of her talk with her mother.5.As the teacher entered the classroom, all the students shouted “Happy Birthday” to him.VII:
1She listened to her favorite rock music while singing along with the words.2She was putting on her jeans while asking me to hand her the sweater.3He banged on the door while opening it.4In the bathroom she put on some makeup while looking in the mirror.5The schoolmaster shot an angry glance at the naughty first grader while talking with his parents.Translation VIII:
1.As she was about to turn off the music, her father burst into her room and shouted at her,“Can’t you turn down the music a little bit?”
2.The owner of the bar kept watching the girl dancing while pretending not to.3.Rock music appealed to Sandy so much that she turned it up, paying no attention to her father’s objection.4.As usual, when his parents don’t like what he wears, they start bugging him.5.At the meeting they discussed how to keep the lines of communication open between teachers and students.6.It makes my blood boil to think of these young boys and girls who are forced by their parents to beg for money along the streets.IX:
1.我认为那些在镇上游手好闲，在身上又文身又穿洞的青少年是在表达他们的个性。2.因特网提供了一种更快捷的方式，让我们与全球的新老可户取得联系，并保持沟通渠道畅通无阻。
3.父母与自己十多岁的孩子的沟通问题不仅仅在于“代沟”，而且还在于双方都不完全理解对方的思想。
4.当父母与子女间有了这类沟通障碍时，青少年常常要经理这么一个阶段，在这个阶段，他们觉得父母会让他们没面子，害怕他们搭补到自己朋友的标准。
5.比如，青少年希望在外呆到很晚，但是当第二天早上要起床上学时，那又是另一回事了.Cloze:
X: BBAAA AABCB AAACA CBAAC Text Structure Analysis XI:
Time markers: Sequenced actions
After her shower;Sandy brushed her hair ,put on her old, green T-shirt and some jeans.Then: She put her makeup and went to the kitchen。。Grabbed a glass of milk and ate a piece of toast while standing by the sink.Just then: Her mother, Jean, entered the kitchen.Structure Writing
XII: The first thing you should do to boil water.While waiting for it to boil, you can get your teapot out and put the right amount of tea leaves into it.When the water has come to boil, pour it into the teapot.Then wait for a few minutes to let the leaves steep.Next ? Enjoy the tea.Section B
Reading Skills I: F F O O F/O O O O Comprehension of the text II: CABDD CBA Vocabulary
III: 1.entitled 2 ruin 3 evaluate 4 trend 5 attitude 6 tend 7 curiosity 8 applying 9 response 10 concept IV: 1.to 2 in 3 between 4 about 5 across 6 to 7 to 8 in 9 to 10 for Keys to Exercises of Unit 3 of Book1 of NHCE
Section A
Vocabulary
III: 1.Inwardly 2 regret 3 occasion 4 complained 5 urged 6 coordinate 7 reluctance 8 envy 9 adjust 10 amazed IV: 1 in 2 of 3 on 4 on 5 to 6 out 7 to 8 to 9 on 10 about V.OJNLI CHEAF Sentence Structure VI:
1.He had his ears pierced even though I told him not to.2.It was exciting game even though no goals were scored.3.He was treated exactly like all the other workers even though he had just joined the company.4.Even though you disagree with her, she’s worth listening to.5.There was never enough money to support his family even though he was hard-working and did two jobs at the same time.VII:
1.After learning some simple Chinese, the American girl was able to communicate with the other in her class.2.When doing the writing exercise for this course, you should remember that you are writing according to a specific structure.3.Until finished, the problem was a continuous worry to me.4.While working at the computer, the young man was listening to music over the radio all the time.5.The grass will grow more quickly if watered regularly.Translation VIII:
1.I have decided to accept the new post, even though the job is not very well paid.2.The job has been taken to be very simple until(it is)actually started.3.Now that you are planning to move to Canada, you must try to adjust to cold weather in winter.4.He promised to help us to buy the house, but with a little reluctance.5.This is an important meeting.Please see to it that you are not late for it.6.He is experienced businessman who has engaged in foreign trade for quite a few years.IX:
1.他决心向那个女孩谈谈自己的计划，即使他知道她很可能拒绝听。2.一离开那条长长的正街，他就发现自己身处城里十分贫困的地区。3.听到那首歌，我不禁悲从中来，想起了那些困苦的日子。
4.每个想过健康生活的人，都必须在工作和娱乐之间寻求适当的平衡。
5.我的第一位老板真让人讨厌，让每个人日子难过似乎是他的乐趣。我干了没多久就走人了。
6.你能确保在本周末之前完成这项工作吗？伦敦有重要公干，总公司正在考虑派你去。Cloze:
X: ABCBB ABBCA CCABC CCABA Text Structure Analysis XI:
A general point: Unable to engage in many activities, my father still tried to participate in some way.Example1: When a local baseball team found itself without a manager, he kept it going.Example2: He liked to go to dances and parties, where he could have a good time just sitting and watching.Structure Writing
XII: All of my classmates believe that Sandy has a good taste for music.The music she listens to always has a clear, strong rhythm and the music has a message for us to think about.Also, the words in the music are just like poems, so beautiful and easy for us to remember.Section B
Reading Skills
I: 1.They found the man.2.He reached the airport in time.3.The old man dimly saw the young man.4.The young marine sat by the old man the whole night.5.A message came saying the real son was arriving Comprehension of the text II: ACBCC ABB Vocabulary
III: 1.sole 2 extend 3 startle 4 located 5 inform 6 interrupted 7 collapsed 8 exchange 9 apparent 10 enable IV: 1.The government has called for an immediate investigation of the activities of the police.2.We applied the medicine and in a few minutes Mrs.Johnson came to.3.She coldly said goodbye to her friends.With that she shut the door and cried in the room.4.Whatever your reason, I shall hold to my idea that people should be allowed to have private lives.5.To our surprise the stranger turned out to be allowed to an old friend of my mother’s.6.He’s not in the office;he’s now on his way to London for a meeting.7.When setting out on a long walk, always wear suitable shoes.8.He was too disappointed by this lack of success to try again.9.The couple loves each other dearly, but now and again they quarrel.10.In the subway station the poor old woman begged the passengers for money ,but they paid no attention to her.Keys to Exercises of Unit 4 of Book1 of NHCE
Section A
Vocabulary
III: 1contious 2 depressed 3ranges 4impressed 5 encounter 6introduction 7match 8physical 9 relaxed 10contact IV: 1are committed to 2take seriously 3 was absorbed in 4focus on 5made up his mind 6driving me crazy 7ranging from„8at her best 9Lighten up 10 kept her eyes on V.CMFIE BHJAK Sentence Structure
VI:1It rained for two weeks on end, completely flooding the village.2Not wanting to meet John at the party, she refused to attend it.3The bus arrived one hour late, causing me to miss the beginning of the game.4The marine sat there in the dimly lit ward, holding the old man’s hand and offering words of hope and strength.5Realizing he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son, guess he really needed me.VII:
1.I was so excited about going traveling I couldn’t sleep.2.The chairman because so angry with his secretary he decided to fire him.3.She speaks English so well you would think it was her native language.4.He was so frightened he broke eye contact and looked out the window.5.His presentation was so interesting everyone listened very carefully.Translation VIII:
