华政国际法考研真题

华政国际法考研真题（通用7篇）

华政国际法考研真题篇1

政治学原理

一、名词解释（每小题8分，共80分）

1、绝对主义国家

2、寡头统治铁律

3、诺斯悖论

4、全方位政党

5、哈贝马斯的“公共领域”

6、《使民主运转起来》

7、民主和平论

8、迪维尔热定律

9、地方自治

10、社群主义

二、问题回答（每小题35分，共70分）

1、简述国家自主性概念的主要内容，并举例说明其在当今政治学研究中的应用。

2、简述理性选择理论的主要内容及其在当代政治科学研究中的地位和影响。

国际关系

一、名词解释（每小题5分，共50分）

1、无政府状态

2、相互依赖

3、全球治理

4、特别提款权

5、英布战争

6、雅尔塔体系

7、上海合作组织

8、尼克松主义

9、京都议定书

10、中美建交三原则

二、简答题（每小题15分，共60分）

1、简述建构主义的国际体系文化观。

2、简述现实主义国际关系理论的发展、主要代表和成果。

3、简述90年代美欧关系。

4、简述胡锦涛同志的“和谐世界理论”。

三、论述题（40分）

华政国际法考研真题篇2

外交学、国际政治、国际关系专业初试试题

政治学原理625

一、名词解释（共6题，每题5分，共30分）

1、社群主义

2、罗伯特达尔

3、联邦主义

4、政党适应性

5、违宪审查

6、社会资本

二、简答题（共4题，每题15分，共60分）

1、简述新制度主义的各个流派

2、简述韦伯的官僚制

3、简述传媒的政治功能

4、简述政治革命的条件

三、论述题（共2题，每题30分，共60分）

1、结合中国实践，试论经济—社会体制变革的政治意义

2、结合具体国家的案例，试论形式民主、实质民主与国家治理的关系

14年人大国关综合试题（精准版）

一、简述

1、霍布斯自然状态理论及其国际关系含义（似乎考过，可是没重视真题，还好不难）

2、主流国关理论对相对获益和绝对获益的看法（似乎也考过了，崩溃啊）

3、马克思关于国际体系的观点（猜到了要考，没记住啊，编吧）

4、互惠战略对国际合作的意义

5、十六世纪哈布斯堡王朝扩张历程及其影响（耍流氓啊，严重超出通行现代国关的范围，果断放弃）

6、1911年摩洛哥危机及其影响（欲哭无泪啊，不过意料之中，果断放弃）

7、“日台条约”内容及其影响（这个似乎外交史中没有重点讲啊，继续编）8、80年代中苏关系正常化的三大障碍（彻底崩溃，就是去年的题啊）

二、论述

1、用国关理论分析防止核扩散机制对国家安全合作的影响。

2、俾斯麦同盟体系的构成及特点。

华政国际法考研真题篇3

名词解释

总体国家安全观

长周期理论

奥努弗

后行为主义

福利国家

混合代表制

简答题

political system失效的主要表现在哪些方面

战争与国家的建构关系

全球治理的核心内涵

民粹主义对国际关系的影响

论述题

试分析政党在政治运行过程中的地位和作用

考研命题人张剑解析考研真题篇4

2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题分析

Text 2

A deal is a deal―except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.

Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.

The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along。

…

26. The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3, Para.1) is closest in meaning to

[A]condemning. [B]reaffirming。

[C]dishonoring. [D]securing。

27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to

[A]obtain protection from Vermont regulators。

[B]seek favor from the federal legislature。

[C]acquire an extension of its business license。

[D]get permission to purchase a power plant。

…

【答案解析】

26. 答案：C 【考点：猜测生词】

分析：本题要求考生根据上下文信息猜测生词reneging on的意思。四个选项如下：

[A]谴责。 [B] 重申。

[C]不遵守。 [D] 获得。

文章首段一开始，作者就暗示安特吉公司将不遵守交易规则：“交易就是交易――除非涉及到安特吉公司”。由此可知该公司违约的事实，并且就此还引起轩然大波：这家新英格兰的主要电力供应商上周宣称将……严格遵守核能规定的.长期承诺时，这在佛蒙特州激起了合情合理的愤怒。因此，reneging on 的意思应为“不履行，不遵守”，[C]dishonoring是正确答案。

