英语新闻中英对照

英语新闻中英对照篇1

Shopping Season

智能手机、价格对比应用程序、以及团购是如何改变感恩

节和整个假期购物季的。

By Brad Tuttle | @bradrtuttle | November 25, 2011 | 5

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作者：布拉德。塔特|@bradrtuttle| 2011年11月25日

Smartphones—and therefore, deals—are everywhere this holiday season.This means that shoppers should have an especially easy time getting the best price on gifts.Then again, it also means that retailers have an especially easy time reaching consumers and tempting them into making purchases.利用智能手机购物和团购的买卖正充斥着整个假期。这就意味着买方要能便捷地购得物美价廉的商品；而商家则要便捷地吸引顾客，并且和他们做成交易。

A New York Times story focuses on how all sorts of retailers—online and brick-and-mortar alike—are embracing mobile deals lately.On Black Friday especially, everybody from Best Buy to HSN, Amazon to Nordstrom, is expected to offer special mobile-only deals meant to appeal to shoppers, no matter if they’re lying on the couch at home, at work in an office cubicle, or waiting on lines inside physical stores at the mall.《纽约时报》最近刊发了一篇聚焦网店和实体店关于手机买卖的报道。尤其是在感恩节这天，所有从百思买到HSN，从亚马逊到诺德斯特姆的商家不论是躺在沙发上的还是呆在家里的，抑或是在办公室或是守在实体店里的，都盼望着消费者往自己的店里跑。

One reason the primarily brick-and-mortar stores are pushing mobile deals is because of the popularity of helpful shopping and price-comparison apps like those rounded up by Techland.These apps, which allow shoppers to scan items and check prices at a wide range of retailers, were already popular among consumers last holiday season, and it’s expected that more and more shoppers will be using them to ensure they’re getting good deals.Techland研制出了一种价格对比应用程序很受人们欢迎，而这也成了原来的那些实体店推出用手机购物的一大推动力。这些价格对比应用程序可以使消费者浏览很多商家的商品

及价目表，因而自上个假期开始它们就受到了消费者的青睐。现在很多消费者都有可能会倾向于利用这些价格对比应用程序去确保所买的东西是划算的。

Reuters reports how stores like Lowes are arming employees with smartphones of their own, to help workers make sales before a shopper leaves empty-handed:

路透社报道了像洛斯这样的店家是如何给店员配备智能手机，从而使得前来光顾的顾客不会空手离去：

When shoppers are in Lowes stores scanning bar codes with their phones, reading product reviews and checking prices, employees can engage them better using iPhones to track down similar information.当顾客在洛斯商店用手机浏览商品条纹码、阅读商品评论和核对价格的时候，店员们可以用iphone随时跟进了解相关商品信息。

Staff can also check quickly if products are in stock or if items are available on Lowes’ website or another store nearby, and can often match or beat a price a consumer finds elsewhere via a smart phone.店员们还可以快速核对商品库存是否有货，核实洛斯的网站是否有条款，或者是否可从临近的商店里获得；店员们甚至还可以利用智能手机跟进商品报价，及时调整商品价格。

Not only do brick-and-mortar stores have to compete on pricing with the likes of Amazon, they’re also facing competition from daily deal vendors such as Groupon and LivingSocial.The annual holiday survey from Discover shows that consumers are increasingly comfortable with the idea of giving gifts purchased via daily deals:

实体店不仅需要同亚马逊这样的网店竞价，还要面临类似Groupon（团宝网）和LivingSocial这样的团购网站的竞争。《发现》假期调查发现，消费者正日益青睐通过团购购物：

When asked if they would buy a gift through a group-buying site, more than half, 55 percent, of consumers gave a jolly nod to the idea, up from 22 percent who said the same last year.In 2010, just 6 percent of those surveyed said they had purchased a gift through a group-buying site, which more than tripled in 2011 to 20 percent.当被问及是否愿意通过团购网站购买商品时，相比去年22%的顾客数目而言，今年更有超过55%的顾客会高兴地表示赞同。2010年，仅有6%的受访者通过团购买过东西，到2011年，这个数字已是去年的三倍，达到了20%。

Increasingly, flash deal and group-buying sites aren’t conceding the idea that Black Friday craze is and will always be a primarily brick-and-mortar experience.The Times notes that the Gilt Groupe is going to offer mobile-exclusive deals on Friday, November