1She was so absorbed in reading the book that she was not conscious of someone coming in.2He was late for almost an hour for first meeting, leaving a bad impression on everyone.3Consciously or unconsciously, we make up our minds about people through their eyes , faces ,bodies, and attitudes.4Professor Zhou was committed to the cause of language teaching all his life.5Many how-to books advise you that if you want to make a good impression, the trick is to be consistently you, at your best.6The media sometimes sends mixed messages, but most people believe what they see over what they hear.IX:
1.史密斯教授关于形体语言的讲座非常重要，所有的学生都很认真地对待这次讲座。2.董事长意识到这不是她的错，对她笑了笑来环节气氛。3.她大怒，把我的杯子摔在地上，摔得粉碎。
4.观察他的形体语言，你可以判断出他是在跟你说实话还是仅仅找个借口敷衍你。5.不管人们对你说些什么，集注“观其行胜于闻其言”。6.肢体动作是表达感情的无意识形式，能向观众传递某种信息。Cloze:
X: CCBAC BCACC BBACA BCAAB Text Structure Analysis XI:
Your good qualities include: physical appearance energy rate of speech pitch and tone of voice gestures expression through the eyes the ability to hold the interest of others Structure Writing
XII :Body language is important in many cases: trying to win an election, addressing a family party, talking business at a conference, or giving a seminar at school.Section B Reading Skills
I: Besides speech, people use other forms to communicate.We communicate a great deal with our body movements.The clothes you wear also communicate many things.Small ornaments you wear communicate many things, too.A wealth of information form body language makes snap judgments seem sound.Comprehension of the text II:DCCAB BAD Vocabulary
III: 1status 2sign 3resented 4promoted 5assuming 6estimate 7campaign 8judgment 9accquainted 10norms IV: 1account for 2in part 3is content with 4feel at home 5lack of 6in relation to 7become acquainted with 8pick up 9find out 10 a wealth of
Keys to Exercises of Unit 5 of Book1 of NHCE
Section A
Vocabulary
III: 1immune2acquire 3constitutes4define5infected,infect 6illustrates 7emerge 8emphasize 9represents 10 threatened IV: 1regardless of 2at risk 3handing out 4distance„from 8feel comfortable with/about9in place of10surfing from V.LGIJM DOACF Sentence Structure
VI:1the way he teaches English 2whom I was expecting to stay with 3which was lost in the department store yesterday 4where Mary and I spent our childhood 5which the whole family considered VII:
1Despite his illness 2Despite a lot of difficulties 3despite his old age 4Despite the bad weather 5despite his hard work Translation VIII:
1I hope that the effort that we’ve made will be of some use to the battle against AIDS.2Despite all the efforts from the local organizations in the battle against AIDS,the number of people in rural areas diagnosed with ADIS has been increasing 3Please turn off the TV,because the noise will distract her from her homework.4It was long time before the compay implemented the program to improve the quality of its goods because of lack of money and necessary equipment.5You’d better learn something about the course before signing up for it.6The policy is playing a more and more important role in promoting the development of local economy.IX:
1病人的免疫系统会将新的移植的心脏当成异物而排斥。
2有人说我么许多人饮食太糟，缺乏维他命和矿物质，我们的身心都受到损害。3生物医学研究将会使很多爱滋病病毒感染者延长寿命，生活少些痛苦。4中央政府已经发布了一项五年行动计划，旨在鼓励社会各部门都参加与爱滋病的防治。5一个人感染了爱滋病病毒，其症状一般要6到10您彩绘表现出来。
6许多年来，人们眼睁睁看着爱滋病泛滥成灾，争论着有效的爱滋病防治措施在平穷国家究竟是否适用。Cloze:
XCCABC ABCBB ACACC Text Structure Analysis XI:
A method presented in a general statement: Train teenagers to educate their peers A general statement supported by a problem-solution pattern:
The problem: AIDS is spreading fastest among teenagers in the rural South.The solution: The stylists have established an “AIDS Busters” program which trains youth from 8 to 26 to go into the community and teach”AIDS101”to their peers.The evaluate:They make it simple and explain the risk of catching AIDS to friends their own age much better than an adult can.They also play a vital role in helping parents understand the types of peer pressure their children experience.Structure Writing
XII: Build more tall apartment buildings;The increase in population in cities is creating a housing problem.To solve the problem, one-family houses and older ones are being pulled down to make room for apartment buildings.When building space on the ground is used up, we can make use of the space in the air.This will help solve the housing problem in cities.Section B
Reading Skills
I:(1)I hurt myself when diving.(2)I hit my head on the board 2(1)I was very worried about something serious.(2)I was very worried that my wound had left blood in the pool.3(1)There was something more significant than winning.(2)I was very worried that I might infect other divers with AIDS as I spilled my blood in the pool.Comprehension of the text II:DDBCC BDD Vocabulary
III: 1assist 2bleeding 3competing 4confident 5explored 6commenced 7intense 8adopted 9spill 10 confused IV:1Prior of----Prior to 2confident with---confident of/in 3by haste---in haste 4find about---find out 5assist his wife on---assist his wife with 6with fear---for fear 7competed with each other with---competed with each other for 8thrust his knife to---thrust his knife into 9have a shot in---have a shot at 10start at---start with Keys to Exercises of Unit 6 of Book1 of NHCE
Section A
Vocabulary
III:1boasts2registered3employment4peculiarContinuousgraduated7dump8retreat 9contrary10treambled IV: 1in 2of 3behind 4about 5At 6about/7with 8by 9on/upon10at V.FMJGA DOLIC Sentence Structure
VI 1I know who he is.So does she.2We have come to realize all work is equally important.So has Sara.3I’d like another drink.So would John 4I’m not supposed to know who else objects to the plan.Nor/Neither are they.5He shouldn’t have imagined there would be joy in picking up trash.Nor/Neither should Steve.VII:1Even if the calculation is right 2even if they raise the price 3Even if she may not return me the money 4even if she may doesn’t come
5Even if we achive great success in our work Translation VIII:
1The police got to the station five minutes after the explosion, and so did the reporters 2Even if you disagree with her, she is worth listening to.3The news reporters were given nothing but bare facts by the officials in charge of the investigation 4The room was well decorated, but the color of the curtain did not go well with the overall style.5Whenever we go back to the place where my husband was born, we always make the rounds of his relatives.6Contrary to his hope, his girlfriend’s parents are not as approachable as parents.IX:
1我问过好几位服务员，可他们什么也没说，只朝着我笑，直到这是我才意识到我的英语不够好。
2校长对那位院长非常生气，进而解除了他的院长职务。
3如果你当着孩子朋友的面问这个问题，即使他想说“是”也可能会说“不是”。4如果你想毕业时获得学位，你要么别玩网上游戏，要么别去打零工。5虽然他未接受过大学教育，他却瞧不起那些没有大学学历的人。6他曾就公司的管理问题提了好几个建议，但没有一个管用。Cloze:
XACBCA CACBA BBCAC BACBA Text Structure Analysis XI:
Viewpoints: People look down on trash men.Example1: Tf you say”hello” to them, they stare at you in surprise.they don’t realize we’re human.Example2: Once I told a lady not to put ashes in her trash man.She said,” Who are you to say what goes? You’re nothing but a trash man.Structure Writing
XII: People come to Beijing for different purposes.Thousands upon thousands of foreign students are studying different subjects at universities in Beijing.Every year a large number of foreign businessmen from all parts of the world visit Beijing, for varies kinds of business talks or international conferences.In addition, travelers both at home and abroad come to Beijing for visiting places of historic interest during their holiday or visiting their friends and relatives in Beijing.Section B