27. 答案：D 【考点：识别正确信息】

分析：本题要求考生根据文意判断，安特吉公司签署2002年的协议时的意图。四个选项如下：

[A]从佛州营监管部门获得保护。

[B]寻求联邦立法机关的支持。

[C]获得蒙特业执照的延期。

[D]获得批准去收购一个电厂。

文章第三段提到，“这个冲突在2002年就开始显现了，那时该公司收购了佛蒙特州唯一的核电厂，位于弗农的一个老旧的核反应堆。作为获得州政府批准该交易的条件，公司承诺如果2012年后继续运营需获得州监管部门的许可。”显然，该公司在2002年作出承诺，如果在2012年后继续运营，必须获得批准，承诺的目的是为了让州政府批准它收购那里的一座核电厂。因此[D]get permission to purchase a power plant是正确答案。

……

考研英语真题篇5

Two years ago. Rupert Murdochs daughter, spoke at the unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanismin society should be profit and the market we the people who create the society we want, not profit.

Driving her point home, she continuedIts increasingly absence of purpose，of a moral language with in government, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom. This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought, making it more likely that it would fore had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding the predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wide dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.

In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.

In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.

The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.

36. Accordign to the first two graphs, Elisabeth was upset by

(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.

(B) companies financial loss due to immoral practices

(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.

37. It can be inferred from graph 3 that

(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.

(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.

(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.

38. The author believes that Rebekah Brookss defence

(A) revealed a cunning personality.

(B) centered on trivial issues.

(D) was part of a conspiracy.

39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows

(A) generally distorted values.

(B) unfair wealth distribution.

(D) a rigid moral code.

40 Which of the following is suggested in the last graph?

(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.

(B) Common humanity is central to news reporting.

(D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.

36. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism

37. Bmore journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking

38. C was hardly convincing

39. A generally distorted values

40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper

Part B

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41) You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved.Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.

The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)

Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or true meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to theworld.(43)

Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)

This doesnt, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.

How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)Such dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesnt then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.

[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.

[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.

[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.

[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.

[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity-inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the authors own thoughts.

[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a texts formal structures(so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.

北大哲学考研历年真题篇6

20005年中国哲学史

一名词解释（5分x4）

中庸四法界六理四几

二简答（8分x5）

离坚白以说出故崇本举末一物两体能必副其所

三问答（35分x2 国内考生前3题选2,外国考生4选2）

1、老子与韩非道论异同。

2、罗钦顺与朱熹理一分殊比较。

3、王守仁与王夫之知行观异同。

4、孟子与告子人性论比较。

四标点并翻译古文（20分）

中庸何为而作也子思子忧道学之失其传而作也盖自上古圣神继天立极而道统之传有自来矣其见于经则允执厥中者尧之所以授舜也人心惟危道心惟微惟精惟一允执厥中”者舜之所以授禹也尧之一言至矣尽矣而舜复益之以三言者则所以明夫尧之一言必如是而后可庶几也

一、关于名解

1、老子和庄子每年考1或2个很偏的，在方克立的辞典中老子有70多个名解，庄子也有60多个，考到了不会不要管，猜一个作者。估计没几个人会，那本书没得卖了。庄子的注意一个“见独”：是体会到独一无二的道的一种人身修养境界。是人在修养19天之后达到朝彻境界后的第二阶段。见独之后才能达到超脱生死、不为外物所累的阶段的境界。