25, starting at 6 a.m.—about the same time that many shoppers will be elbowing for sale merchandise at malls.Normally, Gilt’s flash deals are available beginning at noon daily.渐渐地，flash deal和团购网站已经不承认感恩节的购物热是专属于实体店的了。《时代周刊》撰文写道Gilt Groupe（限时团购商）正准备推出感恩节手机专享购物活动，从顾客一般去商城购物的时间——六点开始。通常情况下，Gilt’s flash deals则在每天中午时分开始限时团购。

The Associated Press, meanwhile, reports that LivingSocial will offer a slew of national deals starting on Black Friday, and more becoming available on Cyber Monday.The deals include one-year magazine subscriptions for $5(normally $12)and discounts of 50% or more off products from the likes of Skechers, Verizon Wireless, and OfficeMax.与此同时，美联社报道说LivingSocial将会在感恩节那天提供很多全国性的团购活动，而且网络星期一那天会有更多。这些团购包括全年的杂志订购，原价12美元，团购仅需5美元。还有很多像斯凯奇、Verizon Wireless通讯公司和OfficeMax这样的商家都会把商品打五折或者更低。

What with all of these options, shoppers can have the surreal experience of browsing the offers and snatching up merchandise from the likes of Amazon, LivingSocial, and Best Buy … all while strolling the aisles of a Walmart.Due to the ubiquity of free-shipping promotions, it’s also quite easy to physically go out shopping, browse goods in person, and make purchases—and never actually have to schlep goods to the register, let alone your home.因为这些购物网站的发展，消费者可以感受一边在沃尔玛商场漫步，一边在用手机购买亚马逊、LivingSocial、和Best Buy等购物网站上的商品那种梦幻般的体验。由于到处都在搞免运费促销活动，实体店购物也是很便捷的，可以一个人选购商品、下单，甚至无须亲自把商品拖到购物车，只要呆在家等待送货上门即可。

Brad Tuttle is a reporter at TIME.Find him on Twitter at @bradrtuttle.You can also continue the discussion on TIME’s Facebook page and on Twitter at @TIME.布拉德.塔特是《时代周刊》的新闻报道员。你可以到推特上去联系他，也可以到《时代周刊》的Facebook网页或者推特上参与互动。

Requirements:

英语新闻中英对照篇2

1.新闻英语的概念

在现代社会中,每个人都或多或少地会受到媒体的影响,媒体不仅会影响人们的思维和行动、社会的文化,而且会影响媒体的载体———语言。新闻英语作为英语的一种变体,有其独有的语言特征和文体特点。克里斯托和大卫(Crystal&Davy)认为新闻英语是多种不同新闻写作特点的综合和混合。新闻最基本的功能是及时地报道新闻事件。因此,张健认为一般来说新闻英语指在新闻报道中使用的具有新闻特征的英语, 符合新闻报道和新闻传播的要求(张健,1994:6)。

2.新闻英语的特点

新闻是每日重要的信息来源。新闻的目的是报道真实事件。新闻写作受到版面、篇幅的限制,作者必须在有限的词数范围内用通俗易懂、简短明了的文字将新闻事实真实生动地提供给读者。

在词汇上,新闻英语多使用小词,如用“city”代替“metropo-lis”, 新造词如 :watergate ( 水门事件 );laid-off workers ( 下岗工人),借用语如:“get to first base”意思是“旗开得胜”,套语和陈俗语如:“rain cats and dogs”(瓢泼大雨)。

在语法上, 为了在有限的时间和空间里及时有效地报道有价值的新闻,做到简洁、清晰、信息丰富,记者在报道新闻时多使用前置定语。频繁地使用前置定语并不仅仅是为了满足新闻语体风格的特殊要求, 一些学者认为大量使用前置定语是构成新闻英语文体特征的语法手段之一。另外,在新闻英语中,作者常常会使用被动语态强调动作和事件的结果,尤其是在报道自然或人为的灾难的时候(地震,大洪灾和重大交通事故等)。为了使报道内容形象、生动,报道形式多样、新颖,更吸引读者的注意力,作者在采编新闻时多采用委婉语、拟人、借喻等修辞手法,如有的新闻使用委婉语“social security program”表示“社会保障计划”。

在句子结构上,新闻英语的基本句子结构有:SV(主语+谓语动词),SVP(主语+系动词+表语),SVO(主语+谓语动词+宾语)。从读者的角度看,他们更容易吸收结构简单的句子中的信息;从新闻记者的角度看,写简单句更容易使他们在较短时间内完成一篇新闻报道。