Reading Skills
I:1spend part of his time on 2continue to support himself with drugs and food 3settle their accounts with the company/any money owed to them 4nervous and worried 5a person who is likely to suffer a heart attack Comprehension of the text II:DDCDA CBB Vocabulary
III:
1Devoting2bear3accurate4manufacturing5inquiry6afford7admired8replacing9retired 10ignored IV:1out 2up 3out 4aroud 5up 6to 7to 8for 9of 10to
新视野大学英语（第二版）第1册Unit 7答案
Vocabulary III.1.identify 2.attach 3.instinct 4.polish 5.unusual 6.offend 7.detail 8.slight 9.foundation 10.rob IV.1.details 2.robbed 3.offended 4.polishing 5.identify 6.slight 7.instinct 8.attached 9.foundation 10.unusual V.1.attached to 2.Looking through 3.hold dear 4.pulling into 5.face to face with 6.rather than 7.out of control 8.eaten away at 9.have mercy on 10.got to their feet VI.1.G 2.H 3.J 4.L 5.O 6.A 7.C 8.M 9.D 10.E Sentence structure 1.They should have their pay increased.2.I had my first book accepted for publication that year.3.George had his papers taken form him at the police station 4.I had my wallet stolen while I was on holiday.5.The couple are going to have their wedding photos enlarged at the store.VIII.1.rather than to her daughter 2.rather than harm them 3.rather than leaving everything to the last minute 4.Rather than using the last of my cash 5.rather than increase pay Translation IX.1.The police had the photograph of the missing girl enlarged so that they could recognize her easily.2.When I go to work, I prefer to take a bus rather than drive and that morning was no exception.3.When he saw his granddaughter coming into the house(Seeing his granddaughter coming into the house), the old man got to his feet and moved several steps unexpectedly as if he could walk by himself.4.At that time we focused our attention on that painting without noticing anything unusual around us, and we can’t offer any additional details.5.The couple pulled their car into the parking lot and then headed for the cinema.6.It’s a question we have to face no matter how unpleasant it is.X.1.经验告诉他，妇女的天性昌保护自己而不是去伤害攻击者。2.自从她把墙重新粉刷了后，这房间好看多了。
3.在这个国家的许多地方，青少年犯罪已经失去了控制，这个城市也不例外。4.抢劫案发生后的几周，他不敢出门，害怕自己再次与劫匪面对面遭遇。5.受害者向警察描述她是怎样突然遭到一个从灌木丛中出来的人抢劫的。6.如今，对许多美国人来说，周末工作已经不幸地成为了惯例，而不是例外。Cloze XI.1.C 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C Text Structure Analysis XII.Analysis: The set of actions leading to the main idea: got up to his feet, found the keys, entered his house and called 911 the operator took a description and sent a police car had a drink, the policemen came and took a report Main idea: He reported the robbery to the police.Structured Writing XIII.I climbed the ladder, heard my dive announced, and started the moves to thrust myself into the air.Then I dove into the pool.I enjoyed the quietness underwater, and then swam to the side of the pool.I was wondering about my score when suddenly, my coach leaped into the air.The crowd cheered, and I knew I’d won the gold medal.Section B Reading Skills I,1.For self-defense 2.She is afraid that she might kill someone.3.According to the following paragraphs, the write feels uncomfortable about the imagined robbery because she unfairly imagined the robber was a black man.4.According to common sense, a robber must be physically strong.The writer doesn’t see women as being strong enough to rob someone, and she thinks of black men as particularly dangerous.5.A neighborhood with a bad name because of frequent crime, violence, or safely dangerous.6.Killing a human being just for money is wrong, according to the writer.7.Locking the doors at the sight of a black man is really shameful.8.This means that the writer hopes the robber takes away the money and no violence occurs.Comprehension of the Text II.1.C 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.C Vocabulary III.1.intention 2.advocates 3.violence 4.dominate 5.reveal 6.omitted 7.confronted 8.affected 9.intended 10.transported IV.1.is intended for 2.be capable of 3.At the sight of 4.live with 5.are immune to 6.keep„ from 7.Ignorance of 8.heard of 9.affected by 10.in reality 新视野大学英语（第二版）第1册Unit 8答案 Vocabulary III1.sources 2.stable 3.process 4.composed 5.observing 6.combination 7.explosion 8.existence 9.occupied 10.creation IV.1.at 2.in 3.on 4.for 5.on 6.between 7.for 8.with 9.at 10.of V.1.J 2.L 3.G 4.M 5.O 6.A 7.I 8.B 9.D 10.E Sentence Structure VI.1.It is easiest to examine the sudden arrival of a new idea in the great creative personalities, many of whom experienced it in an intensified form.2.The Gaels’ offspring are the modern Scots and Irish, some of whom still speak the Gaelic language.3.George explained that this was the official dress for taking examination, many of which wee held in June.4.The Miracle, for which his unconscious mind had been seeking for so long, happened at last.5.The conscious mind at the moment of creation knew nothing of the actual processes through which the solution was found.VII.1.the more knowledge he will have 2.the less he liked it 3.the less you have to pay for it 4.the more exciting it will be 5.the greater progress you will make Translation III.1.There are twenty universities in this city, some of which are world-famous.2.the more he thinks about it, the angrier he becomes.3.She was filled with pity for the innocent victims.4.He was occupied with his business matters and didn’t have time to think about a holiday.5.The country’s economy depends to some degree on the import of raw materials.6.After several discussions between the members of the committee, a new plan of action began to take shape.IX.1.出租汽车公司新雇了50个司机，其中有的人刚拿到驾驶证。2.一个人越没有智慧，就越不知道自己缺的就是智慧。
3.暂时没有必要采取任何行动。过一晚再作决定，明天上午告诉我你的想法。4.近年来经济形势恶化，寻求紧急食品和住房援助的美国穷人数目去年增加了7%。5.我们的消息来源说，下星期有可能发生另一次袭击，也许就在城市中心地区。6.在这个医疗体系内，对各位医生支付的款项按照他们当月的医疗成本进行调整。Cloze X.1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.A Structured Writing XII.When I stated to learn English at my junior middle school, I had a kind and patient teacher.She was very encouraging to all of her students.Because of her encouragement, I answered every question I could eagerly, never worrying much about making mistakes.I was at the top of my class for two years.In contrast, the method by which I was taught English in senior middle school was not well suited to my learning style.My new teacher quickly punished those who gave wrong answers.Whenever we answered incorrectly, she would shout at us.As a result I lost my desire and confidence and did not make any progress in learning.Section BReading Skills I.1.A 2.B 3C 4.C 5.A Comprehension of the Text1.A 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.A Vocabulary III.1.advantage 2.remarked 3.claimed 4.convince 5.productive 6.enquiry 7.potential 8.transfer 9.recall 10.enhance IV.1.together 2.On 3.of 4.for 5.up 6.away 7.on/upon 8.in 9.to 10.of 新视野大学英语（第2版）第1册Unit 9答案 III.nt 1.accomplish 2.responsibility 3.amou 4.performance 5.alter 6.adapt 7.aroused 8.remarkable 9.investigate 10.entertain IV.1.out 2.to 3.in 4.from 5.back 6.as 7.with 8.with 9.behind 10.on V.1.G 2.L 3.D 4.F 5.K 6.N 7.O 8.I 9.C 10.A Sentence Structure VI.1.Should you change your mind, no one will be upset.2.Should a serious crisis arise, the public would