2、每年都会考几个史料学的名解，曾考过《礼记》、《肇论》等。注意西铭（即订顽）

3、只会考名解的哲学部分孔子、孟子、名家、先秦逻辑学、孙武、道教、贾谊、慧远、天台宗、范缜、柳宗元、刘禹锡、李觏、谭嗣同、严复、章炳麟4、2004年的新动向。考陈来《宋明理学》中的重要论述概念和命题（包括大题）。列举可能考的孔颜乐处、一故神两故化、太虚即气、仁者浑然与物同体、民胞物与、定性说、涵养须用敬、元会应世、心统性情、四句教、知行合一、一物两体、道则自然生万物（程颐）、物极必反（注意程颐的发挥）、百姓日用即道。

5、明清之际部分：反因、四几、能必副其所、习与性成、颜李学派、六府三事、知无体以物为体、气化即道、血气心知。

二、大题

可考范围：

1、老庄比较道论或论无；荀子、韩非子；

2、玄学与早期佛学（3个考察方面：本体论即是有无之辩、方法论即是言意之辩、理论归宿即是名教与自然之争。特别注意不要漏了嵇康和阮籍这一派）

3、佛学中的僧肇就剩般若无知论没有考过，重视！华严宗、维识宗或禅宗；

4、宋明理学部分朱熹陆王掌握知行观和格物说即可。张载、二程、王夫之、颜元、方以智要全面把握。其中如果按专题分则格物说注意王阳明、朱熹、王夫之、颜元、戴震和王艮；

知行观掌握朱熹、王阳明、王夫之；人性论此部分掌握罗钦顺、王廷相、王夫之、颜元、本体论部分注意张载和二程。

三、近两年试题分析

1、综合部分的题大题一般和中哲150试卷难度相当，基本是从中哲当年试题中抽选，但是名解较中哲的相对容易，亦有重合部分。

2、03年的题很怪，大题基本都是考过的真题，名解也有一半左右是考过的真题。但是04年的就难了，而且已考题重复考的情况骤减。主要是大题偏向于考五行和周易的一些专题方面，可能与北大那个研究周易的姓朱的老教授有关。但是应该对你们影响不大。估计05年不会这么偏。

四、对比以往试题、实际情况的发展以及我掌握的信息我押的题

名解：

反者道之动十翼仁内义外无故从有故物莫非指，而指非指三惑泰定识体《七略》见分相分真唯识量《坛经》《六逆论》新故相除元亨利贞为性者五法行法弛（一、4、5所列名解）敬除其舍公羊三世说仁以通为第一义心力内籀外籀