3.适合新闻英语翻译的理论

翻译既是一门科学,又是一种技巧,而作为技巧,必然会有一定的理论指导古今中外,某些学者提出过许多翻译理论,其中彼得纽马克是当代英国翻译理论界一位十分重要的人物,他对翻译理论作出重要贡献。在他的《翻译问题探讨》(Ap-proaches to Translation) 一书中 , 他提出了交际翻译和语义翻译。交际翻译首先忠于目标语和目标文本读者,即要求源语服从目标语言和文化,不给读者留下任何疑点与晦涩难懂之处;语义翻译则服从源语文化和原作者,翻译源文本的语义,只在源文本的内涵意义构成理解障碍时才加以解释。当信息内容和效果发生矛盾时,交际翻译重效果而不重内容,语义翻译则恰恰相反(谭载喜,2004:213)。

根据纽马克的分类,新闻英语属于信息文本,所以需要以交际翻译理论指导翻译,但是新闻英语中,特别是政治新闻英语中也有许多重要领导人的政治发言, 所以也需要语义翻译理论。在翻译新闻英语时,不能简单地只采用交际翻译或只采用语义翻译,这两种翻译方法是紧密联系、互相影响的。

4.适合新闻英语翻译的标准

在研究翻译的时候,翻译标准无疑是核心问题之一,因为它既指导着翻译,又可以用来评价译本。国内外的翻译家和理论家已经提出许多翻译标准。

不同的文体需要不同的翻译标准指导。比如翻译文学作品时要求译作与原作的精神和艺术境界都一致;翻译科技作品时要求精确、严肃和简洁。至于新闻英语的翻译,忠实准确和通顺是两条普遍接受的标准。忠实指忠实于原文内容、意思、观点和风格。通顺指不拘泥于生硬的形式而达到可接受性。

奥运部分体育项目中英对照篇3

acrobatic gymnastics技巧运动

athletics/track & field田径

beach volleyball沙滩排球

boat race赛艇

bobsleigh, bobsled雪橇

boxing拳击

canoe slalom激流划船

canoe赛艇

chess象棋

cricket板球

cycling自行车

diving跳水

downhill race速降滑雪赛,滑降

dragon-boat racing赛龙船

dressage盛装舞步

equestrian骑马

fencing击剑

figure skating花样滑冰

football / soccer足球

freestyle自由式

gliding; sailplaning滑翔运动

golf高尔夫球

Greece-Roman wrestling古典式摔跤

gymnastic apparatus体操器械

gymnastics体操

handball手球

hockey曲棍球

hold, lock揪扭

horizontal bar单杠

hurdles; hurdle race跨栏比赛

huttlecock kicking踢毽子

ice skating滑冰

indoor室内

item Archery箭术

judo柔道

kayak皮划艇

mat exercises垫上运动

modern pentathlon现代五项运动

mountain bike山地车

parallel bars双杠

polo马球

relative work造型跳伞

relay race; relay接力

rings吊环

roller skating滑旱冰

rowing划船

rugby橄榄球

shooting射击

side horse, pommelled horse鞍马

ski jump跳高滑雪

ski jumping competition跳高滑雪比赛

ski滑雪板

skiing滑雪

slalom障碍滑雪

softball垒球

surfing冲浪

swimming游泳

table tennis乒乓球

taekwondo跆拳道

tennis网球

toxophily射箭

track赛道

trampoline蹦床

trapeze秋千

triathlon铁人三项

tug-of-war拔河

volleyball排球

badminton羽毛球

baseball棒球

basketball篮球

walking; walking race竞走

wall bars肋木

water polo水球

weightlifting举重

weights重量级

winter sports冬季运动

wrestling摔跤

yacht游艇

Mens 10m Platform男子10米跳台

Womens Taekwondo Over 67kg女子67公斤级以上跆拳道

Womens Athletics 20km Walk女子20公里竞走

Mens Diving Synchronized 3m Springboard男子3米跳板

Womens Diving 3m Springboard女子3米跳板

英语面试常用短语（中英对照）篇4

(求)：对不起，我叫林艾咪。我和朱约翰先生在十点钟有个约会，你介意帮我通报一声吗?

2. secretary (s) ： yes， miss lin， mr. zhu is expecting you. go right in.

秘书(秘)：是的，林小姐，朱先生正在恭候你，请进。

3.(a)： have i the pleasure of speaking to mr.john zhu?