have to be informed of it.3.Should you fail in the exam, your parents and teacher will not blame you.4.Should you have a major change in your plan, let us know in time.5.should your car break down, change to a bus.VII.1.You should talk to your teacher instead of just complaining to me about it.2.They raised prices and cut production, instead of cutting costs.3.He decided that he would drive back to town instead of putting up for the night at the hotel.4.He nodded his head instead of saying anything where his voice might express the real truth.5.My mother prefers making her own clothes instead of buying clothes in the shops.Translation VIII.1.Should you have any doubt about the plan, please feel free to contact us at any time.2.We have learned how to face reality instead of escaping from it.3.It just proves that you can’t hope to turn in a worthy report if you haven’t done enough preparation.4.We have to face that possibility no matter how unlikely it may sound.5.The newcomers found it hard to adapt themselves to the climate there.6.It strikes me as odd that school children are required to come to school two hours before class.IX.1.遗憾的是，他也一点英语都不会说，但是如果你想去某个地方，把地址写下来交给他就行了。
2.下次你若有问题，要考虑怎样改变处境，不要过于担心各种负面因素。3.不管什么天气，她平均每天跑15英里。
4.好的摄影作品和普通的摄影作品最重要的一个区别因素是用光手法。5.实际上，大多数员工从不愿意把新产品使用手册坚持看完。
6.一旦你感到放松后，就把注意力集中在音乐上，看看心中有什么意象出现。Cloze X.1.B 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.B 110.A 11.A 12.C 3.B 14.C 15.C Structured Writing XII.Visual aids offer several advantages.The primary advantage is clarity.If you are discussing an object, you can make your message clearer by showing the object.If you are citing statistics, showing how something works, or demonstrating a technique, a visual aid will make you information more vivid to your audience.By using visual aids in your speeches, you often will make it easier for listeners to understand exactly what you are trying to communicate.Another advantage of visual aids is interest.The interest generated by visual images is so strong that visual aids are now widely used in many areas, not just speechmaking.Section BReading Skills I.1.B 2.B 3.D Comprehension of the Text II.1.D 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.C unit10 Vocabulary III.1.available 2.banned 3.predict 4.fate 5.host 6.posted 7.advertise 8 enormous 9.involves 10.survey IV.1.out 2.from 3.out 4.for 5.to 6.up 7.in 8.in 9.through 10.about 6.ensured 7.conscience 8.integrity 9.yield 10.appointed IV.1.to 2.In 3.of 4.for 5.on/upon 6.of 7.in 8.at 9.to 10.with V.1.G 2.L 3.B 4.O 5.D 6.N 7.C 8.E 9.I 10.K Sentence Structure VI.1.Where I live there are plenty of sheep.2.Your coat is where you left it.3.I will go where you go.4.Where conscience remains integrity stays.5.Where he appears laughter can be heard.VII.1.What I say and do 2.what matters is not winning but participating 3.what we students should always keep in mind 4.what it takes to start and run a company 5.what we should do today Translation VIII.1.I keep the picture where I can see it very day as it reminds me of my university days.2.In some countries, what is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.3.He is used to keeping a dictionary at hand so that he can find the meaning of new words he comes across.4.When confronted with personal pressure, you should stand firmly for your belief that you will reach your ultimate goal.5.In other words, be yourself and face reality, but don’t sell out to convenience.6.I don’t like those people who always rely on external factors in order to feel good about themselves.IX.1.汤姆相信“为钱而挣钱”，他的许多老同学都认为他的把自己卖给了营利主义。
2.重要的是，你只有学会了尊重自己，才能赢得别人的尊重。
3.使他取得成功的是他的决心，他不甘屈服的精神，也可能还有他的正直。4.老师表扬了那些学习用功、考试考得好的学生。
关键词：教材评估,《新视野大学英语·读写教程》 (第二版) ,优点,不足
一、引言
《新视野大学英语》是国务院批准, 教育部实施的“面向21世纪振兴行动计划”的重点工程, 适用于大学理、工、文各学科。《新视野大学英语·读写教程》 (第二版) 系列教材作为与现代信息技术相结合的立体化大学英语教材, 通过课本、光盘、网络等不同载体的有机结合, 为新形势下大学英语教学提供了多层次、多渠道、立体化服务。笔者拟从多个角度入手分析总结该教材特色, 并针对教材存在的问题提出建议, 以便在以后的教学中更有针对性地使用教材, 提高教学效果。
二、教材评估的标准
教材评估的标准因人而异。Jeremy Harmer (2003) 将教材评估分成两种:教材估价和教材评价。Van Elsetal (1984:298-311) 认为外语教材评估一般包括四个方面的内容:1.根据课程教学大纲或评估一览表逐项调查某一教材;2.通过问卷调查或访谈了解使用该教材的师生的意见;3.对数种教材的特点进行比较;4.如有可能, 还可以进行教材使用效果作实验研究。Hutchinson&Waters (1987:97) 认为评估教材的过程实际上是一种对照过程。“对照”一般在下列五方面进行:教学对象的特点、教学目的、教学内容、方法及价格等实际问题。笔者主要从教学对象的特点、教学目的、教学内容等角度来考察《新视野大学英语》这套教材。
三、《新视野大学英语·读写教程》的优点
1. 先进的教学理念。
《新视野大学英语·读写教程》 (第二版) 教材的编写充分考虑教学过程, 注重教学内容、教学模式、教学方法及教学手段的创新, 遵循因材施教的原则, 倡导课堂教学与自主学习相结合, 提高语言能力, 培养学习策略。第二语言习得的理论中, 有效的课文长度和词汇密度的控制在选材上有两种教材编写理论。一种是Text as Linguistic Object, 即选择课文重视语言点数量;另一种是Text as Vehicle for Information, 即把课文看作是文化的载体。《新视野大学英语·读写教程》充分考虑了以上理论, 博采各种理论之长, 并把课文控制为每单元两篇课文, 同时也注意文章的长度。如《读写教程》一级的课文一般在700 words左右, 二级的课文在800 words左右, 三、四级课文的长度则控制在900words左右;每篇课文出现的单词数量控制在课文总词量的5%至7%左右, 平均35—40个左右, 没有出现生词量过多或过少的课文, 一般要求词汇和积极词汇的学习与应用也充分体现在教材中, 尽可能地提高核心词汇即四级词汇的出现率和复现率, 符合第二语言习得的相关理论。其次, 把应用语言学中的语篇分析理论融于课文结构分析和写作指导。
2. 采用按主题组织单元的形式。
《读写教程》每册分10个单元, 每单元设一主题。Section A、B两篇文章均从不同角度反映这一主题。如:第二册第9单元, Section A:“Never Be a Quitter in Face of Life”, Section B:“From Hardship Comes Success”。以同一主题贯穿整个单元, 既能激活学生的思维、加大语言输入, 又能提供给学生各种相关的信息资源;然后通过Reading Analysis和Structured Writing将读写有机地结合起来。整个过程体现了以“3S为中心”, 即以学生 (student) 、主题 (subject-matter) 和社会需求 (society) 为中心的教学思想, 既有大量的语言输入, 又有对语言的加工处理、吸收消化, 还有语言产出;既对语言知识进行总结, 又重视英语语言基本技能的培养。
3. 开阔的选篇角度, 更新的教学内容。
教材内容以主题为线索, 涉及语言、文化、习俗、伦理、信息、科学、社会焦点等方面, 贴近学生生活和时代脉搏。选材注重趣味性、信息性、实用性和时代性, 题材广泛, 体裁多样, 有助于开阔视野、培养人文素质和文化意识。《新视野大学英语·读写教程》 (第二版) 在改版的过程中, 新课文的比例为30%, 剔除了一些时代性不强, 内容陈旧的文章, 与第一版相比, 总修订量 (含练习) 达50%以上。
4. 注重核心词汇的掌握和运用。
《新视野大学英语》系列教材词汇量大、词汇分布呈渐进式, 词汇在课文中的复现率高。与此同时, 在每个单元都提供了丰富的词汇练习来加深对单词和词组的理解。第三、第四册Section A练习中增加了Collocations, 这些都有利于学生在一定的语境中掌握词汇的用法, 而不是孤立地死记硬背单词。
5. 练习设计趋向合理, 实用性强。
教材的课后练习以主观题为主, 有利于发展学生的语言运用能力。《新视野大学英语·读写教程》 (第二版) 教材中, 练习部分在保持原有词汇、语言点、翻译、写作等原有练习的基础上, 增添了四、六级考试题型。新增的练习有课堂讨论题和篇章层次词汇理解题 (Banked Cloze) 。《新视野大学英语·读写教程》 (第二版) 的练习增强了实用性, 精心设计的教学及练习内容, 注重单项技能训练与综合能力培养相结合, 接受性技能与产出性技能相结合。
6. 各分册之间互相关联。
选材的难度上分册之间呈现递进的趋势, 整个四册读写教程形成了很完备的知识体系, 内容涉及各个题材层面, 体裁选择上充分考虑到各个年级学生的接受能力、认知能力。4—6级词汇能合理安排出现在各个分册中, 并有一定的复现率, 帮助学生巩固记忆。课后练习每册, 每单元之间关联紧密, 逐级推进知识点, 并设计有复习环节。整套教材四个分册之间互相配合, 全面培养学生运用语言的能力, 能达到全方位提升学习者语言能力的作用。
7. 教学资源多样化, 注重教学评价。
《新视野大学英语·读写教程》 (第二版) 同步提供课本、光盘与网络课程, 有助于学生巩固知识, 强化技能, 拓展视野。《新视野大学英语·读写教程》 (第二版) 试题库提供听、读、写、译等不同形式的测试项目。便于组织水平测试, 可利用网络、计算机实现无纸化测试, 也可以打印试卷后组织现场测试。
8. 注重培养学生的自主学习能力。
课本依然是最根本的教学工具, 同步提供的课本、光盘与网络课程, 有助于教学内容的拓宽和教学手段更新。既可以实现有教师现场指导的实时同步学习, 也可以实现在教学计划指导下的非实时自学, 还可以实现通过使用电子邮件、网上讨论区、网络通话等手段的小组合作型学习等。这些能有效地调动学生的主观能动性, 有利于其自学能力的培养。
四、《新视野大学英语》系列教材的不足
1. 教材资源的利用率无法得到保证。
我国有众多高校, 各高校教学设施、环境, 学生的基本素质、学习目标、学习方法, 教师整体水平不一。普通教室与多媒体教室, 甚至网络教室, 语言实验室的教材利用率是完全不同的。所以对于《新视野大学英语》系列教材使用方面的研究应当深化、细化, 争取能够达到活用教材。
2. 教材内容与课时量不协调。
我国高等院校非英语专业大学英语的教学课时量大多为64课时。在周课时的安排上, 精读占去一大半时间, 听说课每周一般只有一课时。听说课时安排过少, 这与《课程要求》所强调的“培养学生听说应用能力”的要求有很大差距。另一方面, 《新视野大学英语·读写教程》 (第二版) 尽管把每单元的课文压缩成两篇, 内容还是极为丰富。学校课时有限, 教师为了完成教学任务只能赶进度, 结果是一切围绕课本转, 教学会变得枯燥乏味;学生的学习兴趣也会减退。教材内容和课时不协调, 也会造成教材的利用率不理想。
3.《新视野大学英语·读写教程》第二版中的绝大多数课
文来自美国, 而且文段中高频出现了大量的美国人名、地名、美国俚语、美国词汇等。
美国人的行为模式及他们的价值观常常呈现在文本中。这一点在教学中希望引起教师的注意。教师需要补充一些英语国家如英语国家如英国、加拿大等国的社会文化背景知识。
五、结语
《新视野大学英语》的编者们用辛劳和汗水为我们奉献了一套高水平、高质量、高品位的好教材。有理由相信, 随着时间的推移, 《新视野大学英语·读写教程》 (第二版) 的优点会在今后的教学实践中不断得到验证, 不足之处也会得以改进、完善, 《新视野大学英语》将会引领我们在新世纪大学英语教学领域取得新突破、获得新成绩、迈上新台阶。
参考文献
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[2]戴波.《新视野大学英语》教材评估.首都师范大学学报 (社会科学版) , 2008.