大题

1、老庄哲学对道有何不同看法。

2、庄子论心与物、道与物以及物与物的关系。

3、老庄有无观异同。

4、荀子的逻辑学理论以及对当时三大谬误的批判。

5试论述扬雄的玄本体论。

6、王充的精气论。

7、玄学部分如上所述3个角度。

8、玄学补充角度：王弼与本无宗、郭象与即色宗的比较（如郭象与支遁逍遥义比较）

9、僧肇的般诺无知论论述。

10、隋唐佛学均是名解的详述（略）

11、韩愈对儒家仁义道德的新解释。

12、张载的心性论论述。

13、宋明理学部分（二、4中的归纳整理）

14、朱熹罗钦顺理一分殊异同比较。

15、朱陆之争论述。

16、方以智随泯统、交轮几的思想论述。

17、二程关于“有对”的思想。

五、说明

基础题为主，我自认的可能性较高的题。要高分可能题要更细化、范围更广

2002年北京大学伦理学专业的部分中西哲试题

中哲名词解释

离坚白淮南格物万理具于一心通为天下第一要义

（今年和去年都考了一段给原文标点，翻译和评述）先秦的北大2004伦理学原理、中西哲学史试题

以下系考后回忆而成，措辞用语及先后排设当与原始试题有所差距，有欠精确及完整。

伦理学原理试题

一.列举下列人物的一部伦理学/有伦理学意义的著作（共10小题，每小题2分）

1.柏拉图 2.亚里士多德 3.密尔 4.摩尔 5.西季威克 6.罗尔斯 7.麦金泰尔 8.康德 9.尼采 10.休谟

二.简答.概念术语说明（共5小题，每小题10分）

1.道德怀疑论 2.美德伦理学 3.事实判断与价值判断 4.良心与名誉 5.罗尔斯差异原则

三.问答（共2小题，每小题20分）

1.举出一本自己喜好的伦理学或具有伦理意义的著作，叙述其主要观点及其论证，并解释喜好之原由。

2.说明可普遍化原理，并举实例予以分析（用此原理说明特定道德问题、伦理现象）。

四.情境分析（共1小题，40分）

某轨道上有一车厢突然失控，疾速向前滑动。其前方设有一处岔道，分别通向A、B两股不同轨道。甲轨道上有一正在行走的盲人，乙轨道上有三名被捆绑的健全工人。某工作人员用望远镜发现车厢失控，但因距离原因，不及提醒A、B两道上的人员，只能用一遥控设施进行扳道，从而改变车厢滑向（非A即B）。假若你是这位工作人员，你将采取何种措施（引向A或B），说明其道德理由，并进而分析功利主义与义务论之争及其对于个人、社会政治的意义。

中西哲学史试题

A西哲部分（问答，共4小题，每小题25分，选做3题）

1.解释“人是万物的尺度”，并就此对智者运动/智者学派之若干特点予以说明 2.说明奥古斯丁思想中的柏拉图主义 3.评述休谟关于因果关系的论述 4.如何理解康德之所谓“哥白尼革命”

B中哲部分

一.名词概念简述（共5小题，每小题4分）

1.以说出故 2.六派七宗 3.守真存一（守一存真）4.命不在天而在其人 5.知行常相须

二.问答（共3小题，1、2小题各20分，3小题15分）

1.述华严宗之“理事无碍”思想

2.比较朱熹、王守仁、颜元之“格物”说

3.韩愈关于仁、义、道、德的论述（注：此题系01年中国哲学史考题重复）科目2—

中国哲学史

一名词解释 5分x4

中庸,四法界,六理,四几

二简答 8分x5

离坚白,以说出故,崇本举末,一物两体,能必副其所

三问答 35分x2 国内考生前3题选2,外国考生4选2

1老子与韩非道论异同

2罗钦顺与朱熹理一分殊

3王守仁与王夫之知行观异同

4孟子与告子人性论比较

四标点并翻译古文 20分

中庸何为而作也？子思子忧道学之失其传而作也。盖自上古圣神继天立极，而道统之传有自来矣。其见于经，则“允执厥中”者，尧之所以授舜也；“人心惟危，道心惟微，惟精惟一，允执厥中”者，舜之所以授禹也。尧之一言，至矣，尽矣！而舜复益之以三言者，则所以明夫尧之一言，必如是而后可庶几也。

如《国语·齐语》谓：“今夫商，群萃而州处，察其四时而监其乡之资，以知其市之贾，负任担荷，服牛轺马，以周四出，以其所有，易其所无，市贱鬻贵。”出现了子贡一类结驷连骑周游列国的富商大贾。战国之世，工商显然已脱离了封君的畜养，成为自己负盈亏的事业

今焉于其良知所知之善者，即其意之所之之物而实为之，无有乎不尽。于其良知所知之恶者，即其意

出处:王阳之所在之物而实去之，无有乎不尽。然后物无不格，吾良知之所知者，无有亏缺障蔽，而得以极其至矣。明大学问

孔子2000按语：《大学问》者，阳明重要教典也。其中讲述“万物一体之仁”，脍炙人口。以下黑色字是《大学问》原文全文，蓝色字是阳明弟子钱德洪在将《大学问》收入阳明《文录•续编》时所加按语，由此可见《大学问》作为王门教典的重要性。又，钱德洪的议论盖有所为而发也，曾见有学者据此而疑及《大学问》是钱德洪伪造。实则《大学问》所造之境界，非钱德洪所能至也，伪造何易？且钱德洪编辑《文录》时，阳明及门弟子多在世，如何伪造？稍提一下，有心者可以作进一步探究。