(求)：我有这份荣幸和朱约翰先生说话吗?(请问阁下是朱先生吗?)

4.(z)： yes， i am mr.zhu.miss lin， i have read your letter of application. you don't seem to have any working experience.

(朱)：是的，我就是朱先生。林小姐，我已经看过你的求职信了。你似乎没有什么工作经验。

5.(a)： yes and no. yes，i just left college and i don't have any working experience. however， the rigid training at my college should make up for my lack of working experience.

(求)：可以说有也可以说没有。我才从学校毕业，还没有工作经验。但我在学校所受过的严格训练，应该可以弥补我工作经验的缺乏。

6.(z)： what do you expect for a starting salary?

(朱)：你心中理想的起薪是多少?

7.(a)： i'll leave that to you，sir. i'm sure you know what is best for me.

(求)：由阁下决定好了。我肯定您知道什么对我是最适合的。 ”

8.(z)： miss lin， are you married?

(朱)：林小姐，你结婚了吗?

9.(a)： i can't say i am.i don't even have a steady boy friend.

(求)：我不能说我结过婚。我连一个固定的男朋友都没有。

10.(z)：what are your future plans， if you don't mind my asking.

(朱)：你未来有什么计划?如果你不介意我这样问。

11.(a) ：i'm a doer，not a day dreamer.

(求)：我是一个喜欢实干的人，而不是一个做白日梦的

12.(z)：okey， miss lin，we will let you know.

(朱)：林小姐，我们会再通知你。

13.(a)：thank you，sir for giving me the time.i hope to see you again and soon.

(求)：谢谢您给我这宝贵的时间，我希望很快能再见到您。

注：1.句1中，“excuse me.”不是做错事的对不起，而是一句开场白。请人家通报你来了，不要用“please tell him i am here。”，这是比较俗气的用法，应该用“would you mind…”来代替“please…”;用“announce”代替“tell”，这是比较高雅的语句。

2.要知道对方是不是某人，不可以用“are you mr.john zhu?”，应用句3。

3. 面试时，最重要的就是要表现你的机智和应对能力.一般的雇主一定会因为你没有工作经验而给你较少的月薪，此时就像句5，你一方面承认没有工作经验，一方面说明学校的严格训练可以弥补这项不足，藉此让对方知道你是个机智的人。

4.句6.也是雇主必问的问题，并不容易答复，若回答得多，人家不敢聘请;若回答少了又降低自己的身份，所以用本句作为答复，是令对方高兴自己又不吃亏的最好法子。

5.句9.多数雇主都会同是否结婚。“若未婚，不要单用”no“，一个字回答，应说”i can't say i am.“，比较能表现你的风趣和幽默。

6.当雇主问你未来有什么计划时，千万别说得天花乱坠，应该用句11来回答，因为大部分的雇主都喜欢实干的人。

英语励志名言中英文对照篇5

所有的好书，读起来就如同和过去世界上最杰出的人谈话。——笛卡尔

There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of its steep paths have a chance of gaining its luminous summits

在科学上没有平坦大道，只有不畏劳苦沿着陡峭山路攀登的人，才有希望达到光辉的顶点。

Books, like friends, should be few and well chosen

书籍和朋友，在好不在多。

That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit——LWAkott

好书使人开卷有所求，闭卷有所获。——奥尔科特

There is no such thing as genius; it is nothing but labour and diligence

世间无所谓天才，它仅是刻苦加勤奋。

Knowledge is a city to the building of which every human being brought a stone——Emerson

知识是一座城堡，每个人都应为它增砖添瓦。——爱默生

Real knowledge, like everything else of value, is not to be obtained easily,it must be worked for, studied for, thought for, and more than all, must be prayed for——Thomas Arnold

真知如同珍宝，不是轻易获得的，必须学习、钻研、思考，最重要的是必须有强烈的求知欲。——托马斯·阿诺德

Knowledge comes from experience alone

知识来自实践。

Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud

知识使人谦虚，无知使人骄傲。

Knowledge is power——Bacon

知识就是力量。——培根

Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it

知识是宝库，而实践是开启宝库的钥匙。

Knowledge is the food of the soul——Plato

知识是心灵的食粮。——柏拉图

Knowledge, in truth, is the great sun in the firmament Life and power are scattered with all its beams——Daniel Webster