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[4]刘可红, 吴华.外语教育的文化取向研究——评《新视野大学英语》读写教程美国化文化取向.现代大学教育, 2005, (4) .
[5]唐庆华.新视野大学英语》读写教程多媒体课件内容简析.广西大学学报 (哲学社会科学版) , 2006, 11 (28) .
[6]陶晓莉.新视野大学英语教材评介, 四川教育学报, 2007, (23增刊) :171-172.
[7]杨红, 王浩勇.对《新视野大学英语》教材 (第二版) 读写教程的评析.科教纵横, 2008, (7) .
[8]郑树棠.新视野大学英语.读写教程第二版, 外语教学与研究出版社出版, 2002.
[9]朱月芳.《新视野大学英语读写教程》简评.科技信息.
[10]Harmer, J.How to Teach English.Beijing Language Teach-ing and Research Press, 2000.
关键词： 汉英对比 新视野大学英语 读写教程 对比应用
一、引言
对比语言学是现代语言学的一个分支。1941年，美国语言学家沃尔夫（B.L.Whorf）把对比研究作为比较研究的对立面提出来，在他的Language and Logic（《语言与逻辑》）一文中第一次使用了Contrastive Linguistics“对比语言学”这一名称。1957年，拉多（Robert Lado）出版了世界上第一部对比语言学专著Linguistics Across Cultures（《跨文化语言学》），全面讨论了如何对语音、词汇、语法、文字、文化进行对比，现代学者一般以此作为对比语言学这一学科正式成立的标志[1]。对比语言学兼有理论语言学和应用语言学的性质，其主要任务是对两种或多种语言进行共时对比研究，描述并解释所对比语言之间的异同，并将研究成果应用于语言理论和语言应用领域[2]。人们在长期的外语教学实践中已认识到，汉外对比研究是提高英语教学质量最有效的方法。
《新视野大学英语》是由几大院校外语、外语教学专家根据《大学英语教学大纲》及《大学英语课程要求》编排而成的，是近年来国内各大高校本科非英语专业学生通用的大学英语教程。《大学英语教学大纲》对大学英语教学的翻译教学和文化教学给予一定的重视，但实际情况是《新视野大学英语读写教程》没有专门介绍翻译理论、技巧及实践的独立板块，不能为学生提供真正的翻译实践。大学英语教师因为课时不够，自身对语言文化背景知识缺乏了解，在教学中往往缺乏对翻译教学的重视。在讲解课文和习题翻译时，大多照搬《教师用书》的翻译给出标准答案，甚少涉及翻译理论和翻译技巧，因此学生的翻译水平很难真正提高。笔者在多年的大学英语读写教学中，用汉英对比理论指导《新视野大学英语读写教程》课文及习题的翻译，教给学生常用的翻译技巧，最大限度地提高学生翻译水平。现拟以英汉对比为理论指导，初步探讨《新视野大学英语读写教程》中一些课文句子及习题的翻译。
二、汉英对比在《新视野大学英语读写教程》课文及习题翻译中的应用
1.动态与静态
英语是曲折词，动词形态变化繁复，动词使用受到形态掣肘，而名词无此牵制，因而名词在英语中占优势。由于英语中多用名词，必然要多用介词，因此产生介词优势。名词和介词优势，使得英语的静态倾向比较显著。而汉语是非屈折语，汉语动词无形态变化，使用活跃，可以连用，可以代替其他词类，因而汉语动态倾向比较明显[3]。一般而言，英语句子以一个谓语动词为支点，其他词类形式多样，因此译成汉语时，其中的名词短语、形容词短语、介词短语和非谓语动词通常要转换成动词。同样，汉语译成英语时，则要做逆向转换。例如：
（1）While she is doing her homework，her feet on the bench in front of her and her calculator clicking out answers to her geometry problems，I am looking at the half-empty package of Camels tossed carelessly close at hand.（《新视野大学英语读写教程》Book2，unit 5）
句中出现了无动词分句her feet on the bench，非谓语动词clicking，tossed，以及形容词短语half-empty，所有这些成分全部要译成动词：“她做作业时，脚搁在前面的长凳上，用计算器嗒嗒滴敲出几何题的答案。我看着那包她已抽了一半、随意扔在手边的’骆驼’牌香烟。”
（2）Over time，people starve themselves of both food and air，effectively weakening and hooking their children，eventually killing themselves.（Book 2，unit 5）
这个句子谓语动词为starve，其余三个都是非谓语动词形式，应译为动词：“久而久之，人们不但缺少食物，还缺少空气，这样不但大大地损害了孩子们的体质，还使他们染上了烟瘾，最终还会致他们于死地。”
（3）For example，one US corporation offered a large sum of money in support of a US presidential candidate at a time when the company was under investigation for possible violations of US business laws.（Book 4，unit 6）
句中出现了三个名词短语：in support of，under investigation和violations of，译成汉语时都要相应地转换成动词：“比如，有一家美国企业曾因可能违反美国商业法规而受到调查，当时它捐出一大笔款项支持一位总统竞选人。”
（4）For all its concern about foreign cultural invasion and its defense against the pollution of the French language by English words，France’s Socialist government has been untroubled about putting such a huge American symbol on the doorstep of the capital and has been more concerned about its economic effect.（Book 4，unit 9）
句子出现多个名词短语：concern about，cultural invasion，defense，pollution of和一个动名词短语：putting ...，译成汉语时要转换成动词：“尽管对外国文化入侵感到不安，要捍卫法语不受英语词汇污染，法国的生活党政府对于将这么大一个美国文化的标志放在首都门口却并不担忧，相反，他们更多地关心其经济效应。”
2.意合与形合
句子内部连接或外部连接几乎都使用三种手段：句法手段，词汇对等和语义连接。用前两种手段连接称为形合，用后一种手段连接称为意合[4]。英语重形合，句子各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语。汉语重意合，句子中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的贯通，较少用连接词语。因此，汉英互译时要根据情况增译或减译这些词。例如：
（5）我这么多年来如此努力，我觉得我自己应该有个好的前途。（Book 2，unit 9习题）
这两个分句间存在因果关系，但汉语句子里没有出现表示因果的词，译成英语时要加入表示因果关系的连词，译为：I have been working hard for so many years，so I feel I’m entitled to a good future.
（6）老师回来你敢告我的状，我就不再和你说话了。（Book 3，unit 1 习题）
这是一个典型的条件状语从句，汉语中省略了“如果”，分句中还有一个省掉了“当……的时候”的时间状语，因此翻译时要加入表示条件和时间的连词，译为：If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back，I won’t talk with you any more.