又其为文也，举终以证始，本始以尽终。开而弗达，导而弗牵。寻而后既其义，推而后尽其理。善发事始以首其论，明夫会归以终其文。故使同趣而感发者，莫不美其兴言之始，因而演焉。异旨而独构者，莫不说其会归之徵，以为证焉。

夫途虽殊，必同其归；虑虽百，必均其致。而举夫归致以明至理，故使触类而思者，莫不欣其思之所应，以为得其义焉。

出处:补充资料：王弼《老子指略》（节选）

然则，《老子》之文，欲辩而诘者，则失其旨也；欲名而责者，则违其义也。故其大归也，论太始之原以明自然之性，演幽冥之极以定惑罔之迷。因而不为，损而不施，崇本以息末，守母以存子。贱夫巧术，为在未有，无责于人，必求诸己。此其大要也。

而法者尚乎齐同，而刑以检之。名者尚乎定真，而言以正之。儒者尚乎全爱，而誉以进之。墨者尚乎俭啬，而矫以立之。杂者尚乎众美，而总以行之。

夫刑以检物，巧伪必生；名以定物，理恕必失；誉以进物，争尚必起；矫以立物，乖违必作；杂以行物，秽乱必兴。斯皆用其子而弃其母。物失所载，未足守也。

然致同途异，至合趣乖，而学者惑其所致，迷其所趣。观其齐同，则谓之法；睹其定真，则谓之名；察其纯爱，则谓之儒；鉴其俭啬，则谓之墨；见其不係，则谓之杂。随其所鉴而正名焉，顺其所好而执意焉。故使有纷纭愦错之论，殊趣辨析之争，盖由斯矣。

夫途虽殊，必同其归；虑虽百，必均其致。而举夫归致以明至理，故使触类而思者，莫不欣其思之所应，以为得其义焉。

北大本科复习题--中哲史复习题

名词,概念及命题解释(18个)

天人三策以无为本形质神用人副天数辨名析理形神相即

法与时变济有者皆有道统说论衡独化言意之辩天人不相预

以心原物休符不于祥於其仁崇有论得意在忘象独尊儒术

简答题:18个

简述《淮南子》的元气论思想

简述《淮南子》对黄老学派气论的发展

简述《淮南子》的历史观

简述董仲舒的 “天人感应”思想.何谓 “ 《春秋》之道,奉天而法古”

简述王充“天地合气,万物自生”的思想.简述王充的认识论思想.何谓“魏晋玄学”

简述魏晋玄学的代表人物及主要思想

贵无论与崇有论在哲学上的根本分歧是什麼

王弼的玄学观点与裴頠有何区别

简述裴頠的“崇有论”的基本命题和主要思想.何谓“独化于玄冥之境”

范缜是如何论证形尽神灭的范缜《神灭论》有何理论贡献

如何理解“无所谓道德云著,合仁与义言之也”.这句话的思想意义.解析“受命不于天於其人”与“休符不于祥於其仁”这两句话的思想内涵及其理论意义

郭象如何理解“有无关系”

综合性思考题

评述魏晋玄学所讨论的主要哲学问题.魏晋玄学所代表和反映的主要哲学思潮是什麼其与汉代哲学有什麼根本区别

评述魏晋玄学的方法.《淮南子》和董仲舒各持何种学派立场他们在哲学上的主要差异是什麼

评述《论衡》一书的思想学术宗旨及其思想方法.范缜《神灭论》的主要内容及其在南北朝儒佛之争中的地位和影响.如何理解和评价由魏晋至隋唐近五百年的思想文化发展.(大体勾勒发展线索,不同思想形态之关系.韩愈道经说的主要内容及其对儒学发展的意义.韩愈对“道”“德”“仁”“义”有何新的解释,这些解释有何理论意义

评书柳宗元的“天人观”.北京大学哲学系“宋明理学”期末考试试题

考试时间：2003/01/02

从以下各题中选5题做答，每题20分：

1、“宋明理学”这一名称指的是什么？“理学”一词有广狭二义，分别指什么？试说明之。

2、宋明理学的代表人物和主要特点为何？

3、简述“孔颜乐处”的思想。

4、程颐然后论“道”与“阴阳”的关系？

5、试用白话接受张载的话“太虚无形，气之本体；其聚其散，变化之客形尔。”

6、朱熹用月印万川的比喻说明什么问题？

7、试述王阳明的格物伦思想。

也许对考北京大学哲学的朋友有些帮助

考研英语（一）真题篇7

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!” 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.