机械专业英语文章中英文对照篇6

NUMERICAL CONTROL

Numerical control(N/C)is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers, letters, and other symbols, The numbers, letters, and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular work part or job.When the job changes, the program of instructions is changed.The capability to change the program is what makes N/C suitable for low-and medium-volume production.It is much easier to write programs than to make major alterations of the processing equipment.There are two basic types of numerically controlled machine tools：point—to—point and continuous—path(also called contouring).Point—to—point machines use unsynchronized motors, with the result that the position of the machining head Can be assured only upon completion of a movement, or while only one motor is running.Machines of this type are principally used for straight—line cuts or for drilling or boring.The N/C system consists of the following components：data input, the tape reader with the control unit, feedback devices, and the metal—cutting machine tool or other type of N/C equipment.Data input, also called “man—to—control link”, may be provided to the machine tool manually, or entirely by automatic means.Manual methods when used as the sole source of input data are restricted to a relatively small number of inputs.Examples of manually operated devices are keyboard dials, pushbuttons, switches, or thumbwheel selectors.These are located on a console near the machine.Dials ale analog devices usually connected to a syn-chro-type resolver or potentiometer.In most cases, pushbuttons, switches, and other similar types of selectors are digital input devices.Manual input requires that the operator set the controls for each operation.It is a slow and tedious process and is seldom justified except in elementary machining applications or in special cases.In practically all cases, information is automatically supplied to the control unit and the machine tool by cards, punched tapes, or by magnetic tape.Eight—channel punched paper tape is the most commonly used form of data input for conventional N/C systems.The coded instructions on the tape consist of sections of punched holes called blocks.Each block represents a machine function, a machining operation, or a combination of the two.The entire N/C program on a tape is made up of an accumulation of these successive data blocks.Programs resulting in long tapes all wound on reels like motion-picture film.Programs on relatively short tapes may be continuously repeated by joining the two ends of the tape to form a loop.Once installed, the tape is used again and again without further handling.In this case, the operator simply loads and1

unloads the parts.Punched tapes ale prepared on type writers with special tape—punching attachments or in tape punching units connected directly to a computer system.Tape production is rarely error-free.Errors may be initially caused by the part programmer, in card punching or compilation, or as a result of physical damage to the tape during handling, etc.Several trial runs are often necessary to remove all errors and produce an acceptable working tape.While the data on the tape is fed automatically, the actual programming steps ale done manually.Before the coded tape may be prepared, the programmer, often working with a planner or a process engineer, must select the appropriate N/C machine tool, determine the kind of material to be machined, calculate the speeds and feeds, and decide upon the type of tooling needed.The dimensions on the part print are closely examined to determine a suitable zero reference point from which to start the program.A program manuscript is then written which gives coded numerical instructions describing the sequence of operations that the machine tool is required to follow to cut the part to the drawing specifications.The control unit receives and stores all coded data until a complete block of information has been accumulated.It then interprets the coded instruction and directs the machine tool through the required motions.The function of the control unit may be better understood by comparing it to the action of a dial telephone, where, as each digit is dialed, it is stored.When the entire number has been dialed, the equipment becomes activated and the call is completed.Silicon photo diodes, located in the tape reader head on the control unit, detect light as it passes through the holes in the moving tape.The light beams are converted to electrical energy, which is amplified to further strengthen the signal.The signals are then sent to registers in the control unit, where actuation signals are relayed to the machine tool drives.Some photoelectric devices are capable of reading at rates up to 1000 characters per second.High reading rates are necessary to maintain continuous machine—tool motion；otherwise dwell marks may be generated by the cutter on the part during contouring operations.The reading device must be capable of reading data blocks at a rate faster than the control system can process the data.A feedback device is a safeguard used on some N/C installations to constantly compensate for errors between the commanded position and the actual location of the moving slides of the machine tool.An N/C machine equipped with this kind of a direct feedback checking device has what is known as a closed-loop system.Positioning control is accomplished by a sensor which, during the actual operation, records the position of the slides and relays this information back to the control unit.Signals thus received ale compared to input signals on the tape, and any discrepancy between them is automatically rectified.In an alternative system, called an open—loop system, the machine is positioned solely by stepping motor drives in response to commands by a controllers.There is one basic type of NC motions.Point-to-point or Positional Control In point-to-point control the machine tool elements(tools, table, etc.)are moved to programmed locations and the machining operations performed