（7）“Don’t quit your day job！” is advice frequently givenby understandably pessimistic family members and friends to a budding artist who is trying hard to succeed.（Book 4，unit 1）
这个句子由一个过去分词短语、两个介词短语和一个定语从句连接而成。如果按照原文顺序翻译将困难重重，且结构混乱，词不达意。因此翻译时应根据汉语思维习惯，将句子改短，译作：对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家，其亲朋好友常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢”，他们的担心不无道理。
（8）In Oona O’Neill Chaplin，he found a partner whose stability and affection spanned the 37 years age difference between them，which had seemed so threatening，that when the official who was marrying them in 1942 turned to the beautiful girl of 17 who’d given notice of their wedding date，he said，“And where is the young man？”（Book 4，unit 2）
这是由四个定语从句和一个时间状语从句连接的超长句，出现连接词whose，which，when和两个who。汉语中绝不会出现这样的长句，因此翻译时要将长句分译成几个短句，有些连接词要省译：“他找到了沃娜·奥尼尔·卓别林这个伴侣。她的沉稳和深情跨越了他们之间37岁的年龄差距。”他们的年龄差别太大，以致当1942年他们登记结婚时，新娘公布了他们的结婚日期后，为他们办理手续的官员问这位漂亮的17岁姑娘：“那个年轻人在哪？”
3.话题句与主谓句
由于受到西方语言学的影响，不少人习惯于用英语的语法系统解释汉语的句子，这样就忽视了两种语言的一个重要差异，即英语是偏重主语—谓语性质的语言，而汉语则是偏重话题—说明性质的语言[5]。英语是通过主语+谓语的句型结构进行描写的，而汉语是一种注重话题的语言，句子除部分主谓句以外，更多体现为话题句，即话题-说明结构（topic-comment）[6]。所以，这两种语言的主谓句之间的翻译似乎问题不大，但是把所有的英语句子都译成汉语的主谓句本身并不一定合适，有可能出现不地道的句子；同时，汉语话题句的英译常常是学生容易出错的。例如：
（9）The effort to shield assets to be passed on to children and grandchildren is making prenups more common among retired people in their 60s and 70s who are remarrying after a spouse has died.（Book 3，unit 9）
这个句子结构繁杂，不能按原文主谓结构翻译。句子对prenups这个话题进行了说明，包括其目的、对象和现象。因此，可以将句子译为：为了将财产传到自己的儿孙手中，六七十岁的退休丧偶老人在找老伴时，订立婚前协议也很常见。
（10）Cool foresight and a quick mind enabled him to react swiftly in an emergency.（Book 2，unit 7习题）
译文一：冷静的远见和敏捷的思维让他在紧急情况下迅速应对。
译文二：他沉着冷静、富有远见、思维敏捷，因此，能够迅速应对紧急情况。
译文一按英文主谓结构翻译，生硬、不地道，译文二将主谓句改译为话题句，结构紧凑，行文流畅。
（11）光线不足，加上地面潮湿，使得驾驶十分困难。（Book2，unit 5 习题）
译文一：The light is poor，and the ground is wet，they made driving very difficult.
译文二：The poor light，coupled with the wet ground，made driving very difficult.
这是一个话题句，说明了驾驶困难的原因。译文一按汉语主谓结构翻译，不够简练。译文二将话题句译成英语主谓句，将两个表示原因的句子转换成偏正结构的名词短语作句子主语，译文简介流畅。
4.主动与被动
英语中被动句应用很广泛，强调客观事实，施动者并不经常体现出来，这体现了英语国家民族客体意识较强。汉语中被动句相当少，即使是用被动句，也往往把施动者说出来，这是中华民族主体意识较强的表现[7]。
（12）In our university，students are also encouraged to make use of the Arts Center and to participate in music and drama.（Book 4，unit 1习题）
这是一个被动句，句中students作主语，若翻译成被动句，不太符合汉语习惯。因此省译介词in，将介词宾语our university译为主语，而原句主语students译为宾语。同时，根据汉语习惯，句子中常用到一些概括性的名词，比如：“实践”、“经验”、“现象”、“过程”等，此处增译“活动”比较合适。译为：我们学校也鼓励同学们利用艺术中心参加音乐和戏剧活动。
（13）The town knew the Southerners and never stopped chewing sugar cane when they passed.But the Northerners were something else again.They were peeredat cautiously from behind curtains by the timid.（Book 4，unit 8）
这段话描写了小镇居民对南方人和北方人的不同态度，因此，尽管原句主语发生了改变，翻译时第二句仍应以the town为主语，可以省译；第三句则由被动句译为主动句，介词宾语译为施动者。译为：小镇居民见惯了南方人，因此他们经过时人们照旧大嚼甘蔗。但是看到北方人则是另一回事。胆怯的人躲在窗帘后小心翼翼地偷看他们。
（14）Other countries have also been known to put pressure on foreign companies to make donations to party bank accounts.（Book 4，unit 6）
含有这种be known，be said，be reported，be estimated的句子，不译为被动，将这一结构独立出来，译为“据……”，其余部分译为主动句。本句可译为：据闻，其他国家也向外国公司施压，要他们向党派组织的账户捐款。
三、结语
汉英两种语言在多个方面都存在差异，给汉英互译造成很大的困难。大学英语教师首先应该不断加强自身学习，牢固掌握汉英对比理论，并且分阶段、有重点地向学生讲解汉英对比理论及翻译技巧。在讲授《新视野大学英语读写教程》课文及习题时，多给学生翻译实践的机会，不断提高学生的翻译水平和外语水平。
参考文献：
[1]潘文国.汉英语对比纲要[M].北京：北京语言文化大学出版社，1997.
[2]杨自俭.英汉语比较与翻译[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000.
[3]连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京：高等教育出版社，1993.
[4]郭丽君.汉英对比在大学英语教学中的作用及应用[J]武汉船舶职业技术学院学报，2005，3.
[5]刘宓庆.新编汉英对比与翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2006.
[6]张春柏，陈舒.汉英对比的翻译教学方法[J].国外外语教学，2007，4.
[7]黄瑞.大学英语翻译教学中汉英对比理论的引入探究[J].云南农业大学学报，2011，5.
[8]郑树棠.新视野大学英语读写教程2，3，4[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2008.
[9]郑树棠.新视野大学英语读写教程教师用书2，3，4[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2008.
[10]Whorf，B.L. Language and Logic[M].Cambridge，Massachusetts： The MITPress，1941.