In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .

“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that’s usually 14 with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty.”

Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone” 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.

1.[A] Unlike [B] Besides [C] Despite [D] Throughout

2.[A] connected [B] restricted [C] equal [D] inferior

3.[A] choice [B] view [C] lesson [D] host

4.[A] recall [B] forget [C] avoid [D] keep

5.[A] collecting [B] involving [C] guiding [D] affecting

6.[A] of [B] in [C] at [D] on

7.[A] devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D] attracted

8.[A] across [B] along [C] down [D] out

9.[A] calculated [B] denied [C] doubted [D] imagined

10.[A] served [B] required [C] restored [D] explained

11.[A] Even [B] Still [C] Rather [D] Thus

12.[A] defeats [B] symptoms [C] tests [D] errors

13.[A] minimized [B] highlighted [C] controlled [D] increased

14.[A] equipped [B] associated [C] presented [D] compared

15.[A] assess [B] moderate [C] generate [D] record

16.[A] in the face of [B] in the form of [C] in the way of [D] in the name of

17.[A] transfer [B] commit [C] attribute [D] return

18.[A] because [B] unless [C] though [D] until

19.[A] emerges [B] vanishes [C] remains [D] decreases

20.[A] experiences [B] combines [C] justifies [D]influences

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

First two hours , now three hours―this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.

Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea ,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.

Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real―past airport security nearly every time they tried .Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago’s O’Hare International .It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become―but the lines are obvious.

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel , so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.

There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.

21. According to Paragraph 1, Parkrun has_____.

[A] gained great popularity

[B] created many jobs

[C]strengthened community ties

[D] become an official festival

22. The author believes that London’s Olympic “legacy” has failed to _____.

[A] boost population growth

[B] promote sport participation

[C]improve the city’s image

[D] increase sport hours in schools

23. Parkrun is different form Olympic games in that it ____.

[A] aims at discovering talents

[B] focuses on mass competition

[C] does not emphasize elitism

[D] does not attract first-timers

24. With regard to mass sports, the author holds that governments should______.

[A] organize “grassroots” sports events

[B] supervise local sports associations

[C] increase funds for sports clubs

[D] invest in pubic sports facilities

25. The author’s attitude to what UK governments have to done for sports is _____.

[A]tolerant

[B] critical

[C]uncertain

[D]sympathetic

Text 2

“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.

At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.

Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.

Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.

Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.

The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.

26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates

[A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.

[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.

[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.

[D] her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time.

27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to

[A] its geographical features

[B] its protective surroundings.

[C] its religious implications.

[D] its existing infrastructure.

28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because

[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.

[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.

[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.

[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.

29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy

[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.

[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.

[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.

[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.

30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of

[A] severe criticism.

[B] passive acceptance.

[C] slight hesitancy.

[D] full approval.

Text 3

Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.

The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?

A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.

While all of these countries face their own challenges , there are a number of consistent themes . Yes , there has been a budding economic recovery since the global crash , but in key indicators in areas such as health and education , major economies have continued to decline . Yet this isn’t the case with all countries . Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , income equality and the environment.

This is a lesson that rich countries can learn : When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different .

So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations , as a measure , it is no longer enough . It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes C all things that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.

The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth . But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress .

31.Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he

[A]praised the UK for its GDP.

[B]identified GDP with happiness .

[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP .

[D]had a low opinion of GDP .

32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that

[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern .

[B]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK .

[C]the UK will contribute less to the world economy .

[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP .

33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study ?

[A]It is sponsored by 163 countries .