after the motions are completed.The path or speed of movement between locations is unimportant;only the coordinates of the end points of the motions are accurately controlled.This type of control is suitable for drill presses and some boring machines, where drilling, tapping, or boring operations must be performed at various locations on the work piece.Straight-Line or Linear Control Straight-Line control systems are able to move the cutting tool parallel to one of the major axes of the machine tool at a controlled rate suitable for machining.It is normally only possible to move in one direction at a time, so angular cuts on the work piece are not possible, consequently, for milling machines, only rectangular configurations can be machined or for lathes only surfaces parallel or perpendicular to the spindle axis can be machined.This type of controlled motion is often referred to as linear control or a half-axis of control.Machines with this form of control are also capable of point-to-point control.The original N/C used the closed—loop system.Of the two systems, closed and open loop, closed loop is more accurate and, as a consequence, is generally more expensive.Initially, open—loop systems were used almost entirely for light-duty applications because of inherent power limitations previously associated with conventional electric stepping motors.Recent advances in the development of electro hydraulic stepping motors have led to increasingly heavier machine load applications.中文译文

数控技术

数控是可编程自动化技术的一种形式,通过数字、字母和其他符号来控制加工设备。数字、字母和符号用适当的格式编码为一个特定工件定义指令程序。当工件改变时,指令程序就改变。这种改变程序的能力使数控适合于中、小批量生产,写一段新程序远比对加工设备做大的改动容易得多。

数控机床有两种基本形式：点位控制和连续控制(也称为轮廓控制)。点位控制机床采用异步电动机,因此,主轴的定位只能通过完成一个运动或一个电动机的转动来实现。这种机床主要用于直线切削或钻孔、镗孔等场合。

数控系统由下列组件组成：数据输入装置,带控制单元的磁带阅读机,反馈装置和切削机床或其他形式的数控设备。

数据输人装置,也称“人机联系装置”,可用人工或全自动方法向机床提供数据。人工方法作为输人数据唯一方法时,只限于少量输入。人工输入装置有键盘,拨号盘,按钮,开关或拨轮选择开关,这些都位于机床附近的一个控制台上。拨号盘通常连到一个同步解析器或电位计的模拟装置上。在大多数情况下,按钮、开关和其他类似的旋钮是数据输入元件。人工输入需要操作者控制每个操作,这是一个既慢又单调的过程,除了简单加工场合或特殊情况,已很少使用。

几乎所有情况下,信息都是通过卡片、穿孔纸带或磁带自动提供给控制单元。在传统的数控系统中,八信道穿孔纸带是最常用的数据输入形式,纸带上的编码指令由一系列称为程序块的穿孔组成。每一个程序块代表一种加工功能、一种操作或两者的组合。纸带上的整个数控程序由这些连续数据单元连接而成。带有程序的长带子像电影胶片一样绕在盘子上,相对较短的带子上的程序可通过将纸带两端连接形成一个循环而连续不断地重复使用。带子一旦安装好,就可反复使用而无需进一步处理。此时,操作者只是简单地上、下工件。穿孔纸带是在带有特制穿孔附件的打字机或直接连到计算机上的纸带穿孔装置上做成的。纸带制造很少不出错,错误可能由编程、卡片穿孔或编码、纸带穿孔时的物理损害等形成。通常,必须要试走几次来排除错误,才能得到一个可用的工作纸带。

虽然纸带上的数据是自动进给的,但实际编程却是手工完成的,在编码纸带做好前,编程者经常要和一个计划人员或工艺工程师一起工作,选择合适的数控机床,决定加工材料,计算切削速度和进给速度,决定所需刀具类型,仔细阅读零件图上尺寸,定下合适的程序开始的零参考点,然后写出程序清单,其上记载有描述加工顺序的编码数控指令,机床按顺序加工工件到图样要求。

控制单元接受和储存编码数据,直至形成一个完整的信息程序块,然后解释数控指令,并引导机床得到所需运动。

为更好理解控制单元的作用,可将它与拨号电话进行比较,即每拨一个数字,就储存一个,当整个数字拨好后,电话就被激活,也就完成了呼叫。

装在控制单元里的纸带阅读机,通过其内的硅光二极管,检测到穿过移动纸带上的孔漏

过的光线,将光束转变成电能,并通过放大来进一步加强信号,然后将信号送到控制单元里的寄存器,由它将动作信号传到机床驱动装置。

有些光电装置能以高达每秒1000个字节的速度阅读,这对保持机床连续动作是必须的,否则,在轮廓加工时,刀具可能在工件上产生划痕。阅读装置必须要能以比控制系统处理数据更快的速度来阅读数据程序块。