unit1 further reading 1 1Y 2N 3N 4NG 5N 6Y 7Y 8Suggested answer: $225 million 9Suggested answer: stroke or brain injury 10Suggested answer: networks of clinicians further reading 2 1N 2Y 3Y 4N 5NG 6N 7Y 8Suggested answer: medical ingredients 9Suggested answer: what it believes 10Suggested answer: plus factors
UNIT2 further reading 1 1NG 2N 3N 4N 5Y 6N 7Y 8Suggested answer: the transport of dangerous substances 9Suggested answer: one of the 21 transfer stations 10Suggested answer: the chemicals-collection station further reading 2 1C 2C 3B 4C 5B 6A 7A 8Suggested answer: funding cuts 9Suggested answer: the War on Terrorism 10Suggested answer: taken a hit
UNIT3 further reading 1 1N 2Y 3Y 4Y 5N 6N 7Y 8Suggested answer: social interaction 9Suggested answer: the more experienced executives 10Suggested answer: remaining in the workplace further reading 2 1Y 2N 3Y 4N 5Y 6NG 7Y 8Suggested answer: garbage and poisonous chemicals 9Suggested answer: clean water 10Suggested answer: plastic fishing line UNIT4 further reading 1 1Y 2N 3Y 4NG 5Y 6N 7N 8Suggested answer: equality 9Suggested answer: formal and polite 10Suggested answer: direct or demanding further reading 2 1A 2C 3D 4C 5D 6A 7B 8Suggested answer: refined starch and sugar 9Suggested answer: Quality of diet 10Suggested answer: most fruits UNIT5 further reading 1 1Y 2Y 3N 4NG 5Y 6N 7N 8taste terrorism and the World Trade Center 10more limited coverage further reading 2 1Y 2Y 3NG 4N 5N 6N 7Y 8confidence in them 9the nature and seriousness of the crime 10Connecticut General Life Insurance Company UNIT6 further reading 1 1N 2NG 3Y 4Y 5Y 6N 7Y 8horizontal axis design 9inside the nacelle 10ten times further reading 2 1NG 2N 3Y 4N 5Y 6Y 7N 8The United States 9vehicles and power plants 10one-third UNIT7 further reading 1 1NG 2Y 3N 4N 5Y 6Y 7Y 8explosion 9tsunamis 10electrical system damage further reading 2 1N 2Y 3Y 4NG 5Y 6Y 7Y 8nuclear power 9liming 10conserving energy UNIT8 further reading 1 1N 2Y 3Y 4NG 5N 6Y 7N 8insecurities and anxiety 9a challenge 10on top of things further reading 2 1N 2NG 3Y 4N 5N 6Y 7Y 8racial minorities 9 130 million 10 800,000 UNIT9 further reading 1 1Y 2Y 3N 4N 5Y 6N 7NG 8municipalities and construction companies 9$10 to $40 10drop-off stations further reading 2 1N 2N 3N 4N 5NG 6Y 7Y 8president of the Medical Association of the State of Alabama 9 ten years 10criminal trespass and theft charges UNIT10 further reading 1 1Y 2Y 3N 4Y 5N 6NG 7N 8that we tag with an emotion 9fuel efficiency 10three-quarters further reading 2 1A 2B 3C 4C 5D 6A 7D 8most famous book 9mental collapse 10a form of brain cancer
Vocabulary III.1.immune 2.acquire 3.constitutes 4.define 5.infected, infect 6.illustrates 7.emerge 8.emphasize 9.represents 10.threatened IV.1.regardless of 2.at risk 3.handing out 4.distracts„from 5.sign up for 6.be infected with 7.guard against 8.feel comfortable with/about 9.in place of 10.suffering from V.1.L 2.G 3.I 4.J 5.M 6.D 7.O 8.A 9.C 10.F Structure VI.1.the way he teaches English 2.whom I was expecting to stay with 3.which was lost in the department store yesterday 4.where Mary and I spent our childhood 5.which the whole family considered a great honor VII.1.Despite his illness 2.Despite a lot of difficulties 3.despite his old age 4.despite the bad weather 5.despite his hard work Translation VIII.1.I hope that the effort that we’ve made will be of some use to the battle against AIDS.2.Despite all the efforts form the local organizations in the battle against AIDS, the number of people in rural has been increasing.3.Please turn off the TV, because the noise will distract her from her homework.4.It was a long time before the company implemented the program to improve the quality of its goods because of laequipment.5.You’d better learn something about the course before signing up for it.6.The policy is playing a more and more important role in promoting the development of local economy.IX.1.病人的免疫系统会将新移植的心脏当成异物面排斥。
2.有人说我们许多人饮食太糟，缺乏维他命和矿物质，因而我们的身心都受到损害。3.生物医学研究将会使很多艾滋病病毒感染者延长寿命，生活少些痛苦。
4.中央政府已经发布了一项五年行动计划，旨在鼓励社会各部门都参与艾滋病的防治。5.一个人感染了艾滋病毒，其症状一般要6到10年后才会表现出来。
6.许多年来，人们眼睁睁看着艾滋病泛滥成灾，争论着有效的艾滋病防治措施在贫穷国家究竟是否适用。Cloze X.1.C 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.C Structured Writing XII.Build more tall apartment buildings.The increase in population in cities is creating a housing problem.To solvmake use of the space in the air.This will help solve the housing problem in cities.Section B Reading Skills I.1.1)I hurt myself when diving 2)I hit my head on the board 2.1)I was very worried about something serious.2)I was very worried that my wound had left blood in the pool.3.1)There was something more significant that winning.2)I was very worried that I might infect other divers with AIDS as I spilled my blood in the pool.Comprehension of the Text II.1.D 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.D Vocabulary III.1.assist 2.bleeding 3.competing 4.confident 5.explored 6.commenced houses and older ones are being pulled down to make room for tall apartment buildings.When building space on the 7.intense 8.adopted 9.spill 10.confused IV.1.Prior of →Prior to 2.confident with →confident of/in 3.by haste →in haste 4.find about→ find out 5.ashis wife with 6.with fear→for fear 7.competed with each other with → competed with each other for 8.thrust hknife into 9.have a shot in → have a shot at 10.starts at → starts with
英语（第二版）第1册Unit 6答案
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着孩子的面问这个问题，即使他想说“是”也可能会说“不是”。毕业时获得学位，你要么别玩网上游戏，要么别去打零工。接受过大学教育，他却瞧不起那些没有大学学历的人。司的管理问题提了好几个建议，但没有一个管用。