反馈装置是用在一些数控设备上的安全装置,它可连续补偿控制位置与机床运动滑台的实际位置之间的误差。装有这种直接反馈检查装置的数控机床有一个闭环系统装置。位置控制通过传感器实现,在实际工作时,记录下滑台的位置,并将这些信息送回控制单元。接受到的信号与纸带输入的信号相比较,它们之间的任何偏差都可得到纠正。

在另一个称为开环的系统中,机床仅由响应控制器命令的步进电动机驱动定位,工件的精度几乎完全取决于丝杠的精度和机床结构的刚度。有几个理由可以说明步进电机是一个自动化申请的非常有用的驱动装置。对于一件事物,它被不连续直流电压脉冲驱使,是来自数传计算机和其他的自动化的非常方便的输出控制系统。当多数是索引或其他的自动化申请所必备者的时候,步进电机对运行一个精确的有角进步也是理想的。因为控制系统不需要监听就提供特定的输出指令而且期待系统适当地反应的公开-环操作造成一个回应环,步进电机是理想的。一些工业的机械手使用高抬腿运步的马乘汽车驾驶员,而且步进电机是有用的在数字受约束的工作母机中。这些申请的大部分是公开-环 ,但是雇用回应环检测受到驱策的成份位置是可能的。环的一个分析者把真实的位置与需要的位置作比较,而且不同是考虑过的错误。那然后驾驶员能发行对步进电机的电脉冲,直到错误被减少对准零位。在这个系统中,没有信息反馈到控制单元的自矫正过程。出现误动作时,控制单元继续发出电脉冲。比如,一台数控铣床的工作台突然过载,阻力矩超过电机转矩时,将没有响应信号送回到控制器。因为,步进电机对载荷变化不敏感,所以许多数控系统设计允许电机停转。然而,尽管有可能损坏机床结构或机械传动系统,也有使用带有特高转矩步进电机的其他系统,此时,电动机有足够能力来应付系统中任何偶然事故。

用C程序生成中英文字幕对照文件篇7

通过网络下载得到英文字幕文件和中文字幕文件，如图1所示，都是文本文件,其格式均是：第一行为字幕序号，从1开始编号，第二行是字幕开始和结束的时间，精确到毫秒，第三行(有时包括第四行)是字幕内容，最后一行是空行，每四行(或五行)是一个格式单元。各个格式单元拥有上述相同的特征，其中英文字幕文件含有一千七百多个格式单元，中文字幕文件含有一千四百多个格式单元。注意到字幕文本文件中含有字幕出现的时间信息，设想据此生成具有中英文逐句对照效果的文本，如图2所示。

2 用C程序实现中英文对照文件的生成

2．1数据结构的选择

注意到字幕文本文件中含有字幕出现的时间信息行，这是两文件中字幕文字排序的依据，显然是升序排序，正是根据英文字幕文字和其对应的中文字幕出现时间最接近这一特点，才能生成所需字幕对照文件，所以时间信息行应包含在程序数据中。字幕行是所需要的信息，字幕行当然是所需的程序数据，包含一至两行，行数的不确定给程序增加了一点难度，二者都是字符串，后者可能含有回车符，故而选择二维字符数组作为程序的数据结构。

2．2算法的选择

问题的解决思路是根据字幕行对应时间行的时间先后，对二文件进行升序合并，合并文件中摒弃了时间行，只含有字幕行，流程图如图3所示。

其中数组数据采集采用了如下技巧：

(1)时间行的起始标志是数字0且其前一字符是回车符‘n’，结束标志是回车符‘n’。

(2)字幕行字符在时间行的回车符‘n’后开始读取，接收字符到第二个回车符‘n’处结束。

2．3生成程序的部分代码

(1)程序数据定义部分和数组数据采集部分代码：

(2)说明

程序的难点是数组数据的采集,采用四个循环来实现,第一个循环定位时间行的起始,第二个循环读取时间行至数组,第三个循环读取字幕第一行至数组,第四个循环读取字幕第二行(若含有第二行)至数组,其他部分代码较简单,此处不再列举。

3 结束语

程序利用C语言的文件操作函数和字符串处理函数，对来自网络的较大容量字幕文本文件进行处理，并且运用到另外的一组字幕文件中使用，都获得了良好的效果。可见，小巧的C程序在文本文件的处理方面有着较大的应用。

摘要：通过C程序对分别从网上下载的中、英文字幕文件,借助于文件中字幕显示时间信息,对两文件进行排序合并,生成的文件拥有中英文逐句对照效果,对学习英语很有帮助。

关键词：C语言,字符串,文件,排序

参考文献

[1]游祖元,唐明灯.C程序设计教程[M].湖南:湖南教育出版社,2008-05.