B 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.C 18.C19.B 20.A to Beijing for different purposes.Thousands upon thousands of foreign students are studying different su Every year a large number of foreign businessmen from all pats of the world visit Beijing, for various konal conferences.In addition travelers both at home and abroad come to Beijing for visiting places of hiays or visiting their friends and relatives in rt of his time on to support himself with drugs and food heir accounts with the company/and money owed to them and worried who is likely to suffer a heart attack 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.B 8.B 2.bear 3.accurate 4.manufacturing 5.inquiry 6.afford 7.admired 8.replacing 9.retired 10.ignop 3.out 4.around 5.up 6.to 7.to 8.for 9.of 10.to _EBOOK_2005>4
墙重新粉刷了后，这房间好看多了。
家的许多地方，青少年犯罪已经失去了控制，这个城市也不例外。
生后的几周，他不敢出门，害怕自己再次与劫匪面对面遭遇。
警察描述她是怎样突然遭到一个从灌木丛中出来的人抢劫的。
许多美国人来说，周末工作已经不幸地成为了惯例，而不是例外。
关键词：建构主义学习理论,建构主义学习设计六要素,英语教学
1 建构主义学习理论内涵
建构主义是认知心理学的一个分支, 由瑞士心理学家皮亚杰于20世界60年代最早提出, 建构主义学习理论特别强调学习者的自主建构、自主探究、自主发现, 并要求将这种自主学习与基于情境的合作式学习、基于问题解决的研究性学习结合起来。 (何克抗, 2004)
首先, 该理论强调学习者在学习中的主体地位:知识的获得不是一个单向传递过程, 而是一个不断认知和双向建构的过程, 是学习者的原有知识经验与新信息相互作用的产物。在主体对客体的“同化”与“顺应”的过程中, 个体的认知结构会发生变化, 个体对新知识进行解码和重新编码, 以适应新的环境, 从而建立起学习者新的知识结构。作为间接经验获取的重要方式, 信息的传递是必须的, 但是, 信息的传递并不足以保证学习者知识的构建, 学习者掌握知识的多少取决于根据自己已有的经验去建构相关知识的能力, 而不在于能记住多少老师讲授知识的能力。因此, 学生是信息加工的主体、真正的意义构建者, 老师是意义构建的帮助者。
第二, 建构主义学习理论强调学习环境, 即“情境”“协作”“交流”和“意义建构”四个要素的重要作用。学习是对真实“情境”的体验, 只有在真实的情境即社会文化背景下, 利用必要的学习资源, 学习者才能重组原先的知识结构, 深刻理解当前内容的实质与规律, 积极有效地建构知识。“协作”贯穿于整个学习过程, 对意义构建起关键作用。教师与学生、学生与学生通过协作完成对学习资料的收集与整理、完成假设的提出与验证、完成学习进程的自我反馈和学习结果的评价。“交流”是协作过程中最基本的方式或环节;“意义建构”是教学过程的最终目标。
2 建构主义学习设计要素
乔治·加农 (George W.Gagnon) 和米歇尔·柯蕾 (Michelle Collay) (2001) 等人在皮亚杰等研究的基础上, 对建构主义理论做了较为系统的研究, 总结出建构主义学习设计CLD (Constructivist Learning Design) 所包含的六大基本要素, 即“创设情境 (Developing Situations) 、提出问题 (Asking Questions) 、搭建桥梁 (Building Bridges) 、组织协作 (Organizing Groupings) 、展示成果 (Arranging Exhibits) 和反思过程 (Inviting Reflections) ”。丰玉芳 (2006) 指出, “创设情境”是指创建有利于对所学内容意义建构的、尽可能接近真实生活的学习情境;“提出问题”的目的在于激励学生的思维;“搭建桥梁”指的是搭建学生已掌握的知识和即将学的新知识之间的桥梁, 是把建构主义学习理论运用于课堂教学的关键要素之一;“组织协作”是将学生分成若干小组, 通过小组合作来完成学习任务;“展示成果”是学生通过学习小组、个人演讲、角色扮演、专题汇报等多种多样的形式将所学知识和对某一问题的看法与观点展示出来;“反思过程”是学生在老师的指导下, 对自己的原有知识与所学新知识进行归纳整理, 构建自己的知识体系, 通过全面深刻的反思活动提升元认知水平、激发潜能。
3 课程设计案例
笔者以《新视野大学英语读写教程》Unit 1 The Tail of Fame为例, 展示建构主义学习理念及设计六要素在大学英语读写教学中的应用。王峥 (2014) 指出, 英语课堂教学目标不仅要充分考虑学生需求与相关知识水平、具备主题针对性与可操作性, 而且要兼顾语言知识、技能与内容, 具备系统性与逻辑性。这篇讨论艺人追名逐利问题的论说文的教学目标为:理解成名给人的生活带来的好的、不好的影响;掌握学习策略, 兼顾语言知识的扩展, 尤其是词汇学习策略;难点是外化语言知识, 提高学生议论文的段落写作能力。为实现有利于学生意义构建的情境, 结合建构主义学习要素, 笔者进行了以下的课堂教学设计。
(1) 创设情境
创设情境是让学生对即将要学的新知识有感知的唤起、好奇心的唤起, 以激起学生的学习兴趣、求知态度与学习积极性。建构主义认为, 学习产生的前提是学习内容引发学习者的关注, 进而使其形成对学习内容进行意义建构的倾向。课堂情境创设应紧扣课堂主题, 引导学生选择性注意, 能激活学生相关知识并促其重构。 (王峥, 2014)
上课时, 教师围绕本单元的主题Fame, 首先展示两段与学生真实生活和课文内容密切相关的视频。视频一是美国著名脱口秀主持人Oprah Winfrey对学生都比较熟悉的中国歌手张靓颖的采访, 在采访中, 张靓颖不仅展示了自己的独特声音魅力, 还介绍了自己的成长经历以及成名带给自己的收获;视频二是电影《明星之恋》的节选。该电影讲述了美国超级明星克里斯托弗和平凡女孩的一段际遇, 是一部现代版灰姑娘和明星生活的真实写照, 以及明星在名利之前对爱情和友情的选择。视频的形象性和直观性能够对学生形成有效的导向刺激 (orienting stimulus) , 激发学生对“名声之尾”主题的学习兴趣。
(2) 提出问题
“基于问题的学习”是建构主义所提倡的一种教学方式。Sanders (1996) 曾经指出:“好的问题应具有广阔的思考空间或者具有很高的探究价值”, 读写课堂上, 一个好的问题能够调动学生思维的积极性, 引导学生从多个角度去探究知识。
教学中, 导入视频后, 教师让学生回答以下问题:What are benefi ts brought by fame?What do the paparazzi want from the celebrities?Why?What are some of the best things in life the celebrities have to give up?How to gain fame?这些问题是老师针对课文的主题, 联系视频的内容所设计, 没有固定的答案。学生通过小组讨论与协作, 自主寻找答案。
(3) 搭建桥梁
建构主义认为, 意义的建构是在新旧知识之间的反复的、双向的相互作用中发生的。教材所提供的知识是学生主动建构意义的对象, 学生带着问题进入这一阶段的学习, 学生主体根据已有的认知与经验, 在多媒体教学环境下, 搭建起与课文这一客体之间的桥梁, 在老师创造的能充分发挥自主性与创造性、发展批判性思维能力的情景下, 吸收并内化知识, 从而完成新知识的建构。
通过前面视频展示与小组讨论, 学生能非常直观地感受到成名所带给人们的利弊, 这样构建起了他们对课文主题“成名”的基本概念。那么如何才能成名呢?作者对于成名本身和名人所能带来的利弊持什么样的观点?有哪些建议?老师接着抛给学生这些问题, 以激发学生探究问题、解决问题的好奇心, 增加学生构建新知识的愿望。同时, 老师让学生对课文进行查读和略读, 完成对课文内容的理解和对以上问题的探究。这样, 老师以追加问题的方式引导学生搭建起了新旧知识之间的桥梁。
(4) 组织协作
Schmucks (1997) 指出, 建构主义学习设计的关键就在于如何分组以及如何帮助学生共同合作完成学习任务。小组成员之间的协作与交流能使学生更好地分享信息等资源, 有助于完善和深化对主题的意义构建。组织协作时, “每个人既分享外界的知识, 同时又共享自己的知识, 既是知识的‘消费者’, 又是资源的设计者、知识的‘生产者’” (陈琦、张建伟, 2003)
学生被分为不同的学习小组, 分组要考虑学生的兴趣、能力与自己意愿, 确保各组之间的竞争公平性。小组讨论开始前, 根据大脑短时记忆的特点, 首先让学生回忆导入视频与自主阅读时出现的与课文主题密切相关的短语, 比如achieved her instant celebrity, exploiting their talent for等。通过重读文中重点句子, 引导学生进一步探索语言背后的人生哲理。比如通过学习The crueltyof success is that it often leads those who seek such success toparticipate in their own destruction. (成功的残酷在于他往往使那些寻求成功者自寻毁灭) 这句话, 让学生结合“名人效应”, 谈谈自己的理解。文中类似的值得挖掘的句子还有很多, 老师引导学生列出这些句子并进行赏析。此外, 本课的词汇很有特点, 老师引导学生分组讨论, 运用不同的词汇记忆方法。比如, 联想记忆法记忆, chase v.“追赶”, 谐音为“追上去锤死 (chase) 它” (谐音) ;新旧词汇对比法如discount, minute, second, fi ne等词;词根词缀法如conquest, justify等词。每一组学生负责一类词汇记忆方法, 从书中找出对应单词, 然后从自己记忆库中补充其它的单词。小组活动时, 老师控制活动的节奏, 监督活动的质量, 对于讨论中偏离中心学习任务的学生要及时纠正。
(5) 成果展示
小组的成果展示形式多样。可以是每个小组选一个代表汇报交流讨论的结果, 其它同学针对汇报, 提出自己的质疑与看法评价, 汇报组的所有同学参与问题的解答;也可以是小组成员以角色扮演等形式共同展示。
值得注意的是, 在本课的展示环节, 由于各小组成员的生活经历、兴趣爱好、知识结构与认知水平的差异, 即使是同一个主题, 小组展示的结果也千差万别, 各有千秋。这反映出建构主义学习观的特征:学生的学习结果是拓展的和未知的。通过全班的集体交流, 学生对成名所带来的一系列影响有了更加清晰的认识, 同时对议论文的基本协作模式加深了理解。学生的口语与自信心在与同伴的交流中也有望得到改善与提高。
(6) 反思过程
建构主义强调意义建构的个体性与主体性。学习者在综合和概括自己观点、反驳别人观点的过程中能够对自己的观点进行反思性推敲和检验、重构自己的观点。英语课堂上, 学生的学习不仅是对课文的识别、理解与加工, 更是对这一学习过程的自我观察、评价与调节。
学生在老师的指导下对本课的学习内容进行系统的复习和归纳整理, 包括课堂活动中反复操练运用的新的语言知识、成名给人带来的利弊等。归纳整理与对学生的活动作出评价后, 老师布置外化语言知识的练习——段落写作。老师以课文的第3段为范例, 分析a general statement+supporting details这一写作技巧。学生模仿段落组织方法, 在老师的引导下从新的角度外化建构的语言认知。
4 结语
建构主义学习理论为大学英语读写课程的教学设计提供了理论支持, 基于建构主义学习设计的六个基本要素为大学英语读写课程提供具体的操作原则。教师在教学中应灵活运用该理论, 坚持以学生为中心, 从多维的视角观察发现问题, 探索提高英语教学质量的新途径。
参考文献
[1]George, W.Gagnon&Michelle Collay.Designing for Learning:Six Elements in Constructivist Classrooms[M].California:Corw in Press, INC., 2001.
[2]陈琦, 张建伟.信息时代的整合性学习模型——信息技术整合于教学的生态观诠释[J].北京大学教育评论, 2003 (3) .
[3]丰玉芳.建构主义学习设计六要素在英语教学中的应用[J].外语与外语教学, 2006 (6) .
[4]何克抗.关于建构主义的教育思想与哲学基础——对建构主义的再认识[J].现代远程教育研究, 2004 (3) .
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