英语新闻中英对照篇8

中英语言文化差异与新闻导语语篇翻译

■肖妮

导语是新闻不同于其他文体的重要标志。在都有导语的文体特征外，中英新闻导语也有自身语言文化特点。在翻译中，这些差异会对译文产生影响。

一、语言文化与语篇翻译

语篇是翻译的客体，作为翻译主体的译者经常会面对各种语篇材料。由于语篇脱胎于文化语境,文化因素自然会积淀在语篇中。作为文化载体的语篇,能反映一个语言团体的社会、历史、心理特征。所以,对原语语篇的正确理解必须联系它赖以产生的文化语境及其语言特点。译者首先要熟悉异域文化及目标语读者的语言习惯。从文化的视野看,翻译实质上是两种文化的交流与沟通。具体到语篇翻译来说,翻译是译者把负载着文化信息的原语语篇进行加工处理,然后转换成译语语篇的形式,完成文化移植的过程。

二、语言文化差异下的中英文新闻导语翻译

导语是新闻基本内容的概括，处于新闻开头以引导读者阅读新闻。导语多为一个句子，通常包括新闻五大要素who,what,when,where,why（或 how）。

中，英文化分属于东，西方文化，其语言表达方式，篇章结构必有不同。这些差异会影响中英文新闻导语的互译。

1.语法结构

导语是新闻的浓缩，其句子必须有高度的容量，结构严密。在此方面，英汉导语各有特点。

1）英语常用短语动词，句中意义紧凑，较多使用名词和介词；汉语则喜欢用短句，句中意义松散，多使用动词。如，

Norway's prime minister cannot use his new bomb-proof car despite a threat of attack by al Qaeda because Norway's state road authority says it is too heavy,Reuters reported Monday.

路透社周一报道，尽管受到基地组织威胁，挪威首相还是不能使用他的新防爆炸轿车，因为挪威道路管理部门称新车太重。

此句为英语简单句，但附属成分多。中文无法用一句长简单句表达，这会使中文读者很难断句，造成理解困难。因此，须将其划分为几个意群，由多个小句表达。

2）英语多用长复合句，汉语相应改用短句

英语有从句和不定式短语，结构严谨，有些导语句子长，从句多，如，

The director general of the World Health Organization,Mr.Halfdan Mahler,yesterday predicted that up to 100 million people world-wide may become infected with the AIDS virus in the next four or five years and that by that time it would cost at least$115 billion a year to counteract the disease,when virus may vary as time goes and become harder to control.

世界卫生组织执行长官Halfdan Mahler先生,昨天预言在今后四、五年内全世界将可能有1亿人感染爱滋病;届时,由于爱滋病毒有可能变异,难控制,每年可能需要投入15亿美元来对付它。

上句中有几个关联词that,and,that,when,and。其中有几个连词无实际意义，由于中文中没这样一些关联词，故在表达时，应按汉语的习惯按功能及语义把原句分成若干意群组，取消所有无实际意义的关联词，最后进行调整，自然排列，意思就比较通俗易懂了。

2．要素排列

1）英语导语常在结尾部分交代新闻出处，而汉语中,消息来源常置于开头。这是因为两国文化的差异和人们的思维习惯不同。如，

Politicians are the least trusted people in Britain,with more faith placed in car salesmen,a survey released on Tuesday revealed.

据本周二公布的一项调查显示，政客在英国是最不被信任的人，对其信任度还不如汽车销售人员。

2）英语导语常在句首强调原因和方式，把主语置后；汉语中则把主语放首位，这是因为中国文化习惯追求事物的本来面目,不太注重事物内部的逻辑关系,常自然铺排事实。而西方人强调自由表达个人观点,直接明了,观点鲜明。如，

Trying to pass another car while traveling at high speed brought serious injury to two men last night when their automobile overturned twice on Washington boulevard at Potter Avenue.

昨晚，两名男子在波特大街的华盛顿大道口发生车祸，严重受伤。他们的车在试图高速超越另一辆车时连打了两个滚。

此句若按英文语序表达，开头没有主语，中文读者会很难理解。